The Romanesque Heritage of the Vall De Boí
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The Romanesque heritage of the Vall de Boí NIO M O UN IM D R T IA A L • P • W L O A I R D L D N World Heritage Site H O E M R I E TA IN G O E • PATRIM United Nations Catalan Romanesque Educational, Scientific and Churches of the Vall de Boí Cultural Organization inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2000 A little history As from the 9th century, the land to the south of shown by the act of consecration which Ramon the Pyrenees became organised into counties Guillem, bishop of Roda-Barbastro, ordered to that depended on the Frankish kingdom and be painted on a column of the church of Sant were part of the “Marca Hispánica” or Hispanic Climent in Taüll in 1123, as a symbol of the Mark. However, in the 10th century the Catalan territory’s control. counties gradually removed themselves from the Carolingian Empire and eventually achieved A few years later, in 1140, a pact was signed political and religious independence. by both bishoprics. Most of the parishes in the Vall de Boí became part of the Urgell bishopric, The Vall de Boí, or Boí Valley, formed part of one with only the church of l’Assumpció in Cóll of these counties: that of Pallars-Ribagorça, continuing to belong to Roda-Barbastro. At the belonging to the house of Toulouse until same time as this re-structuring of the territory, the end of the 9th century. When the county was happening a new social order was also became independent, there started a complex taking shape: feudalism. Peasants were losing process of political and religious control over their freedom and becoming tied to the land the territory, ending up with the original county under the rule of feudal lords, who benefited being divided into three new independent from the fights between counties and the counties: Ribagorça, Pallars Jussà and Pallars feudalisation process, increasing their wealth Sobirà, as well as creating a new diocese of the and power. bishopric of Roda. In the Vall de Boí these lords were the Erill The Vall de Boí was in the midst of this process. family. From the village of Erillcastell, their In the initial division it had remained in the place of origin, at the end of the 11th century territory of Ribagorça but, as from 1064, it they started to rise quickly in society, taking became part of Pallars Jussà and, for a lot of place in the campaigns to repopulate and the 11th century, was immersed in the fights reconquer land under the orders of Alfonso el between the two Pallars regions. Batallador (Alfonso the Warrior), King of Aragon. th th This was at the start of the 12 century, just At the same time, in the middle of the 10 before the churches of Sant Climent and Santa century, the churches in the valley which had Maria in Taüll were consecrated. The lords of originally belonged to the bishopric of Urgell, Erill used resources obtained from war booties became part of the bishopric of Roda. The to promote the building of churches in the Vall creation of this new diocese signalled a period de Boí, a way of showing their power and of of disputes between both bishoprics. The Vall de acquiring social prestige. Boí was also in the middle of this conflict, as The protagonists Ramon Guillem, the bishop Originally from the south of France, Ramon Guillem was the prior at Sant Sernin in Toulouse before Alfonso el Batallador (Alfonso the Warrior) appointed him bishop of Roda- Barbastro, from where he carried out his pastoral duties intensively, particularly in terms of consecrating churches. He was confessor to the King of Aragon and kept in close contact Everyday life with the lords of Erill. The different towns and villages in the Vall de His trips to France and Italy put him Boí, with their corresponding administrative in touch with the best artists of the areas, have been documented since the 11th time. century. These communities were made up of peasant families who usually settled in high sunny locations, these were easier to defend The Erill family, feudal lords and to take better advantage of their own and Originally from Erillcastell, their the common land, as well as access pastures possessions extended along the higher up the mountains and in the forests. valleys of Boí, Barravés, Llevata and Their homes were simple structures with one Sas. fireplace, often comprising of a single living With Alfonso el Batallador (Alfonso area shared by people and animals alike. If there the Warrior), they took part in was a second floor, it was used for sleeping and re-conquering Barbastro (1101), storing food and fodder. Tudela, Daroca and Zaragoza (1118) Day to day life was ruled by the light of the and Calatayud (1120), as well as in sun and followed a cyclical conception of