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Port Cities of the Western Black Sea Coast and the Danube Black Sea Project Working Papers vol. Ι PORT CITIES OF THE WESTERN BLACK SEA COAST AND THE DANUBE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE LONG NINETEENTH CENTURY edited by Constantin Ardeleanu & Andreas Lyberatos Corfu 2016 Thales programme. Reinforcement of the Interdisciplinary and/or inter-institutional Research and Innovation Ionian University: “Black Sea and Port Cities from the 18th to the 20th centuries. Development, Convergence and Interconnections to the World Economy” ISBN: 978-960-7260-56-7 volume 1b.indd 1 30/11/2016 1:01:40 μμ Black Sea Project Working Papers Series 1. Constantin Ardeleanu and Andreas Lyberatos (eds), Port-Cities of the Wes tern Shore of the Black Sea: Economic and Social Development, 18th – Early 20th Centuries, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 1. 2. Evrydiki Sifneos, Oksana Iurkova and Valentina Shandra (eds), Port-Cities of the Northern Shore of the Black Sea: Institutional, Economic and Social De- velopment, 18th – Early 20th Centuries, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 2. 3. Gelina Harlaftis, Victoria Konstantinova and Igor Lyman (eds), The Port-Cities of the Eastern Coast of the Black Sea, Late 18th – Early 20th Centuries, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 3. 4. Mikhail Davidov, Gelina Harlaftis, Vladimir Kulikov and Vladimir Mo- rozan, The Economic Development of the Port-Cities of the Northern and Southern Black Sea Coast, 19th – Beginning of the 20th Century. Trans- port, Industry and Finance, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 4. 5. Edhem Eldem, Vangelis Kechriotis, Sophia Laiou (eds), The Economic and Social Development of the Port–Cities of the Southern Black Sea Coast, Late 18th – Beginning of the 20th Century, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 5. 6. Vassilis Colonas, Alexandra Yerolympos and Athina Vitopoulou, Archi- tecture and City Planning in the Black Sea Port-Cities, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 6. 7. Maria Christina Chatziioannou (ed.), Linkages of the Black Sea with the West. Trade and Immigration, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 7. 8. Socratis Petmezas, George Kostelenos and Alexandra Papadopoulou (eds), with the Collaboration of Marios Emmanouil, The Development of 24 Black Sea Port-Cities. A Statistical Approach, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 8. 9. I. Theotokas – A.A. Pallis – M. Lekakou, Shipping, Ports and Cities in Soviet and post-Soviet Period. Reintegration in the Global Economy, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 9. 10. Evrydiki Sifneos, Imperial Odessa: Peoples, Spaces, Identities, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 10. 11. Alexandra Papadopoulou, The Intregration of the Black Sea Markets to the Global Economy, 19th Century, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 11. 12. Anna Sydorenko, The Economic and Social Development of the Crimean City-Ports During the Second Half of the 19th Century, Black Sea Work- ing Papers, vol. 12. 13. Iannis Carras and Eugene Chernukhin, The Balkan Merchants of Nezhin 17th-19th centuries, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 13. volume 1b.indd 2 30/11/2016 1:01:40 μμ Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................... v 1. Cristian Luca, The Venetian Consul at Kherson Pietro Maria Locatelli and his Reports on International Trade in the North–Western Black Sea Ports (1793–1797) .................. 1 2. Andrei Emilciuc, The Trade of Galaţi and Brăila in the Reports of Russian Officials from Sulina Quarantine Station (1836–1853) ...................................................................... 63 3. Dimitrios Kontogeorgis, “International” and “National” Ports. The Competition between the Ports of Brăila / Galaţi and Constanţa during the Period 1878–1914 ...................... 95 4. Constantin Ardeleanu, Romania’s Investments in Its Ma- ritime Ports (1878–1914) .................................................... 130 5. Constantin Cheramidoglu, Aspects Regarding Constanţa’s Economic Life (1878-1914) ................................................ 165 6. Dimiter Christov, The Rise of a Port: Socio-economic De- velopment of Burgas in the 19thc. ...................................... 177 7. Ivan Roussev, The Black Sea Port-City in the Road of Mod- ernization. The First Modern Attempts in Varna during the 1840s – 1870s ..................................................................... 214 8. Andreas Lyberatos, Varna’s Bourgeoisie(s) from Empire to Nation-State (1840-1912) ............................................... 