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Synthesis of Regional Case Studies State of Knowledge on CSA in Africa: Synthesis of Regional Case Studies Baseline of Climate Smart Agriculture: Synthesis for Africa State of Knowledge on CSA in Africa: Synthesis of Regional Case Studies Anderson K Kipkoech Department of Agricultural Economics & Rural Development School of Agriculture and Biotechnology University of Eldoret, P. O. Box 1125 - 30100, Eldoret, Kenya Chinedum Nwajiuba Nigerian Environmental Study/Action Team (NEST) P. O. Box 22025, Ibadan, Nigeria Edward R. Rhodes 6c Murray Town Road, Congo Cross, Freetown, Sierra Leone Emmanuel Tambi Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa 12 Anmeda Street, Roman Ridge PMB CT 173, Accra, Ghana Mark M. Msaki Executive Director Food Security Welfare and Rural Development Initiatives (FOSEWERD Initiatives) P. O. Box 9016, Dodowa, Tanzania Solomon Bangali Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa 12 Anmeda Street, Roman Ridge PMB CT 173, Accra, Ghana Citation Kipkoech Anderson K, Rhodes Edward R., Tambi Emmanuel, Msaki Mark M., Nwajiuba Chinedum, Bangali Solomon. FARA (2015). State of Knowledge on CSA in Africa: Synthesis of Regional Case Studies Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa, Accra, Ghana ISBN 978-9988-8383-3 -1 © 2015 The Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa, All rights reserved. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Director of FARA or their staff. ii Climate Smart Agriculture FARA 2015 Table of Contents List of Tables v List of Figures vi List of Plates vi Acronyms and Abbreviations vii Acknowledgement x Foreward xi Executive Summary xiii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Objectives 2 2. Methods 5 2.1 Inception meeting 5 2.2 Sources of Data and Data Collection 5 2.3 Study Area 5 2.4 Sampling Procedure 6 2.5 Data and Information Collected 8 2.6 Limitations of the Report 8 3. Climate Change in Case Study Countries 9 3.1 General Trends for Africa 9 3.2 Burkina Faso 9 3.3 Cameroun 10 3.4 Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) 11 3.5 Ethiopia 11 3.6 Kenya 12 3.7 Nigeria 12 3.8 Rwanda 13 3.9 Senegal 13 3.10 Sierra Leone 14 3.11 Tanzania 14 3.12 Uganda 15 3.13 Zambia 15 3.14 Impacts on Crop Systems and Implications for Agriculture 15 3.15 Impacts of climate change on Livestock Systems 17 3.16 Implications for Markets, Finance and Policy 17 4. Successful Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices in Case Study Countries 19 4.1 Adaptation and Mitigation Practises in Use 19 4.2 CSA Best Bets 21 Baseline of Climate Smart Agriculture: Synthesis for Africa iii 5. Policies/Strategies/Plans and Programs Promoting Climate Smart Agriculture 29 5.1 Climate Smart Agriculture Policies 29 5.2 Regional Policies Supporting CSA 29 5.3 National Policies/Adaptation Programmes of Action 30 5.4 Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) 32 5.5 Other Policies, Strategies and Plans Supporting CSA 32 6. Gaps and Investment Opportunities 35 6.1 The Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme 35 Agriculture’s Contribution to economic growth and inclusive development 35 Agricultural Transformation and Sustained agriculture growth 36 6.2 Gaps/Investment Opportunities within the CAADP Framework 36 6.3 Climate Smart Agriculture Alliance as an Investment Opportunity 39 6.4 National Agriculture Food Security and Investment Plans 40 6.5 Investment Opportunities for Implementing CSA in Africa 40 7. Drivers, Challenges/ Constraints to CSA in Africa 43 7.1 Drivers for Promoting CSA in Africa 43 7.2 Institutions and Human Capital Implementation capacity 45 7.3 Funding and investment financing for CSA 45 7.4 Institutions, Policies and political will 46 7.5 Challenges/Constraintsin Implementing CSA 49 8. Creating CSA Enabling Environments and Stimulating Climate Smart Agriculture 55 8.1 Encouraging Farmers to Adopt Climate-Smart Practices 55 8.2 Gender Considerations in Climate Smart Agriculture 57 8.3 Priority Crops and Livestock for CSA Practices across Africa 58 9. Conclusions and Recommendations 59 9.1 Variables/Drivers that promote/hinder the Adoption of Climate Smart Agriculture 59 9.2 Successful Climate Smart Agricultural Practices for Scaling Up and Out 59 9.3 Policies that Promote Climate Smart Agriculture 60 9.4 Existing Gaps and Investment Opportunities 60 9.5 Challenges and Opportunities affecting Climate Smart Practices 61 9.6 Priority Crops and Livestock for CSA Practices in Africa 61 9.7 Gender Considerations 62 10. Bibliography of Climate Smart Agriculture for Africa 63 11. Appendices 80 Appendice 1: Terms of Reference 80 Appendice 2: List of Contacted Persons 81 Appendice 3: Survey Instruments (Tools) 82 Appendice 4: Successful CSA Practices 88 iv Climate Smart Agriculture FARA 2015 List of Tables Table 2.1 The agro-ecological zones of the