E1288 v 4

Public Disclosure Authorized Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)

for

Manila Third Sewerage Project Public Disclosure Authorized Volume 4: Annex on Septage/Sludge Disposal in Area

February 11, 2005 Public Disclosure Authorized (Revised Draft) Public Disclosure Authorized

Manila Water Company, Inc. Manila,

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR SLUDGE/SEPTAGE-USE AS SOIL CONDITIONER FOR SUGAR CANE GROWTH IN LAHAR-LADEN AREAS

Prepared by: Prepared for:

7th Floor, CLMC Building, 259-269 EDSA, Greenhills, City

Since 1955

in association with Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) Ground Floor, MWSS Bldg., Katipunan Road, Balara, Quezon City Lichel Technologies, Inc.

Unit 1910 Antel Global Corporate Center #3 Doña Julia Vargas Avenue , City

and MAIN REPORT

Rm. 1021, 10/F Cityland Shaw Tower St. Francis Street cor. Shaw Blvd., Mandaluyong City TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGE

VOLUME 1 – MAIN REPORT

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES–1 BACKGROUND...... I ES-2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION...... I ES-3 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE CONDITIONS ...... IV ES-4 SEPTAGE AND SLUDGE CHARACTERISTICS ...... VI ES-5 RESEARCH FINDINGS ON USE OF SEPTAGE/SLUDGE AS SOIL CONDITIONER ...... IX ES-6 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION...... X ES-7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN...... XII ES-8 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... XXI 1. INTRODUCTION...... 1-1 1.1 GENERAL...... 1-1 1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES...... 1-2 1.3 STUDY APPROACH ...... 1-2 1.4 METHODOLOGY ...... 1-2 1.4.1 Review of On-going and Completed Experiments and Studies on Reviving the Lahar-laden Soil...... 1-2 1.4.2 Baseline Characterization...... 1-3 1.4.3 Impact Identification, Prediction and Assessment ...... 1-3 1.4.4 Formulation of Environmental Management and Environmental Monitoring Plans ...... 1-4 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION...... 2-1 2.1 THE PROJECT...... 2-1 2.2 PROJECT LOCATION ...... 2-1 2.2 PROJECT DETAILS ...... 2-2 2.2.1 Sources of Biosolids ...... 2-2 2.2.2 Characteristics of Septage and Sludge ...... 2-3 3. ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE CONDITION...... 3-1 3.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 3-1 3.2 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT...... 3-1 3.2.1 Geology...... 3-1 3.2.2 Natural Hazards...... 3-3 3.2.3 Pedology ...... 3-4 3.2.4 Meteorology...... 3-5 3.2.5 Air Quality and Noise Level...... 3-7 3.2.6 Hydrogeology ...... 3-7 3.2.7 Surface Water Hydrology...... 3-9 3.2.8 Water and Sediment Quality Surveys...... 3-12 3.3 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT...... 3-16 3.3.1 Aquatic Ecology Survey ...... 3-16 3.3.2 Terrestrial Ecology ...... 3-19 3.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT...... 3-20 3.4.1 Socio-Economic Setting ...... 3-20 3.4.2 Household Survey...... 3-22 3.5 SOCIAL BASELINE ASSESSMENT ...... 3-27 3.5.1 First Level Consultation...... 3-28 3.5.2 Second Level Consultation...... 3-28 3.6 PUBLIC HEALTH...... 3-28 3.6.1 General Health Condition in the Project Areas ...... 3-28 4. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION...... 4-1 4.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT...... 4-1 4.1.1 Natural Hazards...... 4-1 4.1.2 Erosion and Surface Soil Runoff...... 4-2 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

4.1.3 Surface and Groundwater Contamination...... 4-2 4.1.4 Land Contamination...... 4-3 4.1.5 Odor Generation ...... 4-5 4.1.6 Noise Generation...... 4-5 4.1.7 Dust Generation ...... 4-6 4.1.8 Traffic Impacts ...... 4-6 4.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL ...... 4-6 4.2.1 Aquatic Ecology ...... 4-6 4.2.2 Terrestrial Ecology ...... 4-6 4.2.3 Impacts on Agriculture...... 4-7 4.3 SOCIO-CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ...... 4-8 4.3.1 Population ...... 4-8 4.3.2 Income and Employment...... 4-8 4.3.3 Housing Characteristics and Social Services...... 4-9 4.3.4 Education...... 4-9 4.3.5 Culture and Lifestyle ...... 4-9 4.4 ARCHEOLOGICAL/ANTHROPOLOGICAL/HISTORICAL SITES ...... 4-9 4.5 PUBLIC HEALTH...... 4-9 4.6 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EHIA) ...... 4-10 4.6.1 Incidence Potential Rate ...... 4-10 4.6.2 Health Consequence Rating...... 4-10 4.7 SUITABILITY OF APPLICATION SITES ...... 4-11 5. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 5-1 5.1 NATURAL HAZARDS ...... 5-1 5.2 EROSION AND SURFACE SOIL RUNOFF...... 5-1 5.3 SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION ...... 5-1 5.4 LAND RECLAMATION OR REHABILITATION...... 5-2 5.5 ODOR GENERATION ...... 5-3 5.6 NOISE GENERATION...... 5-3 5.7 DUST GENERATION...... 5-3 5.8 TRAFFIC IMPACTS ...... 5-3 5.9 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT...... 5-3 5.10 COMMUNITY HEALTH HAZARDS ...... 5-3 5.11 SOCIO-ECONOMICS ...... 5-4 5.11.1 Information and Education ...... 5-4 5.11.2 Occupational Health and Safety ...... 5-5 5.11.3 Risk Reduction Measures of Health Hazards ...... 5-5 5.11.4 Protection of Personnel from Physical Hazards ...... 5-5 5.11.5 Safety of Workers...... 5-6 5.11.6 Health of the Workers...... 5-6 5.11.7 Public Health...... 5-6 5.11.8 Biological Hazards...... 5-7 5.12 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDINGS ...... 5-7 5.13 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ...... 5-12 5.13.1 Project Sites...... 5-12 5.13.2 Septage Disposal Option...... 5-12 5.13.3 Septage Transport Option ...... 5-13 5.13.4 Septage Treatment Option...... 5-13 6. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...... 6-1

Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Tables

TABLE ES - 1. LOCATION AND APPROXIMATE LAND AREA OF SLUDGE/SEPTAGE APPLICATION IN THE LAHAR- AFFECTED AREAS ...... IV TABLE ES - 2. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF SEPTAGE IN (IN MEAN VALUES) ...... VII TABLE ES - 3. METAL CONCENTRATION OF SEPTAGE IN METRO MANILA (IN MEAN VALUES) ...... VIII TABLE ES - 4. METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN METRO MANILA SEPTAGE (UP-NEC, 1998) ...... VIII TABLE ES - 5. RESULTS OF LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF SLUDGE (BSWM)...... IX TABLE ES - 6. IMPACT DESCRIPTION AND IMPACT MITIGATION AND ENHANCEMENT ...... X TABLE ES - 7. MAJOR IMPACTS, MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT MEASURES AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN...... XIII TABLE ES - 8. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN...... XVIII

List of Figures

FIGURE ES - 1. PROJECT LOCATION ...... III

VOLUME 2 – TABLES, FIGURES AND ANNEXES

LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ANNEXES

Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

CONTENTS PAGE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES–1 BACKGROUND ...... 2

ES-2 DEFINITION OF SEPTAGE AND SLUDGE ...... 2

ES-3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 3

ES-5 RESEARCH FINDINGS ON THE USE OF SEPTAGE/SLUDGE AS SOIL CONDITIONER...... 5

ES-6 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION...... 6

ES-7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 8

ES-8 CONCLUSIONS ...... 19

FIGURE ES - 1. PROJECT LOCATION ...... 4

Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

ES–1 BACKGROUND

The operation of MWCI wastewater treatment and septage collection facilities will generate about 450 m3/day of biosolids requiring disposal/reuse. Biosolids are the organic sludge produced from physical and biological treatment of wastewater, which include treated septage, secondary sludge, and processed/stabilized sludge. The application of biosolids to revive the productivity of lahar-laden soil in is the proposed mode to manage the biosolids generated from the existing and proposed sanitation services and sewerage systems of MWCI. These include the Magallanes Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) which produces dried sludge from drying beds, the Manila Second Sewerage Project (MSSP) and the Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) facilities which will produce liquid and dewatered sludge using filter press, the Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission (PRRC) Septage Treatment Plant (STP) which will produce dewatered and stabilized cakes using a combination of screw press and lime stabilization, and the MTSP STPs which will produce dewatered cakes using screw presses. Septage and liquid sludge produced from the MSSP communal septic tanks, MSSP WWTPs and MTSP WWTPs and existing bio-contact activated sludge WWTPs will be treated in one of the proposed SPTPs within the MWCI service area. All septage pumped out from individual septic tanks will also be brought to the STPs before disposal. This study evaluates existing practices on sludge and septage application in the lahar areas with the goals of assessing viability, sustainability and development of Environmental Management Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan as a guide for future related activities.

INTRODUCTION

The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991 rendered masses of previously agricultural land unproductive because of varying extents of lahar deposition. Since 1991, research investigations have been conducted to revive the productivity of the once fertile areas of and for the plantation of sugarcane and other crops. MWCI in coordination with the Sugar Regulatory Authority (SRA) conducted several studies on the use of septage/sludge from Metro Manila as soil conditioner to sugarcane plantations in lahar-affected agricultural lands with promising results.

The application of septage/sludge as soil conditioner to the lahar-affected sugarcane plantations in Pampanga greatly enhanced the sugar productivity. However, these materials contain microorganisms and substances that may be harmful to the environment. MWCI commissioned the consortium of Engineering Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP), Lichel Technologies Inc. (LTI) and Inter-Structure Systems Inc. (ISSI) to assess the environmental impacts associated with the use of septage/sludge as soil conditioner and recommend mitigating measures that will address or minimize the negative impacts.

The conduct of the Environmental Assessment focused on the following:

1. Identification of all significant environmental impacts and issues of the project relative to the project location; 2. Description of the existing natural resources and environmental quality conditions and trends; 3. Resolution of all significant environmental impacts within the scope of the EA; and 4. Formulation of economically feasible environmental management and monitoring plans.

ES-2 DEFINITION OF SEPTAGE AND SLUDGE

Septage

Septage refers to the wastewater which has undergone anaerobic treatment in septic tanks. At present, septage is pumped out or desludged by MWCI at a rate of 200 cubic meters per day and all of this is

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System hauled to the lahar project sites in Pampanga and Tarlac. Once the PRRC STP becomes operational, MWCI shall cease direct septage applications.

The septage characteristics are shown in Tables 2-5, 2-6 and 2-7 of Volume II.

From the results of the laboratory analysis it was found that in general, the pH is about neutral. The COD to BOD ratio in domestic wastewater typically ranges from 1.8 to 2.2. The sludge samples were stable based from the fairly low ratio of total volatile solids to total solids (48-76%).

Septage analyzed at the Bureau of Soil and Water Management (BSWM) in January 2003 recorded metal concentrations of 25.08 mg/L Fe, 1.22 mg/L Cu, 4.89 mg/L Zn, 0.0043 mg/L Hg and trace for Mn.

The results of the Metro Manila septage analysis in the UP-NEC study (1998) were found not to contain significant quantities of heavy metals. The study report indicated that the probability of phytotoxicity and potential hazards posed on humans and animals is low.

There are several risks involved in the application of septage to the sites, namely, pathogen and vector exposure to the hauling contractors, farmers and nearby residents, contamination of surface and ground water and soil contamination from heavy metals.

Sludge

Sewage sludge, in 40 CFR Part 503 of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), is defined as solid, semi-solid or liquid residue during the treatment of domestic sewage in a treatment works. Further treatment process or mixing with other materials will convert the primary sludge into secondary sludge.

The MSSP, PRRC and MTSP WWTPs and STPs will generate approximately 450 cubic meters per day of dewatered sludge, which will be transported to the lahar project sites.

Table 2-8 of Volume II shows the results of laboratory analysis of sludge undertaken by the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM).

The risks involved in the application of dried sludge to the lahar sites are similar to that of septage although at a lesser degree due to the sludge’s additional treatment/stabilization, mixture with other chemicals and dewatering/drying processes.

ES-3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Sources and Application Sites. The Sludge/Septage Use as Soil Conditioner for Sugarcane Growth in Lahar-affected Areas is a project of MWCI. MWCI supplies septage/sludge from its eastern concession zone in Metro Manila to farmers in the lahar-affected Provinces of Pampanga and Tarlac. The east zone covers approximately 1,400 sq km in area. MWCI’s service area covers in part or in whole, 24 cities and municipalities in Metro Manila including: Mandaluyong, Marikina, Pasig, Pateros, San Juan, Taguig, Makati, , Quezon City, Manila, Rodriguez, San Mateo, Cainta, Taytay, Angono, Binangonan, Cardona, Tanay, Antipolo , Baras, Teresa, Morong, Pililia and Jala-jala.

The project involves application of sludge/septage in the provinces of Pampanga and Tarlac, located about 60 kilometers north of Metro Manila (Figure ES-1). The application sites, totaling 15, are within two cities (San Fernando and Angeles, Pampanga) and four municipalities (, Mexico, Floridablanca of Pampanga and Concepcion, Tarlac). Seven (Baliti in San Fernando, Eden, Suclaban, Culubasa, Acli, Camuning and Panipuan in Mexico, all of Pampanga) of the 15 sites have been identified as potential sites

Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) 3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System for sludge/septage application while the remaining eight (Pampanga: San Jose Mitla in Porac, Panipuan and Malino in San Fernando, Mining in Angeles, Ganduz in Mexico, Carmencita in Floridablanca; Tarlac: Telebanca and Malonzo in Concepcion) are already being utilized for the said purpose since year 2002. Among the six municipalities/cities involved in the project, the town of Concepcion, Tarlac covered the largest area (600 hectares) capable for accepting sludge/septage.

The eight existing sites were selected based on lahar depth, depth of groundwater and distance to water the nearest community and water body. Table 2-3 of Volume II shows the sites’ location, approximate area covered and area applied with septage. This table also shows that out of the evaluated potential area of 1,440 hectares, only 385 hectares have been applied with septage so far.

Allocation of septage is programmed on a rotation basis as tankers come in. Frequency of application is dictated by weather and planting schedule. There is significant demand from farmers for the application of septage to their land in view of its water content and proven efficacy in increasing cane tonnage/yield.

Figure ES - 1. Project Location

Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) 4

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

ES-5 RESEARCH FINDINGS ON THE USE OF SEPTAGE/SLUDGE AS SOIL CONDITIONER

Research on the use of septage/sludge to enhance the productivity of lahar-affected soil was started by MWCI in 1999. The results of these experiments and studies were used in assessing the impacts of the proposed sludge/septage as soil conditioner. The data gathered were incorporated in the environmental baseline assessment. The Consultant also conducted research on other related experiments, on-going and those already conducted and correlated the results to the impact assessment of the project.

The University of the Philippines’ National Engineering Center has also conducted a study on the suitability and effectiveness of septage application as a way of rehabilitating soils in the areas of Central Luzon that had been affected by lahar deposits. The study took samples of septage from different locations within Metro Manila. Each sample was taken from a site where there was on-going de-sludging operation. Septage characterization was used to obtain a baseline data on the physical and chemical characteristics, and constituents of the sludge prior to application on lahar-affected lands to be reclaimed.

Findings from MCWI-sponsored Studies. In 1999, MWCI in coordination with the different agencies such as the SRA conducted several studies on the use of sludge as soil conditioner to sugar cane plantations to enhance the productivity of lahar-deposited soil. Liquid and dried sludge from the Study showed that sludge can reduce dependence on commercial fertilizers by acting as soil conditioner. The Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority (FPA) has given MWCI a license for the manufacturing and distribution of sludge as soil conditioner

Results from the experiment conducted in Floridablanca, Pampanga in 2000 using liquid sludge to enhance the growth and yields of sugar cane as well as the residual effects on the succeeding ratoon crop, indicated that liquid sludge is a potential indigenous fertilizer material and soil conditioner for sugar cane. Profit greatly increased when sewage sludge applied into sugar cane fields were supplemented with chemical fertilizers, such as urea. Liquid sewage sludge, as soil conditioner, can reduce the inorganic fertilizer requirements of sugar cane especially at a combination of 90 kg of urea and 80 to 120 m3 of sludge per hectare of sugar cane. Initial data and results were used to obtain a temporary registration to use liquid sludge as soil conditioner from FPA (Annex ES-1)

After two cropping in the same experimental field, the soil pH was only slightly improved, available P & K was increased but organic matter remained low. The results suggest that nitrogen is not the only element that should be applied in a lahar-laden soil to improve the yield of sugar cane. It is therefore, important that other elements be made available. Mean plant height, number of tillers, millable stalk production and sugar yield, regardless of inorganic nitrogen application, were significantly improved with application of sewage sludge. In ratoon cane, the parameters e.g. diameter of millable stalks, weight of millable stalks/plot, cane tonnage (ton cane/ha) and sugar yield have been significantly improved through addition of sewage sludge

Analysis for heavy metals in the soil after harvest showed that at all levels of sewage application, the concentration of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury and selenium were at acceptable levels except for arsenic and chromium which increased after the application of sewage sludge.

On raw septage, results of the MCWI-sponsored studies showed that raw septage has low nutrient content and practically zero organic matter compared to sewage sludge which is several times higher in nutrient content. The combined bagasse-mudpress-sewage sludge compost was found to have thousand-fold more

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System nutrients and organic matter, nevertheless, inorganic nitrogen was added to supplement the deficiency for the essential macro-elements. The effect of the composted sludge and bagasse was demonstrated significantly on tonnage, sugar yield and sugar content of the plant cane. The yield of plant cane (TC/ha) was significantly higher in the plots that were applied with sewage sludge in the absence of inorganic nitrogen over the unfertilized untreated control.

The use of septage/sludge as soil conditioner provides benefits to farmers in terms of increase in income as livelihood opportunities increased and savings in the use of soil conditioner from reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. With the findings and results of the studies conducted as well as those of the Environmental Assessment on the Use of Septage/Sludge as Soil Conditioner in Lahar-Laden Areas, it is recommended that the septage/sludge produced from the different facilities of Metro Manila be used as soil conditioner. The negative impacts such as the potential presence of metals like cadmium and lead although the concentrations are well below the USEPA pollutant limits can be mitigated or controlled.

Findings from the UP-NEC Studies. There were significant improvements in the physical and chemical properties of the lahar after septage was applied to it. The water holding capacity and the organic matter of the lahar was found to have improved from the averages of 22.4 and 0.01 to 40.8 and 1.62, respectively. The sodium and the calcium contents were also increased to a satisfactory level including phosphorous. The potassium level (average of 5.48 ppm) was still low for most plants even after the sludge application.

Cation exchange capacity (CEC) also increased from 1.8 to 3 – 16 meq/100 mg soil in the Pampanga lahar and from 2.0 to 3.2 – 13.8 meq/100 mg soil for the Tarlac lahar. There was an increase in Nitrogen and Phosphorous content. Organic matter and organic carbon also increased. The textural class improved from sand to either sandy loam or loamy sand. The pH of septage amended soil/lahar mixtures remained greater than 6.5 which is a good indication that any trace of heavy metals present in the soil/lahar mixtures would be immobilized.

Overall, the key physico-chemical findings from the experiments conducted by UP-NEC showed: • Increase in organic matter, organic carbon, phosporous, nitrogen and potassium content • Improved textural class from sand to sandy loam or loamy sand • Increased Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) from 1.8 to 3 – 16 meq/100 g of soil for the Pampanga lahar, and from 2.0 to 3.2 – 13.8 meq/100 g soil for the Tarlac lahar. The increase in CEC means that the allowable limit of heavy metals in the faecal sludge is also increased since CEC is used as an index of the metal retention capacity of soils. The higher the CEC, the higher amount of heavy metals that may be accommodated by the soil. • Increased water holding capacity from 22.6% to 26.2 % for the Pampanga lahar and from 22.3% to 28.6% for the Tarlac lahar.

ES-6 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION

The table below shows the summary of the major impacts of the project and the corresponding mitigating and enhancement measures to prevent or minimize such impacts.

. Impact Description and Impact Mitigation and Enhancement Impact Description Mitigation & Enhancement • Geologic hazards resulting • Dikes and river walls are in place to prevent lahar/floods from from lahar and flooding overspilling the banks • Erosion and surface soil runoff • Temporary barriers and trenches should be constructed around the

Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) 6

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

Impact Description Mitigation & Enhancement mounds of materials to abate the spread of spoils through surface runoff • • Changes in land use of some • Farmers shifted to aquaculture as a result of the low productivity lahar areas of lahar. • Contamination of surface and • Application sites should not sit on former river or waterway groundwater with heavy metals • Buffer zones to be established near water bodies from sludge • Monitoring of surface and groundwater quality • Fugitive dust from the • Water sprinkling of the area should be done to reduce the movement of vehicles occurrence of fugitive dust • Monitoring on ambient air quality • Noise and air emissions from • Trucks should be directed to move cautiously while passing the movement of trucks going through the road to prevent dust emission to and out of the project site • Trucks should be required to pass the smoke emission test. • Monitoring on ambient air quality and noise • Odor affecting residential • A 20-meter buffer zone from the property line will be provided. establishments that will be The buffer zone shall be planted with trees. passed by transporting trucks. • Transport trucks to be sealed. • Odor in the application of septage • Soil contamination by heavy • Regular monitoring of soil (heavy metals contents) metals • Improvement of soil condition • Regular monitoring of soil quality and fertility • Application of liquid None sewage/septage provide moisture to the sugarcane plants during the summer months • Sewage sludge + bagasse & • Set up demo trials for other farmers to emulate mill ash provides additional nutrients for plant growth and increase tonnage and sugar yield • Traffic congestion • Arrival of trucks should be coordinated with the MWCI and property owner. • Delivery trucks should be required to post visible identification and signages for easy recognition. • Deterioration of road condition • Maintenance and repairs of access roads. due to regular movement of • Cleaning of road brought about by movement of trucks. trucks • Health hazard due to accidental • Provide measures to protect community health. spills and air/noise nuisance • Community Health Hazards • Measures include security fencing, posting of no trespassing or no • Pathogen Exposure entry signs, building of buffer zone around the project site and • Vector Exposure regular maintenance of trucks. • Site restriction for at least 30 days after application • Grazing not allowed within 30 days after application. • Food crops not allowed within 14 months after application. • Septage injected below the land surface. • Untreated septage pumped directly into truck tanks and hauled to non-public contract site. • Increased employment • Peripheral work opportunities as a result of increase in opportunities productivity • Increased income

Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) 7

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

Impact Description Mitigation & Enhancement • Higher educational attainment level • In case of accidental • The project management must make an effort to preserve a archeological findings potential archaeological site by reporting it immediately to the National Museum.

ES-7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

The table below shows the Environmental Management Plan which summarizes the major impacts of the project and its corresponding mitigating measures to address such impacts such as erosion and surface soil runoff, flooding of the nearby areas, change in land use of the area; surface and groundwater contamination; and dust emissions from the movement of vehicles, among others. . Also included in the Plan are costs to implement such measures, responsible agencies to implement the measures and guarantees that these measures shall be implemented.

An Environmental Monitoring Program is also presented in the next table.

Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) 8

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System Environmental Management Plan

Potential Socio- Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Cost Timing Environmental Impacts Responsibilities Estimates Possible contamination of Select and manage the sites for septage/sludge disposal in Wastewater Department of 0 Prior to application of surface or ground waters, and accordance with the following specific criteria: MWCI any septage/ sludge direct and indirect health risks. and throughout 1) Unstabilized sludge/septage may not be applied in areas operations frequented by the public, unless the sludge/septage was properly treated by lime stabilization. 2) Stabilized septage/sludge can be left on the surface of the soil, unless applied to soil without any vegetative cover in which case it must be incorporated into the soil within 8 hours of application. 3) Septage/sludge shall not be applied to land covered with rainwater runoff flows or inundated with floodwater at any time. At such times, the septage/sludge must either be stored at the STP/SPTP, applied to higher land elsewhere in the disposal area or stored at an identified area for later application. 4) Areas used for pasture may not be grazed for 30 days following application of any septage/sludge. 5) Vegetation or crops for animal feeding may not be harvested for 30 days following application of septage. 6) Vegetables and fruits which are consumed raw, or tobacco, shall not be grown on land to which unstabilized septage/sludge have been applied. 7) The application rate of septage/sludge shall be limited to the lesser of (a) 400 kilos of nitrogen to each hectare in any 12 month period, or (b) the nitrogen agronomic uptake requirements of the crop. 8) Sludge/septage may not be land applied within (a) 50 meters of any Class A water body, (b) 10 meters for other classes of water, (c) 10 meters of any shallow non- potable water supply wells, and (d) 30 meters for any potable water supply well. No buffer is required around irrigation waters that are located entirely on the land

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System Potential Socio- Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Cost Timing Environmental Impacts Responsibilities Estimates application site. 9) At the time of septage/sludge application, a minimum of 600 millimeters of unsaturated soil above the ground water table must be present. 10) Unstabilized septage/sludge applied during rain events must be immediately incorporated into the soil, rather than waiting up to 8 hours. 11) The slope of the land application area may not be more than eight percent. 12) Land used for septage/sludge application may not contain any hole or channel (such as subsurface fractures, solution cavities, sink holes, or excavated core holes) which would allow the septage/sludge to contaminate the groundwater, unless the septage/sludge is not applied within a 30 meter distance from such geologic formations or features. 13) Septage/sludge may not be applied within 30 meters of any dwelling located outside the property boundary. A 10 meter buffer applies to any dwellings located within the individual landholding or within the property boundary or any drainage ditches. 14) Site selection must account for any archeological artifacts

Monitoring of Water Quality: P100,000/yr 15) Select suitable existing water wells in the location of the proposed disposal area that can be used for groundwater quality monitoring. Wells should be suitably sealed form surface water inflow or other sources of contamination. This applies to both the extensive agricultural lands and the lahar areas. 16) The wells must source their groundwater from the same hydrogeological formation as the groundwater under the proposed disposal area. Select one well located hydrogeologically upstream of the disposal area and two Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) 10

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System Potential Socio- Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Cost Timing Environmental Impacts Responsibilities Estimates wells downstream of the main disposal areas. 17) If wells cannot be located that satisfy the hydrogeological, location and operational requirements, then purpose-built sampling wells must be installed. These should be equipped with a sealed collar and lockable caps to prevent tampering. They must be slotted to the same depth as the groundwater resource most likely to be used locally as a water supply resource either now or in the future. No disposal area for Septage/sludge shall only be applied during the fallow or Hauling contractors, P50,000/yr Prior to application of inappropriate periods of the planting seasons when the septage/sludge can be Wastewater Department of any septage/sludge cropping cycle incorporated into the soil within 8 hours, if unstabilized. MWCI and throughout Septage/sludge will have to applied to lahar soils without operations crops or stored in an appropriate stockpile area.

- The stockpile area/s must be protected against the entry of stormwater runoff by constructing bunds around upslope perimeter of the stockpile area. - The area must not be flood-prone - The area must have all weather access roads - The site should have a separate stockpiling for small quantity of stabilized sludge. This stabilized sludge/septage shall be applied as a temporary cover material to the main stockpile which will contain a mixture of stabilized and unstabilized septage/sludge. This stabilized layer will limit odor emissions and also pathogen washoff and erosion. - If the stockpile is going to be remain in place for more than 30 days, it should be covered with a 300 millimeter thick layer of soil to limit water infiltration, odor migration and also rodent access. - Areas with existing vegetative cover are preferred as this reduces the likelihood of runoff and provides an uptake pathway for the nitrogen and other nutrients Health risks for workers involved 1) Undertake proper training and education of truck drivers, Hauling contractors, P50,000/yr Prior to application of

Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) 11

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System Potential Socio- Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Cost Timing Environmental Impacts Responsibilities Estimates in septage/sludge handling, operators of applicator equipment and other personnel Wastewater Department of any septage/sludge transport, and disposal involved in septage/sludge handling, transport and MWCI and throughout disposal on the potential health issues operations 2) Use of suitable PPE, such as gloves, coveralls and masks Health risks for farm workers Undertake proper training and education on the potential Local farmers/landholders, P50,000/yr Prior to application of health issues Hauling contractors, any septage/sludge Wastewater Department of and throughout MWCI operations Complaints from surrounding 1) Preference to be given to remote locations Local farmers/landholders, P50,000/yr Prior to application of residents due to lack of 2) Preference to be given to disposal sites closest to major Hauling contractors, any septage/sludge awareness on the proposed and/or sealed roads to minimize haulage disturbances, Wastewater Department of and throughout activities, possible health such as dust and noise, to rural communities located along MWCI operations impacts, dust and other haulage routes inconveniences. 3) Provide public notices to inform/update residents of the period of septage/sludge disposal, and the management procedures and interventions proposed. Spillage of septage/sludge in the 1) As much as possible, haul only dewatered or dried Hauling contractors, 0 Prior to application of event of vehicle accidents septage/sludge Wastewater Department of any septage/sludge 2) Implement a scheme of contacting and then diverting MWCI and throughout empty return vehicles to collect and re-haul any spillages operations resulting from a vehicle accident. For wet spillage on roads, implement methods to absorb spilled material like use of saw dust. Make this a part of the private hauling company’s contract. Excess septage/sludge 1) Review and update the site allocation program for the Wastewater Department of 0 Prior to application of stockpiles awaiting disposal septage/sludge applications MWCI, Landholders/farmers, any septage/sludge 2) Focus on maximizing applications to the extensive Hauling contractors and throughout agricultural areas such as the sugar cane farms in fallow operations periods and/or during the planting season 3) Prepare the receiving area in the lahar areas (for use during the sugar cane growing season or protracted wet weather )well ahead of the cessation of the planting season Septage/sludge application 1) Keep comprehensive records of septage/sludge Wastewater Department of Contingency Prior to application of resulting in surface or ground application details and data such as: MWCI, Hauling contractors only any septage/sludge

Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) 12

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System Potential Socio- Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Cost Timing Environmental Impacts Responsibilities Estimates water pollution or soil - Location of application, including the area involved and throughout contamination as determined - Date of application operations by the monitoring program - Amount applied - Source of septage/sludge - Crop status/part of planting cycle at time of application - Time of incorporation into the soil - Weather at time of application As necessary 2) Maintain records of environmental monitoring and any environmental reports for a period of at least 5 years. 3) Prepare and maintain a database of monitoring data results. 4) Increase the intensity and extent of monitoring to confirm the apparent elevation of results 5) Delineate the size of the area with contaminated surface/ground water or soil 6) Review septage/sludge application rates 7) Accelerate the covering of septage/sludge with soil 8) Use flatter areas for septage/sludge application 9) Increase the testing required on the septage/sludge for the pollutants exceeding the adopted water quality criteria. For example, if the pollutant of concern is lead, then increase the lead testing frequency to better determine the lead source and manage the pollutant at source. 10) Incorporate runoff collection impoundments below the application areas to trap any septage/sludge in the runoff 11) Increase the separation distance requirements between application areas and surface water systems Septage/sludge applications 1) Increase the intensity and extent of monitoring to confirm Wastewater Department of Contingency As necessary resulting in crop contamination the apparent increase in results MWCI, Hauling contractors, only as determined by the monitoring 2) Delineate the size of the area with contaminated crops Landholders/farmers program 3) Review the sludge application rates for the crop, and decrease as appropriate based on the monitoring program results and parameters of concern.

Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) 13

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System Potential Socio- Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Cost Timing Environmental Impacts Responsibilities Estimates 4) Determine if the pollutant can be isolated, removed or reduced in the septage/sludge 5) Determine the source of the contaminated septage/sludge and only apply to the fallow lahar areas until the contaminants can be reduced to suitable levels Excessive odor migrating offsite 1) Increase the depth of incorporation of the septage/sludge Wastewater Department of 0 As necessary into the soil profile MWCI, Hauling contractors, 2) Incorporate the septage/sludge into the soil more quickly landholders/farmers Negative impact on community 1) Determine the nature of the health impact Wastewater Department of Contingency As necessary health 2) Conduct a qualitative epidemiological study to determine MWCI only if the septage/sludge application is the actual source of the morbidity 3) Determine the exposure pathway involved and apply appropriate interventions to intercept this pathway 4) Ensure that public access is being limited as required 5) Consider only using stabilized septage/sludge in this area Negative health impacts on site 1) Determine the nature of the health impact Wastewater Department of Contingency As necessary workers 2) Conduct a qualitative epidemiological study to determine MWCI, Hauling contractors, only if the septage/sludge application is the actual source of landholders/farmers the morbidity 3) Determine the exposure pathway involved and apply appropriate interventions to intercept this pathway 4) Improve training for staff to better understand the health risks of septage/sludge, and the need for appropriate health protection 5) Provide better safety equipment as required, such as PPE upgrades 6) Consider only using stabilized septage/sludge in this area Excessive vermin reported 1) Increase the depth of incorporation into the soil profile Wastewater Department of Contingency As necessary 2) Incorporate the septage/sludge into the soil more quickly MWCI, Hauling contractors, only 3) Only apply the stabilized sludge in the area if vermin landholders/farmers complaints continue Damage to truck access/exit 1) Cooperate with local government on road maintenance MWCI Contingency As necessary

Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) 14

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System Potential Socio- Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Cost Timing Environmental Impacts Responsibilities Estimates roads program only 2) Seek alternative access roads designed to handle loaded trucks 3) Seek alternate disposal areas if alternate access roads cannot be located 4) Reduce vehicle weight as a last resort

Environmental Monitoring Plan

Location Parameters to be Monitored Measurements (1) Frequency Responsibility Cost (2) Estimates Downstream of Turbidity of stormwater runoff Visual only Every major rain event Wastewater 0 selected disposal Department of and stockpile sites MWCI Downstream of Suspended Solids in stormwater Filtration Every major rain event, but only if Wastewater P1,500 / site selected disposal runoff the visual monitoring for turbidity Department of per event and stockpile sites consistently indicates that MWCI excessive suspended solids are washed off from the site, or if complaints continue after implementing all the actions listed in the EMP

Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) 15

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System Location Parameters to be Monitored Measurements (1) Frequency Responsibility Cost (2) Estimates Soil at selected Analyze two samples from each soil Standard soil scientific Annual, but starting at least one Wastewater P50,000/site/yr disposal and control profile type: one within the methods acceptable year after the first septage/sludge Department of sites septage/sludge disposal areas and to the Department of application MWCI a control site remote from the Agriculture disposal area for the following parameters:

• Textural analysis

• PH

• Sodium Adsorption Ratio (1:5 soil/water mix)

• Calcium/Magnesium Ratio (1:5 soil/water mix)

• Exchangeable Cations

• Total Cations

• Specific Conductance or electrical conductivity

• Total Manganese

• Total Nitrogen

• Phosphorus (extractable)

• Potassium (available)

• Potassium (extractable)

• Total Calcium (exchangeable)

• Total Chloride

• Total Magnesium (exchangeable)

• Total Sodium (exchangeable)

• Heavy Metals scan Crops at selected Analyse two plant tissues: one Standard agronomic Annual, but starting at least one Wastewater P7,500 / site/yr disposal and control within the septage/sludge disposal methods acceptable year after the first septage/sludge Department of sites areas and a control site remote from to the Department of application MWCI the disposal area for presence of Agriculture and DENR pathogens

Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) 16

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System Location Parameters to be Monitored Measurements (1) Frequency Responsibility Cost (2) Estimates Groundwater from 1) Select two sampling wells DAO 34/35 Quarterly, but if elevated levels are Wastewater P25,000 / site upstream and downstream of the disposal detected then more frequent tests Department of per event downstream of and/or stockpile areas in each will be required. Sampling MWCI selected disposal soil profile frequency will be adjusted based and stockpile sites 2) Select one sampling wells on monitoring results. upstream of the disposal and/or stockpile areas to act as a control

Test samples for the following water quality characteristics:

• Total nitrogen (as N)

• Nitrate nitrogen (as N)

• Nitrite nitrogen (as N)

• Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (as N)

• Ammonia nitrogen (as N)

• Total phosphorus (as P)

• Chloride

• Electrical conductivity or total dissolved solids

• PH

• Total coliforms (cfu)

• Faecal coliforms

• Heavy Metals

Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) 17

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System Location Parameters to be Monitored Measurements (1) Frequency Responsibility Cost (2) Estimates Surface water from Select one sampling location DAO 34/35 Quarterly, but if elevated levels are Wastewater P25,000 / site upstream and downstream of the disposal and/or detected then more frequent tests Department of per event downstream of stockpile areas in each soil profile will be required. Sampling MWCI selected disposal Select one sampling location frequency will be adjusted based and stockpile sites upstream of the disposal and/or on monitoring results stockpile areas to act as a control

Test samples for the ff. water quality characteristics: - Total nitrogen (as N) - Nitrate nitrogen (as N) - Nitrite nitrogen (as N) - Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (as N) - Ammonia nitrogen (as N) - Total phosphorus (as P) - Chloride - Electrical conductivity or total dissolved solids - PH - BOD - SS - DO - Total coliforms (cfu) - Faecal coliforms - Heavy Metals

(1) The methodology for testing is per the relevant specifications listed/described in the DENR Administrative Orders 34/35. If the relevant methodology is not specified therein, then the relevant methodology from the latest revision of “Standard methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater” by the USA Water Environment Federation will be adopted.

Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) 18

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

ES-8 CONCLUSIONS

General conclusions on the study are as follows:

1. Sludge and septage can be used as soil conditioner, reclaim lahar-laden areas and enhance sugar productivity. MWCI has already obtained registration from the Fertilizer and Pesticides Authority (FPA).

2. The use of sludge and septage as soil conditioner for sugarcane growth is beneficial to the farmers in terms of savings on fertilizer cost.

3. This project is sustainable since the sugarcane farms in the lahar-laden areas of Pampanga and Tarlac spans a vast areas. The farmers are very insistent on their request to the hauling contractor for sludge and septage.

4. Additional studies must be conducted on the use of biosolids as soil conditioner or fertilizer.

5. There is a need to formulate criteria and standards for biosolids management.

6. The recommended EMP and EMoP have to be strictly implemented for ongoing and future, related activities.

7. Dewatering will reduce hauling costs. However the degree of dewatering has to be established taking into consideration that septage, in raw form, is beneficial in that it increases the moisture content of lahar-laden soil.

8. Pipeline transport of biosolids, as previously suggested is not economically feasible.

Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) 19

Introduction

CONTENTS PAGE

1. INTRODUCTION...... 1-1 1.1 GENERAL...... 1-1 1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES...... 1-2 1.3 STUDY APPROACH ...... 1-2 1.4 METHODOLOGY ...... 1-2 1.4.1 Review of On-going and Completed Experiments and Studies on Reviving the Lahar-laden Soil...... 1-2 1.4.2 Baseline Characterization...... 1-3 1.4.3 Impact Identification, Prediction and Assessment ...... 1-3 1.4.4 Formulation of Environmental Management and Environmental Monitoring Plans ...... 1-4

i Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Introduction

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

In Metro Manila, the inadequacy of collection and treatment of sewage has contributed to the rapid degradation of most of the metropolitan’s rivers and creeks. Past studies have shown that the pollution of the waterways of Metro Manila is mainly caused by domestic wastewater. It is estimated that around 70% of the pollution load to waterways and rivers in Metro Manila come from domestic wastewater discharges. Only 3% of the population in Metro Manila is connected to the sewerage facility. Around 85% have septic tanks, most of which were constructed without adequate leaching fields and are rarely properly maintained or desludged.

As a response to this worsening problem, the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) through its concessionaires, MWCI and the Maynilad Water Services Inc. (MWSI) sought the assistance of World Bank to finance the Manila Second Sewerage Project (MSSP). The MSSP was aimed to improve the sanitation condition of Metro Manila by constructing sewage and septage treatment plants to treat domestic sewage and by providing new or upgrading old sewerage lines. When the MSSP was nearing completion, MWCI proposed the Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) for World Bank funding. The MTSP is a follow-up to the MSSP to further improve the sanitation conditions in the east concession zone.

The MTSP has been formulated by MWCI to expand domestic wastewater management through seven sub-projects. These project components are intended to upgrade existing treatment facilities in sewered areas, provide secondary treatment facilities for catchment currently served by combined sewerage systems, improve sanitation conditions in low-income areas, and provide treatment facilities for the septage from individual septic tanks (ISTs) located in the concession area. With the programmed wastewater treatment plants and septage collection initiatives under the MTSP, there is expected an increase in biosolids generation.

The existing and proposed sanitation services and sewer infrastructure of MWCI which include the Magallanes Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) producing dried sludge from drying beds, the MSSP and the MTSP facilities producing liquid sludge and dewatered sludge using filter press, PRRC Septage Treatment Plant (STP) producing dewatered and stabilized cakes using a combination of screw press and lime stabilization, and the MTSP STPs ptoducing dewatered cakes using screw presses. Septage and liquid sludge produced from the MSSP communal septic tanks, MSSP WWTPs and MTSP WWTPs and existing bio-contact activated sludge WWTPs will be treated in one of the proposed STPs within the MWCI’s service area. All septage pumped out from individual septic tanks will be brought to the STPs before disposal.

The operation of MWCI of wastewater treatment and septage collection facilities will generate about 450 m3/day of biosolids1 requiring treatment and disposal/reuse. Biosolids are the organic sludge produced from physical and biological treatment of wastewater and include treated septage, secondary sludge, and processed/stabilized sludge.

One of the environmental impacts attendant with the implementation of the MTSP pertains to septage/sludge management. To address septage/sludge management issues, MWCI through the Sugar Regulatory Authority (SRA) conducted several studies on the use of septage/sludge as soil conditioner to sugar plantations in lahar laden agricultural lands with promising results.

The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo on June 1991 recorded that the volcanic dust flown into the atmosphere reduced world temperature by 0.5ºC,. filled-up and clogged major rivers and creeks, and produced extensive flooding and deposition that buried several municipalities of Pampanga, Tarlac and . The lahars affected the health of the people, quality of life, education, employment, and limited the growth 1-1 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Introduction

of economy and development in the affected areas. In 1999 alone, lahar flowsdamaged homes of more than 100,000 families, destroyed roads and bridges, fishponds and crops in Pampanga that amounted to over PhP 600 million and to date, the effects of the eruption continues. Massive lahar flow and ash fall also affected fertile agricultural lands used to be largely devoted to sugarcane growing. Research investigations have been conducted on what could be done to revive the productivity of the once fertile areas for sugar cane and other crops

Results of previous and ongoing experiments indicate that the use of septage/sludge as soil conditioner greatly enhanced the sugar productivity in lahar laden areas. However, septage/sludge may contain microorganisms and substances that can be harmful to the environment. To assess the environmental impacts associated with the use of septage/sludge as soil conditioners through application to lahar-laden soil, MWCI commissioned the consortium of Engineering Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP), Lichel Technologies Inc.(ISSI) and Inter-Structure Systems Inc.(ISSI).

1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES

The general objective of the study is to assess the environmental and social impacts of initiatives to revive lahar-laden areas using septage and develop appropriate environmental management and monitoring plans for future, related activities.

1.3 STUDY APPROACH

This study entitled Environmental Assessment (EA) for the Sludge/Septage Use as Soil Conditioner for Sugar Can Growth in Lahar-Laden Areas conforms to the guidelines of the World Bank and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Administrative Order No. 37 series of 1996 (DAO 96-37). The EA focuses on the following:

1. Identification of all significant environmental impacts and issues with the project relative to the project location; 2. Description of the existing natural resources and environmental quality conditions and trends; 3. Resolution of all significant environmental impacts within the scope of the EA; and 4. Formulation of an economically feasible environmental management and monitoring plans.

1.4 METHODOLOGY

1.4.1 Review of On-going and Completed Experiments and Studies on Reviving the Lahar-laden Soil

Research on the use of septage/sludge to enhance the productivity of lahar-deposited soil was started by MWCI in 1999. The results of these experiments and studies were used in assessing the impacts of the proposed sludge/septage as soil conditioner to the host environment and its immediate vicinity. The data gathered were incorporated in the environmental baseline assessment. The Consultant also conducted research on other related experiments, on-going and those already conducted and correlated the results to the impact assessment of the project.

Experiments at the Sugar Regulatory Administration (SRA) Farm at Floridablanca, as well as on-farm trials on the use of septage/sludge as soil conditioner started in 2000. The experiments, financed by MWCI, involved either the use of septage/sludge as soil conditioner alone or as a major component in the production of compost from sugar mill wastes bagasse and filter cake. Table 1- 1 of Volume II presents the studies conducted in relation to septage/sludge application in lahar soils.

1-2 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Introduction

Results of the studies showed that:

• Raw septage has practically lower nutrient content and zero organic matter compared to sewage sludge which has several folds higher nutrient content. • The combined bagasse-mudpress-sewage sludge compost has thousand fold more nutrients and organic matter, nevertheless, inorganic nitrogen was added at to supplement the deficiency for the essential macro-elements. The effect of the composted sludge and bagasse was demonstrated significantly on tonnage, sugar yield and sugar content of the plant cane (Study 3). • The yield of plant cane (TC/ha) was significantly higher in the plots that were applied with sewage sludge in the absence of inorganic nitrogen over the unfertilized untreated control. • Plant cane requires higher input of compost or inorganic nitrogen than the ratoon cane to attain a high yield. • Ratoon cane was more responsive to inorganic fertilizer application and even to the treatment that consisted of inorganic fertilizer and compost but this may be because of some residual effect of the previous crop (Study 3). • After two cropping in the same field, the soil pH was only slightly improved, available P & K was increased but organic matter remained low. The results suggest that nitrogen is not the only element that should be applied in a lahar-laden soil to improve the yield of sugar cane. It is therefore, important that other elements be made available. • In Study 4, mean plant height, number of tillers, millable stalk production and sugar yield, regardless of inorganic nitrogen application, were significantly improved with application of sewage sludge. In ratoon cane, the parameters e.g. diameter of millable stalks, weight of millable stalks/plot, cane tonnage (ton cane/ha) and sugar yield have been significantly improved through addition of sewage sludge • Analysis for heavy metals in the soil after harvest showed that at all levels of sewage application, the concentration of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury and selenium were except for arsenic and chromium that increased after the application of sewage sludge in Study 2.

1.4.2 Baseline Characterization

Eco-profiling is a focused evaluation of the environmental quality of an area. It establishes an environmental baseline condition, evaluates he impact of the development, and provides basis to identify environmental strategies and monitoring needs to tract the effectiveness of the strategies. The environmental baseline characterizations, which use both primary and secondary information, and the methodology employed for each study module are summarized in Table 1- 2 of Volume II. The discussion on the methodology of each study module is provided as Annex 1 of Volume II.

1.4.3 Impact Identification, Prediction and Assessment

Based on the collected information and described as baseline conditions of the environment, the impacts of the project were identified, predicted and assessed. Assessment covered the various physical, biological and socio-economic impacts of the project. Beneficial as well as adverse impacts of the project were considered. Corresponding mitigating measures were recommended to address the negative impacts.

Environmental Health Impact Assessment (EHIA)

An Environmental Health Impact Assessment (EHIA) was executed to determine the health impact of risk factors associated with the sludge disposal project. An environmental risk assessment that includes four

1-3 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Introduction

essential steps was executed. The steps in the preparation of an environmental health assessment include the following:

Step 1 – baseline health status Step 2 – hazard assessment Step 3 – risk assessment, and Step 4 – risk management planning

• Detailed discussion of the steps in the conduct of risk assessment is given as Annex 2 of Volume II.

Based on this integration, the various hazard events that may occur were ranked and the highest ranking, indicating the highest risk, require the most urgent and important action for risk reduction.

Risk management also includes determination of way in which the risks can be reduced, either by reducing the occurrence or character of the hazards, by reducing the exposure of the populations at risk, or by improving the accident-recovery capability of the populations at risk. Finally, recommendation on the control measures must be undertaken to prevent or minimize environmental health impact to communities and workers.

1.4.4 Formulation of Environmental Management and Environmental Monitoring Plans

From the identified and predicted impacts, the Environmental Management (EMP) and the Environmental Monitoring Plans (EMoP) were prepared. The EMP identified activities that are to enhance the positive impacts and mitigate/alleviate the negative impacts of the project. The EMP include the work programs, budget estimates, schedules, staffing and training requirements, and other necessary support services to implement the mitigating measures.

The Environmental Monitoring Plan was prepared to ensure compliance with environmental standards and include parameters to be monitored, sampling stations, frequency, cost and identification of responsibilities. These EMoP was prepared with active participation of the proponent.

1-4 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Project Description

CONTENTS PAGE

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION...... 2-1 2.1 THE PROJECT ...... 2-1 2.2 PROJECT LOCATION ...... 2-1 2.2 PROJECT DETAILS ...... 2-2

i Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Project Description

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 THE PROJECT

The Project, Sludge/Septage Use as Soil Conditioner for Sugar Cane Growth in Lahar-Laden Areas, is a project of the MWCI which offers septage/sludge generated from its eastern concession zone in Metro Manila, for application in lahar-covered agricultural areas in Pampanga and Tarlac provinces.

The east concession area controlled by MWCI covers approximately 1,400 sq km in area (MWCI’s service area covers in part or in whole, 24 cities and municipalities in Metro Manila including: Mandaluyong, Marikina, Binangonan, Cainta, Pasig, Montalban, Pateros, Cardona, San Juan, Jala-Jala, Taguig, Morong, parts of Makati, Pililia, parts of Quezon City, Rodriguez, Parts of Manila, San Mateo, Angono, Tanay, Antipolo, Taytay, Baras, and Teresa).

Based on the NSO population growth rates and data and information provided by MWCI and GHD the forecasted population levels in the concession area are 5,290,000 for 2004; 5,590,000 for 2006; 6,380,000 for 2011; 7,340,000 for 2016; and 8,160,000 for 2021. The following are considered in the population coverages used :

1) MWCI coverage in Makati City is 87% of the total land area 2) MWCI coverage in Quezon City is 41% of the total land area 3) MWCI coverage in Manila is 13% of the total land area It is assumed that the population within the service area not connected to the MWCI sewerage infrastructure has individual septic tanks collecting wastewater and providing primary treatment before discharge to receiving bodies of water without the periodic desludging services.

The 1996 data from the SKM Septage Feasibility Study Report estimated the number of septic tanks in Metro Manila to be over one million (1,000,000). The MWCI sewerage and sanitation coverage targets (in % of total population in area) are presented in Tables 2-1 and 2-2.

2.2 PROJECT LOCATION

The project covers parts of the Central Luzon provinces of Pampanga and Tarlac, located about 60 kilometers north of Metro Manila (Figure ES-1). Among the six municipalities/cities involved in the project, the town of Concepcion, Tarlac covered the largest area (300 hectares) capable for accepting sludge/septage. Table 2-3 presents the land area and period of sludge/septage application. Figures 2-1, 2- 2, 2-3 and 2-4 show the locations of the application sites. The application sites evaluated, totaling 15, are within two cities and four municipalities of the provinces of Pampanga and Tarlac. Seven of the 15 sites have been identified as potential sites for sludge/septage application while the remaining eight are already being utilized for the said purpose since year 2002. The sites were evaluated based on a set of guidelines for site selection that includes depth of lahar/ashfall deposits, depth to groundwater, distance to nearest water body, distance to nearest well, and distance to nearest house/community.

The total land area deposited with lahar in Central Luzon is 120,000 hectares. On-going septage/sludge application involves 1070 has; sites evaluated for further activities cover 370 hectares. Out of the sites evaluated, only 11 sites or 1,220 hectares sufficiently met the criteria on site selection. MWCI has to explore more sites from the total lahar-covered areas for future activities. This is in consideration of the total 450 m3/day to be generated from all sewerage and sanitation facilities by year 2010. Selection of sites must also take into consideration optimum application rate which was found to be 120 m3/ha for septage.

2-1 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Project Description

Generally, the on-going and potential application sites are agricultural lands devoted to sugarcane. Some of the application sites are adjacent to rice fields or vegetable farms. The application sites can be reached either through concrete or all-weather roads and through bulldozed feeder roads within the sites. (Figure 2-5).

The barangay roads, especially at San Fernando, Angeles and Mexico are lined with houses, some of which are adjacent to the application sites. Drainage system in the area is basically dendritic or “branching” pattern which is typical of a flat terrain. Creeks surrounding the application sites flow either perennially or intermittently and discharge into San Fernando River and Abacan River.

At Barangay San Jose Mitla, Porac, Pampanga, the application site is within the Monoport Traders Inc. and is accessible through Barangay Mitla road, thence along feeder roads. The nearest settlement at Barangay Mitla is about one kilometer south of the application site.

The application site at Barangay Carmencita, Floridablanca is about three kilometers south of the Basa Air Base along the Floridablanca – Dinalupihan alternate road. The application site is along the west bank of Gumain River in an area which is planted to sugar cane. An elevated main access road, which serves as an earth dike, separates the application site from the community on the west.

The Tarlac application sites at Barangay Telebanca, Concepcion and Malonzo, is a vast sugar cane field of about 1,000 hectares. Only eight (8) resettlement homes were observed and is located along the main access road that borders the northern side of the application sites. The main access road runs parallel with the Bamban River dike.

The general characteristics of application sites is summarized and shown in Table 2-4.

2.2 PROJECT DETAILS

Sources of Biosolids

¾ Liquid sludge from the biological treatment process at sewage treatment plants for the proposed MTSP, and also those plants under MSSP, located at Pabahay Village, Valle Verde, Karangalan Village, general MTSP plants (Road 5, , QC Barangays, Camp Atienza, Taguig, Manggahan, Capitolyo, Ilaya, in Pasig City, Labansan, Tapayan and Hagonoy) giving a volume of 194 m3/day of liquid sludge. This is essentially a liquid at 2 or 3 percent solids, and will be tankered to the septage treatment plants for dewatering. Dewatered sludge will be 25% solids and is sufficiently dry to shovel and treat as a solid, even though still very wet. ¾ Dewatered primary sludges from the primary treatment plants at the Taguig ponds will yield another 48 m3/day. These will not be stabilised and could possibly be odorous. In a traditional sewage treatment plant, the primary sludges contain highly active organic material such as gross solids. These sludges are very odorous. With the Taguig primary treatment plants, the inflow is sullage not raw sewage, so gross solids and other highly organic materials will not be present. It is expected that a large fraction of the primary sludge will be inorganics resulting from street runoff and catchment erosion entering the combined sewer flows. Therefore it is appropriate to operate the primary treatment facilities as proposed, and monitor the biological activity of the primary sludge to assess if additional treatment is required such as lime stabilisation. ¾ Dewatered secondary (biological) sludges from the MSSP and MTSP STPs totalling 127 m3/day. This sludge will be about 25% solids, and is sufficiently dry to shovel and treat as a solid, even though still very wet. It is not stabilised and as such can only be used under certain restrictions, such as burial within 6 hours and not for certain food crops, such as those consumed raw unless there is certain period between sludge application and harvesting the food. ¾ Dewatered unstabilised septage volume of 177 m3/day from the two MTSP SPTPs, at 25% dry weight. This dewatered septage is actually a mixture of the raw solids entering the SPTP which are 2-2 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Project Description

settled and then dewatered, and the biological secondary sludge from the liquid treatment plant for the liquor following on from the solids removal. The septage sludge is therefore a mixture of septage solids and biosolids or sludge. It is not going to be stabilised, but there will be some chemicals added to assist in the dewatering process. These will be at very small doses, just sufficient to ensure that the dewatering targets are achieved. The chemicals will be standard polyelectrolytes used globally for such processes. ¾ Dewatered stabilised septage volume of 90 m3/day from the PRRC SPTP at Antipolo, at 25% dry weight. This dewatered septage is also a mixture of the raw solids entering the SPTP which are settled and then dewatered, and the biological secondary sludge from the liquid treatment plant for the liquor following on from the solids removal. The septage sludge is therefore a mixture of septage solids and biosolids or secondary sludge. It is going to be stabilised by lime addition, at high dose rates of up to 0.5 kilograms of lime per kilogram of solids. The lime increases the pH and also increases the temperature to inactivate the pathogens. The resulting septage sludge will meet the Class A requirements of the US EPA and as such is acceptable for almost unrestricted reuse applications. The PRRC is investigating possible sludge reuse locations on farms close to Antipolo, but the backstop will be blending the PRRC material with the other sludges to transport to the Pampanga areas. ¾ Dried biological sludges amounting to approximately 5 m3/day from the existing Magallanes STPs. These sludges have been dried on sludge drying beds and can be even drier than the 25% dewatered solids achieved mechanically. They are stabilised by virtue of the open exposure over a longer term of weeks to months.

The total sludge volume to be managed locally every day is therefore 194 m3/day of liquid sludge to be transported from the STPs to the SPTPs for dewatering. This is a local transport issue only.

The sludge quantity to be transported to the Pampanga region is approximately 450 m3/day. Because it is a solid, the only option is trucking not pumping. The sludges will be combined apart from the PRRC sludge and dried sludges which are stabilised.

Sludge Characteristics

Sewage sludge, in 40 CFR Part 503 of the EPA, is defined as solid, semi-solid, or liquid residue generated during the treatment of domestic sewage in a treatment works. Sewage sludge includes, but is not limited to, domestic septage, scum, and solids removed during primary, secondary, or advanced wastewater treatment processes. The definition of sewage sludge also includes a material derived from sewage sludge (i.e., sewage sludge whose quality is changed either through further treatment or through mixing with other materials). The physico-chemical and metal concentrations of sludge are shown in Table 2.8.

Concentrations for Cu and Zn are within permissible limits of the EPA standards for sewage sludge.

Method of Application

MWCI is currently disposing wet septage to lahar fields in Tarlac and Pampanga as land rehabilitation and broad acre agricultural reuse options. The lahar application is being done in collaboration with the Sugar Regulatory Administration (SRA) and is on a trial basis to assess the effect of liquid septage application on the growth and yield of sugar cane. Lahar deposits on the Tarlac application area are reportedly from 3 to 6 meters and fields were not previously used for agricultural purposes, i.e. prior to the Mt. Pinatubo eruption. Lahar deposit at Mitla, Porac is from 10 to 15 meters thick while at Carmencita, Floridablanca, lahar deposit thickness is estimated from 1 – 3 meters. The San Fernando – Angeles - Mexico, Pampanga application sites are agricultural lands. Except for Barangay Calubasa, Mexico which is covered with one- meter thick lahar deposit presumably from the spill of Abacan River, the other application sites are blanketed with 1-2 inches ashfall deposits.

2-3 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Project Description

It is understood that majority of the lahar fields being applied with septage are owned or leased by the septage-hauling contractor although farmers have openly expressed their willingness to avail of the septage due to its water content and proven efficacy. Application rate is in the order of 200m3 of septage per hectare over a 2-month period during the early part of the planting season. This gives an average septage application of 20 mm over the 2-month period. Septage is applied via:

• Hoses and allowed to flow through furrows between planted sugarcane. • Direct spray application using transportable tanks on areas not yet planted with sugarcane.

The farmers turn the soil over upon completion of the septage application for areas yet to be planted with sugarcane, however this was not observed during the site visit. Areas already planted with sugarcane however were observed to have dried septage solids on the ground surface.

Allocation of septage is programmed on a rotation basis as trucks come in. However, in most instances other farmers not currently being supplied with septage, specially the barangay captains and those with and land along the access route to the application area, request that the haulers apply septage to their land as well. The septage hauling contractors are not charging any fees to farmers who request the septage.

2-4 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Baseline Condition

3. ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE CONDITION

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This section presents the environmental baseline condition within and around the project areas. The objective of this baseline study is to describe and characterize the current condition of the environment in the project sites prior to full project operation. As mentioned in the preceeding section, the project sites are situated in the lahar-laden areas of Pampanga and Tarlac provinces involving six municipalities and 15 barangays.

The discussion on baseline environment mainly focused on three essential components, namely: the physical environment, biological environment, and socio-economic environment. The physical environment comprises the geology, pedology, hydrology, meteorology, and air and water quality sub- components. The biological environment presents the aquatic ecology and terrestrial ecology portion while the socio-economic environment part highlights the profile of Pampanga and Tarlac provinces and the concerned cities/municipalities, results of the household survey and public consultations, and the current health situation of the community in the project sites.

3.2 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

3.2.1 Geology

Regional Setting

Tectonics and Siesmicity

The Project, which is located in the Luzon Island, Philippines is a geologically active region (Figure 3 - 1). The following are the major tectonic elements in the Luzon island.

• Manila Trench - represents the morphologic expression of the subduction of the oceanic crust of the South China Sea under the Luzon Arc (Aurelio, 2000). Onshore, the tectonic structure depicts a linear alignment of volcanic landforms that lies sub-parallel to the trench. • Philippine Trench – most seismically active generator in the Philippines. It serves as the boundary between the west Philippine Sea Plate and the eastern portion of the Archipelago. • Philippine Fault Zone (PFZ) – 1,300-km fault zone extending from Lingayen Gulf in Pangasinan, north Luzon to the offshore Pujada Peninsula in the southeastern Mindanao. The July 1990 earthquake was caused by the sudden movement of the north trending splay of the PFZ – the Digdig Fault. Increased solfataric activity in August 1990 (PHIVOLCS, 1990), possibly in response to this earthquake was the first indication for a reawaking of after about 500 years of dormancy.

The distribution of historical earthquakes with magnitudes of greater than Ms 5.5 and covering the period from 1973 to June 2003 (NEIC, 2003) within 200-km radius of Angeles City is shown in Figure 3-2. Events tend to cluster in the offshore region along Verde Island Passage between the southwest coast of Batangas and Mindoro Island. Moderate to deep (>150 km) foci seismic events with a predominant thrust focal mechanism solution indicate active convergence along the southern extension of the Manila Trench system. In contrast, shallow seismic events (< 70 km) appear to have originated from the movements of regional faults (e.g. Mindoro Fault, Lubang Fault) and their minor splays. Shallow seismic events also appear to have originated along the Philippine Fault System. Foremost of these seismic events that occurred recently along the Philippine Fault is the July 16, 1990 earthquake that registered a magnitude of Ms 7.8. 3-1 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Baseline Condition

Physiography and Stratigraphy

The Project region lies on the western portion of the Luzon Central Plain. The Luzon Central Plain, with an area of about 11,000 square kilometers is the largest in the country. It is about 150 kilometers long and an average breadth of 60 kilometers. The alluvial plain consists of broad, coalescing alluvial fans having low gradients that ranged from 0.02 m/m at fan heads approximately 200 meters above sea level (masl) to less than 0.0002 m/m along distal alluvial plains (Pierson et al, 1992). It is bounded on the north by Luzon Central Cordillera, on the east by Sierra Madre, on the west by Zambales Range and on the south by the Southwest Luzon Uplands (BMG, 1982). At the center of the plain prominently stands Mt. Arayat (1030 m), a lone volcanic peak. Agno River drains the northern part of the plain and empties into Lingayen Gulf while Pampanga and Angat rivers drain the southern part and discharge into Pampanga Bay. In the Zambales Range rises Mount Pinatubo, made famous because of its enormous 1991 eruption.

The general stratigraphy at the Mount Pinatubo and the western portion of the Luzon Central Plain are, from oldest to youngest (Bureau of Mines and Geosciences, 1982)

• Zambales Ophiolite Complex. The Zambales Ophiolite Complex are ultramafic and mafic rocks consisting of peridotites, gabbro, basalt, diabase dike, chert-spilite; and pelagic and hemipelagic sediments. These sediments which belong to the Aksitero Formation is considered Early Eocene

• Pre-Pinatubo sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Consisting mostly of the Tarlac Formation, this unit composed of interbedded sequence of calcareous, tuffaceous sandy shale, sandstone and lenticular pebble conglomerate. It is dated Late Miocene to Pliocene age.

• Neogene intrusives. The intrusives consist of granodiorite and diorite porphyry

• Ancestral satellite vent deposits. These are andesite and dacite domes and plugs, contemporaneous with deposits of ancestral Pinatubo (Pleistocene Age). These include Mount Negron dome, Mount Cuadrado dome, the Mataba dome and adjoining Bituin plug, and the Tapungho plug (Delfin, 1984).

• Deposits of Ancestral Pinatubo. Andesitic and dacitic pyroclastic flow and lahar deposits, and lava flows of Pleistocene Age.

• Volcanic rocks of Modern Pinatubo. Consists mainly of dacitic pyroclastic flow and lahar deposits from late Pleistocene to Present.

Figure 3 - 3 is a generalized geological map covering the Mount Pinatubo and surrounding areas.

Local Setting

The geology at the Project sites consists of Quaternary alluvial deposits overlain by the Lahar deposits from the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo.

Quaternary alluvial deposits consist of alternating clay, silt, sand, clayey and silty sands, gravels and conglomerates. The deposits are reworked suggesting to the rise and fall of the sea level during its deposition. The full thickness of these deposits is unknown. A lithologic log from a well at Sta. Ana, Pampanga, which is located in the central part of the alluvial basin, indicated alluvial deposit thickness of more than 400 meters. The thickness of the alluvial deposits is expected to thin out near the margins of the basin.

3-2 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Baseline Condition

Lahar deposits are complex materials (Arguden et al, 1990) composed of various admixtures of sediments with a wide variety of grain sizes. Pierson and Scott (1985) classified lahar deposit facies either debris- flow deposits or hyperconcentrated streamflow deposits (Figure 3 - 4). Debris-flow contains sediments usually exceeding 60 percent by volume. Debris-flow deposits commonly are poorly sorted and have broad distributions of grain size. The mean grain size of the non-gravel fraction commonly ranges from about 1 mm to more than 4 mm (very coarse sand to pebbles). Hyperconcentrated streamflows have sediment concentrations that range between 20 and 60 percent by volume. The resulting deposits commonly are massive to slightly laminated and have a narrower distribution of grain sizes; the mean grain size commonly ranges from about 0.25 mm to 0.5 mm (medium to coarse sand). PHIVOLCS examined gravel and sand sized lahar material as porphyritic biotite-hornblende, quartz, latite pumice.

There are no studies to determine the actual thickness of lahar deposits at the project sites. Farmers at the project site in Barangay Mitla, Porac, Pampanga estimated the lahar deposit to be 15 meters (50 feet) thick. A borehole (BH-2) drilled by the BRS (2002) near a buried church at Barangay Mancatian encountered lahar deposits up to a depth of 10.5 meters (34.5 feet). At Barangay Telebanca, Concepcion, Tarlac, the lahar deposit is estimated between 4.5 to 9 meters (15 to 30 feet) thick. Hand-pumped wells at Barangay Carmencita, Floridablanca penerated lahar deposits to a depth of more than 6 meters (20 feet).

3.2.2 Natural Hazards

The project area is susceptible to seismic, volcanic and hydrologic hazards

Seismic Hazards

The hazard directly associated with earthquakes at the Project area is intense ground shaking and ground rupture. In general, the intensity of ground shaking is magnitude-dependent, and gradually decreases with distance from the source. Difference in ground conditions, however, may cause deviations from this expected norm, particularly in areas underlain by recent alluvium.

Ground Acceleration

The Project area is underlain by thick Quaternary alluvial deposits and recent lahar deposits. Under this condition, the ground conditions approximate that of soft soils based on the classification scheme developed by Fukushima and Tanaka (1990). Thenhaus and others (1994) calculated regional probabilistic estimate of ground shaking intensities based on a hypothetical earthquake with Ms 8.2 and with 10 percent probability of exceedance in 50 years. For any of the possible earthquake sources in the region, the estimated peak horizontal ground acceleration amplitude is 0.61g where g is the acceleration due to gravity (Figure 3 -5).

