Language and the Making of Modern India
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A Semi-Supervised Learning of HMM to Build a POS Tagger for a Low Resourced Language
J. lnf. Commun. Converg. Eng. 18(4): 207-215, Dec. 2020 Regular paper A Semi-supervised Learning of HMM to Build a POS Tagger for a Low Resourced Language 1* 2 3 Sagarika Pattnaik , Ajit Kumar Nayak , and Srikanta Patnaik 1Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SOA, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751030, India 2Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, SOA, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751030, India 3Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SOA, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751030, India Abstract Part of speech (POS) tagging is an indispensable part of major NLP models. Its progress can be perceived on number of languages around the globe especially with respect to European languages. But considering Indian Languages, it has not got a major breakthrough due lack of supporting tools and resources. Particularly for Odia language it has not marked its dominancy yet. With a motive to make the language Odia fit into different NLP operations, this paper makes an attempt to develop a POS tagger for the said language on a HMM (Hidden Markov Model) platform. The tagger judiciously considers bigram HMM with dynamic Viterbi algorithm to give an output annotated text with maximum accuracy. The model is experimented on a corpus belonging to tourism domain accounting to a size of approximately 0.2 million tokens. With the proportion of training and testing as 3:1, the proposed model exhibits satisfactory result irrespective of limited training size. Index Terms: HMM, NLP, Odia, POS tagger I. INTRODUCTION the morphological complexities of various languages has been a major issue. The process is also limited by the availability of Part-of-speech (POS) tagging or grammatical tagging, an required resources, such as a sufficient training corpus and lin- integral part of significant natural language processing (NLP) guistic information related to the language. -
Great Heritages of Orissa
Orissa Review * December - 2004 Great Heritages of Orissa Dr. Hemanta Kumar Mohapatra Etymologically, 'heritage' is anything that is or Cultural heritages are the creation of human may be inherited. In such case 'heritage' covers beings, who have created it by virtue of their everything that is seen around the human innovative power, creativity, skill and artistic civilization. Heritage is thus natural or created ability. or has evolved in the course of history. It is natural or man-made. Of the man-made Cultural heritages may be tangible or heritages some are already made and existing intangible. Archaeological heritages may be and others are in the process of making. But otherwise called tangible heritages. The everything what we inherit or may be inherited intangible ones may be called living heritages. can not be heritage in the proper use of the But for better comprehension and convenience term. To assume the dimension of heritage such we have discussed the cultural heritages in features must have influenced the socio- entirety under the following sections. economic and cultural life of the people. It must (a) Archaeological heritages (b) Literary have substantially influenced the imagination heritages (c) Religious heritages and life style of the human beings. A society (d) Performing art heritages, (e) Heritage or civilization is known and become unique festivals (f) Art and craft heritages by its own tradition. It gets its identity by its (g) Modern heritages of Orissa. own heritages. The cultural dimension of Orissa is Heritage is something which is specific varied and wide. Every bit of Oriyan culture and typical of a place, area, region or country and tradition is not included in this discussion. -
Proposal Under Demand No-07-3054-04-337-0865-21007'District Head Quarter Road for the Year 2019-20 SI