time. repopulating new domains to the Work and holidays went hand in hand with the west (Alfarràs, Almenar, Fraga, etc.). agricultural calendar. A large part of the basic They promoted a large number of diet was made up of cereals, wine and apples. the churches in the Vall de Boí. The Romanesque heritage of the Vall de Boí The Vall de Boí’s Romanesque heritage is made (MNAC) in Barcelona, as well as the carvings up of the churches of Sant Climent and Santa produced by the Erill Workshop, particularly the Maria in Taüll, Sant Joan in Boí, Santa Eulàlia Descent from the Cross in the church of Santa in Erill la Vall, Sant Feliu in Barruera, la Nativitat Eulàlia in Erill la Vall. in Durro, Santa Maria in Cardet, l’Assumpció in Cóll and Sant Quirc Hermitage in Durro. The Vall de Boí’s Romanesque architecture is exceptional thanks to the concentration of such One of their main characteristics is the a high number of churches in a limited area unity of architectural style. They were all with the same architectural style, preserved built were during the 11th and 12th centuries over time with few modifications that have following models from northern Italy, Lombard significantly altered their initial design. Romanesque, characterised by functional buildings, skilled stonework, slim bell-towers and the external decoration of rounded arcading and pilaster strips. The Romanesque churches in the Vall de Boí are the artistic reflection of a society structured around the hierarchies of lords and clergy, in this case personified in the lords of Erill and the bishopric of Roda de Isábena, promoters of the churches in the Vall de Boí. In this medieval society, the Church not only fulfilled a religious function but also played an important social role as a place for the people to meet and seek refuge. In the case of the Vall de Boí, this social function of churches was further underlined by the use of its slim bell-towers for communication and protection. Of particular note are the murals that used to be found in the churches of Sant Climent and Santa Maria in Taüll and Sant Joan in Boí, currently kept at the Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya Techniques and materials Romanesque architecture in Catalonia Construction Romanesque architecture started around 1000 AD in the north of Italy and spread rapidly The churches were built using local throughout Europe. In spite of some local materials: stone, limestone, wood variations, it was the first international art and slate. Stone was worked into movement with a unified style. In Catalonia, an ashlar, joined together using this new artistic style arrived through Abbot limestone mortar to make the walls Oliba who, in the towns of Ripoll, Cuixá and Vic, and vaults. Wooden beams and was the driving force behind the architectural slates were used for the rooves. renovation of the Catalan counties in the 11th century. Frescoes Early Romanesque has elements from the A mix of limestone mortar made classical world, local traditions and Lombard with sand, limestone and water designs brought by itinerant craftsmen. The was applied to the walls and a buildings are practical and austere, their only preliminary sketch or ‘sinopia’ was external decoration being rounded arcading then drawn on top. Finally, with and pilaster strips, with thick walls capable of the mortar still fresh, the coloured withstanding the weight of the barrel vaults. pigments were applied, diluted with There are few windows or doors and the naves water. are usually separated by columns or pillars joined by semicircular arches. In the 12th century improvements in techniques Church paints illustrate how the art of stonemasonry had Used to paint on wood or to apply been perfected. Architectural resources the final touches to murals. In this diversified and more sculptural elements were case, the pigments were mixed added to the decoration. By the 13th century with egg yolk. Romanesque shapes had started to exist side by side with the arrival of Gothic architecture, as we can see in the buildings of the “Lleida School”. Rediscovering Romanesque Following trends that had begun throughout A few years later, in summer 1919, the Museum Europe with Romanticism, interest in the Board discovered that the frescoes of Santa medieval world in Catalonia started in the 19th Maria de Mur (Pallars Jussà) had been acquired century with historical and literary trips and the and removed, but it could not stop them from cultural movement of the ‘Renaixença’. The first being sold to the Boston Museum as there were exhibitions of Romanesque and Gothic art were no laws to protect heritage. To stop such serious being held by the end of the 19th century and events from happening again, a campaign the first museums and collections started.