Ground Rupture

Ground rupture breaking and movement along an active fault trace could result to horizontal and/or vertical shifting of the ground. Damage can be severe for structures built within a narrow zone of active fault traces. For the July 1990 Luzon earthquake (Ms 7.8), the deformation zone was within 5 meters from the surface rupture (Daligdig and Besana, 1993).

Volcanic Hazards

The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991 produced large-scale destruction on its east and west flanks. Eruption-related hazards are ether direct or indirect in nature. In the project area, hazards produced directly by volcanic activity include airfall tephra and pyroclastic flows while indirect hazards are lahars and floods.

3-3 Environmental Baseline Condition

Airfall Tephra

Figure 3 – 6 is an isopach map of airfall tephra during the 12-15 June 1991 eruptions of Mount Pinatubo. Airfall tephra occurred as pumice rich coarse (400 microns) to very fine (50 to 70 microns) ash that was deposited in a west-southwest direction indicating the effect of typhoon Yunya that influenced the region from 14 –15 June 2001.

Lahar

Lahar, an Indonesian term, is simply defined as volcanic mudflows. It is a flowing mixture of volcanic debris and water. A lahar is an event and not a deposit, which is commonly identified. Surrounding Mount Pinatubo, lahars were caused primarily by remobilization of unstable pyroclastic flow deposits (Umbal et al, 1991). Lahar filled up major drainage systems of the Mount Pinatubo. This raises riverbeds and caused overbank spill, which became widespread and catastrophic. Figure 3 -7 is a map showing the areas covered by lahar deposits from 1991 to 1995.

Hydrologic Hazard

Flooding

The Central Luzon Plain is susceptible to flooding, even before the eruption of Mount Pinatubo. Torrential rains brought by storm “Diding” and typhoon “Yunya” during the 14 – 15 eruptions produced five modes of flooding activity (Javelosa, 1994): in-channel, interchannel, overbank spill, sheetflood and deltaic flood. In-channel and overbank spills, which were concurrent with lahar, were the most destructive flooding activity. Interchannel and sheet floods occurred in areas where enormous ashfall tephra clogged remnants of distributary channels and depressions. Near Pampanga Bay, fine laharic debris chocked river mouths and tidal inlets producing deltaic floods.

3.2.3 Pedology

The lahar deposits of Mount Pinatubo affected most of the sugar cane fields in Pampanga and Tarlac. Lahar deposits are predominantly sand (75%) with subordinate silt (18%) and only 3% clay. It has a pH of 4.50 (Table 1-12 in Annex 3). Organic matter content is very low (0.10%) and a total nitrogen content of 0.004%. The phosphorus and potassium contents are 4.3 ppm (Olsen P) and 0.012 me/100g K, respectively. Because of the low nutrient status and low cation exchange capacity (CEC) of only 0.427 me/100g, lahar is considered an inert medium for plant growth and lahar-laden fields have stayed untilled for crop growing. However, several plant species have gradually colonized the areas through the years thus adding organic matter to the fields. For example, after more than 10 years the original Angeles fine sand in Floridablanca, Pampanga, is now characterized by the researchers of LAREC to have pH 5.6, organic matter of 1.5%, 61 ppm P and 134 ppm exahngeable K (Table 1-9 Annex 3 of Volume II).

The “soil” in the lahar-laden sugarcane fields in Floridablanca and elsewhere in the province are still predominantly sandy loam. At present, the areas that have been applied by septage and which are planted to sugar cane are found to provide adequate nourishment to both plant canes and ratoon canes as suggested by the green and healthy-looking plants even at the height of the summer months. Application of septage/sludge on the lahar-laden fields had slightly improved the pH, organic matter content and the essential elements such as P and K (Annex 4 of Volume II).

3-4 Environmental Baseline Condition

Septage/sludge contain detectable concentration of lead and cadmium as well as other metals, however the lahar-laden soil which were dumped with sewage suggest levels that are below the limit of 5 ppm set by DENR. Even the soil samples that have not been applied with septage/sludge suggest the presence of lead. The analysis of soil and sugar cane tissues collected from the treated field sites showed that the incorporation of sugar mill wastes e.g. bagasse and mudpress, did not only improve growth and yield of sugar cane but also retained the low levels of metal uptake by the plants. Independent studies by the project leader and some students on uptake of heavy metals have also shown that the addition of compost to the soil with heavy metals tend to minimize uptake by forest species and leafy vegetable such as pechay.

The lahar soil has been found to be able to support sugarcane growth during the summer months especially when septage is applied. Other broad leaf species that are relatives of economic food crops have also started to grow in the lahar-laden fields implying the already suitable environment for crop growing in the areas. In the septage-applied areas, which were not yet planted, seedlings of water melon, tomato and musk melons are found. These seedlings are inherent in septage. From the soil conditions and the vegetation that were observed to colonize and grow in the septage-treated lahar fields, it can be surmised that the particular treated soil is already fit for planting agricultural crops.

Lahar Physical and Chemical Properties

Physical Properties

The location and approximate coordinates of the sampling stations are given in Table 3-1 of Volume II and Figure 3-8. These sampling stations were identified from sites already applied with septage.

Field infiltration tests conducted at the four sites revealed infiltration rates ranging from 11 centimeters per hour (cm/hr) measured at Panipuan, San Fernando, Pampanga to 92 cm/hr determined at Carmencita, Floridablanca, Pampanga. The USDA classified these infiltration rates as moderate to very rapid. Laboratory analysis of undisturbed soil core samples indicated hydraulic conductivity values that vary from 1.1 x 10-3 to 4.0 x 10-2 centimeters per second (cm/sec). These values are considered by USDA as fast to very fast. Table 3-2 of Volume II shows the infiltration rate and hydraulic conductivity of lahar soils at the project sites.

Chemical Properties

Results of the laboratory analysis for eight soil samples collected in March 2004 suggested the presence of two heavy metals, cadmium and lead (Volume II Table 3 - 3).

Additional laboratory analyses for the chemical properties of lahar soils at the project sites are shown in Table 3 – 4 of Volume II. The lahar soils at Telebanca, Panipuan and Carmencita are acidic (pH<6.6), whereas the lahar soil from Mitla is alkaline (> 7.4). Cation Exchange Capacities (CEC), except for soil samples at Carmencita (0-10 cm) and at Mitla (below 20 cm), are low at <29 meq/100g (FAO-UNDP). This indicates low fertility status of soil.

3.2.4 Meteorology

The meteorological condition of the project sites is described in the following sections using climatological data obtained from observations at the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) at , station. Rainfall data however, were derived from PAGASA stations in Sta. Rita, Porac, , and San Fernando, Pampanga. These stations were considered with due consideration to its proximity to the project sites and availability of data. Table 3 –5 of Volume II shows the approximate distance of these stations relative to the project sites.

3-5 Environmental Baseline Condition

Climate

The climate of Pampanga and Tarlac belongs to Type 1 of the modified Coronas Classification of Philippine Climates as presented in Figure 3 - 9. This type is characterized by two pronounced seasons, dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year.

Rainfall Characteristics

Monthly and Annual Rainfall

Precipitation events were recorded by gages of specific locations. The raingage network provided a measure of the time distribution of gross precipitation. The resulting data permitted the determination of the frequency and character of precipitation events in the vicinity of the project sites. Point-precipitation data were gathered in the province of Pampanga particularly those located at the same climatic condition. The monthly and annual rainfall values in millimeters (mm) of four rainfall stations are presented in Table 3-6 of Volume II.

The mean annual rainfall at the project sites is between 2,000 – 2,100 mm (Table 3 – 7 of Volume II). August is the rainiest month with a mean monthly rainfall of 466.6 mm while the driest month is February with mean monthly rainfall of 5.3 mm. The amount of rainfall normally subsides during the month of November with an average number of 8 rainy days. Beginning the month of May, however, the amount of rainfall increases substantially which normally last until October.

Rainfall – Intensity – Duration – Frequency Data

Rainfall extreme value in terms of intensity, duration and frequency is one of the most important hydrometeorological information required in the feasibility study, planning and design of hydrological and related projects. The problem of sedimentation and silting in rivers, irrigation canals and of dams is due to erosion. Since rainfall is a major causative factor in the erosion of soil, the effective control and management of erosion ought to take a serious consideration of rainfall intensity, frequency and duration.

The rainfall-intensity-duration-frequency data of a rainfall station can only be obtained if it has an automatic recorder that would record for short duration (5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, etc.).

There are four (4) rainfall stations previously operated and maintained by PAGASA that are located in the provinces of Pampanga and Tarlac. These are in Cansinala, ; Sta. Cruz, Porac; and San Agustin, Pampanga and Hacienda Luisita, San Miguel, Tarlac. The extreme rainfall value of each rainfall values with specified duration were fitted with Gumbel Type I distribution. Extreme values and their corresponding probabilities in terms of the frequency of their recurrences and occurrences are shown in Tables 3-8 to 3-11 of Volume II.

Temperature

Temperatures in Pampanga and Tarlac are typical of lowland locations in many parts of the country. The warmest months are April and May with mean temperature of 29.0°C and 29.5°C, respectively. January is the coolest month with mean temperature of 25.7°C. Mean annual temperature is 27.5°C.

Wind

Two dominant wind regimes are visible: a northeasterly trend from October to February and a southerly trend from June to September. Southeasterly winds were also observed during months of March to April. The mean annual wind speed is 2 meters per second (m/s). Average monthly winds are strongest in the

3-6 Environmental Baseline Condition month of December at 3 m/s and stable for the rest of the months at 1 to 2 m/s. Winds from the northeast are generally stronger than those from other directions.

Typhoon Frequency

The frequency of typhoon passage within 50 km from the project site is relatively low. Based on unpublished studies of PAGASA, this frequency is estimated to have 5 typhoon passages every 3 years. The typhoon frequency map is shown in Figure 3 - 10.

3.2.5 Air Quality and Noise Level

Air Quality

The observed TSP concentrations sampled at these stations are tabulated in Table 3 – 12 of Volume II. The concentrations of the pollutants were compared with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for source specific air pollutants for one-hour monitoring. This is in accordance with DENR Administrative Order 2000-81, the Implementing Rules and Regulations for RA 8749 (Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999). The three highest TSP concentrations recorded during the monitoring period are 533.1 ug/Ncm at station A16, 450.5 ug/Ncm at station A8, and 415.9 ug/Ncm at station A1. The average TSP concentrations measured in Floridablanca, Mexico and Angeles City, Pampanga are well within the prescribed limit of 300 μg/Ncm. However, the measured average TSP concentration in Porac and San Fernando, Pampanga, and Concepcion, Tarlac slightly exceeded the standard. This exceedance can be attributed to the nature of the lahar materials present in all sampling stations. Sampling was conducted during dry period which significantly contributed to the excessive movement of lahar particles in the project areas.

Noise Level

The results of the daytime noise level monitoring area also shown in Table 3 – 12 of Volume II. The highest average noise level recorded was 69.5 dBA at Mexico, Pampanga station, followed by 66.5 dBA at Angeles station; 65.5 dBA at Porac station; 63.5 dBA at Floridablanca station; 59.5 dBA at San Fernando station; and 56.0 dBA at Concepcion, Tarlac station. When compared with NPCC daytime noise level standard (Table 3 – 12 of Volume II) for residential areas, all stations fail to meet the 55 dBA noise level standard. When compared with the 65 dBA limit for commercial areas, the Floridablanca, San Fernando and Concepcion, Tarlac stations complied with the standard. The other three stations (Porac, Mexico, and Angeles) slightly exceeded the 65 dBA limit. Among the major contributors of noise in the locality that were noted during the monitoring period were the passing vehicles, blowing of wind, and sounds created by domestic animals and insects.

The environmental quality standards for noise in general areas are presented in Table 3 – 13 of Volume III.

3.2.6 Hydrogeology

The project sites, which are located in the Central Luzon provinces of Pampanga and Tarlac, exhibit similar hydrogeological conditions. Prior to the Mount Pinatubo eruption and subsequently the lahar events, the hydrogeological condition at the project sites is characterized by shallow (<30 m) alluvial deposit aquifers with varying yields form 2 liters per second (lps) to more than 20 lps. Groundwater movement is entirely intergranular. The major lahars that occurred shortly after the Mount Pinatubo eruption in June 1991 until 1995 deposited pyroclastic materials of more than 10 meters in some areas (e.g. Barangay Mancatian, Porac, Pampanga). Information gathered during the well inventory near the project sites revealed that despite the presence of the younger lahar deposits, groundwater abstraction is

3-7 Environmental Baseline Condition still confined in the older alluvial deposits. Lahar deposits, which are predominantly sand-sized sediments, have moderate to high hydraulic conductivities that allows groundwater movement with relative ease. Although geotechnical boreholes indicated saturated conditions exist in lahar soils, groundwater yields in this formation could still be limited due to its limited extent.

Hydrogeologic Units

The major hydrogeological units in the project area coincide with the Quaternary Alluvial Deposits and the Lahar Deposits. These units are described under Section 3.2.1.2 - Geology.

Groundwater Occurrence

Groundwater in the project area occurs in interstices of the alluvial and lahar deposits. A borehole (BH-1) drilled by BRS (2002) at Barangay Cabangbangan, Bacolor, Pampanga indicated saturated condition in lahar deposits 2 meters below ground surface (mbgs). In BRS BH-2, saturated condition was logged at the base of the lahar deposit 10.5 mbgs.

Groundwater movement through these media is largely intergranular. The National Water Resources Council (NWRC) rapid assessment of water supply of Pampanga and Tarlac provinces in 1982 classified the project areas as shallow well areas. These areas have well depths that are within 20 meters (Figure 3 - 11 and 3-12). Average static water levels range from 1.8 mbgs in Concepcion, Tarlac to 11 mbgs in Angeles City (NWRC, 1982).

Aquifer Properties

The Quaternary Alluvial Deposits constitute the main aquifer in the project region. The full thickness of this aquifer is unknown. At Sta.Ana, Pampanga, the alluvial deposit persists to a depth of 400 meters.

In 1981, NWRC conducted groundwater resources investigations in the provinces of Pampanga and Tarlac. Using the geo-resistivity method correlated with well logs, NWRC were able to determine the different subsurface horizons and classified these as either good of poor aquifers. Good aquifers were interpreted as having measured resistivity values between 20 to 250 ohm-meter. It composed of 70% gravel and sand and 30% clay. Good aquifer horizons from 2 to more than 200 mbgs were interpreted from resistivity sounding stations in Floridablanca, Porac and Angeles City in Pampanga and in Concepcion, Tarlac. These areas are located on the western side of the plain. Poor aquifers, on the other hand, have lower resistivity values from 10 to 20 ohm-meter. This aquifer consists of 70% clay and 30% gravel and sand. Poor aquifers were interpreted from resistivity sounding points in the eastern side of Pampanga at Mexico, , San Simon, San Luis and . At Tarlac, low resistivity values were measured in San Clemente and . Due to the complex mode of deposition of materials, high yielding wells are also likely to abound in poor aquifer areas. Impermeable clay formations may occur only as numerous lenses which do not completely affect the permeability of the aquifer. Saline affected aquifers were encountered in , , Bacolor, , , and Sexmoan.

Well Inventory

A well inventory was conducted in the Project sites from 23 - 24 March and 24-25 September 2004. However, very limited well data were collected. Four (4) irrigation wells, one of which was dry, were surveyed at the application site in Barangay Mitla, Porac. Interviews with farmers revealed that the wells were constructed starting year 2002. The wells vary from 24 to 45 meters (80 to 150 feet) deep. Air lift test conducted on one of the wells yielded 6.5 liters per second (lps). Shallow hand-pump wells were observed at the project site in Barangay Carmencita, Floridablanca. One of the wells is 6 meters (20 feet) deep and is use for domestic purposes. At Barangay Panipuan, San Fernando, Pampanga, a hand-pump well, about 7.5 meters (25 feet) deep was inspected at the residence of the Barangay chairman. The shallow well, about 30 years old is use for domestic purpose. A motor-driven well 18 meters (60 feet)

3-8 Environmental Baseline Condition irrigates a rice and vegetable field of the Barangay Chairmain. Constructed in May 2004, the well discharges 15 lps. At Barangay Telebanca, Concepcion, Tarlac, a hand-pump well was located about 500 meters from the project site. The well is about 30.5 meters (100 feet) deep and is also use for domestic needs. Table 3-14 the location, coordinates, type, and reported depth of inventoried wells. Figure 3-13 shows the location and photographs of the inventoried wells in relation to the application sites at San Fernando – Angeles – Mexico area. The locations and photographs of wells at Porac and Floridablanca, Pampanga and at Concepcion, Tarlac are shown in Figures 2-2 to 2-4.

Table 3 -15 is a water well data summary of project areas taken from the NWRC Rapid Assessment of Water Supply Sources (1982).

3.2.7 Surface Water Hydrology

The project sites located in Telabanca, Concepcion, Tarlac is within the Pampanga River basin. Specifically, it is near the Sacobia-Bamban River, which is one of the tributaries that drains to the Pampanga River.

The application sites in Pampanga are situated in two (2) river basins namely; Caulaman and Guagua. The application site at Mitla, Porac, Pampanga is within the Pasig-Potrero basin and near the Porac River. Porac and Pasig-Potrero rivers are tributaries of Guagua River. The site in Floridablanca is located in barangay Carmencita and is situated between Gumain and Caulaman rivers. Gumain River is one of the tributaries of Guagua River while Caulaman River flows directly to Pampanga bay. The remaining sites are situated in various barangays of the municipalities of San Fernando, Mexico and Angeles City. The sites at Mining, Angeles City, and Suclaban, Culubasa and Malino, Mexico, are on the right side of Abacan River (facing downstream) while the remaining are near the small creeks and rivulets located within the three (3) municipalities. Abacan River and these creeks discharge its waters into Guagua River.

Mean Monthly Streamflow

The identified application sites of the septage/sludge are located within three (3) major river basins; the Caulaman river, Guagua river and Pampanga river, one of the principal river basins of the country. Within these three (3) river basins are six (6) rivers namely: Porac, Caulaman, Gumain, Pasig-Potrero, Sacobia- Bamabn and Abacan. The Sacobia-Bamban River at 130 sq.km is the largest drainage basin in the study area. The location of the pre-lahar streamflow measurement stations and period of record of the six (6) rivers is presented in Table 3 – 16 of Volume II.

The mean monthly flows of gaged rivers are based on years of records as shown in Table 3 – 17 of Volume II. High mean monthly flows occur from July to September with the highest mean in August computed at Gumain River (24.64 m3/sec).

As mentioned earlier, Abacan and Sacobia-Bamban rivers have no historical streamflow records. A basin- factor ratio method was used to estimate the mean monthly flow of the aforementioned rivers. The Abacan river was correlated with Porac River while Sacobia - Bamban River was estimated using the data from Parua River at San Nicolas, Bamban, Tarlac to determine their mean monthly flow. The higest mean monthly flow computed for Abacan River is 5.7 m3/sec (August) and is 12.75 m3/sec (October) for Sacobia-Bamban River. The results of the basin-factor ratio method for the two rivers are shown in Table 3 – 18 of Volume II.

It must be emphasized that the hydrological behavioral characteristics including the hydraulic and geomorphic behavior of the above-mentioned rivers (both gaged and ungaged) before the Mt. Pinatubo eruption is entirely different from the pre-eruption scenario. It has been observed that most if not all gaged rivers were abandoned sometime in 1970 and some were re-established in different locations sometime in 1985 but was again abandoned in early 1990. The reason is probably due to instability of the gaging

3-9 Environmental Baseline Condition station, uncontrolled cross- sections, frequent washed out of staff gages, which would result to unreliable rating curve (stage-discharge relationship).

Streamflow Measurements

As previously mentioned, some monitoring stations were relocated and re-established in different locations within the three (3) river basins. This is probably due to the difficulty of establishing a reliable rating curve from the original locations. For Porac River, the gaging station was re- established in two (2) locations, one (1) in Nasudeco, Floridablanca and the other in Poblacion Porac, Pampanga sometime in early 2003 while for Pasig-Potrero, it was moved to Mancatian, Porac sometime in 1994. A gaging station was also established at San Francisco, Concepcion, Tarlac sometime in late 1993 but was recommended for abandonment in late 1994 due to abnormal hydrological behaviour. The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo sometime in June 1991 has a big influence in the hydrological behaviour of river systems in Tarlac, Pampanga and Zambales provinces. Due to the eruption, pyroclastic materials or lahar materials were deposited at the slope of Mt. Pinatubo were detached and transported by floodwaters whenever heavy rainfall occurs or during inclement weather condition to low-lying areas and river channels. Rivers were heavily silted in a very short period of time reducing its capacity to accommodate big floods. Some rivers changed its course while some rivers/creeks were pirated and discharged its waters to another river system.

Actual discharge measurements were conducted on the newly established and re-established gaging stations of different river systems. The higest daily streamflow was measured at Pasig-Potrero River (river section area = 28.125 m3/sec) on 25 September 1994. The summaries of discharge measurements at Porac River, Sacobia-Bamban River and Paisg-Potrero River are shown in Volume II Tables 3 –19 to 3 - 22.

Flood Peak and Volume

For any flood estimation problem, it is necessary to specify the return period or the probability of flood being considered. In practice, it is often useful to construct a curve relating the size of the flood to its probability of occurrence. Such curve is called a flood frequency curve.

A point-flood frequency analysis was performed for gaged rivers near the application sites. The historical annual flood peak series were used in the analysis. On the other hand a Regional Flood Frequency analysis was used to come-up with a flood frequency curve for ungaged rivers. The historical peak flow data was fitted to a known probability distribution function using Gumbel’s Extremal Distribution. The annual peak flow series of rivers within the Project area shown in Table 3 - 23 of Volume II were subjected to flood frequency analysis to determine the magnitude of flood at various recurrence interval. The results of the analyses are summarized in Table 3 – 24 of Volume II and are graphically shown in Annex 5.

A Regional Flood Frequency analysis was used to determine the flood magnitude at various return periods of ungaged rivers, namely, the Sacobia-Bamban and Abacan rivers. The method involves the following procedure:

• Estimation of Mean Annual Flood (MAF) • Estimation of flood values with corresponding return periods

The MAF is determined by pooling all the annual flood series of gaged rivers within the Water Resources Region No. 3 (Central Luzon) taking into consideration the homogeneity of the data observed, climate type, response to the climatologic and hydrologic inputs and size of the drainage areas. The results are given in Table 3-25 of Volume II and are also graphically shown in Annex 5.

3-10 Environmental Baseline Condition

Water Balance Analysis

The application sites fall under the Type I modified Coronas climate type classification. This climate type has two (2) pronounced seasons; dry from November to April and wet from May to October.

The annual rainfall at the application site is about 2,034.25 millimeters. This was obtained using the mean value of the four (4) rainfall stations in the province of Pampanga. The mean monthly rainfall estimated at the application sites is given in Table 3-26 of Volume II.

The monthly and annual evapotranspiration data at Pampanga Agricultural College Agro-Met Station will be used in the water balance analysis since there is no significant variation on the location and topography and considering also its proximity from the sites to the Agro-met stations. The value of evapotranspiration is 1,709.00. The monthly evatranspiration data of the project site is presented in Table 3-27 of Volume II.

The mean monthly flow of rivers near the application sites were converted into runoff depth in millimeters to be consistent with the units of rainfall, evapotranspiration and infiltration rate and is shown in Table 3- 28 of Volume II. The enclosed value was subjected by the baseflow assumed to be 37.30 mm, will increase during rainy, and will gradually decrease at the on set at dry season.

In the absence at actual data on infiltration rate it is assumed that between 5-15% at the rainfall will infiltrate the lahar soils considering that it has a porosity at 35% and the materials are unconsolidated and has a nearly level topography. The infiltration rate will however vary depending on the climatic and meteorologic condition especially during wet season. Based on this assumption the monthly infiltration rate is shown in Table 3 – 29 of Volume II.

The general equation of water balance will take the form:

I – O = 4S where: I input (rainfall) O output (runoff, evatranspiration, infiltration) 4S change in storage

The results of the water balance analysis would indicate that in most of the months of the year, there is a deficit of water supply especially during the dry months. This would also show that during dry months infiltration rate decreases while evapotranspiration increases. This could be attributed to the rate of moisture content depletion from the river basins where the application sites are located under specified meteorological conditions, which is roughly proportional to the amount in storage. In other words, the moisture will decrease logarithmically with time during periods of no precipitation.

The implication of the results at the water balance calculation on the sludge/septage as a soil conditioner on surface water and groundwater could be approximated vaguely with greater uncertainty. During dry season infiltration may play an important factor but with less rainfall and increase evapotranspiration, there may be an insignificant effect. During the wet season, infiltrated water may percolate further to the groundwater aquifers but this can be filtrated by the pores of the unconsolidated lahar materials before reaching the groundwater reservoir. The result of the monthly water balance calculation is shown in Table 3-30.

The water balance represents the crude approximation of the hydrologic regime of the disposal sites. The difference between input (rainfall) and output (runoff, evatranspiration, infiltration, etc.) may be attributed to the different length of observations of hydrometeorologic parameters and assumption of infiltration rate of the application area.

3-11 Environmental Baseline Condition

It is therefore recommended that in order to improve the reliability/ accuracy of estimate a lysimeter or ring infiltrometers and raingage will be installed in the area. The observation period of these instruments should be at least 15 years in order to arrive at a realistic conclusion.

Applicability of Historical Streamflow Path to the Current Situation

As mentioned earlier, gaging station network established within Pampanga and Tarlac provinces were either abandoned or relocated in different locations within two (2) provinces. It is also mentioned that the reason is probably due to the instability of the gaging station, frequent washed out of the staff gage which would result to unreliable rating curve (stage-discharge relationship).

A single measurement river discharge is at limited use to the hydrologist or to the hydrological community; continuous monitoring of the river flow is essential for assessing water availability and as a basis of water management studies.

As per information from the Hydrology Section, Research and Development Division, BRS, most of gaging stations in lahar area have questionable data, more data points are scattered which will not give an exact representation of the real stage-discharge relationship. The stage-discharge (rating curve) will be the basis for obtaining daily, monthly and year flow at a river. Although there are data currently at the BRS but are deferred for processing/ evaluation due to the above reasons. Although there are actual streamflow measurements conducted in Porac and Sacobia-Bamban Rivers but as previously mentioned these will not suffice in the establishment of rating curve, which would be the basis for determining daily streamflow data. The other major factor for deferment of the data is the occasional-depositional characteristic of river which would change its course causing a systematic observational errors. As a result in the absence of updated reliable data historical streamflow records (since the start of monitoring) will have to be utilized for this particular project, to show the over-all picture at the hydrological behavior of the existing river systems. It is assumed that future flows (after abandonment) will be statistically similar to the part using stochastic method.

3.2.8 Water and Sediment Quality Surveys

The water and sediment quality surveys were undertaken to assess the present physico-chemical conditions of the aquatic (freshwater) systems and other water bodies in the Project areas in Pampanga and Tarlac, which the septic/sewage sludge disposal for productivity improvement of lahar for sugarcane growing is being proposed.

The baseline surveys focused on the basic physico-chemical, nutrient load and bacteriological conditions of the water, and on the chemical contaminants such as heavy metals, pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in water and sediment.

The study is just a snapshot survey conducted during the dry season on 23-24 March 2004. Thus, the results only show a snapshot characterization of the study area during the time of sampling and do not represent the comprehensive picture of the physical and chemical characteristics of the aquatic systems surveyed. Also, during the survey almost all the major river systems within the study area were totally dry although in some rivers (e.g. in Gumain River at Barangay Carmencita) a very low water was confined within small river channels. Therefore, the choice of the sampling stations during this dry season were dictated by the presence of available water that can be sampled in the river systems and other water bodies which are located adjacent to the test sites.

3-12 Environmental Baseline Condition

Physico-Chemical and Water Quality Parameters

Water Quality

Four stations were sampled for water and sediment in freshwater bodies within the project area in the vicinity of Brgys. Carmencita (Floridablanca, Pampanga), Panipuan (San Fernando, Pampanga), Mitla (Porac, Pampanga) and Telabanca (Concepcion, Tarlac). The locations, approximate distance to test site, coordinates, and parameters including date/time collected for each sampling station are indicated in Table 3–31 of Volume II. Figure 3-14 shows the location of water quality sampling stations. Photographs of the sampling stations are attached in Annex 6.

The basic physico-chemical and water quality parameters observed in all the stations sampled during the survey is shown in Table 3-32 of Volume II. Supplemental sampling and analyses have to be conducted to establish a baseline for nitrate levels in groundwater. Nitrate is usually introduced into groundwater through widespread or diffuse sources which include leaching of chemical fertilizer, leaching of animal manure and groundwater pollution from septic and sewage discharges.

Nitrate is the most common form of nitrogen found in water. In water, nitrate has no taste or scent and can only be detected through a chemical test. The acceptable limit for nitrate in potable water according to the - - Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water is 50 mg/l and 3 mg/l for nitrogen as NO3 and NO2 , respectively. The nitrate level in most ambient groundwater in the Philippines is, generally much less than 1 mg/L. Therefore, the presence of nitrate in groundwater greater than 3 mg/L usually reflects the impact of human activities on groundwater quality.

Temperature

The water temperature ranged from 30oC at Station L4 (Pond) to 34oC at Station L2 (Panipuan Creek). These temperature values recorded for this survey are attributed to the effects of the onset of the dry summer season and also to the time of sampling.

Dissolved Oxygen

The dissolved oxygen (DO) varied widely among stations sampled, which ranged from 4.3 to 12.0 mg/L. The lowest DO was recorded at Station L2 (Panipuan Creek), which was slightly below the standard level of 5 mg/L for Class C waters (the best usage of which is for fishery water for the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources), but above the standard level of 3 mg/L for Class D waters (the best usage of which is for agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering, etc.). This low concentration obtained at this station was probably due to lowering of oxygen solubility with increased temperature. The highest DO concentration was observed at Station L3 (Fishpond), followed by Station L1 (Gumain River, 6.8 mg/L) and Station L4 (Pond, 6.2 mg/L). The relatively high DO concentration at Station L3 (Fishpond) was probably due to high primary (phytoplankton) productivity.

Hydrogen-ion Concentration or pH

The stations sampled had higher pH values obtained ranging from 7.47 to 8.39, well within the normal limits for marine/estuarine and river waters. The values obtained were also well within the DENR water quality standard for pH in Class C and Class D types of water bodies which is 6.5 to 8.5 and 6.9 to 9.0, respectively.

Phosphate and Total Phosphorus

3-13 Environmental Baseline Condition

The highest phosphate concentration was obtained at Station L2 (Panipuan Creek, 47 mg/L). All the rest of the sampling stations had relatively low phosphate levels that ranged from 4.1 mg/L at Station L1 (Gumain River) to 6.4 mg/L at Station L4 (Pond).

Total phosphorus on the other hand ranged from 2,160 to 3,260 mg/L and was also highest at Station L2 (Panipuan Creek). Discharge of raw untreated wastewater that contains detergents, human wastes, and animal wastes could be the possible sources of these high nutrient levels at Station L2 (Panipuan Creek). Lower values were obtained at Station L1 (Gumain River; 2,490 mg/L) and Station L4 (Pond; 2,160 mg/L). The unconsumed feeds and fecal matter of fish stock inside the fishpond at Station L3 contribute to relatively high nutrient loading and enrichment of the fishpond.

3-14 Environmental Baseline Condition

Oil & Grease

The highest oil & grease level was obtained at Station L1 (Gumain River, 3.3 mg/L), followed by Station L2 (Panipuan Creek, 2.6 mg/L). These levels were generally above the minimum limit of 2mg/L criterion of DENR for Class C waters. Only Station L4 (Pond, < 2.0 mg/L) conformed to this standard.

Total and Fecal Coliforms (Surface and Groundwater)

Higher total coliform counts was obtained at Station L2 (Panipuan Creek, 1.6 x 106 MPN/100 mL), which were well above the standard level of 5,000 MPN/100 mL for Class C waters. The lower counts were recorded at Station L1 (Gumain River; 2,000 MPN/100 mL) and Station L4 (Pond; 1,300 MPN/100 mL).

Fecal coliform (Escherichia coli) counts that are mostly associated with human and animals wastes, on the other hand, was also higher at Station L2 (Panipuan Creek, 1.6 x 106 MPN/100 mL). The lower counts were also obtained at Station L1 (Gumain River; 2,000 MPN/100 mL) and Station L4 (Pond, 400 MPN/100 mL). There was no standard value set for fecal coliform for Class C or Class D waters.

The high total/fecal coliform level obtained at Station L2 (Panipuan Creek) was found close to human settlement. The high bacterial load may be attributed mainly to domestic organic wastes generated from households that discharge directly to the water body or to the drainage systems. These discharges also include sewage, piggery, poultry and other animal wastes.

Information on total and fecal coliform concentrations for groundwater in monitoring wells at Pampanga and Tarlac (see Figure ES-1) are available from studies conducted by MWCI and Intertek Testing Services Philippines, Inc. for the project. Results of the laboratory analyses are summarized in Table 3-33. The studies show that the highest concentrations of total and fecal coliforms (23 x 105 and 30 x 104 MPN/100mL, respectively) for groundwater were found in Mitla (Porac). High values were also found in Carmencita and Larec (Floridablanca) and Concepcion (Tarlac). These suggest local sources of these contaminants.

Chemical Contaminants

Heavy Metals (Sediment, Surface and Groundwater)

Arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) were analyzed in all sampling stations. Results are summarized in Table 3-34 of Volume II for water and sediment samples analyzed.

Of the 5 metals analyzed, only Cd was detected in all of the water samples, but generally low, which ranged from 0.01 to 0.009 mg/L. The highest concentrations obtained were found at Station L2 (Panipuan Creek) and Station L4 (Pond), while the lowest concentrations was found at Station L1 (Gumain River). DENR Class C and Class D bodies of water are required to maintain Cd concentration up to or below 0.01 and 0.05 mg/L, respectively.

The concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Pb and Hg in the sediment samples were not detected in all stations sampled, except in a particular area at Station L2 (Panipuan Creek) where relatively high concentrations of Cr (14.0 mg/Kg) and Pb (3.7 mg/Kg) were detected in the samples. The detection limits for the laboratory method used were 0.04 mg/Kg for Cr and 0.06 mg/Kg for Pb. The Cr and Pb concentrations in riverine sediments at Station L2 (Panipuan Creek) suggest an influence of human activity on the present levels of these metals in the area.

Information on metal concentrations (As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni and Hg) for groundwater samples of monitoring wells from Pampanga and Tarlac are available from studies conducted by MWCI and Intertek Testing

3-15 Environmental Baseline Condition

Services Philippines, Inc. for the project (see Figure ES-1). Results of the laboratory analyses are summarized in Table 3 – 35 of Volume II.

Among the 6 heavy metals analyzed, only Cd and Pb were detected in the deepwell water samples taken from 9 sampling sites. Concentrations of Cd ranged from not detectable to 0.044 mg/L, with the higher concentrations measured in samples from Larec (Floridablanca), Porac (Pampanga-1) and Concepcion (Tarlac). The detected values of Cd were all above the 0.003 mg/L limit of PNSDW for drinking water. Pb concentrations, on the other hand, ranged from not detectable to 0.776 mg/L. Higher values were generally found in samples from Carmencita (Floridablanca), Larec (Floridablanca-RDW) and Mancatian (Mitla, Porac). The detected values of Pb were all above the 0.01 mg/L limit of PNSDW for drinking water. Surprisingly, results of the analysis also show that all the metal parameters analyzed were found generally not detectable in samples from Concepcion-2 (Tarlac), suggesting that the groundwater at this particular area is at present not contaminated with metals.

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Water, Sediment)

Water and sediment samples from Station L2 (Panipuan Creek) were not detected for Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (i.e., below the detection limits).

Organochlorine Pesticides (Water, Sediment)

OCPs were not detected in all of the water and sediment samples analyzed (i.e., below the detection limits).

Organophosphorus Pesticides (Water, Sediment)

Similarly, OPPs were not detected both in water and sediment in all stations sampled (i.e., below the detection limits).

Laboratory results for PCBs, organochlorine pesticides and organophosphorus pesticides are shown in Annex7.

3.3 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

3.3.1 Aquatic Ecology Survey

The Aquatic Ecology Survey was undertaken to assess the present biological condition of the aquatic systems and other freshwater bodies in the “lahar”-laden areas of Pampanga and Tarlac, which the septic/sewage sludge disposal for productivity improvement of “lahar” for sugar cane growing is being proposed. This report aims to provide the following outputs:

• Species composition and abundance of plankton and soft-bottom benthos; • Information on the freshwater fishes and other aquatic life; and • Local fisheries and other uses of the aquatic systems.

The survey, conducted during the dry season on 23-24 March 2004, represents a snapshot of the biological conditions and the fishery resources present in the areas surveyed at the time of sampling. Thus, the results of the study cannot evaluate the effects of seasonality on the composition nor its abundance. The sampling is likewise limited to the available flooded aquatic systems during the summer season since almost all the nearby major river systems were totally dry during the survey.

3-16 Environmental Baseline Condition

Plankton

Phytoplankton

The species composition of the phytoplankton represented in the samples, its density and relative abundance per sampling station are shown in (Table 3-36 of Volume II). Since only one sampling episode was conducted, there is no temporal data to address seasonality in the variations of phytoplankton composition and population density at these stations.

The actual number of taxa comprising the phytoplankton considerably varies with the sampling station. The highest number of taxa was found at Station L2 (Panipuan Creek, 7 taxa) and Station L3 (Fishpond, 7 taxa), followed by Station L1 (Gumain River, 5 taxa) and Station L4 (Pond, only 4 taxa).

The characteristic phytoplankton at Station L2 (Panipuan Creek) are blue-green algae Polycystis and Nostoc and diatom Gyrosigma, with a number of other phytoplankton forms present. Polycystis and the green algae Scenedesmus, Selenastrum, Ankistrodesmus and Padiastrum are among the most abundant phytoplankton at Station L3 (Fishpond), with diatoms absent. Among the blue-green algae, Polycystis appear to be the most dominant at Station L1 (Gumain River), with a number of diatoms Gyrosigma and Nitzschia present while green algae absent. Station L1 (Gumain River), showed the same dominant forms. Polycystis was the chief blue-green algae, other forms Anabaena and Nostoc and the green alga Pediastrum were present but not abundant.

The blue-green algae (Cyanophyceae) were the most dominant phytoplankton in all stations representing between 74 and 99% (or an average of 85%) of the total plankton population, represented by the genera Polycystis, Anabaena and Nostoc. They were all found present in all stations. Polycystis was the most numerous representing between 58 and 98% of the total plankton population. The highest density of Polycystis was observed at Station L3 (Fishpond) with 9,300,000 cells/L, followed by Station L2 (Panipuan Creek) with 2,750,000 cells/L and Station L4 (Pond) with 2,100,000 cells/L. The lowest density was noted at Station L1 (Gumain River) with only 350,000 cells/L.

The most abundant phytoplankton counts were observed at Station L3 (Fishpond) with 12,694,900 cells/L, followed by Station L2 (Panipuan Creek) with 3,140,000 cells/L and Station L4 (Pond) with 2,140,000 cells/L. The very high phytoplankton populations at Station L3 (Fishpond) may be attributed to the high organic load and enrichment of the fishpond.

The relatively high phytoplankton productivity at Station L2 (Panipuan Creek) and Station L4 (Pond) may be due the standing water conditions, slow water flow and, in some instances, due to low water level. Studies have shown that phytoplankton population is at maximum during low waters while phytoplankton population is poor during floods (Egborge, 1974; Itis, 1982).

Conversely, the relatively low phytoplankton population observed at Station L1 (Gumain River) with only 600,000 cells/L may be due to higher flow rates observed at the time of sampling which prohibits the development of new plankton and rapidly suppressed any existing organisms discharged from the associated standing waters. The literatures on the plankton as reviewed by Welcomme (1983, 1985) confirm that phytoplankton is more in the still (lentic) waters of the river system than in running (lotic) waters.

Zooplankton

The overall plankton organisms were dominated by phytoplankton (99%). The zooplankton contributes only 1% of the total plankton collection (Volume II Table 3-36). Only two major taxonomic groups represented the zooplankton population. The most common were the ciliate Paramecium but never abundant (10,000- 20,000 cells/L). They were taken in all stations except at Station L3 (Fishpond) where

3-17 Environmental Baseline Condition they were found absent in the plankton samples. The copepod Nauplii ranked next but were found present only at one particular sampling point, Station L3 (Fishpond) with 10,000 indv/L.

Soft-Bottom Benthos

There were only 5 taxa of soft-bottom fauna identified from the samples collected at all stations (Table 3 – 37 of Volume II). The various animal groups were distributed in varying number of taxa- 1 taxon of oligochaetes, 1 taxon of mollusks and 3 taxa of insects.

The insects were the most abundant organisms collected comprising about 77 to 100% (average of 99%) of the total collection. The chironomids (non-biting midges/flies) of the order Diptera, represented by Chironomus larvae, were the most numerous insects observed at all stations comprising 67 to 95% followed by Chironomus nymphs (0- 5%). The chironomids are extremely diverse in habitat and may be found on almost any substratum in freshwater (as cited by Bryce and Hobart, 1971 – see Guide to freshwater Invertebrate Animals). Station L2 (Panipuan Creek) was noted to have the densest benthic fauna due to the very high abundance of chironomid larvae (23,844 indv/m2) and nymphs (1,289 indv/m2). Also, they were the only benthic animals found in the samples collected at this station.

Another group of insects found during the survey also belonging to the order Diptera were the ceratopogonid larvae (Ceratopogonidae – biting midges/flies), which were found only at Station L1 (Gumain River) and totally absent in all other stations.

At Station L4 (Pond), the next most numerous benthic organism (after Chironomus larvae) observed in the samples was the unidentified small gastropod mollusk (snail) belonging to the family Thiaridae that comprised about 18% of the total collection at this station. It was found totally absent in all other stations sampled. The occurrence of the snails is probably due to the sheltered area at this station characterized by “lahar” sediment and presence of aquatic plant life kangkong.

The oligochaetes, which feed principally on pieces of leaves and other vegetation, particles of matter, and soil (Engemann and Hegner, 1981) were mostly found at Station L3 (Fishpond) and Station L4 (Pond). The occurrence of oligochaetes is probably due to the general nature of the water bodies fringed with plants along its bank and characterized by a permanent standing waters or sheltered areas. Some oligochaetes are important in the diet of fishes and predatory invertebrates (Storer and Usinger, 1957).

Fisheries, Types of Aquatic Life and Other Uses

The survey revealed that Station L1 (Gumain River) support traditional riverine fishery. However, the fishery is dependent upon seasonal rainfall. Throughout the flood, fishing is very minimal or none at all. Low water is said to be the most productive for this river fishery. The fishery at the sampling site utilizes the use of locally made spear guns (pana), cast nets (dala), hook-and-lines (kawil) and electro-fishing (koryente). Fisherfolks in this river using electro-fishing method have indicated that usually the fish catch is predominated by tilapia. Such fishery, therefore, is only produced essentially for family consumption and that the inhabitants concerned have very little dependence on the riverine fishery. The quarrying of “lahar”sand for the building material/industry was also observed in the river. The river was almost dry at the time of the survey.

There was no reported fishing activity at Station L2 (Panipuan Creek). However, numerous small fish was observed during the sampling, presumably gambusia or mosquito fish.

The culture of tilapia in fertilized freshwater pond at Station L3 is already a one-year old aquaculture practice in the area. The area where the fishpond is located was never affected by the “lahar”, only ash fall. Water source in the fishpond is from groundwater by use of water pumps. The source of tilapia fingerlings is mainly from Arayat, Pampanga. The stocking density is about 45,000 fingerlings. Harvesting is usually done every 4 months. Periodic fish kills were reported to occur in the fishpond. These fish kills

3-18 Environmental Baseline Condition usually occur during warmer periods. High organic load which results in low dissolved oxygen, ammonia toxicity, presence of toxic metabolites and thermal changes which may cause “thermal shock” to fish are some of the probable causes of the fish kills. Periodic fish diseases were also reported to occur in the fishpond. Resident owner-fishpond operators describe the disease as “pumuputi ang mga palikpik.” The disease usually occurs during the rainy season.

Interviews conducted with one of the local residents revealed that Station L4 (Pond) support some occasional fishing activities. Such fishery can be best described as almost always subsistence and rarely produced a surplus for sale on the market and the individuals concerned have very little dependence on the fishery (Welcomme, 1983). Accordingly, some of the important fishes caught in the lagoon are tilapia, goby, snakehead and gourami. Numerous juvenile fishes were observed in the shallower areas of the pond. A lot of small snails (with its shells coated with green algae) on the sandy substrate were also noted in the area during the survey. The only aquatic plant life observed was kangkong. Quarrying of “lahar” sand was also observed at the adjacent Bamban River, which was totally dry at the time of the survey.

3.3.2 Terrestrial Ecology

Flora

The project area is not situated in an ecologically critical area like national parks in , Tarlac (Capas Death March Monument) and Arayat & Magalang, Pampanga (Mt. Arayat).

No quadrats sampling was done in the sampling sites for reason that most of the open cultivated areas are presently planted to sugarcane at the time of the field investigation. Also tilling is regularly undertaken, which resulted in the eradication of associated weeds. Observations conducted in the project sites showed uniform occurrence of plant species.

Based on ocular inspection, sugarcane is the dominant species. The weeds species encountered in the sugarcane plantation are mostly Talahib or Saccharum spontaneum, Imperata cylindrical, Themeda sp., Paspalum conjugatum, Carabao grass (Axonopus compressus), Ageratum conyzoides, Eleusine indica, and Datura metel. Other species which occurred in isolation along the perimeter boundaries of the cultivated areas are ipil-ipil trees (Leucaena leucocephala) and coconut (Cocos nucifera).

Floral species surveyed inside the sugarcane plantation can also be used as wood materials, food and medicine ingredients and ecological balance. Majority of the observed species are very common and widely distributed in the country. The species take the habit form of trees, shrubs, herbs, and grasses. No rare, endangered and threatened species of flora were observed or recorded in these lahar areas. The endemicity, distribution, ecological status and roles/uses of plants/species surveyed are shown in Table 3- 38 of Volume II.

Fauna

During the site investigation, a frog (Bufus marinus) has been observed. Few small rodents, probably household pests were also seen crossing the fields. Red ants especially Aphis maydis were observed colonizing a few broad leaf species found among the open grassy area. Table 3 - 39 of Volume II exhibits the faunal species observed and reported from the site visit.

No critical species of fauna were found inside the sugarcane plantation that will be impacted by the proposed project. All are ecologically important but common and widely distributed in the country.

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3.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

3.4.1 Socio-Economic Setting

Demography

The demographic data on the project site are in Table 3 – 40 of Volume II. Covered are five municipalities and cities in Pampanga and one in Tarlac. The Project site includes the municipalities of Floridablanca, Mexico and Porac and the cities of Angeles and San Fernando in Pampanga, and the municipality of Concepcion, Tarlac. The LGU constituting the project site have a total of 701,484 persons in 1990 and 876,54148,235 persons in 2000. Within the ten-year period, their population increased by 2.2% per year. Their population growth is only slightly lower than the national population growth of 2.3 percent. The growth rate widely varies among the LGU. Mexico is the fastest growing with 4.7% per year during the period. San Fernando follows at 3.5 percent. The lowest growth rate is in Angeles City with only 1.1% per year.

The 12 barangays where the project will be located have much lower combined growth rate than their cities and municipalities. Their aggregate population of 19,811 in 1990 grew to only 21,754 in 2000. The average growth rate during the period is 0.9 % per year. The variation of the growth rate among the barangays is also wider. While nine barangays have positive growth, three have negative growth. The highest growth rate registers in Molino, San Fernando with 8.3% per year. The lowest growth rate is in Telebanca, Concepcion where the population size shrinks by 35.5% per year. The extreme increase and decrease of population in these barangays stem from eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1992. The overflow of lahar into some barangays prompts people to move to other barangays considered safe. The result is the drastic reduction of population in some and expansion in others.

The cities/municipalities, where the application sites are located, have a combined land area of 972.1 square kilometers. The largest in land area is Porac with 343.1 square kilometers and the smallest is San Fernando with only 81.2 square kilometers. The average density in the project site is 901 persons per square kilometer. Such density is about four times the national density of 225 persons per square kilometer. But their density varies. The densest is Angeles City with 4,378 persons per square kilometer. The sparsest is Porac with 235 persons per square kilometer or four times less than the average for the whole project site.

The average household in the project site has 5.1 members. This is the same as the national average. The households are biggest in Concepcion, Tarlac with an average of 5.5 members. It is smallest is Angeles city with only 4.7 members. For each household size in the project site indicates the presence of three or four children. The number of children speaks of high fertility although it is comparable to the national average (Table 3-40 of Volume II).

The population in the project site is almost equally divided between male and female. There are 96 females for every 100 males. Its gender distribution can still be considered balanced. The variation among the population is slight although there are more males than females in all except in Angeles City. The city’s population is equally divided between male and female. The males are most dominant in Concepcion where they compose 52% of the population. Population movement has not drastically altered the gender ratio. The main reason for the ratio maintenance is the fact that many migrants move around with their household.

The young or persons whose age is below 15 years compose 36% of the population in the project site. Together with the aged or persons over 65 years old, the young are considered dependent on the economically active persons or persons from 15 to 65 years of age. The economically active adults compose 61% of the population in the project site. Such age distribution results to a dependency ratio of 64 dependents per 100 economically active adults. It means that almost every two economically working

3-20 Environmental Baseline Condition adult has one dependent to support. This ratio means a relatively light dependency burden. The dependency ratio is highest in Concepcion, Tarlac where every 100 economically active adults has 69 dependents. It is lowest in Angeles, San Fernando and Porac where there are only 61 dependents per 100 economically active adults.

Lower revenues limit the government’s capacity to expend on social services. The constraint on social services such as education restricts the development of better quality manpower. The quality of the manpower is seen on the educational attainment of the population. Among persons aged six years old and over in the project site, the education of 44% is at elementary level. Some 30% are in the high school level. Only 6% are in the college level. Persons with college degree constitute 8 percent. Among the LGU, the population of San Fernando is the most educated. Around 12% of its population have a college degree. Only 4% have no education. In contrast, only 6% are degree holder in Floridablanca while 6% have no education.

Water Supply

A Water District serves the three municipalities. It covers eight barangays in Floridablanca and Concepcion respectively. There are 2,401 connections in Floridablanca and 2,418 in Concepcion. The Water District in San Fernando covers the municipal center and nearby barangays. The barangays that is not served by the Water District largely relies on deep and swallow wells.

Waste Management

The three municipalities have no sewer. Wastewater is disposed to ground depository or directed to open drainage. Garbage is collected only within the urban core. It is disposed to an open dumpsite in Floridablanca and Concepcion. San Fernando has a modified landfill.

Transportation

Only Floridablanca and Concepcion have information on roads. The two municipalities have an average of 237 kilometers of roads. Floridablanca has more roads (261 kilometers) than San Fernando (213 kilometers). Most of these roads are barangay roads. The average length of barangay roads in the two LGU is 177 kilometers. The average for municipal road is only 11 kilometers and 13 kilometers for provincial roads. The two municipalities have an average of 37 kilometers of national roads. The national roads connect both municipalities to Metro Manila. A number of buses traverse the national road daily to and from various points. The jeepneys are also used to travel within and between municipalities.

Agricultural Setting

From 1999 to 2003, Central Luzon has been steadily producing sugarcane at an average of 1,449,510 M.T. per year. Similarly, Tarlac and Pampanga continued to produce sugarcane annually at an average of 983,639 M.T. and 465,162 M.T., respectively. Tarlac covered larger areas for production of sugarcane at an average of 17,735 ha. as compared to Pampanga with 9,269 ha. in the last 5 years. The volume of production and area covered by sugarcane from 199-2003 is given in Table 3-41 of Volume II.

An average of 48% of the total land area of three municipalities are devoted to crop production. Concepcion has the largest area and percentage of its total area allocated to crop production. Its total crop area is 14,262 hectares constituting 58% of the total area. Floridablanca and San Fernando have only 38% and 48% of their area devoted to crop production, respectively. Sugarcane and rice are considered the main crop. In San Fernando, sugarcane is planted to 63% of the crop area. The crop is planted to only 22% of the crop area in Concepcion and 3% in Floridablanca. The size and percentage of agricultural areas in Floridablanca, San Fernando and Concepcion is given in Table 3 – 42 of Volume II.

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3.4.2 Household Survey

The results of the household survey are tabulated and presented as Annex 8.

Characteristics of the Respondents

There are more female than male respondents. The female respondents comprise 54 percent. The female respondents prevail in all LGU except in Floridablanca where they comprise only 32 percent. They compose 56% in Angeles City, 51% in Mexico and 63% in San Fernando.

About half of the respondents are in the 30-49 age bracket. The respondents within this age bracket comprise 51 percent. This pattern prevails in all municipalities except in Floridablanca. The respondents within said age-bracket in the municipality compose only 40 percent. It has older respondents with 60% of them aged 50 years and over. It has no respondent aged below 30 years old.

The respondents educated only at the elementary level constitute 40 percent. Those who have high school education constitute 33 percent. The respondents who went to college comprise 13 percent. Among the municipalities, San Fernando has the most college-level respondents. They comprise 20 percent. Floridablanca has the least at 4 percent. High school-level respondents dominate Floridablanca composing 48 percent. Only 36% among the respondents in San Fernando are have high school level educational attainment. The respondents in Angeles City and Mexico are mostly at the elementary level constituting 52% and 45%, respectively.

Household Size and Number of Children

The average household of the respondents has 5.5 members. This is higher than the national average household size of 5.1 members. But household size widely varies among the communities. Mexico has the largest households with 6.4 members on the average. Angeles City has the smallest with 4.3 members. The average household has about 3.9 children. The households in Floridablanca have the most number with 4.6 children. Angeles City has the least with 2.4 children. The number of children in the four LGU is almost equally divided between male and female. There average number of male children is 2.0 and 1.9 for female children. The equal division indicates the absence or weak gender preference among parents in bearing and rearing children.

Migration and Settlement History

The respondents in the four municipalities and cities who were born in their present barangay of residence comprise 64 percent. The rest migrated into their present barangay of residence. About 11% are from another barangay within the same municipality or city and 14% are from another municipality or city within the province. This percentage indicate that intra-province movement is more intense that inter- province movement. Only 6% are from another province in Central Luzon and the remaining 5% are from other regions in the country. But it can be seen that movement is most intense in the more urbanized cities of Angeles and San Fernando. All the respondents in Floridablanca are born and raised in their present barangay of residence. Around 73% in Mexico are similarly situated.

An average respondent has lived in their present barangay of residence for 34 years. The respondents of Floridablanca and Mexico stayed the longer in their present barangay of residence than those of the more urbanized Angeles and San Fernando. The respondents in Floridablanca and Mexico have stayed in their present barangay of residence for 49 and 38 years, respectively. In contrast, the respondents of Angeles and San Fernando stayed in theirs for only 25 and 29 years, respectively.

But the respondents of Mexico and San Fernando tend to venture farther compared to the two other municipalities. Around 32% of San Fernando respondents and 27% of Mexico respondents have lived

3-22 Environmental Baseline Condition outside their present barangay of residence. Only 12% in Angeles and 1% in Floridablanca are doing the same. On the average, 29% of the respondents have lived outside their present barangay of residence. But only 2% of them have a plan to move out in the future. Angeles has the highest percentage of potential migrants at 9 percent.

Among those who moved into their present barangay of residence, 62% are from places within the province. This is consistent with the finding that intra-province movement is the prevailing pattern in the project site. They constitute 50% in Angeles, 85% in Mexico and 55% in San Fernando. There are more in-migrants from other regions other than Central Luzon than from Central Luzon. The in-migrants from Central Luzon compose only 10% while those from outside the region comprise 30 percent.

Among the respondents who moved into their present barangay of residence, the main reason for their transfer is the presence of their relatives or marriage to a local person. Around 52% of them cite this as a reason. In Floridablanca and San Fernando, the main reason given for moving into the barangay is economic. All the migrants in Floridablanca migrated for work while in San Fernando, 29% move in for work and 41% for their properties. Although only 6% cite volcanic eruption as a reason, it must be noted that evacuees tend to move to places where they have relatives.

Among the respondents with no plan of moving out, 32% cited their stable living patterns in the barangay as the reason. Employment and peace and harmony are also cited as reasons by 24% and 22%, respectively. The concern for employment is particularly high in Floridablanca being cited by 52% and in Mexico being cited by 47 percent. The other reasons given are their relatives and marriage as well as the better environmental quality of their present residence.

Household Income and Expenditure

Although most households in Floridablanca have secondary income source, its women earns the lowest among the municipalities. The average monthly income of the wives in the municipality is 750.00 Pesos. This is very low compared to the 5430.00 Pesos in Mexico and 5242.00 Pesos in San Fernando. The average monthly income of wives in Angeles is 2143.00 Pesos. The average for the four municipalities is 4192.00 Pesos

The main source of income of the four municipalities is salaries and wages. Around 60% of them consider this source as their main income source. The dependence on this source is particularly high in the more urbanized Angeles and San Fernando where the households primarily earning from salaries and wages constitute 68% and 72%, respectively. Similar households compose only 56% in Floridablanca and 52% in Mexico. Other sources of income are farming (21%), business (15%), animal-raising (2) and remittances (2%).

The husband is the primary earner in 58% of the households in the four municipalities. There are more husbands serving as primary income earner in Angeles (69%) and San Fernando (66%) than in Floridablanca (44%) and Mexico (56%). The wife is the primary earner in 25 households in San Fernando as it is the son in 23% of the households in Floridablanca. On the average, 16% of the households in the four municipalities have the wives as the primary earner and it is the son in 17 percent.

About 44% of the households in the four municipalities earn between 1,000.00 and 4,999 Pesos per month. Those earning between 5,000.00 and 9,999.00 Pesos per month constitute 27 percent. About 19% of the households earn less than P1000.00 per month. The households in the same income level in Floridablanca constitute 41 percent. Only 23% in Angeles are in that income level. The households in Mexico and San Fernando in the same level are 6% and 14%, respectively. Only 10% earn more than 10,000.00 in the four municipalities and cities.

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Farming Operation

An average farming household in the four municipalities has 2.5 hectares of land. The average farm size in Floridablanca is the smallest at 1.5 hectares. Angeles has 2.0 hectares while Mexico has 2.7 hectares. San Fernando has the largest average at 2.8 hectares. The main crops are rice and sugarcane. Around 51% of the sample households plant rice while 40% are into sugarcane. All the sample households in Floridablanca are rice planters and half of Angeles and Mexico. Only 31% are rice planters in San Fernando. The sugar planters constitute 38% in Angeles and 31% in San Fernando. Half of the farming households in Mexico are sugar planters.

Rice is harvested twice a year in all municipalities while it is once a year for sugarcane. The average rice yield is 66 cavans per hectare. Floridablanca has smaller average yield at 53 cavans per hectare. The three other LGU have 70 cavans. Around 53% of the farming households are owner cultivators. Around 83% in Floridablanca are owner cultivators and 62% in Angeles. Only 50% in Mexico and in 36% San Fernando are owner cultivators. The tenants comprise 20% while the landlords constitute 15 percent among the farming households. San Fernando has the biggest percentage of landlords at 28% while Mexico has the biggest percentage of tenants at 26 percent.

The ownership of land in the project site is largely a male domain. Around 77 of the land titles are in the name of the husband. In Floridablanca, all land titles are in the husband’s name. Although only 57% of the land titles in San Fernando are in the husband’s name, 14% are in the name of a male relative. The land titles in the name of the husband constitute 66% in Angeles and 79% in Mexico.

Housing and Utilities

Housing and utilities indicate the economic status of the households. For housing materials, galvanized iron (GI) sheet is mainly used for roofing. Around 83% of the respondent’s houses are roofed with this material. The use of GI sheet is widespread in all LGU. The houses using this as a roof range from 75% in Angeles to 85% in San Fernando. For walling and flooring, concrete is commonly used. It is the wall of 81% of the houses. It is most popular in Angeles and Floridablanca where it is used in 88% of the houses, respectively. Concrete is the floor of 88% of the houses. All the houses in Angeles have concrete floors. The material is least used in Mexico where only 84% of the houses have concrete floor. It is seen that most houses in the project site are made of durable materials and the light materials are not widely used.

The average house in the project site has two rooms. A two-room house is typical in the four LGU. The houses are relatively old with an average age of 20 years. The newest houses are in Angeles with an average age of 18 years. The oldest houses are in Floridablanca with an average age of 24 years. Around 85% of the households in the project site own their houses. The ownership rate does not vary much among the LGU. The lowest ownership rate is in Mexico at 80% and the highest is in Angeles at 100 percent. The ownership rate of the lot where their houses stand is lower at 76 percent. In Angeles where lot ownership is the highest, the rate is 86 percent. The lowest lot ownership rate is in Mexico at 70 percent. Most of the non-lot owners use it for free. The renters constitute only 3 percent.

The title of the lot is usually put under the name of the husband. Around 73% of the households have this arrangement. The arrangement is common in all the municipalities. For instance, 80% of the households in Floridablanca have their lot under the husband’s name. There are cases where the lot has both the name of the husband and the wife but these constitute only 15 percent.

Electricity is also used in most houses with 93% having a connection. The percentage of electricity users is lowest in Mexico where they only constitute 89 percent. The households surveyed pay an average of 599.00 pesos. The highest consumption of electricity is in San Fernando where the average amount paid is 881.00 pesos per month. The lowest consumption is in Floridablanca where the average amount paid is 235 pesos per month. Kerosene is used for lighting in households not connected to electricity.

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Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is the main cooking fuel used. Some 74% of the households use it. The users of LPG are particularly substantial in the urbanized area of Angeles and San Fernando where it is the fuel of 78% and 83% of the households, respectively. Only 76% in Floridablanca and 66% in Mexico use the same fuel. In the two municipalities, wood is still widely used for cooking.

The toilet ownership rate and quality of toilet in the project site is relatively high. Around 98% of the households have a toilet and 95% are using flush or water sealed toilet. The users of flush or water sealed toilet is highest in Angeles at 100%. Mexico has the lowest flush or water sealed toilet users at 90 percent.

Sources of Information

The respondents have an average of two sources of information in four types of information. The types are town events, provincial events, commodity prices and livelihood. But the respondents in Mexico and San Fernando have generally more information sources than in Angeles and Floridablanca. For instance, the respondents in Angeles and Floridablanca have only one information source on average for commodity prices but Mexico and San Fernando have two.

Among the information sources, the television dominates for all types of information. It is a source of information of 35% for town events, 39% of provincial events, 84% for commodity prices and 31% for livelihood. These percentages indicate the prevalence of television in the project site. The television is particularly relied upon for commodity prices in all municipalities. The percentage of households who obtains information from it on this type of information constitutes 88% in Floridablanca, 84% in Mexico and 82% San Fernando. In Angeles, only 67% derive information from it on commodity prices. The radio is still used as information source but at much less intensity. For instance, only 19% get information from it for provincial and town events. The newspapers have some users particularly on livelihood information. Around 25% get information from it. Personal sources such as relatives and public officials have limited role to play as information sources. Even for town and provincial events, only 13% depend on the public officials for information. Relatives are most useful to some for information on livelihood. But only 9% rely of them on this type of information.

Participation in Decision-Making

The respondents’ participation is seen at the household and barangay level. At the household level, their participation is seen in three aspects: children’s schooling, house repairs and appliance purchase. In the aspects of children’s schooling and appliance purchase, the husband and wife make the decision in most cases. This arrangement works in 71% of the households for children’s schooling and in 64% for appliance purchase. The prevalence of this arrangement prevails in all municipalities.

In the case of house repairs, the husband and wife jointly make decision in only 46% of the households. In 44% of the households, it is a domain of the wife. It is only in 9% of the households where the husband makes decision on house repairs. However, variation exists among the municipalities and cities. In Angeles and San Fernando, the wife is the main decision maker on this aspect. This is the case in 69% of the households in Angeles and 54% in San Fernando. In Floridablanca and Mexico, it is the husband and wife that make the decision 68% and 50% of the households, respectively.

At the barangay level, the respondents’ participation in decision-making is seen in two activities. The activities are barangay election and meeting. In both activities, the respondents have relatively high participation rate in the two activities. Around 90% of the respondents report participation of their household members in barangay election. The percentage of participation in this activity varies. It is 100% in Floridablanca and Mexico. But while it is 96% in Angeles, it is only 42% in San Fernando. In barangay meeting, the participation rate is 69 percent. But it again varies among the municipalities. The highest participation rate is in Floridablanca at 100 percent. The lowest is in San Fernando at 58 percent.

3-25 Environmental Baseline Condition

Perception of Environmental Change

The respondents note of the change in the environment in four aspects: trees, animals, water and air. Most of them report change in all aspects: The highest percentage of respondents note change in air. They comprise 87 percent. Those who said that there are changes among the animals constitute 82 percent. Around 80% and 79% note of change in trees and water, respectively. All the respondents in Floridablanca notice change in all aspects. In Angeles, only 43% said the trees have changed and 67% observe change in animals. But 89% agreed that there are changes in the water and 80% said the same of the air.

But most of the changes noted are negative. In the four aspects, less than half of the respondents said that it is positive. The respondents noting positive changes comprise only 45% for trees, 38% for animals and water and 40% for air. The percentages vary by municipalities and cities. For instance, only 4% in Floridablanca said that water has changed for the better but 88% in Angeles say the same. In Mexico, only 25% of the respondents say that the animals are better now but 67% in Angeles say the same.

Among the respondents who note a change, pollution is the main reason given. It is mentioned by 36% of the respondents. Around 57% observe it in San Fernando but none in Floridablanca. The event that changes all the aspects of the environment as noted in Floridablanca is the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. The expansion of population and settlements is pointed out by 26 percent. This is observed in all municipalities except in Floridablanca. Other reasons cited are poverty and various forms of environmental destruction.

Around 84% of the respondents recommend solutions to arrest the degradation of the environment. Their main recommendation is environmental protection as mentioned by 54 percent. A high percentage has this recommendation in Angeles (66%), Floridablanca (76%) and Mexico (65%). The various activities mentioned under this recommendation include planting trees and keeping the environment clean. Around 19% see the need for proper waste disposal. This recommendation is high in San Fernando being mentioned by 36 percent. The respondents have been complaining of the animal waste from pig and chicken farms. The values of unity, cooperation and diligence are also seen as important by 13 percent. The other recommendations made are road improvement and government assistance.

Community Situation

The top-ranking problem in the four municipalities and cities is unemployment. As the most important problem, it is mentioned by 36 percent. All respondents in Floridablanca mention it. However, only 46% in Angeles and 35% in Mexico mention the same. The percentage is much lover in San Fernando at 18 percent.

The second most frequently mentioned problem is waste disposal with 25% of the respondents. But this problem is more felt in Mexico and San Fernando being mentioned by 39% and 28%, respectively. None note this as a problem in Angeles and Floridablanca. Disunity is the third most mentioned problem. Although 12% cite this, it is most frequently mentioned in San Fernando where 39% note of it. Very few or none mention it in the other municipalities. Other problems mentioned are poor roads, poverty, limited barangay fund, absent water supply and poor health services.

