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N. N. CONSTANTINESCU (Bucharest, Romania) the Problem of the Industrial Revolution in Romania Study of the Romanian Industrial R
N. N. CONSTANTINESCU (Bucharest, Romania) The Problem of the Industrial Revolution in Romania Study of the Romanian industrial revolution began nearly two decades ago. Romanian historians before World War II ignored the highly important problem of the stages of capitalist development from the viewpoint of labor productivity- simple cooperation, manufacturing, and mechanization. Earlier historians consider- ed factories to be not only manufacturing plants (large workshops organized on the basis of internal division of labor or of the techniques of manual work), but also shops based on simple cooperation in which some wage earners were simultaneously engaged in similar manual work and artisan artels. The confusion between small- scale and capitalist production of goods, as well as between simple cooperation, and factories-that machines-is charac- manufacturing plants, is, enterprises using ' teristic even in the works of such great historians as Alexandru D. Xenopol and Nicolae Iorga. This explains N. P. Arcadian's statement, in the introductory part of his work on the industrialization of Romania published in 1936, that "the oldest factory in this country may be one for glassware, established by Matei Basarab in 1650, or more probably by one of his predecessors, inasmuch as there were glass- blowers in Trrgovi5te in 1621."l One of the hindrances to research on the history of Romanian industry before World War II was the pseudo-theory of "Romania-an eminently agricultural country," propagated by retrograde ideologists. Moreover, because of this theory, no industrial statistics of consequence were collected in Romania between the 1859-60 census of "industrial establishments," published by D. -
Studia Translatorica Vol. 10
DOI: 10.23817/strans.10-28 Diana Cărburean Independent researcher/ Romania The Byzantine legal standard transposition strategies into the Romanian regulatory texts of the 17th century Abstract The Byzantine legal standard transposition strategies into the Romanian regulatory texts of the 17th century Unlike the Canon law texts available in the Romanian principalities – Moldavia and Wal- lachia – falling under the Slavic influence, the first legal acts which are subscribed to the secular law and which appear in 1646 [Carte Românească de Învățătură (en. Romanian Book of Learning) or Pravila lui Vasile Lupu (en. Vasile Lupu’s Code of Laws)] and in 1652 [Îndrep- tarea legii (en. The Law’s Rectification) orPravila lui Matei Basarab (en. Matei Basarab’s Code of Laws)] fall under the Greek-Byzantine influence. The present article aims to provide some information regarding the translation mechanisms applied by the Moldavian and Wallachian scholars of the 17th century who aimed at transposing the Byzantine Legal Standard to the everyday life of the two above mentioned Romanian principalities by means of fundamental procedures, such as “analysis (with the underlying meaning determination), transfer, restruc- turing, and testing” (Nida, 2004: 85) of the source message. The most precious information related to the translation process of those times is provided by the cases of untranslatability generated by the legal and terminological gap between the Receiver and the Transmitter. The identification and classification of these cases, but also the highlighting of the solutions the translator found to solve them, represent important steps in understanding the equivalenting process of two unequal legal systems that took place centuries ago in Eastern Europe, as illus- trated by the case of the two Romanian principalities and the Greek-Byzantine one. -
Romania, December 2006
Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Romania, December 2006 COUNTRY PROFILE: ROMANIA December 2006 COUNTRY Formal Name: Romania. Short Form: Romania. Term for Citizen(s): Romanian(s). Capital: Bucharest (Bucureşti). Click to Enlarge Image Major Cities: As of 2003, Bucharest is the largest city in Romania, with 1.93 million inhabitants. Other major cities, in order of population, are Iaşi (313,444), Constanţa (309,965), Timişoara (308,019), Craiova (300,843), Galati (300,211), Cluj-Napoca (294,906), Braşov (286,371), and Ploeşti (236,724). Independence: July 13, 1878, from the Ottoman Empire; kingdom proclaimed March 26, 1881; Romanian People’s Republic proclaimed April 13, 1948. Public Holidays: Romania observes the following public holidays: New Year’s Day (January 1), Epiphany (January 6), Orthodox Easter (a variable date in April or early May), Labor Day (May 1), Unification Day (December 1), and National Day and Christmas (December 25). Flag: The Romanian flag has three equal vertical stripes of blue (left), yellow, and red. Click to Enlarge Image HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Early Human Settlement: Human settlement first occurred in the lands that now constitute Romania during the Pleistocene Epoch, which began about 600,000 years ago. About 5500 B.C. the region was inhabited by Indo-European people, who in turn gave way to Thracian tribes. Today’s Romanians are in part descended from the Getae, a Thracian tribe that lived north of the Danube River. During the Bronze Age (about 2200 to 1200 B.C.), these Thraco-Getian tribes engaged in agriculture, stock raising, and trade with inhabitants of the Aegean Sea coast. -
ARTICLES CONSTANTIN N. VELICHI (Bucharest, Romania) Romanian
ARTICLES CONSTANTIN N. VELICHI (Bucharest, Romania) Romanian-Bulgarian Relations during the Bulgarian Revival, 1762-1878 Within this limited space, a detailed study of Romanian-Bulgarian relations during the Bulgarian revival is obviously impossible: we offer here only a brief survey. First, we will discuss only the most important stages in these rela- tions. Second, in explaining these relations we recognize that the two peoples were politically unequal. At that time the Bulgarian people were ruled by the Turks, and the Romanian principalities were under the nominal suzerainty of the Sublime Porte. Third, the period of the Bulgarian revival witnessed a hard struggle by the Bulgarian people to regain their lost freedom. The struggle for Bulgaria's revival was waged not only by those in that country, but also by those who had emigrated to distant lands such as far-away Russia or to near-by Serbia and Romania. The Romanian principalities and Russia were major centers for the conduct of the political and cultural struggle. After 1862, Bucharest became, in fact, the most important center for the liberation struggle by Bulgarian emigres. Although great democratic revolutionaries like Georgi Sava Stoikov Rakovski, Liuben Karavelov, Basil Levski, and Khristo Botev lived and worked in other places, their most fruitful activity was mainly in Bucharest. Here were the main organizations for directing the political struggle, as well as the center of remarkable cultural achievements. Bulgarian and Romanian relations involved aid to the Bulgarian cause from distinguished Romanians, government officials, and the masses. The fall of Balkan peoples to the Turks signified not only their loss of freedom, but also a major impediment to the development of their material and spiritual culture. -
Propositions of Modification in the Structure
ROMANIA (Updated 2013) 1. GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 Country overview 1.1.1 Governmental System Government form in Romania is that of a republic, according to the Constitution adopted in 1991 and modified in 2003. The capital is Bucharest Municipality. It is organized into six administrative sectors. The first documentary mention of the city was on 20.9.1459, as the residence of Vlad Tepes. The capital of Romania since 1862, Bucharest Municipality is the most important political, economic and cultural-scientific center of the country. Legislative power is represented by a two-chambered parliament (Chamber of Deputies and Senate), and executive power is held by a government led by the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the country’s President. The President of Romania is elected by universal vote based on general election results, for a 5-year mandate. Official language: Romanian. National day of Romania: December 1. National anthem of Romania: “Wake up, Romanian”. National currency: "RON" (Romanian Leu), “Ban” subdivision. Country code: +40 Romania has been an EU member since 1st January, 2007 and a NATO member since 29th March, 2004. Source: National Institute of Statistics 1.1.2 Geography and Climate Romania is situated in the geographical center of Europe (southeast of Central Europe), north of the Balkan Peninsula, and halfway between the Atlantic Coast and The Urals. The lower course of the Danube passes through Romania for 1,075 km, before exiting into the Black Sea. Romania is the 12th largest country in Europe, with an area of 238,391 km2. Romania’s Black Sea coastline is 245 km long, stretching from Masura stream, at the Ukrainian border, to Vama Voche, at the border with Bulgaria. -
