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A Semi-Supervised Learning of HMM to Build a POS Tagger for a Low Resourced Language
J. lnf. Commun. Converg. Eng. 18(4): 207-215, Dec. 2020 Regular paper A Semi-supervised Learning of HMM to Build a POS Tagger for a Low Resourced Language 1* 2 3 Sagarika Pattnaik , Ajit Kumar Nayak , and Srikanta Patnaik 1Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SOA, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751030, India 2Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, SOA, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751030, India 3Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SOA, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751030, India Abstract Part of speech (POS) tagging is an indispensable part of major NLP models. Its progress can be perceived on number of languages around the globe especially with respect to European languages. But considering Indian Languages, it has not got a major breakthrough due lack of supporting tools and resources. Particularly for Odia language it has not marked its dominancy yet. With a motive to make the language Odia fit into different NLP operations, this paper makes an attempt to develop a POS tagger for the said language on a HMM (Hidden Markov Model) platform. The tagger judiciously considers bigram HMM with dynamic Viterbi algorithm to give an output annotated text with maximum accuracy. The model is experimented on a corpus belonging to tourism domain accounting to a size of approximately 0.2 million tokens. With the proportion of training and testing as 3:1, the proposed model exhibits satisfactory result irrespective of limited training size. Index Terms: HMM, NLP, Odia, POS tagger I. INTRODUCTION the morphological complexities of various languages has been a major issue. The process is also limited by the availability of Part-of-speech (POS) tagging or grammatical tagging, an required resources, such as a sufficient training corpus and lin- integral part of significant natural language processing (NLP) guistic information related to the language. -
A Survey on Odia Computational Morphology
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) Volume 3 Issue 3, March 2014 A Survey on Odia Computational Morphology Dhabal Prasad Sethi ABSTRACT In natural language processing morphological analyzer, The rest part is organized as section II describes the literature morphological generator and morphological parser is the survey, section III describes the different methods of essential common tool used in developing language morphological analyzer and generator, section IV describes software. Morphological analyzer is a computer program the applications and section V describes the conclusion. which provides the grammatical information of a word. II.LITERATURE SURVEY Morphological generator, by giving/providing the root word Itisree Jena, Sriram Chaudhury, Himani Chaudhry, Dipti M. and grammatical information, it generates all word forms of Sharma [3] presented a paper named “Developing Oriya that word. On the other hand morphological parsing is the Morphological Analyzer Using Lt-toolbox “.They have process of determining the morphemes from given word? In developed the morphological analyzer for Odia using this article I surveys the different work have done about paradigm approach. The paradigm approach is a method Odia morphology. which defines the all the word form of a given stem and its Keyword: Morphology, Morphological Analyzer, associated feature structure. Their system handles the Morphological Generator, Morphological Parser, Information inflectional morphology of noun, verb and adjectives. Retrieval, Stemmer, IE, Spell Checker, Machine Translation, R.C Balabantray, M.K.Jena S.Mohanty[4] presented a paper Question Answering System. named “Shallow Morphology based complex predicates extraction in Oriya” The aim of their paper is to extracting the I. -
Chapter 2 Physical Features