The recommendations given are aimed to solve the main community problems. For unemployment, 37% say that employment and livelihood opportunities must be provided. Around 70% in Floridablanca bat for this recommendation. While 56% in Angeles and 44% in Mexico say the same, only 23% in San Fernando agree. Their greater concern is the basic values of diligence and unity. Around 35% of the respondents in San Fernando mention it. But while 26% in Floridablanca make the same recommendation only 12% in Mexico and none in Angeles say the same. Proper waste management is also recommended in San Fernando being mentioned by 16% but none consider it in Angeles and Floridablanca. Some 9% have waste management in mind in Mexico. Other recommendations are to put up a water system, obtain government assistance and stop corruption.

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Awareness and Perception of the Project

The awareness level on the project is very low. Only 5% of the respondents say that they are aware of it. The highest awareness level is in Angeles at 12 percent. Only 4% are aware in Mexico, 5% in San Fernando and none in Floridablanca. Among those who are aware, the main source of information is the farmers. Around 70% of them credit the farmers for giving the information. The public officials and the schools are the information source of 20% and 10%, respectively.

As the respondents obtained some information about the project from the interviewers, they answer the question whether they are for or against it. While 29% are in favor and 24% are not in favor, 47%% have no opinion. All the respondents in Floridablanca have no opinion. In Angeles and Mexico, 60% and 44% respectively have taken the same stand. In San Fernando, only 31% have no opinion and 42% are against it.

The main reason among those who disapprove the project is the possible adverse impact. Around 42% cite this. The worry over such possibility is highest in San Fernando where 52% mention it. The percentage is also high in Angeles and Mexico at 40% and 33%, respectively. While 33% give no reason f0r their stand, 15% say that more study and trial should be done. This is complemented by 8% who said that the absence of information is enough reason to oppose the project. Around 2% question the need for such project.

Among those who are in favor of the project, 29% look forward to some progress in their barangay to come with it. Around 47% in San Fernando have this expectation. While for 28%, it’s the assistance that might be given to the farmers. Around 26% welcome the project as a new technology. Some 3% expect the project to spin employment opportunities. But 14% cannot cite any reason why they are for it.

The recommendation of 19% of the respondents is to conduct deeper study on the project and its impact. The information that will be generated can be shared with the households in the project site and consultation can be made on such basis. Around 72% of the respondents say that consultations must take place. The demand for consultation is high in the three LGU: 100% in Angeles, 69% in Mexico and 72% in San Fernando. If there are adverse impacts, a budget must be provided to mitigate it as recommended by 2 percent. Some 7% say that the project needs to be prevented at this point.

The respondents are asked on their opinion on the impact of the project on three aspects: plants and animals; air, water and soil; and people. About 76% cannot form any opinion on the project’s impact on plants and animals. While 17% say the impact of the project may be beneficial, 11% fear that it may bring disease and death to plants and animals. The same pattern is noted in the aspect of water and soil. Around 79% cannot form an opinion. But only 1% says that there may be beneficial impact and 8% anticipates soil enhancement. But 12% foresee pollution to occur.

On the possible benefits of the people from the project, 82% have no opinion. Some 11% look forward to a higher yield. This is mentioned by 14% in Mexico and 15% in San Fernando. The other benefits mentioned by smaller percentages of respondents are employment, new technology and progress. On the possible adverse impact on the people, 87% of the respondents have no opinion. But pollution still haunts 10% of them. The other possible adverse impact foreseen is disease.

3.5 SOCIAL BASELINE ASSESSMENT

Two public consultation meetings were held separately to discuss the issues and concerns of the identified stakeholders of the proposed project. The first level consultation was conducted on June 15, 2004 at the Greenfields Tennis and Country Club, San Fernando, Pampanga while the second level consultation was held on June 22, 2004 at the Office of Luzon Agricultural Research Center (LAREC), Floridablanca, Pampanga. These consultations were attended by the stakeholders of the project who are representatives of various concerned sectors of farmers and farmlot owners, local government units (barangay and municipal levels), Sugar Regulatory Agency (SRA), and non-government organization/people’s organization

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(Pagkain ng Bayan Foundation and Porac Federation of Cooperatives). The minutes of the first and second level public consultations are appended in this report as Annex 9.

3.5.1 First Level Consultation

The main objective of the first level consultation is to give the different stakeholders of the project an opportunity to raise their views and suggestions on the proposed project and consider/incorporate these items in the conduct of the Environmental Assessment. In order to achieve this, the process of Environmental Impact Statement System was explained by the project consultant and the details and components of the proposed project was thoroughly discussed by the representative of the Manila Water Company, Inc. (MWCI) to the participants of the first level consultation. The project presentation was supplemented with the results of the various experiments conducted by the LAREC officials in the experimental site in Floridablanca, Pampanga. After the presentations, the participants were encouraged to ask questions and share their perception on the proposed project. Seven issues were raised during the first level consultation and were addressed right away by the presentors. These are summarized in Table 3-43 of Volume II.

3.5.2 Second Level Consultation

In order to maintain the continuity of the consultation process, the same groups of people were invited in the second level consultation. The meeting started with the presentation of the seven issues raised and addressed during the first level consultation. Among the seven issues, only the issue on utilizing the agri- industrial wastes as fertilizer was reiterated. The results of the baseline study and impact assessment were presented, particularly the soils, microbiology, health, and socio-economic components. The summary of issues brought up during the second level consultation is also shown in Table 3-43 of Volume II.

3.6 PUBLIC HEALTH

3.6.1 General Health Condition in the Project Areas

Generally, there has been an increase in live births and crude birth rate in Porac and Mexico, while vise- versa for Floridablanca, San Fernando and Concepcion. Death rates increased for Porac and Concepcion. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (diarrhea, parasitism and other disorders), pulmonary diseases (ARI and PTB) and skin problems (infected wounds and others) are the common diseases in the impact barangays. Floridablanca has the highest rate of deaths due to heart diseases, acute respiratory failure, pneumonia and COPD. The municipality also has high death rates for bronchial asthma and malnutrition. Porac has the highest rate for cancer, cerebro-vascular diseases, PTB and diabetes mellitus. The leading causes of mortality is shown in Table 3 – 44 of Volume II.

The leading causes of diseases common to all the barangays are ARI, infected wound, diarrhea, skin diseases, hypertension, UTI, PTB, parasitism, GIT disorder, MSD and COPD. Porac has the highest incidence rate of ARI, infected wounds, UTI, parasitism and MSD. Floridablanca has high rate for ARI and diarrhea. San Fernando has high rate for ARI, infected wounds, diarrhea, skin diseases, hypertension, UTI and GIT disorder. The leading causes of morbidity is shown in Table 3 – 45 of Volume II.

The health facilities in impact areas include rural health unit, barangay health unit, hospitals, drug stores, “botica ng barangay” and laboratory. There is only one doctor, one nurse, usually one dentist and sanitary inspector in every rural health unit. The other health facilities are the barangay health units that are managed by midwives and barangay health workers.

Residents in the periphery usually seek medical consultations at the BHU. Cases that need further medical evaluation and management are referred to physician in the rural health units. All health programs of the Department of Health are extended to the rural and barangay health units. The health programs aim to prevent and control the most common diseases in the country.

3-28 Environmental Baseline Condition

Floridablanca, Pampanga

There was a decrease in livebirths from 1,206 in 2002 to 1,179 in 2003. There is a male preponderance than females in both years. The number of deaths decreased from 248 to 201, respectively. Males have more deaths than females in the same years. There was no change in the number of infant deaths. There were no maternal deaths in the two years. The leading causes of illness are acute respiratory infection (ARI) and diarrhea. The other leading causes of morbidity are malnutrition, skin and gastrointestinal (GIT) disorders. There was a decrease in the incidence rate of ARI from 2001 to 2002 and a slight elevation to 2003. Diarrhea shows a steep decrease in incidence rate from 2001 to 2003. There was a slight increase in rate of malnutrition from 2001 to 2002.

The leading causes of death are heart disorders, cancer, renal failure, renal failure, cerebro-vascular accident (CVA) and pneumonia. There was a remarkable decrease in the death rate of heart disease from 2001 to 2003. There is also a slight decrease in the death rate of cancer due to all causes. Renal failure slightly increased in 2001 to 2002 but slightly decreased in 2003.

Fifty percent of the households get their water directly from deep well (level 1). The water sources of others either come from deep well with direct pipes (level 2) or deep well with piping and faucets (level 23) respectively. More than 80% of the households use sanitary toilets. Almost 70% of households have a sanitary way of disposing garbage and have complete basic sanitation facilities. Porac, Pampanga

In Porac, Pampanga, the birth rate decreased from 1998 to 2001 but abruptly increased again in 2002. The crude death rate remained steady from 1998 to 2002 but had a single increase in rate in 2000.

The leading causes of mortality in Porac, Pampanga are cerebro-vascular accident (with the highest rate), heart disease, cancer, respiratory tract infection and pneumonia and renal failure. There has been an increase in the reporting for all these diseases in 2001 but decreased in 2002, except for renal failure and pneumonia.

The leading causes of morbidity in Porac, Pampanga include acute respiratory infection, infected wound, diarrhea and skin disorder. There has been an improvement in the reporting of these diseases. All mentioned diseases increased continuously from 1999 to present time.

There has been an increase supply of safe water for households from 2001 to 2002. However, the majority still gets water directly from the deepwell (level 1). There has been an increase in the use of deepwell with pipes (level 2). No household get water directly from faucets as of 1999.

Concepcion, Tarlac

There was a decrease in the crude birth rate and malnutrition from 1998 to 2002. The infant mortality rate increased from 2000 to 2002.

Acute respiratory infection remains to be the most common illness in Concepcion followed by skin disease, gastro-intestinal diseases and parasitism. There has been a decrease in the rate of ARI from 1998 to 2000 but increased in 2001. It slightly decreased again in 2002. Parasitism peaked in 2002. A downward trend is seen in skin disorder and GIT diseases.

Cardio-vascular diseases, cancer, PTB and diabetes mellitus have the highest rate of diseases in Concepcion. There was an abrupt decrease in the rate of Cardio-vascular diseases from 1998 to 1999. There was a slight decrease in rate for skin disease and PTB in the same year. The rates have remained stable until 2002.

3-29 Environmental Baseline Condition

Mexico, Pampanga

There is an increasing trend in the population and live births from 2001 to 2003. Number of all deaths and infant death rates also decreased in the same period of time. There were no reported neonatal and maternal deaths. Acute respiratory infection (ARI) leads the causes of diseases in Mexico, Pampanga. Skin infections, diarrhea, COPD, hypertension and diabetes follow ARI. The other causes of diseases are urinary tract infection (UTI), musculo-skeletal diseases (MSD), pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), pneumonia, parasitism and bronchial asthma. The incidence rate remains stable through the three-year period.

The leading causes of deaths in Mexico, Pampanga are CVD, CVA, ARF, diabetes, cancer, pneumonia, gunshot wounds, PTB, suicide, meningitis, COPD, electrocution and accident. There is a marked decrease in the incidence rate of cardio vascular diseases and cancer from 2001 to 2003. The rest of the diseases including CVA, renal failure, diabetes mellitus, pneumonia and others remained relatively stable in rate.

San Fernando, Pampanga

There was a decrease in the crude birth rate from 1999 to 2003. The rest of the health indices remain stable (death, CDR, ID and IMR). There were maternal deaths recorded until 2003.

The leading causes of diseases from 1999 to 2003 in San Fernando, Pampanga are ARI, diarrhea, skin disorder, parasitism, vertigo, hypertension, wound infection, myalgia, acute tonsillitis, bronchial asthma, UTI, vitamin deficiency, GIT disorder and conjunctivitis. There was an increase in acute respiratory infection from 1999 to 2001. However, ARI decreased from 2001 to 2003. Parasitism increase in rate from 1999 to 2001 but decreased in 2002 and 2003.

The leading causes of mortality in San Fernando include heart diseases, cancer, CVA, pneumonia, chronic renal failure, PTB, diabetes, COPD, Pancreatitis, accidents, bronchial asthma, upper gastro-intestinal bleeding, liver cirrhosis, hypertension and fetal death in utero. It shows in the increase in the rate of heart diseases, cerebro-vascular accident, pneumonia, cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis from 2000 to 2002 but slightly decreased in 2003.

There is only one physician per municipal health unit. There are several midwives assigned per barangay health unit. The midwives and barangay health workers are assigned different barangay health station to serve barangay residents.

Most of the households have safe water for drinking (87%). Many of them get their water from the deepwell (approximately 76%) while about 17% draw water from pipes in deepwells (level 2). About 13% of households still make use of non-safe water. Eighty-six percent of the household sanitary toilet. Most of them have a sanitary way of disposing garbage (93%).

There was a total of 86 respondents from Barangays Panipuan, Baliti and Matalino, San Fernando in this public health survey. Barangay Matalino had the most respondents. The dominant age group is in the ages 35-39 years old. There were more females than males interviewed and there were more married than single and widowed seen.

For sanitation services San Fernando, at 98%, has the highest percentage of basic sanitation facilites (Table 3-46 of Volume II).

3-30 Environmental Impact Assessment

CONTENTS PAGE

4. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION...... 2 4.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT...... 2 4.1.1 Natural Hazards ...... 2 4.1.2 Erosion and Surface Soil Runoff ...... 2 4.1.3 Surface and Groundwater Contamination ...... 3 4.1.4 Land Contamination ...... 5 4.1.5 Odor Generation...... 7 4.1.6 Noise Generation...... 7 4.1.7 Dust Generation...... 7 4.1.8 Traffic Impacts ...... 7 4.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL ...... 7 4.2.1 Aquatic Ecology...... 7 4.2.2 Terrestrial Ecology...... 8 4.2.3 Impacts on Agriculture ...... 8 4.3 SOCIO-CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ...... 9 4.3.1 Population...... 9 4.3.2 Income and Employment ...... 10 4.3.3 Housing Characteristics and Social Services ...... 10 4.3.4 Education...... 10 4.3.5 Culture and Lifestyle...... 10 4.4 ARCHEOLOGICAL/ANTHROPOLOGICAL/HISTORICAL SITES ...... 10 4.5 PUBLIC HEALTH ...... 10 4.6 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EHIA)...... 11 4.6.1 Incidence Potential Rate ...... 11 4.6.2 Health Consequence Rating ...... 11 4.7 SUITABILITY OF APPLICATION SITES...... 12

i Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Impact Assessment

4. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION

This section deals with the prediction and assessment of potential environmental impacts of the application of Sludge/Septage in the lahar-laden areas of Pampanga and Tarlac. Impacts are described qualitatively or quantitatively based on specific project activities and existing environmental baseline conditions. The environmental and health risks brought about by the operation phase of the project are also discussed in this section. Other proposed measures to minimize, if not totally eliminate the other potential impacts are discussed and presented separately in the succeeding section.

4.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

4.1.1 Natural Hazards

The project region is vulnerable to lahar and flooding. The 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption disgorged 5 to 7 billion cubic meters (m3) of pyroclastic flow materials on the slopes of the volcano (PHIVOLCS, 1998). Since then, erosion of these materials produced lahars which have devastated communities situated along major rivers. Annual sediment yield studies conducted by PHIVOLCS from 1991 to 1997 estimated that 2.6 billion m3 of pyroclastic flow materials have been eroded and have affected the provinces of Pampanga, Tarlac and Zambales (Figure 4-1).

It is expected that occurrences of lahar flow will take place but decline exponentially in the next 5-8 years and at which times flooding in low-lying areas will persist (PHIVOLCS, 1998). Table 4-1 of Volume II describes the lahar hazards zones.

From the delineated Lahar Hazards Zones, the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) Region III – GIS produced a list of barangays at risks due to lahars and associated flood. Table 4-2 of Volume II enumerates the existing and proposed septage/sludge disposal sites and the corresponding lahar hazard zone classification based on the NEDA list.

As indicated in Table 4-2 of Volume II, the lahar hazard classification of the project areas was made in June, 1998. It is possible that this classification may not hold at present. However, this list has not been updated to support any reclassification of the lahar hazard zones.

The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo which resulted to massive lahar flow and ash fall on agricultural lands used to be largely devoted to sugarcane growing. Due to the physical characteristics of the lahar and the uneven rainfall distribution in the areas, water management has been a big problem in growing crops in the lahar-laden areas. Poorly drained areas become waterlogged during the months of October to June while the crop lands remain very droughty during the months of January up to mid May. Lahar is predominantly sand and therefore the water holding and cation exchange capacity are relatively poor. Crop production is coupled with low organic matter content.

These phenomena had immensely affected the sugar industry of the region due to a reduction in the number of hectares devoted to sugar cane. Because of the damage to infrastructure and equipments of the mills, massive repairs have occupied a large chunk of the mill budget. The sustainability of the operations cannot be maintained as a result of the relatively low supply of canes. These conditions have prompted the closure of 2 sugar mills in the areas such as PASUMIL and ARCAM and also resulted in the inefficient operation of PASUDECO (now BASECOM). This had also caused untimely displacement of workers and consequently unemployment. The gradual urbanization of Pampanga and Tarlac areas during the last decade has been felt but efforts by government and private sectors did not discourage the sugar industry. A new sugar mill that is owned by the Crystal Sugar Corporation is now operational which makes attractive the expansion of plantations in surrounding areas.

4.1.2 Erosion and Surface Soil Runoff

2 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Impact Assessment

The raindrop impacts, depending on its intensity, is often the main agent in detaching soil particles which will be transported by surface runoff to lower elevation. In the early stage of sugar cane plant preparation, extra precaution should be observed specially on plantation alignment since at this stage the planting area/s are barren and are exposed to raindrops during rainy season. Erosion on lands disturbed by man’s cultural practices is classified as accelerated or “man-caused erosion”. Surface erosion is the direct result of rain falling on unprotected soil particles, detaching soil particles, and transporting them by overland flow across the soil surface and move down the slope under the influence of gravity.

Uncontrolled and unmanaged use of raw septage and sludge as soil conditioners in lahar-affected areas may contaminate surface and groundwater. Although soils are considered as natural purifiers, there can be some risks of direct migration of harmful microorganisms and toxic heavy metals to water bodies and underlying aquifers. The environmental implication of this is that surface and groundwater resources underlying watersheds which have low sorption capacity and belong to high rainfall patterns can be susceptible to agrochemical contamination especially if the topography allows for higher infiltration and leaching. The problem is even aggravated by continuous application of these substances where accumulation in groundwater can be expected.

4.1.3 Surface and Groundwater Contamination

There are four major factors that affect groundwater contamination: (1) properties of septage and sewage sludge, (2) properties of soil, (3) site conditions, and (4) human activities (Vandre, 1995). Important chemical properties are its solubility, adsorption, volatility and degradation. Soil properties include soil texture, hydraulic conductivity, and organic content. Site conditions pertain to depth of groundwater, topography and amount of rainfall. Human activities involved include the rate and timing of substance application.

Chemical Contaminants

From the samples analyzed, the Metro Manila septage, were found not to contain significant quantities of heavy metals. The study report indicated that the probability of phytotoxicity and potential hazards posed on humans and animals is low and were found not to contain significant quantities of heavy metals. The study report indicated that the probability of phytotoxicity and potential hazards posed on humans and animals is low.

Heavy metals analysis of some of the groundwater samples taken from test areas of MWCI indicated cadmium and lead values exceeding the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW). However, it cannot be ascertained that these contaminants came from either raw septage or sewage sludge because there is no information of any background groundwater metal concentration levels in these areas

The results of the early work on chemical analysis of raw septage and sewage sludge fertilized “lahar” (soil samples) done by Quilloy (2003) at A.B. Gonzales Farm, Telebanca, Concepcion, Tarlac (one month after application) showed detectable levels of heavy metals very much higher that the metal levels in sediment taken from the adjacent aquatic system during the present baseline survey. Both sets of data were taken during the dry season in February 2003 and March 2004, respectively. But, both results showed that these are still within the pollutant limit. The present background level of heavy metals, organic material, nitrates, phosphates and other project related contaminants (including disease producing organisms-protozoa, bacteria, and worms) in the septage/sludge fertilized soil, and water and sediments in the aquatic system during the rainy season within the vicinity of the project are not known. Therefore, no impacts could be identified at the moment. However, it is likely that during the rainy season water from the raw septage/sludge fertilized lahar areas would be carried to the river systems and other low lying water bodies. The environmental concern would be the possible contamination of river systems and other water bodies by run-off waters during the rainy season from

3 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Impact Assessment the terrestrial component (raw septage/sludge fertilized lahar areas) into the aquatic system due to the presence of harmful microorganisms and toxic heavy metals. But since these contaminated run-off waters are diluted there is no vehicle to be accumulated physically, chemically, or biologically to higher deleterious concentrations. It will be of reduced level of contaminants and therefore it will be dispersed and be diluted in the water. Also, during rainy season, the major river systems in the lahar area, which are almost dry during dry season, will be flooded with fast flowing water (turbid/brown). These discharges will, therefore, not significantly affect the water quality of the adjacent river systems and other water bodies in the area.

Another possible contaminant is the presence of high levels of nitrate in groundwater. Though nitrate is considered relatively non-toxic, a high nitrate concentration in drinking water is an environmental health concern because it can harm infants by reducing the ability of blood to transport oxygen. Shallow, unconfined aquifers in intensive agricultural and unsewered residential areas are thought to be most at risk. Proper well site selection and construction and agricultural management practices may help prevent well contamination by nitrate.

If a well supply is found to have nitrate concentrations higher than the drinking water guideline, use water from an alternate source, such as a municipal system, or a nearby well that has been tested and found to be safe, install an effective, in-home water treatment system or use bottled water. Well owners are encouraged to test their water periodically to ensure the water is safe to drink. Annual testing is recommended for contaminants such as nitrate that can affect human health.

Soil Properties

One important soil property considered in assessing groundwater contamination is its hydraulic conductivity. The hydraulic conductivity is defined as the volume of water that will move through a porous medium in unit time under a unit hydraulic gradient through a unit area measured at right angles to the direction of flow. Based on grain size characteristics, it can be assumed that the hydraulic conductivity of the lahar deposits will range from 1 to 102 m/day

The hydraulic conductivities of lahar and alluvial deposits soils are from fast to very fast (1.1 x 10-3 to 4 x 10-2 cm/sec). Infiltration rates, which is also dependent on soil texture is moderately rapid to very rapid (11 to 92 cm/hr).

On the other hand, the application of sewage sludge or dried sludge as soil conditioners would increase the amount of organic matter of the lahar deposits thereby increasing its capability to hold water and adsorb chemicals.

Site Conditions

Site conditions such as low surface gradient, shallow groundwater levels and high rainfall further increases the vulnerability of groundwater to contamination. Plains, which are often characterized by presence of local ponds, permit more groundwater to infiltrate than sloping grounds. Obviously, shallow groundwater levels are more susceptible to contamination than deeper ones. The area experiences more than 2000 mm of rains per year, 90 % occurring from May to October.

Human Activities

There is a potential of pollutants to be introduced into the surface and groundwater resulting in potential contamination from the application of septage/sludge in the lahar-affected areas. The potential is based on the following precepts:

• increase concentration of heavy metals in soils upon application; • fast to very fast hydraulic conductivity of soils and low adsorption (low CECs);

4 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Impact Assessment

• shallow groundwater level; and • relatively flat relief and abundant rainfall

Thus, monitoring of the presence of heavy metals in ground as well as surface water and soils upon application, hydraulic conductivity and the cation exchange capacity be regularly conducted.

4.1.4 Land Contamination

Chemical Properties of Raw Septage and Sewage Sludge

In 1998, the University of the Philippines’ National Engineering Center conducted a study on the suitability and effectiveness of septage application as a way of rehabilitating soils in the areas of Central Luzon that had been affected by lahar deposits from the 1992 Pinatubo eruption.

The study took samples of septage from different locations within Metro Manila. Multiple samples were taken to assure a statistically valid assessment of sludge constituent concentrations. Each sample was taken from a site where there was an on-going de-sludging operation. Three sub-samples of equal volume were gathered from the septage hauling truck and mixed to form a composite sample. The composite samples were brought to the MWSS laboratory for analysis.

The septage characterization was used to obtain a baseline data on the physical and chemical characteristics, and constituents of the sludge prior to application on lahar-affected lands to be reclaimed. The quantity, frequency, and method of application of sludge is dependent on the latter’s characteristics. The range and average values for the parameters measured for the raw septage are summarized in the Table 4-3 of Volume II.

From results of the laboratory analysis it was found that in general, the pH of the sludge is neither too acidic nor too basic. Heavy metals content is low. The sludge samples were stable based from the fairly low ratio of total volatile solids to total solids (24-76%). Except for two samples, the rest were classified as high strength—that is, with COD of 20-50,000 mg/l, Ammonium concentration of 2- 5,000 mg/l and solids concentration equal to or greater than 3.5% (based on a faecal sludge classification scheme used by EAWAG).

Faecal sludge may contain trace metals such as Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, and Cr. At high concentrations, they are potentially toxic to plants, as well as to animals and humans that consume the crops. The Metro Manila septage, based from the samples analyzed, were found not to contain significant quantities of heavy metals. The study report indicated that the probability of phytotoxicity and potential hazards posed on humans and animals is low. The range of concentration of heavy metals in the septage samples is shown Table 4-4 of Volume II.

Table 4- 5 of Volume II shows the chemical analysis of MWCI raw septage and sewage sludge.

Table 4-6 of Volume II shows the pollutant limits for land application of sewage sludge (US EPA, 1994). Results for chromium. Copper, lead, zinc, and cadmium of sewage sludge are all within the pollutant limits set by US EPA for land application of sewage sludge.

The discussion on the effects of each parameter to man, aquatic and land animals and flora are given as Annex 10.

Soil Properties

Lahar Deposits

5 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Impact Assessment

Lahar deposits vary in texture from poorly sorted and broad distribution of grain size for debris-flow deposits to a narrower distribution of grain sizes typical of the hypoconcentrated streamflow deposits. Mean grain size ranges from 0.25 mm to more than 4 mm (medium sand to pebbles

Lahar deposits have very low organic content that further decreases its ability to hold water from moving downward.

Lahar and Soil Characteristics

Tables 4-7 and 4-8 of Volume II show the results of lahar and soil characteristics. Results of chemical analysis showed that the pH of both lahar and soil samples are moderately to strongly alkaline. Consequently, lime adjustment was unnecessary. As expected, lahar samples were nutrient-deficient and very low in organic matter, organic carbon and CEC. There was absence of nematode eggs in the samples but faecal coliform is present ( Vol II Table 4-8).

Pre-lahar Quaternary alluvial deposits consist of fine sand, silt loam and clay loam that were previously planted to rice and sugarcane. Hydraulic conductivities determined from soil horizons sampled at Panipuan, San Fernando, Pampanga ranged from 1.1 x 10-3 to 6.2 x 10-3 cm/sec. These values are classified by USDA as fast. CECs, which ranged from 18.62 to 27.62 meq/100 g, are considered low.

Site Conditions

It was not possible to measure groundwater levels during the well inventory. The wells inspected were sealed and do not have any dip tubes where water levels can be measured. Based from well depths and from interviews with farmers, the wells penetrated the lahar deposits and tapped the Quaternary alluvium. From groundwater maps of Pampanga and Tarlac, the pre-lahar groundwater levels are from 2.5 meters below the top of the alluvium at Mexico, Pampanga to 11 meters below the top of alluvium at Angeles City. The region exhibits low gradient (0.02 to 0.002 m/m) and receives an annual rainfall of more than 2,000 mm.

Rate of Application

From 1999 to present, MWCI in cooperation with the Sugar Regulatory Authority (SRA) – Luzon Agricultural Research Center (LAREC) have conducted several tests on the use of raw septage and sewage sludge to enhance lahar-deposited soil. Initially experiments were performed on rice and corn crops but is now concentrated to sugarcane production. In test areas, liquid sludge is applied from at 40 m3, 80 m3 and 120 m3 per hectare of sugarcane.

Assessment

There is a potential for pollutants to be introduced to the soil resulting in contamination from the application of septage/sludge in the lahar-affected areas. The potential is based on the following precepts:

• increase concentration of heavy metals in soils upon application; • fast to very fast hydraulic conductivity of soils and low adsorption (low CECs); • relatively flat relief

Analysis of heavy metals from dewatered sewage/sludge fertilized lahar deposits at SRA (LAREC) Farm at Floridablanca, Pampanga and Telebanca, Concepcion, Tarlac are shown in Volume II Tables 4-9 and 4-10. Analysis indicated an increase in Arsenic, Chromium and Nickel concentrations but these are still within the pollutant limits for land application.

6 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Impact Assessment

4.1.5 Odor Generation

The transport, handling and application of septage and domestic wastewater sludges may result in the generation of malodorus compounds at levels that may cause nuisance to the workers as well as people affected. Although there is no environmental standards by any government agencies that have to be met, the nuisance may cause the people affected to file complaints. A buffer zone from the property line will be provided and shall be planted with trees, or an odor control system may be installed in the facility..

4.1.6 Noise Generation

The transport of septage and the operation of application equipment will slightly add to the ambient noise level at the project site. The increased noise levels will have an insignificant impact to the surrounding area. The exposure of the residents to slightly elevated noise levels near the project site is considered temporary and intermittent. Regular noise monitoring shall be conducted.

4.1.7 Dust Generation

Septage transport and application are potential sources of dust emissions that may have significant but temporary impact. It is expected that the ambient level of TSP will increase around the application site during septage application that involves the use of earthmoving equipment. A large portion of the increase will result from equipment traffic over temporary roads. This problem will be particularly true during the dry season.. Frequent rains during the rest of the year will greatly minimize the generation of dust. Trucks shall be directed by MWCI to move cautiously while passing through the road to minimize dust emission. Trucks shall be required to pass the smoke emission test, and regular monitoring on ambient air quality will be conducted.

4.1.8 Traffic Impacts

The increase in the number of trucks transporting septage and sludge to the application sites will cause traffic movement within the application sites to slow down most especially during operation. Adequate parking spaces shall be made available by the project, both for trucks off-loading and car parking. Arrival of trucks shall be coordinated with the MWCI and property owner to avoid congestion or traffic at the project site.

4.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

4.2.1 Aquatic Ecology

Impacts on Plankton

Raw septage and sludge contain a considerable amount of essential plant nutrients (i.e., nitrogen and phosphorus compounds), and hence they are effective in promoting crop production. When rainy season comes, of course, the nutrient (which is not absorbed by crop roots) will be washed by runoff- waters into rivers, streams, and low lying water bodies; and hence “enrich” the aquatic systems in which they are discharged. If this is true then the impact of this on overall plankton productivity is considered positive. Although, plankton productivity in the major river systems in the lahar area is expected to be scarce during rainy season when almost all the river systems are flooded with high current flow and turbidity.

Impacts on Soft-Bottom Benthos

7 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Impact Assessment

The contaminants in the septage/sludge fertilized lahar areas which will be discharged to the aquatic environment by run-off waters during rainy season has no potential to cause adverse effects to the limited soft-bottom benthic organisms in the area.

Impacts on Fisheries

During the rainy season when almost all the major river systems are flooded, fishing is very minimal or none at all. Therefore, the impact of the proposed project on sustenance fishing in almost all the major river systems and other water bodies (e.g. fishponds) in the lahar area is insignificant.

4.2.2 Terrestrial Ecology

Impacts on Soil and Leaf Tissue

Sewage sludge/septage dumping activities are still in progress but the areas are not identified properly especially the sensitive sites such as those sitting on top of the former rivers or waterways that were covered with lahar. No special attention is being made when it comes to disposal of wastes from other industrial companies. It was mentioned that CDC, Agrifruit, Ajinomoto and have been disposing their wastes in the same site some years back and are still doing it at present.

Soil and Leaf Tissue Analysis from March 2004 Sampling

The concentrations (ug/g) of Cadmium and Lead obtained from sugarcane soil samples (Volume II Table 4-11) are low, although most of the samples were greater than Instrument Minimum Detection Level (mdl). Even the untreated and the unplanted sugarcane fields exhibited presence of heavy metals.

With regards to tissue analysis, the concentration of heavy metals in roots and leaf tissues (Volume II Table 4-12) neither significantly differ with the type of cane field nor with the location. It was however noted that higher figures of lead were suggested in the root tissues than in the above the ground tissues. For instance, lead level in San Fernando was higher in the roots of ratoon cane than in plant canes. Nevertheless, this pattern does not hold with those analyzed from Floridablanca and Tarlac. The aforementioned analysis collaborated with earlier studies conducted by Estanislao, E. B., B. G. Manlapaz and O. T. Quilloy on “Productivity improvement of soils (Angeles loamy sane) planted to sugarcane with liquid sewage sludge”.

4.2.3 Impacts on Agriculture

Positive Impacts identified as a result of sewage/septage application consisted of improved soil condition and growth / yield of sugarcane and other plant growth.

Plant Growth

The UP-NEC study showed that planting of grasses or any plant which can tolerate the harsh conditions of lahar and the possible harmful effects of sludge, such as the talahib grass, was found to help prevent or minimize the leaching of nitrate into the groundwater since plants can assimilate the nitrate available in the ground.

The amount of sludge applied and irrigation had important consequence on the growth in height of the talahib grass. For the first four weeks of the experiment, the grass seemed to depend only on the water being applied. Thereafter, the amount of septage started to show signs of significance. At loading rate of 80 li/m2, there was no inhibition of plant growth observed. In fact, this application improved plant growth (i.e., where the lahar to soil ratio was1:0.1, and the type sludge of application was through mixing).

8 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Impact Assessment

The pechay (Brassica oleracea) responded well to the sludge treatment, although it took more or less ten days before the treatment had significant effect on the pechay. It was observed that the treatments had no significant effect on the increase in the number of leaves. The most notable effect was on the increase in leaf length.

The application of sewage/septage results in improvement of soil condition and fertility. Initial increase in pH will make available other nutrients such as phosphorus. When combined with the sugar mill waste e.g. bagasse and mudpress, composting time is shortened.