Proposal under Demand No-07-3054-04-337-0865-21007'District Head Quarter Road for the year 2019-20 SI. Name of the Amount Name of the Work No. (R&B) Division (Rs. In lakh) 1 2 3 4 S/R to New Jagannath Sadak from 0/630 to Q/660km ( Such as providing 1 Puri 4.76 Cement Concrete pavement at Chandanpur Bazar Portion ) S/R to New Jagannath Sadak from 0/665 to 0/695km ( Such as providing 2 Puri 4.91 Cement Concrete pavement at Chandanpur Bazar Portion ) Construction of entry gate on approach to Makara Bridge at ch,23/80km of New 3 Puri 4.23 Jagannath Sadak, Puri S/r ro New Jagannath Sadak from 14/070 to 14/240 Km such as construction of 4 Puri 4.82 Toe-wall & Packing on right side Construction of Retaining wall in U/S of Ratnachira Bridge at 13/290Km of New 5 Puri 4.98 Jagannath Sadak 6 Puri S/R to Jagannath Sadak road {Such as construction of Toe-wall at 2/300 Km) 4.74 Providing temporary Bus parking at Chupuring & approach road to Melana 7 Puri padia Jankia Gadasahi near New Jagannath Sadak for the visit of Hon’ble Chief 2.57 Minister of Odisha on 20.02,2019 Providing temporary Helipad ground Jankia Gadasahi near New Jagannath 8 Puri 3.00 Sadak for the visit of Hon'ble Chief Minister of Odisha on 20.02.2019 Providing temporary parking at Jankia Gadasahi near New Jagannath Sadak for 9 Puri 2.41 the visit of Hon'ble Chief Minister of Odisha on 20.02.2019 Providing temporary parking at Kanas side & Gadasahi near New Jagannath 10 Puri 4.88 Sadak for the visit of Hon'ble Chief Minister of Odisha on 20.02.2019 Repair of road from Hotel Prachi to -
American Baptist Foreign Mission
American Baptist Foreign Mission ONE-HUNDRED-NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT Presented by the Board o f Managers at the Annual Meeting held in W ashington, D. C., M ay 23-28, 1933 Foreign Mission Headquarters 152- Madison Avenue New York PRINTED BY RUMFORD PRESS CONCORD. N. H. U .S . A - CONTENTS PAGE OFFICERS ................................................................................................................................... 5 GENERAL AGENT, STATE PROMOTION DIRECTORS .................... 6 BY-LAWS ..................................................................................................................................... 7 -9 PREFACE .................................................................................................................................... 11 GENERAL REVIEW OF THE YEAR .................................................................1 5 -5 7 T h e W o r l d S it u a t i o n ................................................................................................ 15 A r m e d C o n f l ic t in t h e F a r E a s t ..................................................................... 16 C iv i l W a r in W e s t C h i n a ...................................................................................... 17 P h il ip p in e I ndependence ....................................................................................... 17 I n d ia ’ s P o l it ic a l P r o g r a m ..................................................................................... 18 B u r m a a n d S e p a r a t i o n ............................................................................................. 18 R ig h t s o f P r o t e s t a n t M is s io n s in B e l g ia n C o n g o ............................... 19 T h e W o r l d D e p r e s s io n a n d M i s s i o n s ........................................................... 21 A P e n t e c o s t A m o n g t h e P w o K a r e n s ........................................................... -
Odisha Review Dr
Orissa Review * Index-1948-2013 Index of Orissa Review (April-1948 to May -2013) Sl. Title of the Article Name of the Author Page No. No April - 1948 1. The Country Side : Its Needs, Drawbacks and Opportunities (Extracts from Speeches of H.E. Dr. K.N. Katju ) ... 1 2. Gur from Palm-Juice ... 5 3. Facilities and Amenities ... 6 4. Departmental Tit-Bits ... 8 5. In State Areas ... 12 6. Development Notes ... 13 7. Food News ... 17 8. The Draft Constitution of India ... 20 9. The Honourable Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru's Visit to Orissa ... 22 10. New Capital for Orissa ... 33 11. The Hirakud Project ... 34 12. Fuller Report of Speeches ... 37 May - 1948 1. Opportunities of United Development ... 43 2. Implication of the Union (Speeches of Hon'ble Prime Minister) ... 47 3. The Orissa State's Assembly ... 49 4. Policies and Decisions ... 50 5. Implications of a Secular State ... 52 6. Laws Passed or Proposed ... 54 7. Facilities & Amenities ... 61 8. Our Tourists' Corner ... 61 9. States the Area Budget, January to March, 1948 ... 63 10. Doings in Other Provinces ... 67 1 Orissa Review * Index-1948-2013 11. All India Affairs ... 68 12. Relief & Rehabilitation ... 69 13. Coming Events of Interests ... 70 14. Medical Notes ... 70 15. Gandhi Memorial Fund ... 72 16. Development Schemes in Orissa ... 73 17. Our Distinguished Visitors ... 75 18. Development Notes ... 77 19. Policies and Decisions ... 80 20. Food Notes ... 81 21. Our Tourists Corner ... 83 22. Notice and Announcement ... 91 23. In State Areas ... 91 24. Doings of Other Provinces ... 92 25. Separation of the Judiciary from the Executive .. -