225 volume 1b.indd 3 30/11/2016 1:01:40 μμ volume 1b.indd 4 30/11/2016 1:01:40 μμ Introduction Trade and shipping in the Black Sea witnessed a remarkable growth after 1774, when by the provisions of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774) the Sublime Porte was forced to allow the trade of Russian flagged ships beyond the Straits of Bosporus and the Dardanelles. During the next two decades, in a strained international context, the Russians gradually developed a string of trading emporiums along the northern coast of the Black Sea and encouraged foreign merchants to make full use of this new commercial route. Euro- pean powers were quick in trying to take advantage of the rich agro-pastoral resources of the Black Sea area, and the Venetian merchants, well involved in the commercial activities of the Eastern Mediterranean, were among the first to follow on the footsteps of their medieval ancestors. Based on his long research experience in the Venetian archives, Cristian Luca contributes to this volume with a valuable portfolio of unpublished sources and a paper that minutely describes Venice’s interest in the Black Sea trade in the 1790s, the early phase in the development of Russia’s southern commercial outposts. The main actor is Venice’s consul at Kherson, Pietro Maria Locatelli, whose correspondence is only partially preserved at the State Archives of Venice. Locatelli was appointed consul in July 1793, with the title of “assistant delegate for Venetian trade in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov”, due to his experience and knowledge of the local econom- ic environment. In fact, Locatelli had resided for a while at Saint Petersburg, and settled with his family at Kherson after its foun- dation. The consul sent periodic dispatches to the Venetian bailo at Constantinople and to Venice’s Board of Trade (the Cinque Savi alla Mercanzia), many of which are included by Dr Luca in the appendix of his paper. Locatelli’s reports provide new or little-known infor- mation on the involvement of Greek merchants and ship-owners, as both Ottoman and Venetian subjects, in the international trade through the ports of the Crimea, Southern Ukraine, the mouths of volume 1b.indd 5 30/11/2016 1:01:40 μμ vi Port Cities of the Western Blach Sea Coast and the Danube the Danube and the Sea of Azov. Managing their business through family companies with rapid access to the international market and a network of agents contracting for the grain harvests in advance, they settled in the late 18th century the economic foundations that contributed, during the next century, in transforming the Black Sea into the largest grain exporting area in the world. As Dr Luca proves on the basis of Italian sources, besides the products supplied by the Ukrainian and Russian Black Sea ports in the last quarter of the 18th century, foreign merchants also became interested in the commercial resources of the Danubian Principali- ties of Moldavia and Wallachia, autonomous states under Ottoman domination. A “relative” monopoly over their foreign trade meant that they were compelled to supply large quantities of grain (main- ly wheat and barley), livestock (sheep), animal fat, butter, pressed cheese, honey, wax, timber, salt-peter etc. for the Porte’s needs, either free or at fixed prices much under the real value of the mer- chandise. However, Moldavia and Wallachia were also engaged in continuously increasing free commercial exchanges with the Otto- man Empire and other partners (Austria in the first place). The main categories of freely exported merchandise were live animals and animal products, technical plants, worked textiles, raw and worked hides, salt, etc., whereas the main imports were represented by textiles, fruit and luxury goods. When the Constantinopolitan market was abundantly supplied, the export of wheat was freely allowed from the principalities. Smuggling such “strategic goods” was common practice, so that important quantities of grain were loaded in the inland ports or at the Sulina mouth of the Danube on the ships that sailed into the Black Sea. The Russian-Ottoman Treaty of Adrianople (1829) and subse- quent political developments in the Ottoman Empire radically al- tered the commercial value of the western coast of the Black Sea. After 1829 the Danubian Principalities witnessed a veritable com- mercial revolution. The abolishment of the Porte’s relative commer- cial “monopoly” and the almost simultaneous introduction of steam navigation on the Danube (1830) turned the inland ports of Brăila and Galaţi into large suppliers of grain on the European markets, but also into large importers of industrial goods from western coun- tries. The establishment of a regular service of Austrian steamers volume 1b.indd 6 30/11/2016 1:01:40 μμ Economic and Social Development in the Long Nineteenth Century vii on the Danube nourished great expectations for turning the river into one of “the most important lines of communication in Europe” or “the natural artery of Europe”. Favored by this profitable grain trade and endowed with a free port status since 1836-1837, the out- lets grew rapidly, so as to apparently endanger the leading position of Odessa. The
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