Composted sewage sludge/ septage and sugar mill waste improves growth and sugar yield of sugar cane. Economic study showed that 180 kg NPK + mudpress can increase net profit to P 15,210.22 in plant cane and P 16, 504.48 in ratoon cane.

In addition to these impacts, no persistent presence of parasitic spores or pathogenic micro-organisms and heavy metals were analyzed on soil and leaf tissues of sugarcane after sewage/septage application.

Pathogen Survival Rates.

The UP-NEC study has shown that the faecal sludge in Metro Manila contains a substantial number of faecal coliform (50x106 MPN/100ml) and nematode eggs (5,733 eggs/kg). Three different septage samples were applied onto to the plots and were left to stabilize for four months. After four months, a substantial reduction in faecal coliform count of the faecal sludge was observed. As much as 99% reduction in faecal coliforms was achieved. The amount of sludge, irrigation and the type of lahar were found to be significant on the nematode eggs survival. The Table below shows the initial and final coliform counts, and their respective percentage reductions.

Faecal Sludge Type Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Faecal Coliform Initial 13 x 107 80 x 105 13 x 106 MPN/100ml Final 80 x 105 30 x 102 50 x 104 Reduction 12 x 107 (93.8%) 79 x 105 (99.9%) 12 x 106 Nematode eggs Initial 13.333 12,000 2,667 Eggs/kg of sludge Final 3.667 3.333 2.333 Reduction 9656 (72%) 8667 (72%) 334 (13%)

Fourteen septage samples were analyzed for nematode eggs. A range of 2,667 eggs/kg to 13,667 eggs/kg and a mean of 6,044 eggs/kg were obtained. Septage was applied on plots in Sections I to V and a nematode count was also conducted after three months from application. The results of the nematode count are listed in Table 22. A range of 0 egg/kg to 11,333 eggs/kg and a mean of 2,872 eggs/kg were recorded. A comparison of the typical count of nematode eggs present in septage with ones applied on the soil shows a 50% decrease in number.

Negative Impacts identified on the other hand were the following:

ƒ Uptake by plants with heavy metals is not fully documented on long term basis ƒ Handling of liquid sludge is messy and volumetric ƒ Distance and travel time a factor in distribution or shipment to target destination may be costly and/or potential health hazard during shipment to far places

4.3 SOCIO-CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

4.3.1 Population

9 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Impact Assessment

The proposed project sites are far from existing settlements and do not require resettlement. It has also very low employment potential and will not serve as pull factor for in-migration. The potential full impact of the project on human health is not fully established. It has to be determined to know whether there are adverse impacts and the impact is intense enough to affect mortality rate. If it will affect the mortality rate among workers and residents living nearest to the project sites, the project can reduce population size. But at moment, no impact is expected on population size. It is not also established how much increase in yield will be attained if any when the intervention will be introduced. If the increase in yield will be substantial enough to push up the income of people employed in the production process, it will augment capability of the economically active adults to support their dependents. It will not affect the existing dependency ratio in the short term.

4.3.2 Income and Employment

The project is not expected to directly and indirectly generate massive employment. The increase in income that may be generated is dependent on the increase in yield that is yet to be established. The increased income if any, will most likely benefit the landowner. In this case the multiplier effect of the increase in income will be very limited.

4.3.3 Housing Characteristics and Social Services

Because the project will not entail resettlement or drastic income increase, it is not expected to alter the housing characteristics in the general area of the project sites. The limited employment generation capacity will neither create settlements close to project sites nor create high demand for services. As a result, no competition will be created for existing services.

4.3.4 Education

Because the project will not attract in-migrants, it will not impose additional capacity on the schools in the host barangays. The limited wages that it will generate if any will not be enough to have significant impact on the capability of the economically active adults to support longer years of schooling for their children.

4.3.5 Culture and Lifestyle

The project is not expected to have impact on social cohesion in the host barangays nor their prevailing culture and lifestyle. Because it will not attract in-migrants into the host barangays, there will be no carriers of new cultural patterns and behavior that may clash with the existing ones. In this case, the project will maintain the existing level of social harmony and cultural homogeneity in the host barangays. These barangays are tightly cohesive communities that evolved through generations to have patterned interactions that changed little through the years. The birthplace of the respondents and their length of stay in their present places of residence indicate this.

4.4 ARCHEOLOGICAL/ANTHROPOLOGICAL/HISTORICAL SITES

The archeological potential of the project sites is not established. There are no indications that these are ancient settlements being far from the coasts and big rivers. Because of their location, the archeological potential of the project sites is low. Nonetheless, some activities that the project will undertake may lead to some accidental finds. If this will occur, the finds must be submitted to the National Museum so that its personnel can appraise the area and looting can be avoided.

4.5 PUBLIC HEALTH

Urbanization and the resulting growth in the population are looking and demanding on technology for procedures to manage municipal wastes in an environmentally “safe” and acceptable manner.

10 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Impact Assessment

Society’s awareness of our need to reuse, when possible, resources contained in wastes has led to an intense interest in the application of municipal sewage sludge to agricultural land. Because of the essential plant nutrients contained in sewage sludges, the use of wastes has been shown to be beneficial to plant growth. However, this procedure may expose the community residents to the toxic chemicals and/or pathogenic organisms present in contained in the municipal wastes and may, therefore, be harmful to human consuming food produced on sludge-amended land.

The vast land created by the “lahar” requires fertilization of soil in order to allow the growth and nourishment of sugar cane plantation. The plan of the MWSS is to make use of the sludge produced in Metro Manila in the “Lahar” area for the fertilization and agricultural purposes.

Exposure to these chemical substances not only causes adverse health effects to direct handlers, but also to the community residents who eventually take in food products. The release mechanisms from several contaminated substrates (soil and water) of chemicals and pathogens may normally continue for prolonged periods of time even after the closure of the disposal operation. Long-term effects of exposure to sub-lethal doses of chemical toxins are uncertain, especially where a complex combination with other metal ions is concerned. There could be some potential threat to the health, if not the life, of humans and there is the possibility that sub-lethal concentrations will be subjected to food chain magnification with consequent danger to human beings.

The concern of this study is concentrated on the adverse health effects of sludge disposal in the “lahar” area on man. Public safety can be endangered on occasions through negligence or unusual or unforeseen circumstances. The hazards to which men are exposed to could be direct or indirect. This study will present an assessment of the health risks related with the use of sewage sludge in a soil- plant-animal food production system.

4.6 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EHIA)

4.6.1 Incidence Potential Rate

Identified environmental health hazards brought about by the Sludge/septage Disposal Project are chemical, physical and biological factors (Volume II Table 4-13). The communities immediately affected by these hazards are the communities in Porac, San Fernando, Floridablanca, Mexico (Pampanga) and Concepcion (Tarlac) where the sludge/septage disposal project is closely located.

Volume II Table 4-13 shows the incident potential rating estimates of environmental hazards in the impact areas. Incidence potential rating estimates the probability of occurrence of the exposure incident for the proposed developmental project.

Incidence Potential Rating in Volume II Table 4-13 shows that the nearest impact community affected most by the sludge/septage disposal project. The impact communities are at risk of contamination from dust, chemicals from the sludge and microorganisms. Psychological stress (irritation, apprehensions) due to odor and the health effects of wastes to air and water are rated D in the incident potential rating. This means that this incidence has happened during the operation of a similar development owned and operated by the project in other areas. Vehicular accidents in access roads can happen more than once but may not happen at all. Noise, vibrations, heat and ergonomic stress are unlikely to happen among residents.

4.6.2 Health Consequence Rating

Table 4-14 of Volume II shows the health consequence rating of impact barangays. Identified risk factors are vehicular accidents, odor, gases and chemical wastes and biological hazards. Psychological stress of residents stems from the above factors particularly the odor that comes from the sludge/septage disposal site.

11 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Impact Assessment

As shown in the Table 4-15 of Volume II, the risk to health matrix is the integration of the incidence potential rating and health consequence rating. As recommended by the DOH, this tool will guide the Project operators in the prioritization of environmental health hazards for future courses of action. Health Risk Matrix in Volume II Table 4-15 shows that the identified risks that should be given priority in terms of environmental control and mitigating measures are the following:

• Dust, volatile gases, hazardous and non-hazardous wastes, heavy metals. Vehicular accidents, psychological stress biological hazards • Psychological stress, odor and air pollution • NO2, SO2, noise, heat and vibration

Volume II Tables 4-16 and 4-17 enumerate the health effects of chemical, physical and biological hazards identified in the previous Tables. The health effects of heavy metals are also found in the literature review found in the Annex 10.

4.7 SUITABILITY OF APPLICATION SITES

A qualitative assessment as to the suitability of the application sites was performed based on the following criteria:

• Depth of lahar/ashfall deposits (the deeper the deposit, the more suitable); • Depth to groundwater (the deeper the groundwater level, the more suitable); • Distance to nearest waterbody (the farther the distance, the more suitable); • Distance to nearest well (the farther the distance, the more suitable); and • Distance to nearest house/community (the farther the distance, the more suitable).

The score criteria are shown in the following tables.

Depth of Lahar Depth (m) Score 12-15 1 9-11 2 5-8 3 3-4 4 0.5-2 5 0.1-0.4 6 0.06-0.09 7 0.01-0.05 8

Depth to Groundwater (Based on well depth) Depth (m) Score 42-45 1 39-41 2 36-38 3 33-35 4 30-32 5 25-29 6 20-24 7 <20 8

Distance to Major River Distance (m) Score

12 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Impact Assessment

4,000-6,000 1 2,500-3,999 2 1,500-2,499 3 1,000-1,499 4 500-999 5 300-499 6 100-299 7 <99 8

Distance to Nearest Well Distance (m) Score 1,000-1,300 1 700-999 2 400-699 3 300-399 4 200-299 5 100-199 6 50-99 7 <50 8

Distance to Nearest Community Distance (m) Score 1,000-1,250 1 700-999 2 400-699 3 300-399 4 200-299 5 100-199 6 50-99 7 <50 8

Field inspection of the application sites resulted to the observations:

• At the San Fernando – Angeles – Mexico area, the application sites, except for the Calubasa site, were not affected by lahar but are merely covered with 1-2 inch ashfall. The area is underlain by a shallow aquifer (< 20 meters) as evidenced by hand-pump wells that are used for domestic purposes. The distance to the nearest major river, the Abacan River, ranges from 20 meters (Ganduz, Baliti) to 5,700 meters (Baliti). Except for Malino, which is about 100 meters from the nearest home/community, the rest of the application sites are less than 50 meters to the nearest home/community. Hand-pump wells, which are the main sources of domestic water abound in the community.

• At Carmencita, Floridablanca, the lahar deposit is between 3-5 meters thick. There are shallow wells within the application site but are used mostly for irrigation. The site is located on the west bank of Gumain River and is separated from the community by an elevated access road (3 meters high). Distance to nearest community is about 50 to 100 meters.

• The Mitla application site at Porac is operated by the Monoport Traders Inc. It is about one kilometer away from the nearest barangay community. The site is covered from 12 to 15 meters of lahar deposit and is about 300 meters north of Pasig-Potrero River. There are three irrigation wells within the farm which are about 45 meters deep.

• The Telebanca-Malonzo application sites at Tarlac Province are on the south bank of Bamban River. The main access road to the sites runs parallel with the river dike. The road also serves as access for quarrying lahar deposits which are from 3 to 6 meters thick. Eight resettlement houses

13 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Impact Assessment

are located along the access road in Telebanca. The nearest well is about 100 meters at Malonzo and 300 meters at Telebanca. Well depth range from 20 to 25 meters. A fishpond area is about 350 meters northeast of the application site.

The point scoring for each application site and the resulting ranking is shown the matrix below. The matrix shows the ranking of the application sites based on suitability criteria with the lowest score as the most suitable site. The most suitable site for application is at Barangay Mitla, Porac Pampanga, follwed by the Telebanca-Malonzo area at Tarlac and at Barangay Acli, Mexico, Pampanga. The third most suitable site is located at Barangay Carmencita, Floridablanca, Pampanga. The least suitable application site is at Barangay Ganduz, Mexico, Pampanga.

The total land area deposited with lahar in Central Luzon is 120,000 hectares. On-going septage/sludge application involves 1070 has. Out of the sites evaluated, only 15 sites or 900 hectares sufficiently met the criteria on site selection. MWCI has to explore more sites from the total lahar- covered areas for future activities.

14 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation

Matrix on the Suitability of Application Sites

Distance to Depth of lahar Depth to Distance to Distance to nearest deposit/ashflow Groundwater Major River Name of nearest well Total Location community Rank nearest river Score Depth (m) Score Depth (m) Score Meters Score Meters Score Meters Score

With on-going sludge/septage application San Jose Mitla, Porac, Pampanga 12-15 1 45 1 300 6 Pasig Potrero River 1,250 1 1250 1 10 1 Panipuan, San Fernando, Pampanga 1-2 in 8 <20 8 3,500 2 Abacan River <50 8 <50 8 34 7 Malino, San Fernando, Pampanga 1-2 in 8 <20 8 4,500 1 Abacan River <50 8 100 6 31 5 Mining, Angeles, Pampanga 1-2 in 8 <20 8 400 6 Abacan River <50 8 <50 8 38 9 Ganduz, Mexico, Pampanga 1-2 in 8 <20 8 20 8 Abacan River <50 8 <50 8 40 10 Carmencita, Floridablanca, Pampanga 3-5 4 <20 8 400 6 Gumain River 100 6 100 6 30 4 Telebanca, Concepcion, Tarlac 3-6 4 20-25 7 5 8 Bamban River 300 4 500 3 26 2 Malonzo, Bamban, Tarlac 3-6 4 20-25 7 5 8 Bamban River 100 6 1,000 1 26 2 Potential sites for sludge/septage application Baliti, San Fernando, Pampanga 1-2 in 8 <20 8 5,700 1 Abacan River 10 8 10 8 33 6 Eden, Mexico, Pampanga 1-2 in 8 <20 8 1,300 4 Abacan River 200 5 200 5 30 4 Suclaban, Mexico, Pampanga 1-2 in 8 <20 8 1,500 3 Abacan River <50 8 <50 8 35 8 Culubasa, Mexico, Pampanga 1.0 5 <20 8 1,000 4 Abacan River <50 8 <50 8 33 6 Acli, Mexico, Pampanga 1-2 in 8 <20 8 2,700 2 Abacan River 200 5 200 5 26 3 Camuning, Mexico, Pampanga 1-2 in 8 <20 8 1,600 3 Abacan River 100 6 100 6 31 5 Panipuan, Mexico, Pampanga 1-2 in 8 <20 8 3,000 2 Abacan River <50 8 200 5 31 5 *Approximate distance in meter

4-1 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Management Plan

CONTENTS PAGE 5. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 5-1 5.1 NATURAL HAZARDS ...... 5-1 5.2 EROSION AND SURFACE SOIL RUNOFF ...... 5-1 5.3 SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION ...... 5-1 5.4 LAND RECLAMATION OR REHABILITATION...... 5-2 5.5 ODOR GENERATION ...... 5-3 5.6 NOISE GENERATION...... 5-3 5.7 DUST GENERATION...... 5-3 5.8 TRAFFIC IMPACTS ...... 5-3 5.9 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 5-3 5.10 COMMUNITY HEALTH HAZARDS...... 5-4 5.11 SOCIO-ECONOMICS ...... 5-4 5.11.1 Information and Education...... 5-4 5.11.2 Occupational Health and Safety...... 5-5 5.11.3 Risk Reduction Measures of Health Hazards ...... 5-5 5.11.4 Protection of Personnel from Physical Hazards ...... 5-5 5.11.5 Safety of Workers...... 5-6 5.11.6 Health of the Workers...... 5-7 5.11.7 Public Health...... 5-7 5.11.8 Biological Hazards...... 5-8 5.12 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDINGS...... 5-8 5.13 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ...... 5-13 5.13.1 Project Sites...... 5-13 5.13.2 Septage Disposal Option ...... 5-13 5.13.3 Septage Transport Option...... 5-14 5.13.4 Septage Treatment Option ...... 5-14

i Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Management Plan

5. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

MWCI in the implementation of each project component will adopt a septage/sludge management program to prevent, if not, minimize the environment impacts associated with the collection and disposal of septage and sludge. It should also be noted that the septage/sludge is being productively reused by land application as a soil conditioner and organic fertiliser, and that this will have substantial benefits in terms of improved crop yields and improvements in overall soil fertility. It is not just a simple disposal scheme.

There are two phases, namely the collection of the raw septage in tankers for transport to the SPTP, and then the hauling and disposal of the septage/sludge combination from the SPTPs and STPs to the land disposal areas in the northern provinces. This issue is addressed in the tabulated EMP, and additional issues are addressed below.

5.1 NATURAL HAZARDS

Since 1993, the Philippine government has spent billions of pesos for lahar control structures. Foremost of these is the 66-kilometer megadike along the Pasig-Potrero River in Pampanga. Meanwhile, the rehabilitation and dredging of heavily silted waterways continues. Except for major breach in the dike structures (e.g. the Gugu Dike failure in October 1995 that caused lahar to bury the town of Bacolor, Pampanga), lahar episodes have been confined within active river channels.

5.2 EROSION AND SURFACE SOIL RUNOFF

As mentioned earlier, the raindrop impacts depending on its intensity is often the main agent in detaching soil particles which will be transported by surface runoff to lower elevation. In the early stage of sugar cane plant preparation extra precaution should be observed specially on plantation alignment since at this stage the planting area/s are barren and are exposed to raindrops during rainy season. Surface erosion is the direct result of rain falling on unprotected soil particles, detaching soil particles, and transporting them by overland flow across the soil surface and move downslope under the influence of gravity. To minimize the effect of raindrops, proper farm management should be strictly observed to effectively maximize the utilization of surface runoff to satisfy the water requirement of the sugar cane plantation. With the strict observance of farm management detached soil particles carried by the surface runoff will be minimized. This includes the construction of temporary barriers and trenches around the mounds of materials to abate the spread of spoils through surface runoff. As the plantation grows, raindrop impact will be a less problem since the canopy or leaves of the sugar cane will absorb most of the impact.

Another strategy to minimize erosion is the site selection of plantation areas where sludge/septage use will be applied as a soil conditioner. Identified sites should be as much as possible far from the riverbank where siltation is heavy. Heavily silted rivers will overflow during occurrence of heavy rains and lateral flooding may reach up to the plantation which soils blended with sludge will be carried during the recession stage of the flood and may be deposited downstream of the river channels. As mentioned earlier, this will lessen the conveyance capacity of the rivers. A regular monitoring of surface water quality is to be programmed for implementation.

5.3 SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION

As discussed in Section 4, there are four major factors that affect groundwater contamination: (1) properties of septage and sewage sludge, (2) properties of soil, (3) site conditions, and (4) human activities (Vandre, 1995). Important chemical properties are its solubility, adsorption, volatility and degradation. Soil properties include soil texture, hydraulic conductivity, and organic content. Site conditions pertain to depth of groundwater, topography and amount of rainfall. Human activities involved include the rate and

5-1 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Management Plan timing of substance application. Such factors have to be controlled so that groundwater contamination shall not occur.

MWCI is ensuring that application sites shall not be located or sited on former river or waterway. Regular monitoring of quality of surface and groundwater quality will be undertaken.

5.4 LAND RECLAMATION OR REHABILITATION

What used to be fertile lands for the sugar cane has been considered sub-marginal because the surface is occupied by lahar. Thus, changes to land use in the area have been observed. Farmers changed to aquaculture as a result of the low productivity of lahar-laden soil. Since the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, researches investigations on what could be done to revive the productivity of the once fertile areas for sugar cane and other crops have been conducted. Government budget or subsidy for a more continuous development of technologies to revive the sugar industry in the areas has been very scanty.

It is believed that through the years the productivity of the lahar-laden areas can still be improved but the need to grow crops for the community livelihood and the sugar cane industry is a much needed forum. A few research reports have demonstrated that under controlled nursery and field conditions, the addition of organic matter has been proven effective in enriching the productivity of lahar as suggested by better crop growth and harvest.

Technical measures which can mitigate impacts identified in the preceding section are the following:

ƒ Concentrate the sludge through sanitary means of vaporization ƒ Utilize other sugar mill wastes to further improve quality of composted sludge ƒ Study the effect of combining application of sludge on the reduction of heavy metal uptake ƒ Develop protocol for utilization of supernate as a result of concentration of liquid sludge ƒ Study the supernate as a potential source of liquid fertilizer for crops ƒ Study build up of beneficial microorganisms in the soil-root interphase as a result of sewage/septage application ƒ Start studies to further test the effect of sludge on productivity of other soil types ƒ Utilize other technologies in production of crops raised in lahar-laden areas

The UP-NEC Study reported that lahar samples were obtained from Mexico, Pampanga, and Bamban, Tarlac. Lahar samples from Pampanga were designated as “Lahar 1”, and those from Tarlac as “Lahar 2”. A total of 186 sacks of lahar were obtained from the two sampling areas, with sampling depth of one meter. The samples were brought to the Bureau of Soil and Water Management (BSWM) for analysis.

Without treatment, the unsuitability of lahar to support vegetation can be easily seen from its characteristics. The lahar samples from Pampanga and Tarlac have low N, P, K and micronutrient level such as Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn . The samples also had poor water holding capacity and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Since CEC is an indicator of the amount of organic and clay content, the values showing very low organic matter validates the result.

Lime addition before sludge application is usually recommended where the pH values are below 5.5-6.5 in order to prevent the mobilization of heavy metals. Since pH of the lahar samples were found to be above this range, the study report indicated that there would be considerable savings, since lime application may not be necessary.

The report also indicated that application of sludge on pure lahar may be impractical or be more costly than application on an improved lahar—that is, lahar mixed with soil--since a smaller volume of sludge would be needed for the latter. The characteristics of the lahar samples are given in Tables 4-7 and 4-8 of Volume II. 5-2 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Management Plan

It is to be noted that the application of liquid sewage/septage provide moisture to the sugar cane plants during the summer months. Sewage sludge plus bagasse and mill ash provides additional nutrients for plant growth and increase tonnage and sugar yield.

Best practice for land reclamation in lahar-laden areas such as measures that controls and regular maintenance of trucks, issuance of workers’ personal protective equipment, public access restricted, posting of “No Trespassing” signs in application sites, annual food harvest shall be 30 days after application, septage incorporated within 6 hours after application, and untreated septage shall be pumped directly into truck tanks and hauled to non-public contract site shall be implemented. Regular monitoring of soil samples and lahar including heavy metals will be undertaken.

5.5 ODOR GENERATION

Odor will be generated by transporting trucks and affect residential establishment passed by. Likewise, odor will result in the application of septage.

As mitigating measures to minimize odor, transport trucks will be sealed and well maintained. Due to the remoteness of application areas, odor may not be a problem. A buffer zone from the property line will be provided and shall be planted with trees. An odor control system may be installed in the facility.

5.6 NOISE GENERATION

Regular noise monitoring shall be undertaken to ensure that the workers are exposed to levels within the DENR standards.

5.7 DUST GENERATION

The generation of air-borne particulates is significant, but temporary and for seasons of strong winds, sprinkling of water to soil is recommended. Trucks shall be required by MWCI to move cautiously while passing through the road to minimize dust emission. Trucks will be required to pass smoke emission test, and regular monitoring on ambient air quality will be conducted.

5.8 TRAFFIC IMPACTS

The arrival of trucks shall be coordinated by MWCI with the property owner to minimize or prevent congestion at the application site. Likewise, delivery trucks shall be required to post visible identification and signages for easy recognition.

There is a possibility of deterioration of road condition due to regular movement of trucks at site. As a mitigation measure, MWCI shall ensure that regular maintenance shall be done on the road link and the property interior roads. Maintenance and repairs of access roads shall be undertaken at a regular basis. MWCI shall regularly clean the roads to ensure there will be smooth movement of trucks.

5.9 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

As there are no significant impacts of the application to the aquatic ecology, no mitigating measures have been recommended.

The sewage/septage application resulted in improved soil conditions and growth/yield of sugarcane and other plant growth. The UP-NEC study showed that grasses or plants such as talahib grass was found to

5-3 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Management Plan help prevent or minimize the leaching of nitrate into the groundwater as they can assimilate the nitrate available in the ground.

5.10 COMMUNITY HEALTH HAZARDS

Health hazards discussions include the community health hazards, those due to accidental spills, exposure to pathogens and vectors.

The results of the bacteriological analysis of the lahar samples are shown below. There was absence of nematode eggs in the lahar samples although faecal coliform was present.

Faecal Nematode No. of colonies/g of moist soil Lahar Coliform Eggs Source Bacteria Fungi MPN/100 ml (eggs/kg) Pampanga 700 0 375 x 103 1 x 103 Tarlac 1,100 0 575 x 103 39 x 102

The mitigating measures include the following:

• Site controls and regular maintenance of trucks; • Issuance of personal protective equipment to workers; • Public access to application site is restricted; • Site restriction requires the posting of “No Trespassing” signs; • Annual food harvest shall be 30 days after application; • Septage incorporated within 6 hours after application; • Untreated septage pumped directly into truck tanks and hauled to non-public contract site.

The last three measures are to address the pathogen and vector exposures.

5.11 SOCIO-ECONOMICS

During the operation phase, markers aimed at warning people against going into or near sites considered dangerous should be installed. The markers should prevent undue exposure to the hazards.

When hazards are known, the workers must be provided with proper protective gears and required to wear these. This will require additional investment from the landowners, but this is in compliance with the Philippine labor laws. The workers must also be oriented on these hazards and the risk that they are taking as well as the necessary precautionary measures that they can perform. If the workers are affected in some way, they must be provided with social protection in terms of health insurance programs.

5.11.1 Information and Education

Residents and workers should be well informed of the potential sites of chemical contamination including sources, pathway media and route of intake. They should be advised on how to avoid the sites affected. They should be educated on the correlation of concentration levels and effects of chemical and emphasize on the dose-response relationship.

They should be educated on the possible adverse effects of chemicals present. They should be aware of the signs and symptoms of effects of chemical and these could be similar to the manifestation of more common diseases in the area.

5-4 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Management Plan

The residents should be informed of the correlation between drinking water monitoring for microbes and diseases. They should also be educated on how infectious diseases are transmitted from person to person and through other means. They should be informed of the importance of laboratory examinations to confirm presence of offending organisms and chemical toxicity.

5.11.2 Occupational Health and Safety

Workers, local and company, should protect themselves by observing and practicing occupational health and safety during the hours of duty. The proponent through its vision shall subscribe to an active program of pursuing a healthy, safe and environment-friendly operation.

Company guidelines on health and safety will be made clear to contractors and all employees during the activities. An regular orientation/coordination/briefing for contractors may be implemented.

5.11.3 Risk Reduction Measures of Health Hazards

Operation Phase

During the operation phase, workers of the Sludge Disposal Project are most likely affected including the drivers, distributors of sludge in the lahar area, supervisors and visitors.

The Sludge disposal contractors should be aware of the health risks (work accidents and infectious diseases) that could occur during the mobilization phase and adopt measures to prevent these hazards. Pathways in lahar areas should be in safe areas that will minimize road accidents. Workers should be involved in protecting their own safety and avoid occupational accidents in the distribution of sludge in designated areas.

Protection of Personnel from Chemical Hazards

Dust and Suspended Particulate Matter may increase in ambient concentrations during the distribution of sludge in identified sites. These dust and particulate matter may be contaminated with microorganisms (virus and bacteria) and chemicals (volatile gases, hazardous and non-hazardous wastes and heavy metals).

During operation, there is the potential of heavy metals contamination. Chemical hazard places a big role in the risk management. Occupational safety measures should be applied in the handling wastes. Workers handling such wastes should be protected by using proper body coverings, hand gloves, boots and masks. Appendix on heavy metals enumerates the agents involved, the health effects, monitoring criteria and treatment.

Other air pollutants (NO2, SO2, and CO) from motor vehicles and machines may be low especially in open areas but should still be avoided by adequate maintenance of sources.

5.11.4 Protection of Personnel from Physical Hazards

Exposure to direct sunlight and inability of one’s body to release heat adequately can result to heat stress and strokes. Exposures to heat should be limited by regular work shifts and breaks to allow the body to handle and release heat better. Workers should be provided with shaded areas during break time to allow rest from heat of the sun. Adequate supply of water and juices should be made available at all times.

Noise may be a small problem in open areas even when near to sources like motor vehicles or machinery. However, in closed areas like maintenance, reduction of the noise at source is the most efficient action to minimize it. Technology is available for solving many typical problems arising from the use of machinery 5-5 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Management Plan either by structural and mechanical modifications or the use of mufflers, vibration isolators or enclosures. Improved area planning to increase the distance between people and the noise source is possible. Restrict the length of exposure to potentially hazardous levels by job rotation. Workers exposed to high levels of noise should be aware of its adverse effects and should be educated in (a) the possible consequences of excessive noise exposure; (b) the means of protection, e.g., ear plugs, earmuffs and /or helmets; and (c) the limitations of these protective devices.

Odor is a common physical hazard in areas where wastes are actually located. But may extend to distant surrounding communities. Engineering works in the sludge disposal area like covering of soil on top of each layer will help mitigate the foul odor. Using cover sheets on top of wastes in trucks or making used of enclosed receptacle to cover wastes may reduce the odor. Spillage during the transport of sludge along the way should be avoided.

Good housekeeping to keep insects and rodents away from the wastes should also be implemented. Furthermore, waste handlers can make use of facemask to minimize the offending odor.

5.11.5 Safety of Workers

With the development and operation of the Sludge Disposal Project, occupational accidents can happen. Occupational health and safety measures have to be imposed to workers to avoid occupational accidents in work areas. There should be a Safety Plan for the workers. All occupational injuries and accidents should be documented, investigated, analyzed and reported. These records will be useful guides for workers in preventing accidents in the future and at the same time to continuously improve the Safety Program.

The workers should encourage and motivated to observe safety practices while on duty. Installation of posters, memos and billboards in all premises of the workplace will remind and warn workers on safety measures in work areas. Workers should be provided with suitable clothing (helmet, masks, gloves and/or boots) in areas where protection from accidents is needed. Workers should also be involved in protecting their own safety and health.

It will be their responsibility to see to it that health supplies, like medicines, bandages, etc., that may be needed to attend to emergency cases are available at all times. Annual report on health vital statistics and profile should be submitted to the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE). They should have adequate supply of safe drinking water and sanitary toilet facilities to prevent the spread of infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. All diseases should be reported and treated immediately. Immunization and/or medical prophylaxis should be given to workers in areas where endemic diseases are present.

These can all be enveloped in an agreement with the workers/contractors which should also cover the following:

„ The design and signage of the collection vehicles should conform to approved specifications (including that required by the RA 6969 for the transport permit) that would eliminate spills and odor emissions during the collection and transport of septage.

„ A one page addendum will be included in the haulage contract for the company carting the septage/sludge to the lahar areas, noting the drivers and haulage company obligations pertaining handling and applying the septage/sludge in accordance with the required application procedures and constraints.

„ MWCI or their contracted consultants will undertake spot audits of the disposal areas to ensure compliance with the conditions of the EMP and any other permits , licences or approvals associated with disposing of the septage/sludge 5-6 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Management Plan

„ A letter of commitment will be required from all land holders and farmers stating that they will accept the sludge/septage and that they will indemnify MWCI and LBP from any claims or responsibilities arising from the application of septage/sludge on their farms and properties

„ Any spills resulting from the removal of septage from septic tanks must be cleaned immediately with clean water and disinfectant.

„ Collection vehicles should be checked periodically for any leaks. The engine should be maintained regularly to ensure perfect running conditions. Well-kept engines will have efficient fuel consumption, lesser fume emissions and will last its life span. Major breakdowns while on the road can also be prevented through proper maintenance.

„ Workers should be provided with Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs).

5.11.6 Health of the Workers

All applicant workers should undergo complete health examination prior to hiring to assure good physical fitness at the start of work.. There should be annual health examination of workers of the Project.. There should be adequate medical equipment/facilities that can be used to attend to primary medical cases and emergencies of the employees. Telephones or any form of communication should be available in work areas to be able to attend to emergencies immediately. Medical kits for emergency cases should be made available at all times in work areas distant to the medical clinics.

5.11.7 Public Health

The proponent and contractors is responsible for the protection of the surrounding communities on health hazard like accidents and injuries brought about by the Project. They should be informed of the Project operations through meetings and seminars. They should also be informed on safety measures that the Project operators are implementing in order to avoid health hazards.

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5.11.8 Biological Hazards

Biological hazards are risk factors common to both the Sludge disposal staff and surrounding residents. Active cases of infectious diseases should be immediately treated to prevent further spread of cases.

Secondary data of health profile should be regularly gathered in the Project site and from the municipal health office of the surrounding communities. This will be able to monitor the leading causes of deaths and diseases and other health indices every year. Changes in disease pattern in the community will need further investigation to determine the contribution of the Sludge Disposal Project to disease causation. Health and environmental indices should be monitored annually to determine the health status of the community.

As part of the over-all EMP, the guidelines for the disposal or re-use of septage for lahar reclamation and make the lahar improve its productivity shall be prepared

5.12 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDINGS

In case of accidental archeological findings, the project management must make an effort to preserve a potential archeological site by reporting it immediately to the National Museum. The National Museum will appraise the site to protect a potential national patrimony. The project management will receive guidance from the National Museum on how to manage such site.

As part of the over-all EMP, the guidelines for the disposal or re-use of septage for lahar reclamation and make the lahar improve its productivity shall be prepared. As a guide for the interim the following discusses the Guidelines for the application of septage and sludge to lahar-laden areas.

PREPARATION OF GUIDELINES FOR THE DISPOSAL OR REUSE OF SEPTAGE FOR LAHAR RECLAMATION

The following guidelines are derived from regulations of the US Environmental Protection Agency for disposal of domestic septage on non-public access sites (or sites where contact with public is minimal or controlled). These could be incorporated into the environmental management plan.