Middle Kolab Multipurpose Project Detailed Project Report CHAPTER 2 PHYSICAL FEATURES 2.1 GENERAL There are few places on earth that are special and Odisha is one of them. It is a fascinating land filled with exquisite temples, monuments and possessing beaches, wild life, sanctuaries and natural landscape of enchanting beauty. The project area falls in Koraput and Malkangiri district of Odisha having its geographical area as 5294.5 Sq. Km. The district is bounded by Rayagada and Srikaklam district on its East side, Bastar district on the west, Malkangiri district on South-west side, Nabarangpur district on north and Vishakhapatnam on south. Malkangiri and Koraput districts are situated at 18°35’ Latitude and 82°72’ Longitude at an average elevation of 170 and 870 m respectively from mean sea level. The district’s demographic profile makes it clear that it is a predominantly tribal and backward district with 56% tribal and 78% of the rural families below poverty line (BPL). The region is characterised by high temperature and humidity in most parts of the year and medium to high annual rainfall. There is a considerable extent of natural vegetation in this region. The hydrographical features also reflect these effects. The chapter describes the general topographical and physical features of the Kolab basin and the project command area. 2.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY Odisha State lies within latitude 17° 48 to 23° 34 and longitude 81° 24 to 87°29 and is bounded on the north by Jharkhand, on the west by Chhattisgarh, on the south by Andhra Pradesh and on the north-east by West Bengal. -
By Dr Rafiq Ahmad Hajam (Deptt. of Geography GDC Boys Anantnag) Cell No
Sixth Semester Geography Notes (Unit-I) by Dr Rafiq Ahmad Hajam (Deptt. of Geography GDC Boys Anantnag) Cell No. 9797127509 GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA The word geography was coined by Eratosthenes, a Greek philosopher and mathematician, in 3rd century B.C. For his contribution in the discipline, he is regarded as the father of Geography. Location: India as a country, a part of earth‟s surface, is located in the Northern-Eastern Hemispheres between 80 4 N and 370 6 N latitudes and 680 7 E and 970 25 E longitudes. If the islands are taken into consideration, the southern extent goes up to 60 45 N. In India, Tropic of Cancer (230 30 N latitude) passes through eight states namely (from west to east) Gujarat, Rajasthan, MP, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram. Time: the 820 30E longitude is taken as the Indian Standard Time meridian as it passes through middle (Allahabad) of the country. It is equal to 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of GMT. Same longitude is used by Nepal and Sri Lanka. Size and Shape: India is the 7th largest country in the world with an area of 3287263 sq. km (32.87 lakh sq. km=3.287 million sq. km), after Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil and Australia. It constitutes 0.64% of the total geographical area of the world and 2.4% of the total land surface area of the world. The area of India is 20 times that of Britain and almost equal to the area of Europe excluding Russia. Rajasthan (342000 sq. -
BULLETIN (Nov 2017-Dec 2018)
1 Aspire IASThe name associated with excellence PT POINTERS–2020 TEA TIME BULLetin- 360-PT shots TEA TIME BULLETIN NEWSPAPER –360-PT Shots (Nov 2017-Dec 2018) © Copyright Aspire IAS All rights are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of Aspire lAS. Aspire IASThe name associated with excellence 10/70 Old Rajeneder Nagar N.Delhi www.aspireias.com 8010068998/9999801394 ©2018 ASPIRE IAS. All rights reserved 2 Aspire IASThe name associated with excellence PT POINTERS–2020 TEA TIME BULLetin- 360-PT shots 1. Rohingyas • children affected by disasters and climate • Sufi induced Sunni Muslim. change etc • Lived in Burma since 12th century after India, 4. International vaccine institute China. at Seoul, South Korea • Stateless started in 1997 • Their dialect is Bengali by the initiative of UNDP • Other ethnic groups of Myanmar: - India full time member Bamar 5. Indian Pharma and medical device 2017 Shan conference Karen Themes: Kachin • Medical devices – ‘shaping the future- making the right choices’ Chin • Karenni Pharma – ‘shaping future of Indian Pharma’ Mon 6. Dhanush guns Kokang Chinese • upgraded version of Bofors Howitzer Rakhine • upgraded by Ordnance Factory Board Rohingyas Jabalpur 2. Factors affecting BIOME • maximum range 40 km Temperature [mean + variation] 7. Intergovernmental oceanographic Moisture Commission -150 members country Sunlight 8. Clouds are the result of adiabatic cooling Growing season generally. Soil 9. Golconda Fort important for diamonds, Drainage underground tunnel and clap sound that can Wind be heard even at the roof. -
