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CHAPTER 10 1800–1920 Nationalism in Europe In the 1800s, nationalism sparked revolutions across Europe. New nations, such as Germany and Italy, formed along cultural lines. Absolute monarchies fell. These nation- alist revolutions forever changed the map of Europe—and Europe’s balance of power. Theme The growth of nationalism in the 1800s had major effects on government and citizenship in Europe. In nton von Werner, 1885 Werner, nton von this chapter you will learn how old governments fell, A how new governments were created, and how these by , changes affected citizens. The Proclamation Germanthe The of Kaiser TIME LINE 1834 The Zollverein 1861 Italy unites union economically links as one nation after the German states to one Italian states vote for CHAPTER another through trade. unification. EVENTS 1820 1840 1860 WORLD 1821 Mexico declares 1848 In France, Louis EVENTS independence from Spain. Napoleon becomes president of the Second Republic. 312 CHAPteR 10 History's Impact video program Watch the video to understand the impact of nationalism. Reading like a In this painting, Prussian Historian prime minister Otto von Bismarck (in white) proclaims the Prussian king 1867 Austria and Hungary 1905 Revolution breaks Wilhelm I (on podium) to be Emperor of Germany on become two separate, equal out in Russia after troops January 18, 1871. This ceremony marked the states under the Dual Monarchy. kill some protesters on Bloody Sunday. creation of the German Empire following Prussia’s defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War. 1880 1910 Analyzing Visuals How can you tell that this painting commemorates an important event? 1869 Suez Canal 1901 Theodore Roosevelt opens in Egypt. becomes president of the See Skills Handbook, p. H26 United States. NAtiONALISM IN EUROPE 313 GEOGRAPHY Starting Points Interactive ¡/ ,*/(%0.0' EUROPE, 1815 48&%&/"/% /038": #PVOEBSZPGUIF 3644*"/ (FSNBO$POGFEFSBUJPO &.1*3& ¡8 /PSUI %&/."3, B F 4FB 4 UJD BM The German Confed- ¡/ # 6/*5&% eration was made up ,*/(%0. of the lesser German states and parts of 13644*" -POEPO /&5)&3-"/%4 Prussia and the Aus- trian Empire. "5-"/5*$ 13644*" 0$&"/ 1BSJT -&44&3 (&3."/ 45"5&4 7JFOOB "6453*"/ '3"/$& &.1*3& 48*5;&3-"/% ¡& 1"3." .0%&/" ¡/ -6$$" 0 " 5 5 E 0 . 564$"/: SJ " 1"1"- BU / .BESJE JD $PSTJDB 45"5&4 4FB $POTUBOUJOPQMF -JTCPO '3"/$& ,*/(%0. 3PNF 10356("- 0'4"3%*/*" & . 41"*/ 1 4BSEJOJB * ,*/(%0. 3 0'5)& & .FEJUFSSBOFBO 5804*$*-*&4 4FB ¡8 ¡ ¡& 4JDJMZ .JMFT Italy was split into ,JMPNFUFST many separate "[JNVUIBMFRVBMBSFBQSPKFDUJPO states. ¡& In 1815 the Congress 1. Analyze How would you describe the of Vienna divided Europe with little regard for political geography of Germany and Italy Listen to History at this time? the nationalities of the people who lived there. Go online to listen to an By the mid-1800s, nationalist movements arose 2. Predict Based on the map, what chal- explanation of the starting which would lead to the breakup of empires lenges do you think Italy would face as it points for this chapter. and the creation of new nations. In Russia, a unified? revolution threatened the power of the czar. go.hrw.com Keyword: SHL NAT 314 CHAPTER 10 SECTION 1 Italian Unification Take notes BEFORE YOU READ on how nationalism in Italy led MAIN IDEA READING FOCUS KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE to unification and, later, In the 1800s, Italian states 1. How did nationalism stir in Giuseppe Mazzini challenges. rebelled against Austria and Italy after the Congress of Camillo di Cavour unified as the Kingdom of Vienna? Giuseppe Garibaldi Nationalism Italy. 2. What role did Cavour and Red Shirts Sardinia play in the path Victor Emmanuel toward Italian unification? Unification 3. How did Garibaldi and the Red Shirts help unite Italy? Challenges 4. What challenges did Italy face after unification? How did the lyrics of an opera help unite all A Composer Italians? During the 1800s most Italians were unhappy being part of the iNspires A NAtioN Austrian Empire. They were beginning to yearn to have their own nation, an Italian nation. Someone had to put these yearnings into words, however, and that someone was Giuseppe Verdi, an Italian composer. In the lyrics to some of his operas, Verdi called for the Italian people to unite. Italians especially identified with his opera, Nabucco. It featured singers praising their home- land with the lyrics, “Go, settle on the cliffs and hills, where the sweet breezes bring the warm, soft fragrances of your native land. Oh my father- land so beautiful and lost!” These words reminded Italians of the beauty of their own land and the fact that it was under Austria’s control. Verdi’s music became a kind of national anthem for Italians seeking unification, inspiring them and urging them to act. The popularity of his music not only made Verdi an international star, but also helped spread the message of Italian nationalism. Giuseppe