General Guidelines

For the agricultural land cum lahar reclamation septage disposal (or reuse) environmental management plan, the following general requirements should be incorporated:

1) Provisions for control of disease-causing organisms called pathogens and the reduction of the attractiveness of the domestic septage to vectors like flies, rodents, and other potential disease- carriers. Note that the processes that reduce the attractiveness to vectors also reduce the potential for objectionable odors being generated and released.

2) Limits on application rates and restrictions on crop harvesting, animal grazing, and site access. Limited application rates minimize the addition of pollutants and the potential for over application of the fertilizer element nitrogen, hence protecting ground and surface water from contamination with excess nitrogen. Restrictions on crop harvesting, animal grazing, and site access protect from contact with pathogens while these are still potentially viable.

3) The information the party disposing the septage must collect, records that must be kept.

4) Provisions for the disposing party to notify the owner or lease holder of the land onto which the domestic septage is applied about the crop and site restrictions that the land owner must obey. It is 5-8 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Management Plan

helpful that the septic tank pumper inform the land owner of how much of the crop's nitrogen requirement was added by the applied domestic septage. By knowing how much of the crop's nitrogen requirement was fulfilled through use of the domestic septage, the land owner can determine how much additional nitrogen in the form of chemical fertilizer, if any, will need to be applied. Domestic septage application rate requirements apply to each field site, adjusted to the nitrogen requirement for the crop being grown.

Nitrogen Application Control

The allowable annual rate of applying domestic septage on safe sites (so-called non-public contact sites) is determined by the nitrogen fertilization rate. Too much nitrogen application can contaminate the groundwater. Over long periods, nitrates from domestic waste water can build up to high concentrations in the groundwater. This is situation is associated with occurrence of methaemoglobinaemia (blue baby syndrome) when nitrate-contaminated water is ingested by infants.

The maximum volume of domestic septage that may be applied to any site during a 365-day period should therefore not exceed the amount of nitrogen required by the planned crop and the yield. This maximum volume is calculated by the following formula, where Annual Application Rate is represented below by AAR. This is based on EPA guidelines.

As an example, if 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre is required to grow a 100 bushel per acre crop of corn, then the annual application rate of domestic septage is 38,500 gallons per acre.

The primary reason for this annual rate calculation is to prevent the over application of nitrogen in excess of crop needs and its potential movement through soil to groundwater. The annual application rate formula was derived using assumptions to make land application very workable for domestic septage haulers. For example, fractional availability of nitrogen from land-applied domestic septage was assumed over a 3-year period to obtain the "0.0026" factor in the annual application rate formula. Also, in deriving the formula, domestic septage was assumed to contain about 350 mg/kg total nitrogen and 2.5% solids (about 1.4% total nitrogen on a dry weight basis).

Records Keeping

The USEPA records requirements of the following information shall be maintained by the proponent/contractor for a minimum period of 5 years:

• Application site location; • Time and date of application; • Applied area; • Amount of septage applied; • Crop grown in the land; • Certification that the required pathogen and vector reduction requirements were carried out prior to application.

Typical application rate is 380 m3 per hectare per year.

MWCI existing septage application rate in lahar-laden areas is 200 m3/ha/yr. Records of MWCI are believed to be inadequate. 5-9 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Management Plan

Controlling Pathogens

Domestic septage must be managed so that pathogens (disease-causing organisms) are appropriately reduced. There are two alternatives from which to choose in order to meet this requirement. The first alternative (no treatment) and its restrictions are presented in Figure 1 below; the requirements of the second option (pH of 12 for a minimum of 30 minutes) are listed in Figure2.

Note that both of the pathogen reduction alternatives impose crop harvesting restrictions. However, site access controls are required unless the pH pathogen treatment alternative is used. Disposing party must be required to inform the owner/operator of the land where the domestic septage has been applied about these crop harvesting and site access restriction requirements. The applier of the domestic septage may be required to certify that these conditions are met.

Figure 1. Pathogen Reduction Alternative Without pH treatment

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Figure 2. Pathogen Reduction Alternative With PH Treatment

Controlling Disease Carrying Vectors

If the disposing party chooses pathogen reduction alternative 1 above (see Figure 1, i.e., land application of the domestic septage without additional treatment) it should also be required to meet one of two vector attraction reduction alternatives.

One of these alternatives is subsurface injection of the septage, the other is incorporation into the surface of the soil within 6 hours. The requirements of these two vector attraction reduction alternatives are discussed in Figure 3 below.

On the other hand, if the disposer chooses pathogen reduction alternative 2 (pH treatment as described in Figure 2) it should also be required to meet the requirements of vector attraction reduction alternative 3, also shown in Figure 3.

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Figure 3. Vector Control Alternatives

Specific Guidelines for Septage Disposal on Farmlands/Lahar

More specific guidelines below could be prescribed as to when, where, and how much septage may be applied to land. These are more stringent and represent the highest level of precaution.

Other restrictions to consider are as follows:

1. Septage may not be spread on land where frequent public access is likely to occur, such as near schools and playgrounds. When applied to areas without vegetative cover, septage must be incorporated into the soil within 8 hours.

2. Only septage that has been properly treated by lime stabilization may be land applied. Stabilization is defined as raising the pH of the septage to at least 12 for a minimum of 2 hours.

3. Areas used for pasture land may not be grazed for 30 days following application of septage.

4. Vegetation or crops for animal feeding may not be harvested for 30 days following application of septage.

5. Vegetables and fruits which come into contact with the soil surface may not be grown for a minimum of 18 months following application of septage.

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6. No more than 500 pounds (convert to kilos) of nitrogen may be applied to each acre (convert to hectares) in any 12 month period.

7. Septage may not be land applied within 3000 feet of any Class A water body. For surface waters of lesser quality (except irrigation canals and ponds), a buffer zone of 200 feet must be maintained. No buffer is required around irrigation waters that are located entirely on the land application site

8. Septage may not be applied within 500 feet of any shallow public water supply wells, nor closer than 300 feet to any private drinking water supply well.

9. At the time of septage application, a minimum of 24 inches of unsaturated soil above the ground water table must be present.

10. Septage may not be applied during rain events when runoff might occur.

11. Septage application area must have buffer zones and stormwater management structures with a capacity to hold runoff during flash floods. Rules may require on-site facilities for storing septage during periods of poor weather and equipment failures.

12. The slope of the land application area may not be more than eight percent and a layer of permeable soil at least two feet thick should cover the surface.

13. Land used for septage application may not contain any hole or channel (such as subsurface fractures, solution cavities, sink holes, or excavated core holes) which would allow the septage to contaminate the groundwater. Also, septage may not be applied within a 200 foot buffer from such geologic formations or features.

14. Septage may not be applied within 300 feet of any dwelling.

15. Septage may not be applied within 75 feet of the property boundary or any drainage ditches.

These are USEPA guidelines. The Philippines should prepare its own guidelines suitable to Philippine conditions using this and those from other countries as reference.

5.13 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

5.13.1 Project Sites

The identified application sites were ranked according to the following criteria:

1) Remoteness of site 2) Public access/site access 3) Distance from rivers, streams, etc. 4) Distance from groundwater wells 5) Distance from residents

5.13.2 Septage Disposal Option

Studies conducted showed that the use of septage/sludge in lahar-laden areas as soil conditioner is an alternative means for septage/sludge disposal. Sea dumping of septage has been proposed but these plans have been suspended on environmental grounds and it is considered that this disposal option will most likely not be adopted. 5-13 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Management Plan

Other septage disposal option is the use of incineration, but with the passage of the Clean Air Act that prohibits the use of incineration, third option can not be used.

Another option , is the use of landfill. As of the moment, except for Cebu landfill that accepts treated sludge (domestic and industrial) landfills are not available due to social acceptability problems. However, with the strict implementation of the Solid Waste Management Act, it is forecasted that LGUs will construct landfill and thus become available by 2006 to 2008.

Studies results showed that the use of septage/sludge as soil conditioner is the most feasible in terms of cost, process or methods, and technology. The negative impacts can be addressed by the recommended mitigation measures. For the interim period and until there is available lahar areas, sludge/septage disposal may be the alternative MWCI may use.

5.13.3 Septage Transport Option

As an alternative to the transport of untreated septage by tankers would be to pump the septage to the lahar areas through a high-pressure pipeline. The length of the pipeline would be about 80 km with a diameter of 200 mm. A receiving/pump station would have to be constructed at the start of the pipeline, including provision for septage storage, screening and degritting equipment. Along the pipeline route, several booster pump stations would be required at approximately 10 km intervals. At the end of the pipeline, a loading facility would transfer the septage to tankers, which in turn would transport the septage to the lahar areas.

5.13.4 Septage Treatment Option

As an alternative to the disposal of untreated septage, it could be dewatered and transported to the lahar areas by truck. A dewatering facility would be put up and would include screening and degritting of the raw septage, and secondary treatment of the filtrate to a standard suitable for discharge to watercourses. The dewatering of septage prior to final disposal would also open up other alternatives, such as use on agricultural areas as a soil conditioner, or disposal in sanitary landfills.

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5.14 EMP TABLES

Environmental Management Plan

Potential Socio- Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Cost Timing Environmental Impacts Responsibilities Estimates Possible contamination of Select and manage the sites for septage/sludge disposal in Wastewater Department of 0 Prior to application of surface or ground waters, and accordance with the following specific criteria: MWCI any septage/ sludge direct and indirect health risks. and throughout 1) Unstabilized sludge/septage may not be applied in areas operations frequented by the public, unless the sludge/septage was properly treated by lime stabilization. 2) Stabilized septage/sludge can be left on the surface of the soil, unless applied to soil without any vegetative cover in which case it must be incorporated into the soil within 8 hours of application. 3) Septage/sludge shall not be applied to land covered with rainwater runoff flows or inundated with floodwater at any time. At such times, the septage/sludge must either be stored at the STP/SPTP, applied to higher land elsewhere in the disposal area or stored at an identified area for later application. 4) Areas used for pasture may not be grazed for 30 days following application of any septage/sludge. 5) Vegetation or crops for animal feeding may not be harvested for 30 days following application of septage. 6) Vegetables and fruits which are consumed raw, or tobacco, shall not be grown on land to which unstabilized septage/sludge have been applied. 7) The application rate of septage/sludge shall be limited to the lesser of (a) 400 kilos of nitrogen to each hectare in any 12 month period, or (b) the nitrogen agronomic uptake requirements of the crop. 8) Sludge/septage may not be land applied within (a) 50 meters of any Class A water body, (b) 10 meters for other classes of water, (c) 10 meters of any shallow non- potable water supply wells, and (d) 30 meters for any 5-1 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Management Plan

Potential Socio- Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Cost Timing Environmental Impacts Responsibilities Estimates potable water supply well. No buffer is required around irrigation waters that are located entirely on the land application site. 9) At the time of septage/sludge application, a minimum of 600 millimeters of unsaturated soil above the ground water table must be present. 10) Unstabilized septage/sludge applied during rain events must be immediately incorporated into the soil, rather than waiting up to 8 hours. 11) The slope of the land application area may not be more than eight percent. 12) Land used for septage/sludge application may not contain any hole or channel (such as subsurface fractures, solution cavities, sink holes, or excavated core holes) which would allow the septage/sludge to contaminate the groundwater, unless the septage/sludge is not applied within a 30 meter distance from such geologic formations or features. 13) Septage/sludge may not be applied within 30 meters of any dwelling located outside the property boundary. A 10 meter buffer applies to any dwellings located within the individual landholding or within the property boundary or any drainage ditches. 14) Site selection must account for any archeological artifacts

Monitoring of Water Quality: P100,000/yr 15) Select suitable existing water wells in the location of the proposed disposal area that can be used for groundwater quality monitoring. Wells should be suitably sealed form surface water inflow or other sources of contamination. This applies to both the extensive agricultural lands and the lahar areas. 16) The wells must source their groundwater from the same hydrogeological formation as the groundwater under the

5-2 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Management Plan

Potential Socio- Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Cost Timing Environmental Impacts Responsibilities Estimates proposed disposal area. Select one well located hydrogeologically upstream of the disposal area and two wells downstream of the main disposal areas. 17) If wells cannot be located that satisfy the hydrogeological, location and operational requirements, then purpose-built sampling wells must be installed. These should be equipped with a sealed collar and lockable caps to prevent tampering. They must be slotted to the same depth as the groundwater resource most likely to be used locally as a water supply resource either now or in the future. No disposal area for Septage/sludge shall only be applied during the fallow or Hauling contractors, P50,000/yr Prior to application of inappropriate periods of the planting seasons when the septage/sludge can be Wastewater Department of any septage/sludge cropping cycle incorporated into the soil within 8 hours, if unstabilized. MWCI and throughout Septage/sludge will have to applied to lahar soils without operations crops or stored in an appropriate stockpile area.

- The stockpile area/s must be protected against the entry of stormwater runoff by constructing bunds around upslope perimeter of the stockpile area. - The area must not be flood-prone - The area must have all weather access roads - The site should have a separate stockpiling for small quantity of stabilized sludge. This stabilized sludge/septage shall be applied as a temporary cover material to the main stockpile which will contain a mixture of stabilized and unstabilized septage/sludge. This stabilized layer will limit odor emissions and also pathogen washoff and erosion. - If the stockpile is going to be remain in place for more than 30 days, it should be covered with a 300 millimeter thick layer of soil to limit water infiltration, odor migration and also rodent access. - Areas with existing vegetative cover are preferred as this reduces the likelihood of runoff and provides an uptake pathway for the nitrogen and other nutrients

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Potential Socio- Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Cost Timing Environmental Impacts Responsibilities Estimates Health risks for workers involved 1) Undertake proper training and education of truck drivers, Hauling contractors, P50,000/yr Prior to application of in septage/sludge handling, operators of applicator equipment and other personnel Wastewater Department of any septage/sludge transport, and disposal involved in septage/sludge handling, transport and MWCI and throughout disposal on the potential health issues operations 2) Use of suitable PPE, such as gloves, coveralls and masks Health risks for farm workers Undertake proper training and education on the potential Local farmers/landholders, P50,000/yr Prior to application of health issues Hauling contractors, any septage/sludge Wastewater Department of and throughout MWCI operations Complaints from surrounding 1) Preference to be given to remote locations Local farmers/landholders, P50,000/yr Prior to application of residents due to lack of 2) Preference to be given to disposal sites closest to Hauling contractors, any septage/sludge awareness on the proposed major and/or sealed roads to minimize haulage Wastewater Department of and throughout activities, possible health disturbances, such as dust and noise, to rural communities MWCI operations impacts, dust and other located along haulage routes inconveniences. 3) Provide public notices to inform/update residents of the period of septage/sludge disposal, and the management procedures and interventions proposed. Spillage of septage/sludge in the 1) As much as possible, haul only dewatered or dried Hauling contractors, 0 Prior to application of event of vehicle accidents septage/sludge Wastewater Department of any septage/sludge 2) Implement a scheme of contacting and then diverting MWCI and throughout empty return vehicles to collect and re-haul any spillages operations resulting from a vehicle accident. For wet spillage on roads, implement methods to absorb spilled material like use of saw dust. Make this a part of the private hauling company’s contract. Excess septage/sludge 1) Review and update the site allocation program for the Wastewater Department of 0 Prior to application of stockpiles awaiting disposal septage/sludge applications MWCI, Landholders/farmers, any septage/sludge 2) Focus on maximizing applications to the extensive Hauling contractors and throughout agricultural areas such as the sugar cane farms in fallow operations periods and/or during the planting season 3) Prepare the receiving area in the lahar areas (for use during the sugar cane growing season or protracted wet weather )well ahead of the cessation of the planting season Septage/sludge application 1) Keep comprehensive records of septage/sludge Wastewater Department of Contingency Prior to application of resulting in surface or ground application details and data such as: MWCI, Hauling contractors only any septage/sludge

5-4 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Environmental Management Plan

Potential Socio- Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Cost Timing Environmental Impacts Responsibilities Estimates water pollution or soil - Location of application, including the area involved and throughout contamination as determined - Date of application operations by the monitoring program - Amount applied - Source of septage/sludge - Crop status/part of planting cycle at time of application - Time of incorporation into the soil - Weather at time of application 2) Maintain records of environmental monitoring and any As necessary environmental reports for a period of at least 5 years. 3) Prepare and maintain a database of monitoring data results. 4) Increase the intensity and extent of monitoring to confirm the apparent elevation of results 5) Delineate the size of the area with contaminated surface/ground water or soil 6) Review septage/sludge application rates 7) Accelerate the covering of septage/sludge with soil 8) Use flatter areas for septage/sludge application 9) Increase the testing required on the septage/sludge for the pollutants exceeding the adopted water quality criteria. For example, if the pollutant of concern is lead, then increase the lead testing frequency to better determine the lead source and manage the pollutant at source. 10) Incorporate runoff collection impoundments below the application areas to trap any septage/sludge in the runoff 11) Increase the separation distance requirements between application areas and surface water systems Septage/sludge applications 1) Increase the intensity and extent of monitoring to confirm Wastewater Department of Contingency As necessary resulting in crop contamination the apparent increase in results MWCI, Hauling contractors, only as determined by the monitoring 2) Delineate the size of the area with contaminated crops Landholders/farmers program 3) Review the sludge application rates for the crop, and decrease as appropriate based on the monitoring program results and parameters of concern. 4) Determine if the pollutant can be isolated, removed or reduced in the septage/sludge

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Potential Socio- Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Cost Timing Environmental Impacts Responsibilities Estimates 5) Determine the source of the contaminated septage/sludge and only apply to the fallow lahar areas until the contaminants can be reduced to suitable levels Excessive odor migrating offsite 1) Increase the depth of incorporation of the septage/sludge Wastewater Department of 0 As necessary into the soil profile MWCI, Hauling contractors, 2) Incorporate the septage/sludge into the soil more quickly landholders/farmers Negative impact on community 1) Determine the nature of the health impact Wastewater Department of Contingency As necessary health 2) Conduct a qualitative epidemiological study to determine MWCI only if the septage/sludge application is the actual source of the morbidity 3) Determine the exposure pathway involved and apply appropriate interventions to intercept this pathway 4) Ensure that public access is being limited as required 5) Consider only using stabilized septage/sludge in this area Negative health impacts on site 1) Determine the nature of the health impact Wastewater Department of Contingency As necessary workers 2) Conduct a qualitative epidemiological study to determine MWCI, Hauling contractors, only if the septage/sludge application is the actual source of landholders/farmers the morbidity 3) Determine the exposure pathway involved and apply appropriate interventions to intercept this pathway 4) Improve training for staff to better understand the health risks of septage/sludge, and the need for appropriate health protection 5) Provide better safety equipment as required, such as PPE upgrades 6) Consider only using stabilized septage/sludge in this area Excessive vermin reported 1) Increase the depth of incorporation into the soil profile Wastewater Department of Contingency As necessary 2) Incorporate the septage/sludge into the soil more quickly MWCI, Hauling contractors, only 3) Only apply the stabilized sludge in the area if vermin landholders/farmers complaints continue Damage to truck access/exit 1) Cooperate with local government on road maintenance MWCI Contingency As necessary roads program only 2) Seek alternative access roads designed to handle loaded trucks

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Potential Socio- Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Cost Timing Environmental Impacts Responsibilities Estimates 3) Seek alternate disposal areas if alternate access roads cannot be located 4) Reduce vehicle weight as a last resort

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5.15. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN

Location Parameters to be Monitored Measurements (1) Frequency Responsibility Cost (2) Estimates Downstream of Turbidity of stormwater runoff Visual only Every major rain event Wastewater 0 selected disposal Department of and stockpile sites MWCI Downstream of Suspended Solids in stormwater Filtration Every major rain event, but only if Wastewater P1,500 / site selected disposal runoff the visual monitoring for turbidity Department of per event and stockpile sites consistently indicates that MWCI excessive suspended solids are washed off from the site, or if complaints continue after implementing all the actions listed in the EMP

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Location Parameters to be Monitored Measurements (1) Frequency Responsibility Cost (2) Estimates Soil at selected Analyze two samples from each soil Standard soil scientific Annual, but starting at least one Wastewater P50,000/site/yr disposal and control profile type: one within the methods acceptable year after the first septage/sludge Department of sites septage/sludge disposal areas and to the Department of application MWCI a control site remote from the Agriculture disposal area for the following parameters:

• Textural analysis

• PH

• Sodium Adsorption Ratio (1:5 soil/water mix)

• Calcium/Magnesium Ratio (1:5 soil/water mix)

• Exchangeable Cations

• Total Cations

• Specific Conductance or electrical conductivity

• Total Manganese

• Total Nitrogen

• Phosphorus (extractable)

• Potassium (available)

• Potassium (extractable)

• Total Calcium (exchangeable)

• Total Chloride

• Total Magnesium (exchangeable)

• Total Sodium (exchangeable)

• Heavy Metals scan Crops at selected Analyse two plant tissues: one Standard agronomic Annual, but starting at least one Wastewater P7,500 / site/yr disposal and control within the septage/sludge disposal methods acceptable year after the first septage/sludge Department of sites areas and a control site remote from to the Department of application MWCI the disposal area for presence of Agriculture and DENR pathogens

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Location Parameters to be Monitored Measurements (1) Frequency Responsibility Cost (2) Estimates Groundwater from 1) Select two sampling wells DAO 34/35 Quarterly, but if elevated levels are Wastewater P25,000 / site upstream and downstream of the disposal detected then more frequent tests Department of per event downstream of and/or stockpile areas in each will be required. Sampling MWCI selected disposal soil profile frequency will be adjusted based and stockpile sites 2) Select one sampling wells on monitoring results. upstream of the disposal and/or stockpile areas to act as a control

Test samples for the ffg. water quality characteristics:

• Total nitrogen (as N)

• Nitrate nitrogen (as N)

• Nitrite nitrogen (as N)

• Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (as N)

• Ammonia nitrogen (as N)

• Total phosphorus (as P)

• Chloride

• Electrical conductivity or total dissolved solids

• PH

• Total coliforms (cfu)

• Faecal coliforms

• Heavy Metals

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Location Parameters to be Monitored Measurements (1) Frequency Responsibility Cost (2) Estimates Surface water from Select one sampling location DAO 34/35 Quarterly, but if elevated levels are Wastewater P25,000 / site upstream and downstream of the disposal and/or detected then more frequent tests Department of per event downstream of stockpile areas in each soil profile will be required. Sampling MWCI selected disposal Select one sampling location frequency will be adjusted based and stockpile sites upstream of the disposal and/or on monitoring results stockpile areas to act as a control

Test samples for the ff. water quality characteristics: - Total nitrogen (as N) - Nitrate nitrogen (as N) - Nitrite nitrogen (as N) - Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (as N) - Ammonia nitrogen (as N) - Total phosphorus (as P) - Chloride - Electrical conductivity or total dissolved solids - PH - BOD - SS - DO - Total coliforms (cfu) - Faecal coliforms - Heavy Metals

(1) The methodology for testing is per the relevant specifications listed/described in the DENR Administrative Orders 34/35. If the relevant methodology is not specified therein, then the relevant methodology from the latest revision of “Standard methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater” by the USA Water Environment Federation will be adopted.

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CONTENTS PAGE

6. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...... 6-1

i Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Findings and Recommendations

6. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

General conclusions on the study are as follows:

1. Sludge and septage can be used as soil conditioner, reclaim lahar-laden areas and enhance sugar productivity. MWCI has already obtained registration from the Fertilizer and Pesticides Authority (FPA).

2. The use of sludge and septage as soil conditioner for sugarcane growth is beneficial to the farmers in terms of savings on fertilizer cost.

3. This project is sustainable since the sugarcane farms in the lahar-laden areas of Pampanga and Tarlac spans a vast areas. The farmers are very insistent on their request to the hauling contractor for sludge and septage.

4. Additional studies must be conducted on the use of biosolids as soil conditioner or fertilizer.

5. There is a need to formulate criteria and standards for biosolids management.

6. The recommended EMP and EMoP have to be strictly implemented for ongoing and future, related activities.

7. Dewatering will reduce hauling costs. However the degree of dewatering has to be established taking into consideration that septage, in raw form, is beneficial in that it increases the moisture content of lahar-laden soil.

8. Pipeline transport of biosolids, as previously suggested is not economically feasible.

The following are the major findings and recommendations suggested on the project:

1) Lahar is sandy and drains quickly, i.e. it does not retain water very well. Hence, there is the risk that a portion of the applied liquid septage may drain past the root zone and carry the nutrients such as nitrate and pollutants to the groundwater. During wet season, the poorly structure, well-drained lahar may permit leaching of contaminants which were originally retained in the root zone, down to the groundwater. Thus, nitrate level monitoring in groundwater is recommended. 2) Lahar is perceived to be poorly structured soil and prone to erosion. This could lead to potential release of the applied biosolids. The stability and erodibility of lahar needs to be reviewed, and necessary measures to improve soil structure and stability identified and implemented. 3) The operation of MWCI’s wastewater treatment and septage collection facilities will generate up to about 450 m3 of biosolids that can be reused as soil conditioner, as well as reclaim the lahar-laden areas and enhance sugar productivity in application areas. 4) There is a potential of pollutants to be introduced into the surface and groundwater resulting to increase in concentration of heavy metals in from the application of septage/sludge in the lahar-affected areas. However, results of studies for the Metro Manila septage based from samples analyzed showed that the probability of phytotoxicity and potential hazards posed on humans and animals is low and do not contain significant quantities of heavy metals. Results for chromium, lead, zinc and cadmium in sewage are all within the pollutant limits set by

6-1 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) Findings and Recommendations

USEPA for land application of sewage sludge. Baseline data for surface and groundwater quality in the project area has to be supplemented and well-documented. 5) The transport, handling and application of septage may result in the generation of dust, odor and noise levels that are significant, but temporary except for dust. Water sprinkling should be done to reduce fugitive dust. There may be slowing down of traffic movement resulting from an increase in the number of transport trucks. Although these effects are considered nuisance, these shall be regularly monitored as shown in the EMoP. 6) Septage and sludge contain nutrients and organic matter beneficial to growing crops that include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other essential plant nutrients. 7) The current transport and hauling of septage to Pampanga entails significant operating costs primarily due to the excessive amount of liquid in the septage being transported. MWCI provided the present average cost of hauling septage from Philam and Diego Silang holding tanks and disposal to Pampanga per m3 is PhP 330.00, while the labor cost for septage collection per shift (2 shifts) is PhP 1,363.00. Private hauling contractors collect and transport the septage from Philam and Diego Silang holding tanks to Pampanga and Tarlac using trucks with capacities ranging from 16 to 25 m3. Each truck makes 2 round trips per day. The total hauling cost per shift range from PhP 6,643.00 to PhP 9,613.00. With 2 shifts per day that s equivalent to a minimum cost of PhP 13,286.00 to a maximum of PhP 19,226.00 per truck per day. The hauling costs can be reduced if excess liquid is removed prior to disposal thereby reducing the volume of septage required for transport. 8) Dried and liquid sludge have been proven to be effective in improving the productivity of soil for agricultural purposes. MWCI obtained temporary registration for both types of sludge to be used as soil conditioner from FPA. Permanent registration has also been obtained for the use of sludge as soil conditioner. This required the conduct of follow-up experiments which gave positive results. 9) MWCI shall conduct additional studies to determine the efficiency of septage as soil conditioner or fertilizer. This can be developed as an alternative means for septage and sludge disposal. Even as septage treatment plants are to be constructed, the biosolids generated as a result of the septage treatment process needs to be disposed. 10) Pipeline transport of biosolids to reuse/disposal sites can reduce the transport costs and the risks arising from trucking operations. However, analyses show that the cost for the pipeline transport infrastructure are expected to be significant. Therefore, pipeline transport is not recommended for implementation as part of the biosolids management option 11) Lahar flows covered about 120,000 hectares with sediment to an average depth of about one meter, and floods spread rock debris over an area at least several times larger. The total demand for septage and sludge may be estimated by relating the total land area deposited with lahar and the optimum application rate (80-120 m3/hectare/year). This roughly estimates the demand for septage to range from 9.6 million m3/year to 14.4 million m3/year.

12) Application of septage and sludge to lahar areas is unique in the world and new to the Philippines. While results of experiments show that this activity enhances sugarcane growth and yields indicating the potential as an indigenous fertilizer material and soil conditioner, there is a need to formulate standards for biosolids management. The Philippines has to develop criteria and standards in biosolids management so that stricter and applicable performance requirements for biosolids treatment can be enforced. Such guidelines shall include the determination of the limits on application rates (agronomic rate) and restrictions on crop harvesting, among others.

6-2 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR SLUDGE/SEPTAGE-USE AS SOIL CONDITIONER FOR SUGAR CANE GROWTH IN LAHAR-LADEN AREAS

Prepared by: Prepared for:

7th Floor, CLMC Building, 259-269 EDSA, Greenhills, Mandaluyong City

Since 1955

in association with Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) Ground Floor, MWSS Bldg., Katipunan Road, Balara, Quezon City Lichel Technologies, Inc.

Unit 1910 Antel Global Corporate Center #3 Doña Julia Vargas Avenue Ortigas Center, Pasig City

and TABLES, FIGURES AND ANNEXES

Rm. 1021, 10/F Cityland Shaw Tower St. Francis Street cor. Shaw Blvd., Mandaluyong City LIST OF FIGURES Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

FIGURE 2 - 1. LOCATION MAP OF THE SEPTAGE/SLUDGE APPLICATION SITES (ANGELES, SAN FERNANDO AND MEXICO...... 1 FIGURE 2 - 2. LOCATION MAP OF THE SEPTAGE/SLUDGE APPLICATION SITES (PORAC, PAMPANGA) ...... 2 FIGURE 2 - 3. LOCATION MAP OF THE SEPTAGE/SLUDGE APPLICATION SITES (FLORIDABLANCA) ...... 3 FIGURE 2 - 4. LOCATION MAP OF THE SEPTAGE/SLUDGE APPLICATION SITES (CONCEPCION AND BAMBAN)...... 4 FIGURE 2 - 5. ROAD NETWORK AT THE APPLICATION SITES IN SAN FERNANDO, ANGELES AND MEXICO, PAMPANGA...... 5 FIGURE 3 - 1. REGIONAL TECTONIC MAP...... 6 FIGURE 3 - 2. REGIONAL SEISMICITY MAP...... 7 FIGURE 3 - 3. GENERALIZED GEOLOGICAL MAP COVERING THE MOUNT PINATUBO AND THE SURROUNDING AREAS ...... 8 FIGURE 3 - 4. DEPOSIT FACIES ASSOCIATED WITH LAHARS FROM PIERSON AND SCOTT, 1985...... 9 FIGURE 3 - 5. ESTIMATED PEAK HORIZONTAL GROUND ACCELERATION AMPLITUDE...... 10 FIGURE 3 - 6. ISOPACH MAP OF AIRFALL TEPHRA DURING THE 12-15 JUNE 1991 ERUPTIONS OF MT. PINATUBO .11 FIGURE 3 - 7. MAP SHOWING LAHAR-COVERED AREAS (1991-95)...... 12 FIGURE 3 - 8. SOIL SAMPLING STATIONS ...... 13 FIGURE 3 - 9. CLIMATE MAP OF THE PHILIPPINES ...... 14 FIGURE 3 - 10. TROPICAL CYCLONE MAP OF THE PHILIPPINES ...... 15 FIGURE 3 - 11. GROUNDWATER MAP (PROVINCE OF PAMPANGA) ...... 16 FIGURE 3 - 12. GROUNDWATER MAP (PROVINCE OF TARLAC)...... 17 FIGURE 3 - 13. WELLS INVENTORIED AT THE APPLICATION SITES IN SAN FERNANDO, ANGELES AND MEXICO, PAMPANGA...... 18 FIGURE 3 - 14. WATER, AIR AND NOISE SAMPLING STATIONS...... 19 FIGURE 4 - 1. MOUNT PINATUBO ANNUAL SEDIMENT DELIVERY ...... 20

ANNEXES-FIGURES/11/11/2004 i Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP)

CH EN R MANILA T

Adapted and modified from Nelson and others, 1999 Project Area =

FIGURE NO. FIGURE TITLE: The Associated Firm: EDCOP 3-1 Regional Tectonic Map of Luzon Island Lichel Technologies, Inc. and ISSI

Figure taken from the report Eruptive History of Mount Pinatubo (Fire and Mud: Eruptions and Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, Christopher Newhall and Raymundo Punongbayan, Editors, 1996).

Project Area

FIGURE NO. FIGURE TITLE: The Associated Firm: Generalized Geological Map Covering the Mount Pinatubo and EDCOP 3-3 the Surrounding Areas Lichel Technologies, Inc. and (after Philippine Bureau of Mines (1963) and Delfin (1983, 1984) Inter-Structure Systems, Inc. LIST OF FIGURES Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

Figure 3 - 4. Deposit facies associated with lahars from Pierson and Scott, 1985

ANNEXES-FIGURES/11/11/2004 9 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP)

Source: International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences

FIGURE NO. FIGURE TITLE: The Associated Firm: EDCOP 3-6 Isopach Map of Airfall Tephra during the 12-15 June, 1991 Lichel Technologies, Inc. and Eruptions of Mt. Pinatubo Inter-Structure Systems, Inc.

PROJECT SITE

SOURCE: PAGASA

FIGURE NO. FIGURE TITLE: The Associated Firm: EDCOP 3-9 Climate Map of the Philippines Lichel Technologies, Inc. and Inter-Structure Systems, Inc. PROJECT SITE

SOURCE: PAGASA

FIGURE NO. FIGURE TITLE: The Associated Firm: EDCOP 3-10 Tropical Cyclone Map of the Philippines Lichel Technologies, Inc. and Inter-Structure Systems, Inc. Source: National Water Resources Council

FIGURE NO. FIGURE TITLE: The Associated Firm: EDCOP 3-11 Groundwater Map (Province of Pampanga) Lichel Technologies, Inc. and Inter-Structure Systems, Inc. Source: National Water Resources Council

FIGURE NO. FIGURE TITLE: The Associated Firm: EDCOP 3-12 Groundwater Map (Province of Tarlac) Lichel Technologies, Inc. and Inter-Structure Systems, Inc.

