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Class Conflict and Political Factionalism : a History of Local 213 of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, 1901

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Class Conflict and Political Factionalism : a History of Local 213 of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, 1901 CLASS CONFLICT AND POLITICAL FACTIONALISM: A HISTORY OF LOCAL 213 OF THE INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF ELECTRICAL WORKERS, 1 90 1 - 1 961 by Ian McDonald B.A., Simon Fraser University, 1979 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of History @ Ian McDonald 1986 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY June 1986 All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name : Ian Alpin Louis McDonald Degree: M. A. Title of thesis: Class Conflict and Political Factionalsim: A History of Local 213 of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, 1901- 1961. Examining Committee: J. I. Little, Chairman ~lren~eqer, (Senior Supervisor n ~i&r, Supervisory Committee ~o'd'kYrschner,supervisory Committee Patricia E. qby, External Examiner, Professor, History Department, University of Victoria. Date Approved: 20 June 1986 PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, proJect or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. - -. T it l e of Thes i s/Project/Extended Essay "Class Conflict and Political Factionalism: A History of ppp pp - -- - - Local 213 of the International Brotherhood of Electrical L Workers, 1901-1961". Author: (signature) Ian A. L. McDonald July 9, 1986 (date) ABSTRACT British Columbia's economy is heavily reliant on electrical processes, yet little is known of the electrical workers who built, and continue to maintain, the dams, powerhouses, substa- tions, and the thousands of miles of transmission and local power lines. A major purpose of this thesis is to analyze the electrical workers through a sixty-year history of an important and often controversial union: Local 213 of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW). As an approach to working-class- . - history, this thesis questions the primacy of socio-economic "structure" in explaining -mu-- ---.--.- the subsequent political ~utlook+ of loca>nion leadership. - While investment decisions by capitalists and the creation of regional labour markets are significant in underpinning working- class militancy, the interaction of such factors with the human agency--with personal charisma, honest leadership, the ability to L extract concessions from employers, and the development of effective electoral machines--provides the key to the broad political outlines of local union history. Three themes characterize the history of Local 213: the first is the local's struggle for better wages and better working +.- ^.I__ - -- - conditions against recalcitrant employers. The second is the relationship between Local 213 and different varieties of socialism in British Columbia. Electrical workers generally supported cautious social democratic practices, but there have been important exceptions. The third theme is the intervention iii of outside forces, in particular the international office of the IBEW, whenever the electrical workers appeared to support either radical leaders or radical proposals. Intense dislike and lack of support for the American-controlled IBEW has been the result. While this thesis looks only at electrical workers, these three themes are undoubtedly characteristic of much of local trade union history in British Columbia. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As is usual in these cases there is insufficient space to mention all the people who need to be acknowledged. My first expressions of gratitude are to all the old-time (and some not so old) electrical workers who were kind enough to donate their time for interviews and who made their private files available to me; many were the valuable documents that issued out of old shoe boxes and rusting filing cabinets. I would specifically like to thank George Gee, Art OtKeeffe, Don Wilson, Jimmy Hall, Percy Hambly and, posthumously, Jack Ross and Bert Marcuse, without whose help and generosity this thesis could not have been written. Though their motives at the outset may have been intensely personal, I trust the product of the following pages will find a common degree of acceptance. Other electrical workers who made important contributions to my understanding of the trade and of Local 213 were, in no particular order, Angus MacDonald, Tom Forkin, Fred Allison, Wes Wooten, Teddy Knight (Jr.), John Kapalka, Donne Nicholle, Harold Winch, Dave and Neil Clark, Bob Towle, Bill Gee, "Dustie" Greenwell, Matt Gerard (Jr.), David Caverly, Terry Simpson and Ernie Fulton. Recogni- tion must also be extended to retired management personnel who proved willing to avail themselves to my probing questions. These included Larry Jack, Henry Ayling, Bill Waddell, and Mr. and Mrs. Howard Hume. A note of thanks also to Fell Dorland and Elsie Dean, whose worthwhile opinions belonged in neither of the above-mentioned categories. Several individuals require special mention for contribu- tions of a critical nature: my father, Les McDonald, from whom came the original impetus to undertake this project; George Brandak, UBC labour archivist, whose sense of humour and knowledge of sources in the public domain is simply incredible; Joanne Ballantyne, an intelligent, selfless and hard-working typist; Allen Seager, my supervisor, whose patience--thankfully-- is much like the biblical Job's; and finally, to my wife, Mary Anne Higgins, who has endured and helped me through long periods of intense personal frustration. The kudos for any meritorious aspect of this thesis must go to them; the mistakes, of course, are mine. TABLE OF CONTENTS- APPROVAL ..................................................... ii ABSTRACT .................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................... vii LIST OF TABLES .............................................viii LIST OF GRAPHS ...............................................ix INTRODUCTION .................................................. 1 CHAPTER I The Structure of the Electrical Industry in British Columbia to 1961 ......................... 16 I1 Boomers, Grunts and Narrowbacks: The Radical Tradition, 1901 -1 92 9 . .. .. 46 I11 The Defeat of Radicalism, 1919-1922 ..................... 77 IV h he Morrison Years, 1922-1939 .......................... 101 V \Radicalism Renewed, 1939-1953 .......................... 140 VI Unholy Alliance, 1953-1955 ..............................181 VII Towards Militancy at Lenkurt ........................... 213 CONCLUSION ILLUSTRATIONS Illustration 1 ............................................217 Illustration 2 ........................................... 222 APPENDICES A Tables and Graphs ........................................ 240 B Selected Primary Source Documents ........................ 257 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................ 280 vii LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1 Canada Census, 1 91 1 -1 961 --Census Enumeration of Construction Workers in British Columbia and Vancouver ........................................ 241 2 Canada Census, 1 91 1 -1 961 --Census Enumeration of Electrical Workers in British Columbia and Vancouver ........................................ 242 3 All Accident Claims Caused by Electricity, 191 7-1 931 ..... 243 4 Number of Accident Claims and Total Amount of Compensation Paid in the Electrical Industry of British Columbia (Excluding Telegraph and Telephones), 1917-1961 ............................... 246 5 Official Strikes and Lockouts ~ffecting'Electrica1 Workers in Local 21 3's Jurisdiction, 1901 -1 961 ....... 250 6 Estimated Membership of Local 213, 1901 -1960 ............. 252 7 Local 213's Business Agents and Presidents, 1901-1960 .... 254 viii LIST OF GRAPHS GRAPH 1 Number of Claims as a Result of Causes in All Accidents, 1917-1 931 .......................... 244 2 Cost of Causes in All Accident Claims, 1917-1 931 ......... 245 3 Number of Accident Claims in the Electrical Industry of British Columbia (Excluding Telegraph and Telephones), 1917-1 961 ................. 248 4 Total Compensation Paid (Charged) in the Electrical Industry of British Columbia (Excluding Telegraph and Telephones) , 1 91 7-1 961 ................. 249 5 Estimated Membership of Local 213, 1901 -1 960 ............. 253 INTRODUCTION On October 8, 1923, the delegates to that year's convention of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) voted to expel William F. Dunne, a representative of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW), for his publicly stated commitment to communism. Given a chance to be heard before leaving, Dunne launched into a vociferous denunciation of the AFL leadership: "I make a distinction between you, international officers," he thundered, "and the membership. Drawing the same salaries as the employers, living in the same hotels, eating the same food, belonging to the same fraternal orders, hobnobbing with them in their clubs! What do you know or care about the eternal struggle of the wage-earners?"
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