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The Macedonian Conquest of Egypt in 332 BC

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• جامعة املنيا- لكية الس ياحة والفنادق • قسم ا إلرشاد الس يايح- الفرقة الثانية • مقرر: اترخي مرص يف العرصيني اليوانين والروماين • عنوان احملارضة: مرص حتت حمك بطلميوس الثالث عرش حىت اخلامس عرش • أس تاذ املادة: د/ يرسي النشار •الربيد الالكرتوين لﻻس تفسارات: [email protected] Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator (51-47 BC) & Cleopatra VII (51-30 BC) & Ptolemy XIV (47-44 BC) & Ptolemy XV Cesarion (44-30) • Ptolemy XIII & Cleopatra VII: Egypt in a civil war • The Alexandrian war (48 BC) • Ptolemy XIV (47-44 BC) • Ptolemy XV Cesarion (44-30 BC) • The Battle of Actium (30 BC) Ptolemy XIII & Cleopatra VII: Egypt in a civil war • In his will, Auletes declared that Cleopatra VII and her brother Ptolemy XIII should rule the kingdom together. • In 51 BC, Ptolemy XIII, aged about twelve, succeeded his father as co-ruler of Egypt by his marriage to his eighteen-year old sister Cleopatra VII. • In 48 BC, Ptolemy XIII attempted to depose Cleopatra VII due to her increasing status as Queen. • Ptolemy XIII forced Cleopatra VII to flee to Syria, but she soon organized her army and a civil war began in Egypt. • In 48 BC, the Roman general Pompey came to Egypt seeking refuge from his pursuing rival Julius Caesar after his defeat at the Battle of Pharsalus. • Ptolemy XIII pretended to have accepted his request, but he had the general murdered, in hopes of winning favour with Julius Caesar. • When Caesar arrived he was presented with the head of his deceased rival, yet he ordered that Pompey‟s body be buried and given a proper Roman funeral. • Eager to take advantage of Julius Caesar‟s anger toward Ptolemy XIII, Cleopatra VII had herself smuggled secretly into the palace to meet with Caesar. • In his „Life of Julius Caesar‟, Plutarch reports that Cleopatra entered the palace rolled up in a carpet, which Apollodorus carried. She became Caesar‟s mistress, and nine months after their first meeting, in 47 BC, Cleopatra gave birth to their son, Ptolemy Caesar, nicknamed Cesarion. • Cleopatra VII managed to win Caesar‟s favour. Caesar arranged the official return to the throne of Cleopatra VII. Cleopatra & Julius Caesar by Jean-Leon Jerome (1824-1904) The Alexandrian war (48 BC) • Still determined to depose Cleopatra VII, Ptolemy XIII allied himself with Arsinoe IV. They organized the factions of the army loyal to them against those loyal to Cleopatra VII. • In 48 BC, the battle between the opposing factions occurred BC inside Alexandria, which suffered serious damage, including the burning of the Great Library. • The arrival of Roman reinforcements from Pergamun (Bergama, Turkey) gave victory to Caesar and Cleopatra VII, forcing Ptolemy XIII and Arsinoe IV to escape. • In 47 BC, Ptolemy XIII drowned while attempting to cross the Nile. Ptolemy XIV (47-44 BC) • Following the death of Ptolemy XIII, Ptolemy XIV was proclaimed king and co-ruler by his older sister Cleopatra VII. • Cleopatra VII also married her new co-ruler, but continued to act as lover of the Roman dictator Julius Caesar. • Ptolemy XIV reigned in name only, while Cleopatra VII kept actual authority to herself. Cleopatra VII was a strong queen. So much so that Roman soldiers were in her bodyguard, and that her name was inscribed on the shields of Roman legionaries. • In March 44 BC, Caesar was murdered in Rome by a group of conspirators whose most notable members were Marcus Brutus (the adopted son of Julius Caesar), and Gaius Cassius (brother-in-law of Marcus Brutus). • In July 44 BC, Ptolemy XIV soon followed him in death. It has been assumed but remains uncertain that Cleopatra VII poisoned her brother to replace him with Ptolemy XV Cesarion, her son by Julius Caesar. • In September 44 BC, Cesarion was proclaimed as co- ruler with his mother Cleopatra VII. Portrait of Marcus Brutus, the National Museum of Rome Ptolemy XV Cesarion (44-30 BC) Cleopatra VII and Cesarion on the rear wall of the temple of Dendera Ptolemy XV Cesarion (44-30 BC) Ptolemy XV is nicknamed Cesarion or the „little Caesar‟. He was the last king of the Ptolemaic dynasty; he reigned with his mother Cleopatra VII from 44 BC to 30 BC. Cesarion was born in Egypt in 47 BC. Although his mother insisted that he was the son of Julius Caesar, Caesar did not officially acknowledge him. However, he allowed him to use his name. Cesarion spent two of his early years, from 46 to 44 BC, in Rome, where he and his mother were Caesar‟s guests. Cleopatra VII hoped that her son would succeed his father as the head of the Roman Republic as well as Egypt. After Caesar‟s assassination in 44 BC, Cleopatra VII and Cesarion returned to Egypt. Following the death of Julius Caesar, a conflict broke out between Mark Antony and Octavian, the adopted son of Julius Caesar. Antony divorced Octavia, the sister of Octavian. In 40 BC, Antony visited Alexandria and married Cleopatra VII and went with her on a Nile cruise. She gave birth to a twin: Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene. In 35 BC, Antony granted various eastern lands and titles to Cesarion, and declared Cesarion to be Caesar‟s true son and heir. These proclamations, known as the Donations of Alexandria, caused a fatal breach in Antony‟s relations with Octavian, who used Roman resentment over the Donations of Alexandria to gain support for war against Antony and Cleopatra VII. The naval Battle of Actium (30 BC) • In 32 BC, Octavian declared the war. The naval Battle of Actium was a turning point in history of the ancient world, marking the transition of Egypt from the base of the Ptolemaic realm into a Roman province. • When Octavian invaded Egypt, Cleopatra sent Cesarion, aged 17 years, to the Red Sea port of Berenice for safety, with possible plans of an escape to India. • In 30 BC, Octavian captured Alexandria. Antony committed suicide prior to Octavian‟s entry into Alexandria, and Cleopatra did the same. Bust of Cleopatra VII, Altes Museum, Cleopatra VII as Egyptian Isis, Berlin Saint Petersburg • Plutarch (Life of Antony) • “Her beauty, as we are told, was in itself neither altogether incomparable, nor such as to strike those who saw her. Rather, what ultimately made Cleopatra attractive were her wit, charm, and sweetness in the tones of her voice”. Why did Cleopatra VII commit suicide? Terracotta lamp with Cleopatra VII’s figure, made in Italy, kept in the British Museum, dated AD 40-80 • Cesarion‟s guardians were lured by false promises of mercy into returning the boy to Alexandria or perhaps even betrayed him. • Plutarch (Life of Antony): • Cesarion, who was said to be Cleopatra‟s son by Julius Caesar, was sent by his mother, with much treasure, into India, by way of Ethiopia. There Rhodon, another tutor like Theodorus, persuaded him to go back; on the ground that [Octavian] Caesar invited him to take the kingdom. • Octavian is supposed to have had Cesarion executed in Alexandria, following the advice of Arius Didymus, who said „Too many Caesars is not good‟. Thanks for the attention .
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