Classicism of Odia Language
Orissa Review Classicism of Odia Language Dr. G.K. Srichandan Man expresses his feelings and emotions through neighbouring languages are Hindi, Bengali, Telgu, sentences of any language-spoken or written. Tamil etc. In addition to this 62 denominations Thus, human beings use many words in sentences (communities) of tribals live within the State of of language which have come to us by oral use Odisha. Their spoken languages or dialects had for hundreds of thousand years. Words are have impact on Odia language for her evolution evolved and use for expression of man¶s inner and enrichment. feelings. We borrow such words from other languages also to supplement our own mother Except Surya dynasty rulers all other tongue. preceding dynasty rulers have come from outside and brought with them soldiers and officers The vocabulary of a language depends speaking their native language and after settling in on the richness or treasure of words accumulated Udra Desha had embraced the then prevailing and stored in that language by passage of time Odia language. That had impact on development from the time immemorial. Odia is the mother of the vocabulary of Odia language. language of the majority of the people of Odisha at present and also in the past. The present In 1568 Odisha empire lost her Odisha is the political entity with distinct boundary. sovereignty and independence on sudden and sad But outside Odisha there exists Odia speaking demise of the last independent and sovereign tracts which was the result or resultant of the Hindu king-emperor Gajapati Mukunda Deva in conquests made by the Ganga Vansi and Surya Gohiri Tikira battle field. -
UNIT – I PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS of INDIA Geological Structure
UNIT – I PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS OF INDIA Geological Structure 1. THE ARCHAEAN FORMATIONS (PRE-CAMBRIAN) The Archaean Era is also known as the Precambrian Period. The division of geologic time scale from the formation of the Earth (about 4.6 billion years ago) to the beginning of the Cambrian Period of the Paleozoic Era (about 570 million years ago}. The Precambrian time constitutes about 86.7% of the Earth's history. The term 'Archaean', introduced by J.D. Dana in 1782, refers to the oldest rocks of the Earth's crust. The oldest known rocks of the Earth, the evolutionary atmosphere, the first chemosynthesis, the first photosynthesis, the life-supporting atmosphere and the Earth's modem atmosphere, were developed during the Precambrian Era (Archaean and Protozoic). Rocks of the Archaean System are devoid of any form of life. The Archaean rocks are all azoic or non fossiliferous. They are thoroughly crystalline, extremely contorted and faulted, and practically devoid of any sediment. They are largely intruded by plutonic intrusions and generally have a well-defined foliated structure. These rocks are known as the basement complex or fundamental gneisses. Cover two-thirds of Peninsular India. In the Peninsular region, the Archaean rocks are known to be of three well-defined types: a) The Bengal Gneiss occurs in the Eastern Ghats, Orissa (known as Khodoliles after Khond tribes in Koraput and Bolangir districts), stretching over Manbhum and Hazaribagh districts of Jharkhand, Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh and Salem district of Tamil Nadu. Occur in the Son Valley, Meghalaya Plateau and Mikir HiUs. Thinly foliated. -
Paper 18 History of Odisha