Bhoga-Bhaagya-Yogyata Lakshmi
BHOGA-BHAAGYA-YOGYATA LAKSHMI ( FULFILLMENT AS ONE DESERVES) Edited, compiled, and translated by VDN Rao, Retd. General Manager, India Trade Promotion Organization, Ministry of Commerce, Govt. of India, Pragati Maidan, New Delhi, currently at Chennai 1 Other Scripts by the same Author: Essence of Puranas:-Maha Bhagavata, Vishnu Purana, Matsya Purana, Varaha Purana, Kurma Purana, Vamana Purana, Narada Purana, Padma Purana; Shiva Purana, Linga Purana, Skanda Purana, Markandeya Purana, Devi Bhagavata;Brahma Purana, Brahma Vaivarta Purana, Agni Purana, Bhavishya Purana, Nilamata Purana; Shri Kamakshi Vilasa Dwadasha Divya Sahasranaama: a) Devi Chaturvidha Sahasra naama: Lakshmi, Lalitha, Saraswati, Gayatri; b) Chaturvidha Shiva Sahasra naama-Linga-Shiva-Brahma Puranas and Maha Bhagavata; c) Trividha Vishnu and Yugala Radha-Krishna Sahasra naama-Padma-Skanda-Maha Bharata and Narada Purana. Stotra Kavacha- A Shield of Prayers Purana Saaraamsha; Select Stories from Puranas Essence of Dharma Sindhu Essence of Shiva Sahasra Lingarchana Essence of Paraashara Smtiti Essence of Pradhana Tirtha Mahima Dharma Bindu Essence of Upanishads : Brihadaranyaka , Katha, Tittiriya, Isha, Svetashwara of Yajur Veda- Chhandogya and Kena of Saama Veda-Atreya and Kausheetaki of Rig Veda-Mundaka, Mandukya and Prashna of Atharva Veda ; Also ‘Upanishad Saaraamsa’ (Quintessence of Upanishads) Essence of Virat Parva of Maha Bharata Essence of Bharat Yatra Smriti Essence of Brahma Sutras Essence of Sankhya Parijnaana- Also Essence of Knowledge of Numbers Essence of Narada Charitra; Essence Neeti Chandrika-Essence of Hindu Festivals and Austerities- Essence of Manu Smriti*- Quintessence of Manu Smriti* - *Essence of Pratyaksha Bhaskara- Essence of Maha Narayanopanishad*-Essence of Vidya-Vigjnaana-Vaak Devi* Note: All the above Scriptures already released on www. -
Translation Strategies of the Non-Native Odia Translators (1807-1874)
Translation Strategies of the Non-Native Odia Translators (1807-1874) RAMESH C MALIK Translation strategy means a plan or procedure adopted by the translators to solve the translation problems. The present paper is to highlight on the translation strategies of the non-native Odia translators during the colonial period (1807-1874). First of all, those translators who were non-residents of Odisha and had learnt Odia for specific purposes are considered non-native Odia translators.The first name one of the Odia translators is William Carey (1761-1834), who translated the New Testament or Bible from English to Odia that was subsequently published by the Serampore Mission Press Calcutta in 1807. A master craftsman of Christian theology and an Odia translator of missionary literature, Amos Sutton (1798-1854), who translated John Bunyan’s (1628-1688) the Pilgrim’s Progress (1678) to Odia under the titled swargiya jātrira brutānta in 1838. Sutton served as an Odia translator under the British government. His religious, literary, and linguistic contributions to Odia language and literature are to be studied for making a concrete idea about the development of Odia prose. In the era of Odia translation discourse, his translations deserve to be studied in the theoretical frame of translation strategies. In this paper, the following translation strategies like linguistic strategies, literal translation strategy, lexical alteration strategy, deletion, exoticism and cultural transposition strategies are predominately adopted by the translators. Since the objectives of the SLTs were to promote religious evangelization and second language learning, the translation strategies tried to preserve the religious and pedagogical fidelity rather that textual fidelity in the translated texts. -
