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Climate Change Impacts and Farmers' Responses in Chilanga District

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Climate Change Impacts and Farmers' Responses in Chilanga District Climate change impacts and farmers’ responses in Chilanga District, Zambia ACDI Minor Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MSc/MPhil Climate Change and Sustainable Development University ofby Cape Town Theresa Kinkese (KNKTHE002) Supervisor: Dr M.A. Baudoin March 2017 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town Declaration I, Theresa Kinkese, hereby declare that I know the meaning of plagiarism and that the dissertation that I hereby submit is all my own work. Signed: Date: 07 March 2017 i DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my late aunt, Getrude N. Mwanza who always encouraged me to seek God in all I do, because it is only through him that I can achieve my goals. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my thanks to my supervisor and mentor, Dr M.A. Baudoin, who patiently provided guidance and support throughout the dissertation process. My appreciation goes to the staff of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, Chilanga District, Zambia, for the assistance rendered to me during data collection. I am also indebted to the Beit Trust, without whose financial support it would not have been possible for me to pursue my studies in South Africa. Finally, special thanks go to my father, Mr Delphin M. Kinkese, my mother, Mrs Juliana Mwanza Kinkese, and brother, Michael Kinkese, for their guidance, support and encouragement in completing the Master’s degree. iii ABSTRACT Climate change and variability are predicted to threaten agricultural production in Southern Africa. For example, Zambia’s agriculture remains vulnerable to climate change and variability due to the small-scale farmers’ dependence on rain-fed agriculture. Some studies in Zambia have shown the quantitative negative impacts of climate variability on agriculture; however, there is limited knowledge on how farmers perceive the impacts and adapt their agricultural systems. To fill in the knowledge gap mentioned above, the aim of the present study was to evaluate farmers’ observations of climate variability impacts and their responses. The study then evaluates the integration of farmers’ climate variability observations and adaptation strategies into local district plans. Such integration is deemed critical to ensure agricultural strategies promoted by extension officers are locally relevant and are adopted by the farmers. The study is based on semi-structured interviews and literature review. Thirty-one (31) farmers from Mwembeshi, Chilanga District, Zambia, participated in the study. The findings of the survey indicate that farmers in Mwembeshi are aware of their vulnerability to climate variability impacts. As a result of the observed impacts, they have developed several adaptation strategies. Through this study, extension agents were also interviewed in order find out what adaptation strategies are promoted to the farmers. The findings of the research indicate agricultural extension agents follow national agricultural adaptation strategies (top-down approach). As a result, local agricultural development plans would not specifically integrate/respond to climate variations impacts observed by the farmers. In order to engage local farmer impacts of the climate variability and their adaptation strategies into the local plans, the research suggests a more flexible (or bottom-up) approach to local development planning. Such an approach would allow the integration of local farmer observations of climate variability and their adaptation strategies into district plans. The study also found that extension agents have limited knowledge of climate variability and change, which negatively affects knowledge transfer to farmers on the subject. Therefore, training the extension officers in the subject would most likely increase farmers’ knowledge on climate variability and adaptation decision. iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Agricultural adaptation strategies adopted by interviewed farmers in Mwembeshi, Chilanga District ...................................................................................................................... 29 Table 2: Non-agricultural adaptation strategies adopted by interviewed farmers in Mwembeshi, Chilanga District ................................................................................................ 30 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Location of Zambia in Southern Africa. Source: Own Google Map ......................... 6 Figure 2: Map of Agro-ecological Regions of Zambia .............................................................. 7 Figure 3: Map showing the location of Chilanga District. Source: Google Maps ................... 17 Figure 4: Gender of respondents .............................................................................................. 21 Figure 5: Major Crops grown in Mwembeshi village, Chilanga District and number of farmer growing each crop (n=31) ........................................................................................................ 22 Figure 6: Farmers’ observations of climate variability (n=31) ................................................ 24 Figure 7: Farmer observations of climate variability impacts and percentage of farmers reporting each impact (n=31) ................................................................................................... 26 Figure 8: Farmer explanation of the term climate variability (n=31) ...................................... 31 Figure 9: Source of information on the word climate variability and number of farmers reporting each source (n=31) ................................................................................................... 32 Figure 10: Causes of climate variability according to interviewed farmers (in percentages – n=31) ........................................................................................................................................ 32 Figure 11: Source of information, according to farmers (in percentages- n=31) .................... 33 Figure 12: : Recommended training proposed by the farmers of Mwembeshi community (in percentage of farmers – n=31) ................................................................................................. 34 v ABBREVIATIONS CA Conservation Agriculture CFU Conservation Farming Unit IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change MAL Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock MOF Ministry of Finance NAPA National Adaptation Plan of Action NGO Non-Government Organisation PEA Participatory Extension Approach R-SNDP Revised Sixth National Development Plan SADC Southern African Developing Countries SNDP Sixth National Development Plan SPSS Software Package for Social Sciences UCT University of Cape Town USAID United States Agency for International Development WHO World Health organisation WWF World Wildlife Fund vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration ............................................................................................................................................ i DEDICATION .......................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...........................................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................... v ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................... vi 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Problem statement ..................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Research aim and objectives ....................................................................................................... 3 2. LITERATURE REVIEW – Climate variability impacts and adaptation strategies in Zambia ............. 4 2.1 Definition of key terms ............................................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Climate change..................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Climate variability ................................................................................................................ 4 2.1.3 Vulnerability ......................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.4 Adaptation ..........................................................................................................................
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