Verdi conducts an orchestra in Paris in 1880. Illustration of Giuseppe Verdi conducting in Paris, by Stefano Bianchetti, 1800s NATIONAlisM in EUROPE 315 EleMENTS OF NATIONALISM In Europe in the 1800s, devotion to one’s national group, or nationalism, swept through the continent. The elements of nationalism listed below help bond a nation together. How is history an element of nationalism? Culture Shared beliefs and a way of life create a common bond. History A shared past connects people as a group. Religion A common religion helps unite people. Language A common language is a key element of nationalism. Territory A shared land gives people a sense of unity. History The accomplishments of the Roman Empire are a source of national pride for Italians. Austrian Empire was home to Croats, Czechs, Stirrings of Nationalism Germans, Hungarians, Italians, Poles, Serbs, The Italian Peninsula had not been unified Slovaks, and Slovenes. The Italians were split since the fall of the Roman Empire. Although into three groups. The Congress of Vienna had most people spoke the same language, the placed much of northern Italy under Austrian peninsula was divided into several competing rule, other Italian states under control of the states, each with its own government. When Hapsburgs, and still others under control of a Napoleon invaded Italy, he united many of French ruler. Italian nationalism grew in oppo- these states under one government, but that sition to these conditions. unification did not last. After Napoleon was defeated, the Congress Mazzini and Young Italy As Italian art- of Vienna split the Italian states apart once ists, writers, and thinkers became interested more. This time, however, a spirit of national- in celebrating Italy’s cultural traditions, other ism, or a devotion to one’s national group, was Italians in Austria formed secret societies to on the rise throughout Europe. work for political change. They began plotting to overthrow the Austrian government in Italy. After the Congress of Vienna Prince In 1831 a popular writer launched a nation- Metternich of Austria had wanted the Con- alist group called Young Italy to fight for unifi- gress of Vienna to maintain the old Europe cation of the separate Italian states. This writer, with its old relationships. But just 15 years Giuseppe Mazzini, had been exiled because of after the Congress met, a tired Metternich his outspoken nationalism, but he smuggled his admitted that “the old Europe is nearing its patriotic pamphlets into Italy. Mazzini believed end.” Despite his efforts to halt change, the old that Europe needed to redraw the lines set by order had been destroyed beyond repair. the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Nationalism was a growing force in Europe during the 1800s, fostered in part by some of the HISTORY’S VOICES decisions made at the Congress of Vienna. The “Europe no longer possesses unity of faith, of mis- Congress had created political boundaries that sion, or of aim . The question of nationality can only be resolved by destroying the treaties of 1815 ACADEMIC ignored national groups, instead placing these and changing the map of Europe and its public VOCABULARY groups under the control of large empires. law. ethnic common Some of Europe’s empires included people background or ” —Giuseppe Mazzini, “On Nationality,” 1852 culture of different ethnic groups. For example, the 316 CHAPTER 10 Mazzini’s Young Italy attracted tens of In 1852 Cavour became prime minister thousands of Italians to the cause of unifica- of the independent Kingdom of Sardinia. He tion. Italians were ready to unite behind a believed that a thriving economy was impor- strong nationalist leader. tant in order for the nation of Italy to be reborn. Therefore, he worked to build the Sardinian Define What is nationalism? economy. He also believed that Italy should be reborn as a monarchy. By this time, Cavour was in a position to The Path Toward Unity cultivate a powerful ally. He supported France As Italian nationalism grew, some Italians led in a war with Russia and gave France the prov- unsuccessful rebellions. Then two men, Camillo inces of Savoy and Nice. France, in turn, agreed di Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi, rose to lead to support Sardinia in its planned war against a successful movement to unify Italy. Austria. The plan worked. By 1860 the north- ern Italian states were liberated from the con- Uprisings and Revolutions Nationalist- trol of the Austrian Empire. inspired revolutions spread throughout Europe Identify Cause and Effect in 1848, and Italian nationalists led rebellions How did Cavour help Sardinia break free from the of their own. In some of the Italian states, citi- Austrian Empire? zens rebelled against Austrian rule. For exam- ple, the state of Piedmont declared war against Austria. That war lasted only a year and ended in Piedmont’s defeat.
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