DDCE/History (M.A)/SLM/Paper-18 HISTORY OF ODISHA (FROM 1803 TO 1948 A.D.) By Dr. Manas Kumar Das CONTENT HISTORY OF ODISHA (From 1803 TO 1948 A.D.) Unit.No. Chapter Name Page No UNIT- I. a. British Occupation of Odisha. b. British Administration of Odisha: Land Revenue Settlements, administration of Justice. c. Economic Development- Agriculture and Industry, Trade and Commerce. UNIT.II. a. Resistance Movements in the 19th century- Khurda rising of 1804-05, Paik rebellion of 1817. b. Odisha during the revolt of 1857- role of Surendra Sai c. Tribal uprising- Ghumsar Rising under Dara Bisoi, Khond Rising under Chakra Bisoi, Bhuyan Rising Under Ratna Naik and Dharani Dhar Naik. UNIT – III. a. Growth of Modern Education, Growth of Press and Journalism. b. Natural Calamities in Odisha, Famine of 1866- its causes and effect. c. Social and Cultural changes in the 19th Century Odisha. d. Mahima Dharma. UNIT – IV. a. Oriya Movement: Growth of Socio-Political Associations, Growth of Public Associations in the 19th Century, Role of Utkal Sammilini (1903-1920) b. Nationalist Movement in Odisha: Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements in Odisha. c. Creation of Separate province, Non-Congress and Congress Ministries( 1937-1947). d. Quit India Movement. e. British relation with Princely States of Odisha and Prajamandal Movement and Merger of the States. UNIT-1 Chapter-I British Occupation of Odisha Structure 1.1.0. Objectives 1.1.1. Introduction 1.1.2. British occupation of Odisha 1.1.2.1. Weakness of the Maratha rulers 1.1.2.2. Oppression of the land lords 1.1.2.3. -
ODISHA Agriculture Contingency Plan for District: NAYAGARH
State: ODISHA Agriculture Contingency Plan for District: NAYAGARH 1.0 District Agriculture profile 1.1 Agro-Climatic/Ecological Zone Agro Ecological Sub Region (ICAR) Eastern Ghats, hot moist sub humid eco sub region (12.2) Agro-Climatic Zone (Planning East coast plain and hill region (XI) Commission) Agro Climatic Zone (NARP) East & south Eastern coastal plain zone (OR-4) List all the districts falling under the Nayagarh, Kendrapada, Khurda, Jagatsinghpur, parts of Cuttack, Puri, Gajapati, and parts of Ganjam NARP Zone* (*>50% area falling in the zone) Geographic coordinates of district Latitude Longitude Altitude headquarters 19 0 54’ to 20 0 32'N 84 0 29' to 85 0 27' E 90m Name and address of the concerned RRTTS, OUAT, Bhubaneswar-751003, Odisha ZRS/ ZARS/ RARS/ RRS/ RRTTS Mention the KVK located in the KVK Nayagarh , OUAT, At-Panipoila, PO-Balugaon Dist-Nayagrh Pin: 752070, Odisha district with address Name and address of the nearest Agromet Advisory Service OUAT, Bhubaaneswar – 751003, Odisha Agromet Field Unit (AMFU, IMD) for agro-advisories in the Zone 1.2 Rainfall Normal RF(mm) Normal Rainy days Normal Onset Normal Cessation (number) ( specify week and (specify week and month) month) SW monsoon (June-Sep): 1007.0 54.4 3rd week of July 4th week of September NE Monsoon(Oct-Dec): 178.3 8.5 1st week of October 1st week of November Winter (Jan- Feb) 40.3 2.8 - - Summer (March-May ) 138.7 9.3 - - Annual 1354.3 75.0 - - Source: Orissa Agriculture Statistics, 2008-2009 (Page 1) 1.3 Land use Geographical Cultivated Forest Land under Permanent Cultivable Land Barren and Current Other pattern of the Area area area non- pastures wasteland under uncultivable fallows fallows district (latest agricultural Misc. -
ONLINE APPENDIX: Not for Print Publication
ONLINE APPENDIX: not for print publication A Additional Tables and Figures Figure A1: Permutation Tests Panel A: Female Labor Force Participation Panel B: Gender Difference in Labor Force Participation A1 Table A1: Cross-Country Regressions of LFP Ratio Dependent variable: LFPratio Specification: OLS OLS OLS (1) (2) (3) Proportion speaking gender language -0.16 -0.25 -0.18 (0.03) (0.04) (0.04) [p < 0:001] [p < 0:001] [p < 0:001] Continent Fixed Effects No Yes Yes Country-Level Geography Controls No No Yes Observations 178 178 178 R2 0.13 0.37 0.44 Robust standard errors are clustered by the most widely spoken language in all specifications; they are reported in parentheses. P-values are reported in square brackets. LFPratio is the ratio of the percentage of women in the labor force, mea- sured in 2011, to the percentage of men in the labor force. Geography controls are the