Sociolinguistics of English in India
G.J.I.S.S.,Vol.3(4):128-135 (July-August, 2014) ISSN: 2319-8834 SOCIOLINGUISTICS OF ENGLISH IN INDIA Shaivya Singh1 & Rajesh Kumar2 1 Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, India 2 Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract The Present study attempts to discuss the Sociolinguistics of English in India. The rising status and the rapid spread of English is a matter of discussion in the field of applied linguistics. The language we speak defines and determines one’s place and identity in the world. It is not just a set of sound words or sentences. Many different regional varieties of English or ‘Englishes’ exist around the globe and are slowly but steadily gaining recognition. Indian English is one such variety. English spoken in India is deeply linked with the society, culture and the people. The function of English in India is different from that it performs in the native context. The defining factors such as the cultural plurality and presence of different languages have given India a distinct place in the multilingual context. The growth of English in India can be directly correlated with the growth of imperial rule in India. English language has been and continues to be a dividing force in the society. Keywords: Spread, Globalization, Varieties, Indian English, Indianization. 1. Introduction English happens to be the most widely used language around the world. The spread of English over the past four hundred years has led to the emergence of transplanted varieties of English in variegated socio-cultural and linguistic contexts. -
Impact of Spirituality on Thousand Years Old Cuttack City in Business
American International Journal of Available online at http://www.iasir.net Research in Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences ISSN (Print): 2328-3734, ISSN (Online): 2328-3696, ISSN (CD-ROM): 2328-3688 AIJRHASS is a refereed, indexed, peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary and open access journal published by International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR), USA (An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) Impact of Spirituality on Thousand Years Old Cuttack City in Business Management and Communication Pintu Mahakul Doctoral Candidate, Department of Business Administration Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Berhampur-760007, Odisha, INDIA Abstract: This is true that human beings live with many hopes and attitudes in society and cooperation, integration, business and exchanging services become inevitable parts of life. Management of social affairs and communication become main aspects of society and thousand years old Cuttack city stands to witness success where people of many languages, caste, colours, religions and ideologies unite for brotherhood. Keeping great cultural and spiritual heritage of this city ahead and observing continuous degradation of values in modern society this study comes within mind to know about impact of spirituality on city which binds people in one thread of love and teaches values and ethics for management of society and business. Skill of effective communication is the medium of interaction and we learn values of communication having this study. This again keeps importance for developing new theories of communication for business management basing on spiritual perspectives and values drawn from Cuttack city. Reviewing historical literature and going deep to this study we know that spiritual movement positively impacts people and spiritual environment is field of sustainable development. -
Minority Languages in India