International Seminar on Maintenance of Bridges Second Announcement
International Seminar on Maintenance of Bridges 28th to 30th, May 2015 Bucharest, ROMANIA Second Announcement Organized in Cooperation by: PIARC Technical Committee 4.3 of ‘Road Bridges’ A.P.D.P. ROMANIA Undertook by: ROADS AND BRIDGES Magazine 1 Introduction PIARC Technical Committee 4.3 Road Bridges and A.P.D.P. Romania invite you to participate in a forthcoming seminar on Maintenance of Road Bridges. This seminar is undertaken by ROADS AND BRIDGES Magazine. This is a part of the PIARC Technical Committee 4.3 work program for 2012 - 2015. Objectives Technical exchange for Maintenance of Road Bridges Methodology The seminar will be led in such a manner as to optimize the time available for the discussion of the themes, so as to generate dynamic and highly involved discussions among the participants. Presentations made by participants will be followed by discussion and collective development of conclusions and recommendations. Languages The official Languages of the seminar are English and Romanian. Seminar Program FIRST DAY Thursday, May 28th, 2015 Time Activity 09:00 to 09:40 Registration 09:40 to 10:00 Opening Ceremony, Welcome Address 10:00 to 12:00 Session Ⅰ Management 12:00 to 13:30 Lunch 13:30 to 15:00 Session Ⅱ Inspection 15:00 to 15:30 Coffee Break 15:30 to 17:30 Session Ⅳ Repair and Rehabilitation 18:30 to 20:30 Dinner SECOND DAY Friday, May 29th, 2015 09:00 to 10:00 Session Ⅱ Evaluation 10:00 to 10:30 Coffee Break 10:30 to 11:30 Session Ⅲ Evaluation 11:30 to 13:00 Lunch 13:00 to 14:30 Session Ⅳ Inspection and Monitoring 14:30 to 15:00 Coffee Break 15:00 to 17:00 Session Ⅳ Repair and Rehabilitation 17:00 to 17:30 Session Ⅴ Construction 17:30 to 17:40 Closing Session THIRD DAY Saturday, May 29th, 2015 09:00 to 12:30 Technical Visit 2 Call for Papers The organizing committee is now seeking papers addressing the seminar’s themes. -
Letopisețul Țării Românești Din Vremea Lui Matei Basarab Și Autorul Său Udriște Năsturel
LETOPISEȚUL ȚĂRII ROMÂNEȘTI DIN VREMEA LUI MATEI BASARAB ȘI AUTORUL SĂU UDRIȘTE NĂSTUREL Prof. univ. dr. Ovidiu PECICAN, Universitatea Babeș-Bolyai, Cluj-Napoca, România Abstract: The present paper deals with the unestablished identity of the author of Chronicle of Wallachia. Written during prince (hospod) Matei Basarab’s time (1632–1654), around 1636–1654), the Chronicle was lost afterwards, probabily in the uprising period of the little nobility – „slujitori” and seimeni – wich began in the last months of Matei Basarab’s leadership in the country. This Chronicle brings arguments for the paternity of this narrative source attributed to Udriște – alias Uriil or Orest – Năsturel, brotherin-law of prince Matei, well known for his erudition and second logothetos in the chancellery of the courtyard. The importance of the Chronicle is more than obvious, as it is seen as the first narrative historiographical product written in Romanian language which deals with all the past of the country, since its first political organization and untill the time when it was written. It is also important mentioning that the historical compilation made in the years of Matei Basarab’s governance is the common source for the later most read chronicles of Wallachia: the socalled Letopisețul Cantacuzinesc (The Chronicle of the Cantacuzino family) and Letopisețul Bălenilor (The Chronicle of the Băleanu family). Keywords: chronicle, Wallacia, Udriște Năsturel, autorship, Matei Basarab, XVII-th century Izvor istoriografic de mare importanță în evoluția scrisului istoric românesc din Țara Românească, letopisețul alcătuit în vremea lui Matei Basarab (1632–1654) nu s-a păstrat ca atare în nicio copie identificată până astăzi. -
Silks and Stones: Fountains, Painted Kaftans, and Ottomans in Early Modern Moldavia and Wallachia*