percentage of land area in the tropics or subtropics, average yearly precipitation, average temperature, an indicator for being landlocked, and the Alesina et al. (2013) measure of suitability for the plough. A2 Table A2: Cross-Country Regressions of LFP | Including \Bad" Controls Dependent variable: LFPf LFPf - LFPm Specification: OLS OLS (1) (2) Proportion speaking gender language -6.66 -10.42 (2.80) (2.84) [p < 0:001] [p < 0:001] Continent Fixed Effects Yes Yes Country-Level Geography Controls Yes Yes Observations 176 176 R2 0.57 0.68 Robust standard errors are clustered by the most widely spoken language in all specifications; they are reported in parentheses. -
Physical Features, Climate and Drainage of India Hand Outs
INDIA PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS India is the seventh largest and second most populous country in the world. Its area is 2.4% of the total world area but about 16% of the entire human races reside in its fold. In population, only the mainland China exceeds that of India. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan form the well-defined realm of south Asia often referred to as the Indian sub-continent. Lying entirely in the northern hemisphere (tropical zone), the Indian mainland extends between the latitude -8°4' N to 37°6'N and longitude -68°7' E to 97°25'E. The southernmost point in the Indian territory, the Indira Point, is situated at 6°30' north in the Andaman and Nicobar islands. The tropic of cancer passes through the centre of India. India covers an area of 3.28 million sq km and measures about 3,214 km from north to south and about 2,933 km east to west. The total length of the mainland coastland is nearly 6,400 km and land frontier about 15,200 km. The boundary line between India and China is called the McMahon line. To the north-west, India, shares a boundary mainly with Pakistan and to the east with Myanmar and Bangladesh. The Indian Ocean lies in the south. In the south, on the eastern side, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait separate India from Sri Lanka. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal and the Lakshadweep islands in the Arabian Sea are parts of the Indian Territory India's relief is marked by a great variety: India can be divided into five major physiographic units: 1. -
View Entire Book
ODISHA REVIEW VOL. LXX NO. 4 NOVEMBER - 2013 PRADEEP KUMAR JENA, I.A.S. Commissioner-cum- Secretary PRAMOD KUMAR DAS, O.A.S.(SAG) Director DR. LENIN MOHANTY Editor Editorial Assistance Production Assistance Bibhu Chandra Mishra Debasis Pattnaik Bikram Maharana Sadhana Mishra Cover Design & Illustration D.T.P. & Design Manas Ranjan Nayak Hemanta Kumar Sahoo Photo Raju Singh Manoranjan Mohanty The Odisha Review aims at disseminating knowledge and information concerning Odisha’s socio-economic development, art and culture. Views, records, statistics and information published in the Odisha Review are not necessarily those of the Government of Odisha. Published by Information & Public Relations Department, Government of Odisha, Bhubaneswar - 751001 and Printed at Odisha Government Press, Cuttack - 753010. For subscription and trade inquiry, please contact : Manager, Publications, Information & Public Relations Department, Loksampark Bhawan, Bhubaneswar - 751001. Five Rupees / Copy E-mail : [email protected] Visit : http://odisha.gov.in Contact : 9937057528(M) CONTENTS Economic Condition of the Temple and Sevakas in the Cult of Lord Jagannath in Puri Abhimanyu Dash ... 1 Good Governance ... 5 Revival of Maritime Glory through Modern Port Policy of Government of Odisha Prabhat Kumar Nanda ... 11 Diwali : The Festival of Lights Balabhadra Ghadai ... 18 Odisha State Policy for Girl Child & Women Dr. Amrita Patel ... 20 Combating Backwardness: Budget for Socially Disadvantaged Dr. Dharmendra Ku. Mishra ... 22 Health Hazards by Sea Cyclones in Odisha, the Supercyclone Madhusmita Patra and the Phailin Dr. Swarnamayee Tripathy Dr. Indramani Jena ... 30 John Beames, a Foreign Architect of Modern Oriya (Odia) Language Prof. Jagannath Mohanty ... 38 Maritime Heritage of Ganjam Dr. Kartik Chandra Rout ..