Human Factors Research on Automobile Secondary Controls: a Literature Review Chris H
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UMTRI-87-20 Human Factors Research on Automobile Secondary Controls: A Literature Review Chris H. Turner Paul Green October 1987 The University of Michigan UMTRI Transportation Research Institute Toebnicol R.por, Dmcrmtath Page 9 1. RmNo. 2 Accosrian Na. 3. R.civmt'r Catalog Na. UMTRI -87-20 4. Titlo d Subtitlo 5. R-t Doto HUMAN FACTORS RESEARCH ON AUTOMOBILE SECONDARY October, 1987 ' 6. pufoming Ormxmuocl Cd. CONTROLS: A LITERATURE REVIEW 389036 8. P&ng O&r.cim R.prr No. 7. ArWs) Chris H. Turner and Paul Green UMTRI-87-20 9. PrWyOrgairdm NI. d Allns. 10. lor& Un~tNo. The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute 11. 6n~~~oI GI~~NO. 2901 Baxter Road DRDA-85-2382-P1 , Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2150 U.S.A. 13. 1- 01 RW ad Pwid b..rd 12 hsuiy A- Nmad Aihs Chrysler Motors Corporation Interim R&D Programs Admini stration 9/1/85-8/31/87 12000 Chrysler Drive 14. +soricyAmy am , Hiclhland Park, MI 48288 - 1118 2000512 15. ks Supported by the Chrysler Challenge Fund 1%. Akcnrr This report reviews every document appearing in the open literature (over 40) on human factors and the design of secondary controls (wiper, lights, etc.). The report examines the fol 1owing questions: . What expectancies do drivers have for controls? . What control designs do people prefer? . What problems do drivers say they have with controls? . What do the driver performance data show? . How have human factors analyses been used to design controls? . How should specific controls be designed? While the literature yields considerable insight into how research should be conducted, a surprisingly small amount of what has been done is applicable to contemporary design problems. Most of the 1iterature is over 10 years old, and because it addresses specific design questions for control designs that are no longer produced, it is of limited use. However, there is much to be gleaned from the general human factors literature. 17. Kay WuC 18. Diskibut4r Ste-t Human factors, ergonomics, human engineering, instrument panel s, ease-of-use, automobi 1es, cars, engineering psychology 19. Sowri~Classif. (at this 1D. 5#/ty Classif. (04 ((Js M.) 21. NO. of Pogo. n Price Unclassified Unclassified 306 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PREFACE SCOPE OF THIS REPORT INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH ON SECONDARY CONTROLS General Human Factors Literature Previous Literature Reviews Concerning Secondary Controls Summary WHAT EXPECTANCIES DO DRIVERS HAVE FOR CONTROLS? McGrath (1974) Anacapa Sciences (1974, 1976) Black, Woodson, and Selby (1977) Summary WHAT CONTROL DESIGNS DO PEOPLE PREFER? Mortimer and Post (1973) ' Kuechenmeister (1974) Mourant, Moussa-Hamouda, and Howard, (1977) Hallen (1977) McCallum, Dick, and Casey (1982) Callahan (1986a, b, c) - (Ford Best-in-Class Survey) Green, Ottens, Kerst, Adams, and Goldstein (1987) Unpublished Studies Summary WHAT PROBLEMS DO DRIVERS SAY THEY HAVE USING CONTROLS? Krumm (1974) Anacapa Sciences (1974, 1976) Perel (1976) Burger, Smith, Queen, and Slack (1977) Mourant, Moussa-Hamouda, and Howard (1977) Treat et al. (1979) (Tri-Level Study) Summary iii WHAT DO THE DRIVER PERFORMANCE DATA SHOW? Malone, Krumm, Shenk, and Kao (1972) Middendorf, Dineen, and Hapsburg (1974) Krumm (1974) Kuechenmeister (1974) Anacapa Sciences (1974, 1976) Faust-Adams and Nagel (1975) Kuechenmeister (1975) Mourant, Moussa-Hamouda, and Howard (1977) Elsholz and Bortfeld (1978) Haller, Bouis, and Heintz (1981) McCallum, Dick, and Casey (1982) Galer, Spicer, Geyer, and Holtum (1983) Khadilkar (1983) Heintz, Bouis, and Haller (1985) Jack (1985) Snyder and Monty (1985) Summary HOW HAVE HUMAN FACTORS ANALYSES BEEN USED? Woodson, Conover, Selby, and Miller (1969) Malone, Krumm, Shenk, and Kao (1972) Nevett (1972a) Mortimer and Post (1973) Woodson and Selby (1975) Simmonds (1976a, b, c) Anacapa Sciences (1976) Black, Woodson, and Selby (1977) Green (1979) Friedman and Schmidtz (1981) Green (1984) Saunby, Farber, and Jack (1986) Models Of Human Error Card, Moran, and Newel1 (1983) Rapid Prototyping Summary WHAT DO THE CURRENT DESIGN STANDARDS REQUIRE? IS0 Standard 4040 European Economic Community Regulation 21.01 - Directive 74/60 SAE Documents HOW SHOULD CONTROLS BE DESIGNED? How Should Designers Prepare For Control Design? General Design Rules And Methods Rule 1 - Put controls where they are expected. Rule 2 - Put controls used for critical functions closer to the driver than others. Rule 3 - Frequently used controls should be closer to driver than others. Rule 4 - Put controls that are used together next to each other. Rule 5 - Select a control allowing the proper number of choices, Rule 6 - Have controls operate as expected Rule 7 - Keep designs consistent across product lines. Rule 8 - Label all controls clearly Rule 9 - Use iterative design and test, test, test Rule 10 - Use empiric methods to analyze alternatives Rule 11 - Follow the specific advice in Mil-Std-1472 Cigarette Lighter Climate Controls Cruise Control Defrost/Defog Controls Hazard Control Headlight On/Off Control Headlight Dimmer Control Horn Ignition Optical Horn Control Radio Controls Wiper/Washer Controls WHAT ADDITIONAL RESEARCH IS NEEDED AND HOW SHOULD IT BE CONDUCTED? 