SILKS AND STONES: FOUNTAINS, PAINTED KAFTANS, AND OTTOMANS IN EARLY MODERN MOLDAVIA AND WALLACHIA* MICHAŁ WASIUCIONEK** Buildings are arguably the last thing that comes to our mind when we talk about circulation of luxury goods and diffusion of consumption practices. Their sheer size and mass explain their tendency to remain in one place throughout their existence and bestow upon them an aura of immutability. This “spatial fix” of the built environment, both in terms of individual buildings and architectural landscapes, means that while they may change hand, they are unable to move across space. This immobility is by no means absolute, as shown by the well-known relocation of the Pergamon altar from western Anatolia to the Museum Island in Berlin, or shorter distances covered by dozens of churches in Bucharest, displaced from their original sites during the urban reconstruction of the 1980s. However, these instances do not change the fact that while both buildings and smaller luxury items constitute vehicles conveying their owners’ wealth and social status, they seemingly belong to two different realms, with little overlap between them. However, as scholarship produced in recent decades has shown, approaching these two spheres of human activity as a dynamic and interactive whole can produce valuable insights into how architecture and luxury commodities construed and expressed social and political identity. As Alina Payne pointed out, buildings and whole sites could become portable and travel by proxy, in the form of drawings, descriptions, and fragments of buildings.1 At the same time, the architectural environment provides the spatial frame for the social and cultural life of humans and objects alike: the spatial distribution of luxury items within the household allows us to reconstruct the topography of conspicuous display and everyday * This study was supported by the ERC-2014-CoG no. -
Propuneri De Proiecte Primite La Termenul Limită 12 Februarie 2019 Pentru Mobilitati in Domeniul Formarii Profesionale
F-C-04/02.2016 Propuneri de proiecte primite la termenul limită 12 februarie 2019 pentru Mobilitati in domeniul formarii profesionale Cod Formular Nr. Număr referință proiect Organizația Localitatea Județ Titlul proiectului (ID) 1 2019-1-RO01-KA102-061387 Colegiul National Teodor Nes Salonta Bihor Carieră de succes în webdesign KA102-BAE36C0F 2 2019-1-RO01-KA102-061411 LICEUL TEHNOLOGIC URZICENI Urziceni Ialomita Specialisti competenti pentru Romania KA102-2882B999 Experiență Europeană - Oportunitate pentru 3 2019-1-RO01-KA102-061412 LICEUL TEHNOLOGIC "ION BANESCU" Mangalia Constanta KA102-DC9826C9 viitorii mecanici auto Competențe dobandite la standarde europene 4 2019-1-RO01-KA102-061415 Liceul Tehnologic Dimitrie Leonida Constanta Constanta in domeniul transporturilor-sanse sporite pe KA102-98461B99 piața muncii 5 2019-1-RO01-KA102-061425 Liceul Tehnologic C.A. Rosetti Constanta Constanta Turismul de la Marea Neagra-turism european KA102-C9735DA6 Dezvoltarea abilitatilor si competentelor LICEUL TEHNOLOGIC COMUNA 6 2019-1-RO01-KA102-061443 Vitomiresti Olt profesionale ale participantilor din mediul rural KA102-7427ECC0 VITOMIRESTI prin mobilitati europene VET Asociatia Centrul European pentru Enhancing skills and employability through IT 7 2019-1-RO01-KA102-061464 Oradea Bihor KA102-0755A665 Integrare Socioprofesionala ACTA challenges 8 2019-1-RO01-KA102-061471 Liceul Tehnologic Voinesti Voinești Dambovita New Challenges for Our Electric Training KA102-BDEBCDDE Euro-competente pentru industria hoteliera 9 2019-1-RO01-KA102-061473 LICEUL -
PDF the Establishment of the First Metropolitan See of Wallachia
146 HARVARD SQUARE SYMPOSIUM | THE FUTURE OF KNOWLEDGE The Establishment of the First Metropolitan See of Wallachia Daniel Gligore ABSTRACT: The seat of the first Metropolitan See of Wallachia— which was canonically recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople—was established at Curtea de Argeș, alongside with the Princely seat. This ecclesiastical structure—together with the existing princely seats which were attested long before the foundation of Wallachia—demonstrate that “the [Romanian] nation was born spontaneously and naturally as a Christian nation, because conventional Christianity together with the Latin culture1 contributed to its formation. We are Romanians because we are Christians and we are Christians because we are Romanians.” KEY WORDS: The Metropolitan See of Wallachia, Iachint, Nicolae Alexandru Basarab, Curtea de Argeş, recognition of Metropolitan See. T he recognition of the Metropolitan See of Wallachia by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople at the perseverance of Prince Nicolae Alexandru Basarab—as seen in the two thomoses of the Ecumenical Synod of May 1359—was an act of great complexity and political importance for both sides. The documents mark the establishment of the official