selected countries 7 Table 2.2 Dominant farming systems in the countries selected 7 Table 4.1 Contribution of CSA to production, adaptation and mitigation 20 Table 4.2 Bio-physical and socio-economic characteristics where selected CSA practices are used 26 Table 4.3 Projections of Carbon stored by agro-forestry systems in the savannah woodloans of Sierra Leone over 25 years 28 Table 6.1 Role of NAIPs in accessing and the application of GAFSP funds 39 Table 7.1 Farmers perception on climate change impacts across selected countries in Africa 44 Table 7.2 Impact of different variables in the adoption of CSA 48 Table 7.3 Summary of factors that promote/hinder CSA 49 Table 7.4 Summary of Challenges to CSA and possible solutions 52 Baseline of Climate Smart Agriculture: Synthesis for Africa v List of Figures Figure 2.1 Agro-Ecological Zones of Africa 6 Figure 3.1 The reduction in surface area of Lake Chad (1963-2001) 10 Figure 6.1 The six spheres of CSA for increasing productivity, resilience and mitigation 37 Figure 7.1 Drivers supporting the CAADP framework 44 List of Plates Plate 1.1 Maize and Cowpea intercropping 3 Plate 2.1 Women in agriculture 8 Plate 3.1 Improved irrigation in Kenya 11 Plate 4.1 Zai pits in West Africa (semi-arid AEZ) 22 Plate 4.2 Faidherbia albida in parkland (semi-arid AEZ) 24 Plate 4.3 Stone lines/bunds in semi-arid West Africa 25 Plate 5.1 Small ruminants such as goats can improve farmer incomes 31 Plate 7.1 Best Bets for CSA needs good examples and transfer of knowledge 53 vi Climate Smart Agriculture FARA 2015 Acronyms and Abbreviations ANACIM Meteorological Agency, Senegal APRNET Agricultural Policy Research Network ASARECA Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa AU African Union CAADP Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme CARE International Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere CCARDESA Centre for Coordination of Agricultural Research and Development for Southern Africa CC Climate Change CCAFS Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security Programme of the CGIAR CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research CIAT Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (International Center for Tropical Agriculture) CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research CIMMYT International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center CIRAD La recherché agronomique pour le développement COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COMNAC National Committee on Climate Change CORAF West and Central African Council for Agricultural Research and Development CSA Climate Smart Agriculture CSC Ecological Monitoring Centre CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization ECOWAP Economic Community of West African States Agricultural Policy ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ENDA Energie Environnement Developpement EU European Union FANRPAN Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network Baseline of Climate Smart Agriculture: Synthesis for Africa vii FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAOSTAT Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistics Department FARA Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa FMARD Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development GCM General Circulation Model GEF Global Environment al Facility GHG Green House Gas GOSL Government of Sierra Leone IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture INERA Institute de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISRA Institute de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles KARI Kenyan Agricultural Research Institute LGP Length of Growing Period NAFSIP National Agriculture and Food Security Investment Plan NAIP National Agricultural Investment Plan NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions NAP National Adaptation Plan NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action NARES National Agricultural Research and Extension Systems NARF National Agricultural Resilience Framework NASRO North African Sub-Regional Research Organization NASPA-CCN National Adaptation Strategy and Plan of Action on Climate Change in Nigeria NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development NERICA New Rice for Africa NGO Non-Governmental Organization NORAD Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation NSESD National Strategy for Economic and Social Development PNIA National Agricultural Investment Plan viii Climate Smart Agriculture FARA 2015 PNSR National Programme for Food Security PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper RARC Rokupr Agricultural Research Centre SCADD Strategy for Accelerated Growth and Sustainable Development SCP Smallholder Commercialization Programme SDR Strategy for Rural Development SLARI
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