193 How Should Researchers Prepare to Do Future Work? 193 What Methods Should Be Used? 193 How Should Expectancies Be Determined? 193 How Should Preferences Be Determined? 194 How Should Driver Performance Be Assessed? 195 How Should the Accident Data Be Examined? 196 How Should Reports of Problems Be Collected? 196 How Well Correlated Are the Various Measures? 196 What Research Is Needed? 196 Which Secondary Controls Are Associated With Accidents? 197 How Often Are Various Secondary Controls Used? 198 What Human Performance Research Is Needed? 198 Where and What Kinds of Controls Do Drivers Expect and Prefer? 198 What Design Tools Are Needed? 199 What Should Switches Feel and Sound Like? 199 What Will Make It Difficult to Complete the Research Agenda? 200 Why This Research Agenda Should Be Completed 201 A Final Word 202 REFERENCES 205 APPENDIX A - Expectancy Plots for Controls from Anacapa ( 1974) 215 APPENDIX B - Control Recall Errors from Anacapa (1974) 229 APPENDIX C - IS0 Standard 4040 237 APPENDIX D - ECE Regualtion 21.01 - Directive 74/60 241 APPENDIX E - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 101 - Controls and Displays 271 APPENDIX F - SAE Recommended Practice 51138 281 APPENDIX G - SAE Information Report J1139 287 LIST OF TABLES 1. Approaches Used in Studies of Secondary Controls 4 2. Control Location Expectancy Strengths (Anacapa Sciences, 1976) 26 3. Control Expectancies (in %) from Black et al. (1977) 29 4. Beam Switch Preferences Reported by Mortimer and Post (1973) 33 5. Ranking Data from McCallum et al. (1982) 36 6. Sample Page Describing B-I-C Effort 38 7. Ford B-I-C Categories Related to Secondary Controls 39 8. Problem Incidence vs. Horn Location, (Krumm, 1974) 43 9. Control Problems and Transmission Type 44 10. Control Locating and Operating Problem Incidence Rates (Own-car Drivers) 49 11. Locating and Operating Problems Incidence Rates (Rental-car Drivers) 50 12. Locating and Operating Difficulties as a Function of Control Configuration 51 13. Hand Control Problems Reported by Perel (1976) 59 14. Factors Contributing to Near Accidents Reported by Burger et al. (1977) 60 15. Problems of Finding, Reaching, and Operating Controls Reported by Burger, et al. (1977) 61 16. Finding and Operating Problems for the Horn Reported by Burger et al. (1977) 64 17. Problems of Finding and Operating the Wiper Control 66 18. Problems of Finding and Operating the Washer Control 67 19. Causal Involvement of Vehicle Factors in Treat et al. (1979), p.21 68 20. Day vs. Night Comparison in Essex Study 72 21. Response Times for Three-Beam Switching Systems 77 22. Time to Sound a Horn (from Krumm, 1974) 78 23. Response Times for Operating a Stalk Control 79 24. Control Location Recall Errors 80 25. Comparison of Lab and Road Test Results 85 26. Response Times From Faust-Adams and Nagel (1975) 98 27. Mean Performance Time and Looks for the Wiper and Washer 102 28. Control Use Errors Reported by Elsholz and Bortfeld (1978) 105 29. Trip Computer Logic from Galer et al. (1983) 109 30. Mean Response ~imesComputed from Data in Khadilkar (1983) 112 31. Mean Task Time and Number of Glances for Displays from Snyder and Monty (1985) 118 32. Control/Display Priority Matrix (from Woodson et al., 1969) 124 33. Control User Requirements from Malone et al. (1972) 130 34. Criticality Values for Passenger Car Controls 131 35. High Criticality Controls in Cars (Malone et al., 1972) 36. Control Arrangement Rationale Given by Malone et al. (1972) 37. Frequency-of-Use of Controls (Nevett, 1972a) 38. Designs Rated by Human Factors Experts in Mortimer and Post (1973) 39. Frequency-of-Use of Controls - Simmonds Data 40. Duration of Use of Controls - Simmonds Data 41. Need for Immediate Action - Simmonds Data 42. Danger from Inadvertent Operation - Simmonds Data 43. Matrix of Potential Confusions and Their Consequences 44. Confusion Likelihoods for Two Design Alternatives 45. Frequency-of-Use of Controls/Accessories - Anacapa (1976) 46. Summary of Analytic Models of Operability 47. Sample Listing from AIR Data Store viii LIST OF FIGURES 1. Studies of Automobile Controls 6 2. Annual Research Output on Controls 7 3. Page 241 from Sanders and McCormick, 1987 11 4. Page 277 from Sanders and McCormick, 1987 12 5. Sample Page from Mil Standard 1472C 13 6. Summary of Experiments in Anacapa Program 21 7. Expectancy Distributions bp General Zones for 1708 Drivers (Anacapa, 1976) 23 8. Expectancy Distributions for General Zones for 2088 Drivers (Anacapa Sciences, 1976) 27 9. Reach Contours from Hallen (1977) 35 10. Reported Problems vs. Number of Functions (Single Left Stalk) 45 11. Reported Problems vs. Number of Functions 46 12. Incidence of Control-Locating Problems (Anacapa, 1976)48 13.