Thomas Benedikter Minority Languages in India An appraisal of the linguistic rights of minorities in India ---------------------------- EURASIA-Net Europe-South Asia Exchange on Supranational (Regional) Policies and Instruments for the Promotion of Human Rights and the Management of Minority Issues 2 Linguistic minorities in India An appraisal of the linguistic rights of minorities in India Bozen/Bolzano, March 2013 This study was originally written for the European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen (EURAC), Institute for Minority Rights, in the frame of the project Europe-South Asia Exchange on Supranational (Regional) Policies and Instruments for the Promotion of Human Rights and the Management of Minority Issues (EURASIA-Net). The publication is based on extensive research in eight Indian States, with the support of the European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano and the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, Kolkata. EURASIA-Net Partners Accademia Europea Bolzano/Europäische Akademie Bozen (EURAC) – Bolzano/Bozen (Italy) Brunel University – West London (UK) Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität – Frankfurt am Main (Germany) Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group (India) South Asian Forum for Human Rights (Nepal) Democratic Commission of Human Development (Pakistan), and University of Dhaka (Bangladesh) Edited by © Thomas Benedikter 2013 Rights and permissions Copying and/or transmitting parts of this work without prior permission, may be a violation of applicable law. The publishers encourage dissemination of this publication and would be happy to grant permission. -
Resource Conflict and Sustainable Development in Odisha
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 23, Issue 5, Ver. 1 (May. 2018) PP 01-08 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Resource Conflict and Sustainable Development in Odisha Kunal Mishra Corresponding Author: Kunal Mishra Abstract: Geographically Odisha has an area of 1,55,707 square kilometres surrounded by the neighbouring states Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Bay of Bengal. It has a population of 3,68,04,660, out of which males constitute 1,86,60,570 and female 1,81,44,090. It has 51,349 villages and 138 towns and the literacy rate is 70.5 males whereas 50.5 relates to females. Odisha has rivers like Mahanadi, Brahmani, Baitarani, Tel, Rushikulya, Sabari and others. Odisha is a land of mountains, but two highest mountains named Garhjat and Mahendra Giri are notable. Chilika is the biggest lake which is 64 km long and 20 km wide. It is the brackish water island lake in Asia which stretches over an area of 1,100 sq km, where in two beautiful islands named Malud and Parikuda invite tourists throughout the year. Odisha has a large deposit of Chromite, Bauxite, Dolomite, Graphite, Iron Ore, Coal, Copper, Kaolin, Lead, Quartzite, Steatite, Tin. Therefore there have been Steel Plant at Rourkela, SAND Complex at Chhatrapur, Heavy Power Project at Talcher, Coach Repairing Workshop at Mancheshwar, Aluminium Complex at Koraput, Angul and Jharsuguda. Culturally Odisha is rich with Odissi, Tribal Dance, Folk Dance and so many. On cottage industrial sector, the handloom product, silk and tussar, silver filigree work, Pat chitra etc enrich the land of Odisha. -
Folklore Foundation , Lokaratna ,Volume IV 2011
FOLKLORE FOUNDATION ,LOKARATNA ,VOLUME IV 2011 VOLUME IV 2011 Lokaratna Volume IV tradition of Odisha for a wider readership. Any scholar across the globe interested to contribute on any Lokaratna is the e-journal of the aspect of folklore is welcome. This Folklore Foundation, Orissa, and volume represents the articles on Bhubaneswar. The purpose of the performing arts, gender, culture and journal is to explore the rich cultural education, religious studies. Folklore Foundation President: Sri Sukant Mishra Managing Trustee and Director: Dr M K Mishra Trustee: Sri Sapan K Prusty Trustee: Sri Durga Prasanna Layak Lokaratna is the official journal of the Folklore Foundation, located in Bhubaneswar, Orissa. Lokaratna is a peer-reviewed academic journal in Oriya and English. The objectives of the journal are: To invite writers and scholars to contribute their valuable research papers on any aspect of Odishan Folklore either in English or in Oriya. They should be based on the theory and methodology of folklore research and on empirical studies with substantial field work. To publish seminal articles written by senior scholars on Odia Folklore, making them available from the original sources. To present lives of folklorists, outlining their substantial contribution to Folklore To publish book reviews, field work reports, descriptions of research projects and announcements for seminars and workshops. To present interviews with eminent folklorists in India and abroad. Any new idea that would enrich this folklore research journal is Welcome.