relations between the Metropolitan2 See of Wallachia and the Ecumenical Patriarchate; the highest ecclesiastic authority of the Eastern Church (The Orthodox Church). These documents also note the adoption of reciprocal duties, which include the dependence of the Metropolitan See 146 Gligore: First Metropolitan See of Wallachia 147 of Wallachia on Constantinople, and the inclusion of Muntenia’s3 bishop among the members of the Synod of Constantinople. The act of recognition of the Metropolitan See is neither an embryonic act nor an act of establishment.4 It is the acknowledgment of a reality which existed for a long time on the territories from the North of the Danube. -
Changes in Wallachian Towns at the Beginning of the Modern Times. a Case Study: the Role of the Military Servants *
1st Annual International Interdisciplinary Conference, AIIC 2013, 24-26 April, Azores, Portugal - Proceedings- CHANGES IN WALLACHIAN TOWNS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE MODERN TIMES. A CASE STUDY: THE ROLE OF THE MILITARY SERVANTS * Laurentiu Radvan, Associate Professor University „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” Iasi, Department of History Abstract: This paper seeks to evaluate the role played by certain social groups in the changes occurring in Wallachia (historical province in modern-day Romania) at the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern times. Ever since the 14th century, urban centres emerging in the area between the Carpathians and the Danube followed a Central-European pattern, with representative local institutions (with a Judex and a council of 12 Bürger in charge of town's affairs) and relative autonomy (legal and economic rights, tax exemptions and so on). Although on the outskirts of Europe, the towns in the Romanian-inhabited area were also subject to the changes that swept through the continent after 1500. The central authority gradually became more powerful and intrusive, with a decrease in the role played by urban institutions. This process runs parallel to towns being “infiltrated” by new groups of people, who were more connected to the ruler than to the town community. Even though they would come to share the same place, the same streets and churches, and the same town domain with the townspeople, the newcomers had an advantage: they were not placed under the authority of the Judex and the town council. These were the military servants, called the roşi, due to the colour of the clothes they wore in battle (“roşu” = red), accompanied into towns by the slujitori (=servants, literally), divided into mounted and foot soldiers. -
Port Cities of the Western Black Sea Coast and the Danube
Black Sea Project Working Papers vol. Ι PORT CITIES OF THE WESTERN BLACK SEA COAST AND THE DANUBE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE LONG NINETEENTH CENTURY edited by Constantin Ardeleanu & Andreas Lyberatos Corfu 2016 Thales programme. Reinforcement of the Interdisciplinary and/or inter-institutional Research and Innovation Ionian University: “Black Sea and Port Cities from the 18th to the 20th centuries. Development, Convergence and Interconnections to the World Economy” ISBN: 978-960-7260-56-7 volume 1b.indd 1 30/11/2016 1:01:40 μμ Black Sea Project Working Papers Series 1. Constantin Ardeleanu and Andreas Lyberatos (eds), Port-Cities of the Wes tern Shore of the Black Sea: Economic and Social Development, 18th – Early 20th Centuries, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 1. 2. Evrydiki Sifneos, Oksana Iurkova and Valentina Shandra (eds), Port-Cities of the Northern Shore of the Black Sea: Institutional, Economic and Social De- velopment, 18th – Early 20th Centuries, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 2. 3. Gelina Harlaftis, Victoria Konstantinova and Igor Lyman (eds), The Port-Cities of the Eastern Coast of the Black Sea, Late 18th – Early 20th Centuries, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 3. 4. Mikhail Davidov, Gelina Harlaftis, Vladimir Kulikov and Vladimir Mo- rozan, The Economic Development of the Port-Cities of the Northern and Southern Black Sea Coast, 19th – Beginning of the 20th Century. Trans- port, Industry and Finance, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 4. 5. Edhem Eldem, Vangelis Kechriotis, Sophia Laiou (eds), The Economic and Social Development of the Port–Cities of the Southern Black Sea Coast, Late 18th – Beginning of the 20th Century, Black Sea Working Papers, vol.