Department of Science and Technology Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology Figure 4-1

Mount Pinatubo Annual Sediment Delivery Mount Pinatubo Year Actual Best fit Low High 1991 805 801 725 925 1,000 1992 555 596 539 688 1993 505 444 401 512 1994 310 330 299 381 Actual 1995 187 246 222 283 800 Low 1996 160 183 165 211 1997 85 136 123 157 High 1998 101 91 117 Best fit 1999 75 68 87 600 2000 56 51 65 2001 42 38 48 2002 31 28 36 2003 23 21 27 400 2004 17 16 20 2005 13 12 15 2006 9 9 11 2007 7 6 8 200 2008 5 5 6 Annual sediment delivery (mcm) 2009 4 4 5 2010 3 3 3 Total 2,607 3,122 2,826 3,605 0 Based on Best Fit and Actual projections (rounded off) 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Decay Rate 0.744 Year Regression Statistics

Multiple R 0.972 R Square 0.944 Adjusted R Square 0.916 Standard Error 0.049 LIST OF TABLES Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

TABLE 1 - 1. SUMMARY OF APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY IN THE CONDUCT OF ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STUDY ...... 1 TABLE 1 - 2. ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGIES EMPLOYED FOR ANALYSIS OF WATER AND SEDIMENT SAMPLES ...... 3 1 TABLE 2 - 1. MWCI SEWERAGE SERVICE COVERAGE TARGETS (% OF TOTAL POPULATION AREA) ...... 4 1 TABLE 2 - 2. MWCI SANITATION SERVICE COVERAGE TARGETS (% OF TOTAL POPULATION IN AREA) ...... 4 TABLE 2 - 3. LOCATION AND APPROXIMATE LAND AREA OF SLUDGE/SEPTAGE APPLICATION IN THE LAHAR- LADEN AREAS ...... 5 TABLE 2 - 4. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF APPLICATION SITES ...... 6 TABLE 2 - 5. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF SEPTAGE IN METRO MANILA (IN MEAN VALUES) ...... 7 TABLE 2 - 6. METAL CONCENTRATION OF SEPTAGE IN METRO MANILA (IN MEAN VALUES) ...... 8 TABLE 2 - 7. METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN METRO MANILA SEPTAGE (UP-NEC, 1998) ...... 8 TABLE 2 - 8. RESULTS OF LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF SLUDGE (BSWM)...... 9 TABLE 3 - 1. SOIL SAMPLING STATIONS ...... 10 TABLE 3 - 2. INFILTRATION RATE AND HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF LAHAR SOILS AT THE PROJECT SITES (JULY, 2004)...... 10 TABLE 3 - 3. CONCENTRATION LEVELS (UG/G) OF CADMIUM AND LEAD IN SOIL SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM 4 SITES IN THE LAHAR AREAS IN PAMPANGA AND TARLAC (MARCH 23 – 24, 2004)...... 10 TABLE 3 - 4. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF LAHAR SOILS ( JULY 30 – 31, 2004)...... 11 TABLE 3 - 5. APPROXIMATE DISTANCE OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS TO THE PROJECT SITES (KM)...... 12 TABLE 3 - 6. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL RAINFALL DATA AT FOUR (4) RAINFALL STATIONS IN THE PROVINCE OF PAMPANGA...... 12 TABLE 3 - 7. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL METEOROLOGICAL DATA IN THE PROJECT SITES ...... 13 TABLE 3 - 8. RAINFALL-INTENSITY (IN MILLIMETERS/HOUR) OF COMPUTED EXTREME VALUES ...... 13 TABLE 3 - 9. RAINFALL-INTENSITY (IN MILLIMETERS/HOUR) OF COMPUTED EXTREME VALUES ...... 13 TABLE 3 - 10. RAINFALL-INTENSITY (IN MILLIMETERS/HOUR) OF COMPUTED EXTREME VALUES ...... 14 TABLE 3 - 11. RAINFALL-INTENSITY (IN MILLIMETERS/HOUR) OF COMPUTED EXTREME VALUES ...... 14 TABLE 3 - 12. AMBIENT TSP CONCENTRATION AND NOISE LEVEL AT THE PROJECT SITES...... 14 TABLE 3 - 13. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS FOR NOISE IN GENERAL AREAS ...... 15 TABLE 3 - 14. SUMMARY OF WELL DATA FROM INVENTORIED WELLS...... 15 TABLE 3 - 15. WATER WELL DATA SUMMARY OF PROJECT AREAS (NWRC, 1982) ...... 17 TABLE 3 - 16. LIST OF RIVERS NEAR THE APPLICATION SITES ...... 18 TABLE 3 - 17. MEAN MONTHLY FLOW IN CUBIC METERS PER SECOND (CMS)...... 18 TABLE 3 - 18. MEAN MONTHLY FLOW IN CUBIC METERS PER SECOND (CMS) ...... 18 TABLE 3 - 19. ACTUAL DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS AT PORAC RIVER, NASUDECO, FLORIDABLANCA, PAMPANGA...... 19 TABLE 3 - 20. ACTUAL STREAMFLOW MEASUREMENTS AT PORAC RIVER, POBLACION, PORAC, PAMPANGA ...... 19 TABLE 3 - 21. ACTUAL DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS AT SACOBIA-BAMBAN RIVER, SAN FRANCISCO, CONCEPCION, TARLAC...... 19 TABLE 3 - 22. ACTUAL STREAMFLOW MEASUREMENTS AT PASIG-POTRERO RIVER, MANCATIAN, PORAC, PAMPANGA...... 19 TABLE 3 - 23. ANNUAL PEAK FLOW SERIES OF RIVERS IN TARLAC AND PAMPANGA PROVINCES ...... 20 TABLE 3 - 24. MAGNITUDE OF FLOOD WITH CORRESPONDING RETURN PERIOD OF VARIOUS RIVERS ...... 20 TABLE 3 - 25. MAGNITUDE OF FLOOD WITH CORRESPONDING RETURN PERIOD OF SACOBIA-BAMBAN AND ABACAN RIVERS IN CUBIC METERS PER SECOND (CMS) ...... 21 TABLE 3 - 26. MONTHLY RAINFALL AT THE APPLICATION SITES ...... 21 TABLE 3 - 27. MONTHLY EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AT THE PROJECT SITE...... 21 TABLE 3 - 28. RUNOFF DEPTH OF THE APPLICATION SITES ...... 22 TABLE 3 - 29. ESTIMATED MONTHLY INFILTRATION RATE ...... 22 TABLE 3 - 30. MONTHLY BALANCE CALCULATION OF APPLICATION SITES ...... 23 TABLE 3 - 31. WATER AND SEDIMENT QUALITY SAMPLING STATION DATA ...... 23 TABLE 3 - 32. BASIC PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND WATER QUALITY DATA OF SELECTED FRESHWATER BODIES IN THE LAHAR AREAS OF PAMPANGA AND TARLAC...... 25 TABLE 3 - 33. TOTAL AND FECAL COLIFORM CONCENTRATIONS (MPN/100ML) REPORTED FOR DEEPWELL WATER IN PAMPANGA AND TARLAC (20 NOVEMBER 2003- 03 FEBRUARY 2004)...... 26 TABLE 3 - 34. METAL CONCENTRATIONS FOR WATER (MG/L) AND SEDIMENT (MG/KG DRY WEIGHT) SAMPLES AT ALL STATIONS (23 AND 24 MARCH 2004)...... 26

ANNEXES-TABLES.DOC/2/9/2005 i LIST OF TABLES Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

TABLE 3 - 35. METAL CONCENTRATIONS (MG/L) REPORTED FOR DEEPWELL WATER IN PAMPANGA AND TARLAC (20 NOVEMBER 2003 – 03 FEBRUARY 2004)...... 27 TABLE 3 - 36. COMPOSITION AND ABUNDANCES OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND ZOOPLANKTON ORGANISMS SAMPLED AT ALL STATIONS (23 AND 24 MARCH 2004)...... 28 TABLE 3 - 37. COMPOSITION AND ABUNDANCES OF SOFT-BOTTOM BENTHIC ORGANISMS SAMPLED AT ALL STATIONS (23 AND 24 MARCH 2004)...... 29 TABLE 3 - 38. ENDEMICITY, DISTRIBUTION, ECOLOGICAL STATUS AND ROLES/USES OF PLANTS SPECIES SURVEYED IN THE SUGARCANE PLANTATION ...... 30 TABLE 3 - 39. FAUNAL SPECIES COMMONLY FOUND IN THE SAMPLING AREA ...... 31 TABLE 3 - 40. POPULATION SIZE AND GROWTH AND MEAN HOUSEHOLD SIZE IN THE MUNICIPALITIES/CITIES AND BARANGAYS IN THE PROJECT SITE: 1990 AND 2000...... 31 TABLE 3 - 41. VOLUME OF PRODUCTION AND AREA COVERED BY SUGARCANE (1999-2003)...... 32 TABLE 3 - 42. AGRICULTURAL AREA IN THE MUNICIPALITIES AND CITIES IN THE PROJECT SITE: 2000...... 32 TABLE 3 - 43. SUMMARY OF ISSUES AND RESPONSES DURING THE FIRST AND SECOND LEVEL CONSULTATIONS ...... 32 TABLE 3 - 44. LEADING CAUSES OF MORTALITY ...... 33 TABLE 3 - 45. LEADING CAUSES OF MORBIDITY BY YEAR ...... 33 TABLE 3 - 46. BASIC SANITATION FACILITIES...... 34 TABLE 4 - 1. DESCRIPTION OF LAHAR HAZARDS ZONES (PHIVOLCS-DOST, 1997)...... 35 TABLE 4 - 2. LAHAR HAZARD ZONE CLASSIFICATION OF EXISTING AND PROPOSED SEPTAGE/SLUDGE DISPOSAL AREAS...... 35 TABLE 4 - 3. RANGE AND AVERAGE VALUES FOR PARAMETERS FOR RAW SEPTAGE ...... 36 TABLE 4 - 4. RANGE OF VALUES OF HEAVY METALS IN SEPTAGE...... 36 TABLE 4 - 5. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MWCI SEWAGE/SLUDGE ...... 36 TABLE 4 - 6. POLLUTANT LIMITS FOR THE LAND APPLICATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE...... 37 TABLE 4 - 7. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL, LAHAR 1, AND LAHAR 2 ...... 38 TABLE 4 - 8. BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS DATA ON SOIL, LAHAR 1, AND LAHAR 2...... 38 TABLE 4 - 9. ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METALS FROM SEWAGE SLUDGE FERTILIZED LAHAR DEPOSITS...... 39 TABLE 4 - 10. ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METALS IN SEWAGE SLUDGE FERTILIZED LAHAR DEPOSITS AT A.B. GONZALES FARM, TELEBANCA, CONCEPTION, TARLAC (ONE MONTH AFTER APPLICATION) ...... 39 TABLE 4 - 11. CONCENTRATION/LEVELS (UG/G) OF CADMIUM AND LEAD IN SOIL SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM 4 SITES IN THE LAHAR AREAS IN PAMPANGA AND TARLAC...... 40 TABLE 4 - 12. CONCENTRATION LEVELS (UG/G) OF CADMIUM AND LEAD IN SUGARCANE TISSUES COLLECTED FROM 4 SITES IN THE LAHAR AREAS IN PAMPANGA AND TARLAC...... 40 TABLE 4 - 13. INCIDENCE POTENTIAL RATING ...... 41 TABLE 4 - 14. HEALTH CONSEQUENCE RATING ...... 41 TABLE 4 - 15. HEALTH RISK MATRIX...... 42 TABLE 4 - 16. OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS AND RELATED INJURIES AND DISEASES OF SLUDGE/SEPTAGE DISPOSAL PROJECT ...... 42 TABLE 4 - 17. OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RELATED DISEASES...... 43 TABLE 5 - 1. MAJOR IMPACTS, MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT MEASURES AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN...... 44 TABLE 5 - 2. SUMMARY MATRIX -ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN ...... 48

ANNEXES-TABLES.DOC/2/9/2005 ii SECTION ONE List of Tables Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

Table 1 - 1. Summary of Approach and Methodology in the Conduct of Environmental Baseline Study

Location and Size of Study Module Scope and Coverage Method of Data Gathering Method of Assessment Study Area Physical Environment Geology and Natural Regional and Local Geology Secondary data, site Regional: Pampanga and Identification of hazards, and Hazards Hazard zones observations Tarlac Provinces, Project site flood prone areas; Identification of water resources. Hydrology Surface Hydrology Field mapping and water Drainage Basins, Project Surface water discharge, Hydrogeology point inventory, spot sites groundwater availability, interviews and secondary groundwater vulnerability data Soils and Land Use Soils types and Soil sampling and analysis Project Sites Analysis of land uses; review characteristics Pedological observations and and analysis of crop Extent of soil erosion and review of secondary data production system, soils/land land use study suitability analysis; Meteorology Climate, temperature, wind, Secondary data gathering Regional: Pampanga and Climate type, typhoon tropical cyclones Tarlac Provinces frequency, wind direction and intensity Air & Noise Quality Noise levels, total suspended Noise meter, high volume air Direct/Secondary Impact Air quality modeling; particulates (TSP sampling sampler, review of existing Areas comparison with DENR meteorologic data air/noise quality standards. Water Quality Physicochemical analysis Water sampling; informal Direct/Secondary Impact Laboratory analysis of water Biological analysis interviews; review of Areas samples; comparison with secondary data water quality standards for waste management and wastewater treatment. Biological Environment Aquatic Ecology Species composition, relative Stream and sediment Direct Impact Areas Classification and relative abundance and biodiversity sampling abundance of planktons, benthos and aquatic resources ANNEXES-TABLES.DOC/2/9/2005 1 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) SECTION ONE List of Tables Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

Location and Size of Study Module Scope and Coverage Method of Data Gathering Method of Assessment Study Area Terrestrial Ecology Species composition, relative Visual observation Direct/Secondary Impact General classification abundance and biodiversity Areas approach for the existing flora and fauna. Socio-economic Environment Socio-Economics Demographic Profiles Informal interviews/ Direct/Secondary Impact Quantitative and qualitative Regional/Local economy, meetings Areas analysis of secondary data livelihood, employment, Consolidation of municipal Municipal/Provincial/ and information gathered income levels and barangay profile Regional from consultations and Culture and Lifestyles interviews; process Health and Sanitation evaluation; comparison Land Use between existing and future Social Acceptability Perception survey Household interview/survey Direct/Secondary Impact conditions with and without Public consultation Consultations with key Areas the project. informants Municipal/Provincial/ Regional Public Health Household interview/survey Direct/Secondary Impact Consolidation of municipal Areas and barangay health profile Municipal/Provincial/ Regional

ANNEXES-TABLES.DOC/2/9/2005 2 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) SECTION ONE List of Tables Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

Table 1 - 2. Analytical Methodologies Employed for Analysis of Water and Sediment Samples Parameter Methodology Used Hydrogen-ion Concentration (pH, water) Glass Electrode (pH @ 25oC) Dissolved Oxygen (DO, water) Titrimetry Total Suspended Solids (TSS, water) Gravimetry Total Dissolved Solids (TDS, water) Gravimetry Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5, water) Azide Modification Phosphorus as Phosphate (water) Colorimetry- Ascorbic Acid Total Phosphorus as P (water) Colorimetry- Ascorbic Acid Oil & Grease (water) Pet. Ether Ext. – Gravimetry Organophosphorus Pesticides (OPP, water) EPA Method 8141 (GC-TSD) Organophosphorus Pesticides (OPP, sediment) EPA Method 8141 (GC-FPD) Organochlorine Pesticides (OCP, water/sediment) EPA Method 8081A Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB, water) EP Method 8082A (PCB – Aroclors) Total Arsenic (As, water/sediment) EPA 6010B – ICP Total Cadmium (Cd, water/sediment) Flame AAS Total Chromium (Cr, water/sediment) Flame AAS Total Lead (Pb, water/sediment) Flame AAS Total Mercury (Hg, water/sediment) AAS- Cold Vapor Total Coliform (water) APHA 9221B Fecal Colifrom (water) APHA 9221E

ANNEXES-TABLES.DOC/2/9/2005 3 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) SECTION TWO List of Tables Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

Table 2 - 1. MWCI Sewerage Service Coverage Targets (% of total population area)1

Location 2001 2006 2011 2016 2021 Mandaluyong 0.5 4 10 15 Makati 22 40 38 28 23 Quezon City 13 20 16 17 Pasig 9 10 12 14 San Juan Taguig 5 25 26 20

1 From MWCI rates rebasing data

Note : Blank cells indicate no specified target for the area. Other cells and municipalities within the MWCI concession are not planned for connection to a sewer system.

Table 2 - 2. MWCI Sanitation Service Coverage Targets (% of total population in area)1

Location 2001 2006 2011 2016 2021 Mandaluyong 99.5 96 90 85 Makati 60 62 72 77 Marikina 0 100 100 100 100 Quezon City 3.2 87 80 84 83 Pasig 1.2 91 90 88 86 Pateros 100 100 100 100 San Juan 100 100 82 59 Taguig 95 75 74 80 Angono 0 100 100 100 100 Antipolo 0.5 100 100 100 100 Baras 0.5 0 0 100 100 Binangonan 0 0 100 100 Cainta 0.2 100 100 100 100 Cardona 0 0 100 100 Jala-jala 0.2 0 0 100 100 Morong 0.7 0 0 100 100 Pililia 0 0 100 100 Rodriguez 100 100 100 100 San Mateo 0.7 100 100 100 100 Tanay 0 0 100 100 Taytay 0 100 100 100 100 Teresa 0 0 100 100 Manila 100 100 100 100

1 From MWCI rates rebasing data

Note: Blank cells indicate no specified target for the area.

ANNEXES-TABLES.DOC/2/9/2005 4 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) SECTION TWO List of Tables Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

Table 2 - 3. Location and Approximate Land Area of Sludge/Septage Application in the Lahar- Laden Areas Approximate Area Approximate Area Location Year Applied Covered (hectares) Applied (hectares) With on-going sludge/septage application San Jose Mitla, Porac, Pampanga 2003, 2004 100 60 Panipuan, San Fernando, 2003, 2004 100 30 Pampanga Malino, San Fernando, Pampanga 2003, 2004 50 30 Mining, Angeles, Pampanga 2003, 2004 50 10 Ganduz, Mexico, Pampanga 2003 20 5 Carmencita, Floridablanca, 2004 150 50 Pampanga Telebanca, Concepcion, Tarlac 2002, 2003, 2004 300 100 Malonzo, Concepcion, Tarlac 2002, 2003, 2004 300 100 Potential sites for sludge/septage application Baliti, San Fernando, Pampanga Not yet applied 50 - Eden, Mexico, Pampanga Not yet applied 50 - Suclaban, Mexico, Pampanga Not yet applied 50 - Culubasa, Mexico, Pampanga Not yet applied 100 - Acli, Mexico, Pampanga Not yet applied 50 - Camuning, Mexico, Pampanga Not yet applied 20 - Panipuan, Mexico, Pampanga Not yet applied 50 - Source: Manila Water Company, Inc. (MWCI)

ANNEXES-TABLES.DOC/2/9/2005 5 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) SECTION TWO List of Tables Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

Table 2 - 4. General Characteristics of Application Sites

Thickness Approximate distance to Approximate distance Approximate distance Application Site Lahar (m) Ashfall (inches) nearest water body (m) to nearest well (m) to nearest home (m) Pampanga Province Panipuan, San Fernando City - 2.0 50 50 50 Malino, Angeles City - 2.0 100 100 100 Mining, Angeles City - 2.0 400 20 20 Ganduz, Mexico - 2.0 20 50 50 Calubasa, Mexico 1.0 - 20 50 50 Camuning, Mexico - 1.0 20 50 50 Eden, Mexico - 2.0 30 20 20 Suclaban, Mexico - 2.0 50 30 30 Acli, Mexico - 2.0 50 30 30 Baliti, San Fernando City - 2.0 20 20 20 Mitla, Porac 12.0 - 300 0 1 1,000 Carmencita, Floridablanca 5.0 - 20 01 75 Tarlac Province Telebanca, Concepcion 6.0 - 20 300 <20 2 Malonzo, Bamban 6.0 - 20 100 100 1 zero value means means wells are within the application site 2 eight resettlement houses

ANNEXES-TABLES.DOC/2/9/2005 6 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) SECTION TWO List of Tables Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

Table 2 - 5. Physical and Chemical Analyses of Septage in Metro Manila (in Mean Values)

Montgomery UP NEC MWCI (1998- PIA (2001) (1991) from (1998) during 99) Individual from Vacuum Parameter Unit Individual Septic de-sludging Septic Tanks Trucks in No. of No. of No. of No. of

samples samples a samples a Tanks in Manila operations samples in Manila samples Manila PH - 13 7.0 6 7.3 9 7.0 7 7.5 BOD mg/L 13 5,532 7 3,796 9 104 7 4,641 COD mg/L 1 12,807 7 33,433 9 263 7 16,005 COD/BOD 2.3 8.8 2.5 7 2.6 TS mg/L 6 31,376 15 71,579 9 843 7 19,541 TVS mg/L 5 19,245 15 54,292 9 405 7 11,133 TVS/TS 0.61 0.75 0.48 7 0.54 TSS mg/L 13 26,517 n.a. 9 303 7 16,775 TVSS mg/L 13 11,955 n.a. 9 200 7 5,301

NH3-N mg/L 14 209 n.a. n.a. 7 115 TKN mg/L n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 7 678 TP mg/L 14 12.8 n.a. n.a. 7 74 TN mg/Kg n.a. 5 2,800 n.a. n.a.

P2O5 mg/Kg n.a. 5 908 n.a. n.a. K mg/Kg n.a. 7 67.32 n.a. n.a. Na mg/Kg n.a. 1 62.97 n.a. n.a. Oil and Grease mg/L 9 1,493 8 96 7 215 Settleable Matter mL/L 1 750 1.3 1 800 Surfactants (MBAS) mg/L n.a. 9 46 n.a. Phenols mg/L n.a. 7 0.11 n.a. Nematoed eggs eggs/Kg n.a. 15 6,044.4 n.a. n.a. Fecal Coliform MPN/ 100 ml n.a. 4 43.5 x 106 8 94.3 x 106 n.a. Total Coliform MPN/ 100 ml n.a. n.a. 9 18.3 x 107 n.a. n..a. = not analyzed a) Taken from STP Feasibility Study: Treatment, Handling and Disposal of Septage, 2002. Pasig River Environmental Management and Rehabilitation Sector Development Program (PREMRSDP). ANNEXES-TABLES.DOC/2/9/2005 7 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) SECTION TWO List of Tables Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

Table 2 - 6. Metal Concentration of Septage in Metro Manila (in Mean Values)

Montgomery MWCI (1998- (1991) from PREMRSDP 99) Individual Parameter Unit Individual (2002) in Metro Septic Tanks in Septic Tanks in Manila Septagea Manila Manilaa No. of samples No. of samples No. of samples

Ag mg/L 2 0.10 n.a. Cd mg/L 2 0.257 9 0.007 6 0.034 Cr5+ mg/L n.a. 9 0.010 6 0.007 Cu mg/L 2 29 0.013 n.a. Fe mg/L 2 1,160 2.73 1 278 Hg mg/L 9 0.004240 n.a. 6 0.0164 Mn mg/L 2 15 0.34 n.a. Ni mg/L 2 3.1 n.a. n.a. Pb mg/L 7 1.988 0.07 6 1.53 S 2- mg/L 12 29.8 n.a. 1 262 Sn mg/L n.a. n.a. 6 0.377 Zn mg/L 2 218 0.42 n.a. n.a. = not analyzed a) Taken from STP Feasibility Study: Treatment, Handling and Disposal of Septage, 2002. Pasig River Environmental Management and Rehabilitation Sector Development Program (PREMRSDP).

Table 2 - 7. Metal Concentrations in Metro Manila Septage (UP-NEC, 1998)

Parameter Unit Range of Values Pb mg/Kg 3.15 – 7.05 Zn mg/Kg 102.32 – 103.22 Cu mg/Kg 1.57 – 7.82 Cd mg/Kg 0.0 – 0.51 Cr mg/Kg 0.76 –0.79

ANNEXES-TABLES.DOC/2/9/2005 8 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) SECTION TWO List of Tables Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

Table 2 - 8. Results of Laboratory Analysis of Sludge (BSWM) Date of Analysis Pollutant Concentration Parameters Unit (monthly April, 2000 April, 2004 average in mg/Kgb ) Total Nitrogen (N) % by weight 0.15 0.31

Total Phosphorus, (P2O5) % by weight 0.06 0.16

Total Potassium (K2O) % by weight 0.10 0.007 Total Calcium (CaO) % by weight 0.15 1.68 Total Magnesium (MgO) % by weight 0.09 0.07 Ph 7.1 7.4 Sodium (Na) % by weight 0.01 0.01 Zinc (Zn) ppm 67.75 201.0 2,800 Copper (Cu) ppm 11.99 26.94 1,500 Manganese (Mn) ppm 28.18 35.15 Iron (Fe) ppm 2,375 1,812 Organic Carbon (Walkley Black % by weight 1.75 2.71 Method) n.a. = not analyzed a) Table 3 of 40 CFR 503.13, EPA b) mg/Kg can be interpreted as ppm (parts per million); 1Kg = 1,000,000 mg

ANNEXES-TABLES.DOC/2/9/2005 9 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) SECTION THREE List of Tables Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

Table 3 - 1. Soil Sampling Stations Coordinates Sampling Sampling Location Weather Weather Longitude Latitude Date/Time Date/Time

23 March 04 / 31 July 04/ Mitla, Porac, Pampanga 120º 34’ 28” 15º 05’ 00” Clear Partly Cloudy 11:00 AM 1:45 PM Carmencita, 23 March 04/ 31 July 04/ Floridablanca, 120º 28’ 49” 14º 57’ 21” Clear Partly Cloudy 2:00 PM 10:00 AM Pampanga Panipuan, San 23 March 04/ 30 July 04/ 120º 38’ 17” 15º 06’ 59” Partly Cloudy Cloudy Fernando, Pampanga 4:30 PM 4:00 PM Telebanca, Conception, 23 March 04/ 30 July 04/ 120º 37’ 38” 15º 17’ 11” Partly Cloudy Partly Cloudy Tarlac 8:30 AM 11:45 AM

Table 3 - 2. Infiltration Rate and Hydraulic Conductivity of Lahar Soils at the Project Sites (July, 2004) Infiltration Hydraulic Obs. USDA Depth USDA Location Rate Conductivity No. Classification (cm) Classificaion (cm/hr) (cm/sec) 1 Telebanca 38.0 Very rapid 0 – 20 3.6 x 10-2 Very fast Conception, Tarlac 20 – 40 4.0 x 10-2 Very fast 40 – below 1.2 x 10-2 Very fast 2 Panipuan 11.0 Moderately 0 – 28 6.2 x 10-3 Fast San Fernando, rapid 28 – 45 1.1 x 10-3 Fast Pampanga 45 – 60 5.5 x 10-3 Fast 3 Carmencita 92.0 Very rapid 0 – 10 1.6 x 10-2 Very fast Floridablanca 10 – 40 2.4 x 10-2 Very fast Pampanga 40 – below 1.3 x 10-2 Very fast 4 Mitla, Porac, 17.0 Rapid 0 – 20 4.9 x 10-3 Fast Pampanga 20 – below 2.8 x 10-3 Fast Infiltration Rate (USDA) Hydraulic Conductivity (USDA) < 0.125 cm./ hr. - Very slow < 10–5 - Very slow 0.125 – 0.50 cm./ hr. - Slow 10-5 - Slow 0.50 – 2.00 cm./ hr . - Moderately slow 10-3 - 10-4 - Medium 2.00 – 6.25 cm./ hr. - Moderate 10-3 - Fast 6.25 – 12.5 cm./ hr. - Moderately rapid 10-1 – 10-2 - Very Fast 12.5 – 25.0 cm./ hr. - Rapid > 25.0 cm. / hr. - Very rapid

Table 3 - 3. Concentration levels (ug/g) of Cadmium and Lead in soil samples collected from 4 sites in the lahar areas in Pampanga and Tarlac (March 23 – 24, 2004). Cadmium Lead Code Sampling Site Remark (ug/g) (ug/g) SF3a control 0.0497 1.21 Panipuan, San No sugar cane SF3.1 3 0.0744 >mdl 1.78 Fernando, Ratoon cane SF3c 0.0235 0.62 Pampanga Plant cane Porac 0.1005 > mdl 1.21 Mitla, Porac, Plant cane Pampanga Floridablanca 0.0759 > mdl 1.22 Carmencita, Plant cane Floridablanca, Pampanga Tcon 1 0.0745 > mdl 1.20 Ratoon cane Telebanca, Tcon 2 0.0491 1.19 Plant cane Concepcion, Tarlac Tcon 3 0.0488 0.75 Plant cane Note: Analyzed using Dry ashing/AAS by Central Analytical Services Laboratory, BIOTECH, UPLB Instrument Minimum Detection Level : Cadmium = 0.044 ug/g; Lead = 0.0353 ug/g > = above detection level for the element ANNEXES-TABLES.DOC/2/9/2005 10 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) SECTION THREE List of Tables Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

Table 3 - 4. Chemical Analysis of Lahar Soils ( July 30 – 31, 2004) Sample pH Exchangeable Bases Exch. CEC % Base Laboratory Sample Interval Soil : H20 pH Interpretation Ca Mg Na K Sum EA Sum AmAc Sat’n Number Location (cm) (1:1) meq/100 g soil (sum)

Telebanca, S04.924 1a-0-20 5.77 medium acid 1.50 0.21 0.13 0.14 1.98 21.79 23.77 3.85 8.33 Concepcion,

Tarlac S04.925 1b-20-40 6.56 slightly acid 0.75 0.14 0.11 0.08 1.08 17.94 19.02 2.56 5.68

S04.926 Panipuan, 2a-0-28 5.26 strongly acid 1.25 0.25 0.14 0.32 1.96 16.66 18.62 3.20 10.53 San S04.927 Fernando, 2b-28-45 5.04 strongly acid 1.38 0.25 0.58 0.26 2.47 20.76 23.23 3.20 10.63 Pampanga S04.928 2c-45-60 5.60 medium acid 1.63 0.27 0.15 2.50 4.55 23.07 27.62 5.13 16.47

Carmencita, S04.929 3a-0-10 5.73 medium acid 2.75 0.39 27.61 3.39 34.14 21.02 55.16 3.85 61.89 Floridablanc

a, Pampanga S04.930 3b-10-40 6.59 slightly acid 1.38 0.41 0.27 1.02 3.08 18.97 22.05 4.89 13.97

S04.931 4a-0-20 8.27 moderately 1.75 0.19 0.20 0.77 2.91 20.50 23.41 4.89 12.43 Mitla, Porac, alkaline Pampanga

S04.932 4b-20-bel 7.63 mildly alkaline 1.13 0.12 10.98 10.30 22.53 19.48 42.01 2.56 53.63

CEC(meq/ 100g) Fertility Status 10 – 29 low 30 – 39 medium 40 – 49 high > 50 very high Reference: Food and Agriculture Organization – United Nations Development Program (FAO-UNDP)

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Table 3 - 5. Approximate Distance of Meteorological Stations to the Project Sites (km) Cabanatuan Sta. Rita Porac Bacolor San Fernando Project Site 15° 29’ N 15o 00’ N 15o 04’ N 15o 00’ N 15o 02’ N o o o o 120° 58’ E 120 36’ E 120 33’ E 120 39’ E 120 42’ E Angeles 70 18 11 19.5 19 Floridablanca 78 8 10 13.5 19.5 Mexico 87 15 17.5 11 5.5 Porac 71 11.5 2 15 18 San Fernando 87 10 15 6 1.5 Concepcion 70 38 32 38 34

Table 3 - 6. Monthly and Annual Rainfall Data at Four (4) Rainfall Stations in the Province of Pampanga

Sta. Rita, Bacolor, San Fernando, Pampanga Porac, Pampanga Pampanga Pampanga Month Lat. 15o-00’ Lat. 15o-04’ Lat. 15o-00’ Lat. 15o-02’ Long. 120o-36” Long. 120o-33’ Long. 120o-39’ Long. 120o-42’

Jan. 7.0 7.5 7.9 11.0 Feb. 1.8 9.3 5.5 4.5 Mar. 12.5 15.0 15.8 15.4 Apr. 13.6 32.1 23.1 22.7 May 244.80 179.80 154.20 162.90 Jun. 294.60 242.30 275.20 226.90 Jul. 327.60 489.20 476.70 277.80 Aug. 523.00 412.20 561.40 369.90 Sept. 338.30 305.50 267.30 250.3 Oct. 197.60 224.60 231.50 252.80 Nov. 143.30 107.4 109.1 88.50 Dec. 41.7 39.7 57.9 57.8 Total 2,145.01 2,064.70 2,185.40 1,704.50 Years of 7 13 11 11 Record

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Table 3 - 7. Monthly and Annual Meteorological Data in the Project Sites Month Mean No. of Temperature (oC) Wind (m/s) Rainfall (mm) Rainy Days Max. Min. Mean Dir. Speed January 8.4 2 31.3 20.1 25.7 NE 2 February 5.3 1 32.2 20.3 26.3 NE 2 March 14.7 2 33.4 21.3 27.4 SE 2 April 22.9 3 35.1 22.8 29.0 SE 2 May 185.4 11 35.3 23.8 29.5 SE 2 June 259.8 17 33.5 23.7 28.6 S 2 July 392.8 21 32.3 23.5 27.9 S 2 August 466.6 23 31.6 23.4 27.5 S 2 September 290.4 20 32.0 23.3 27.7 S 1 October 226.6 13 32.3 22.8 27.6 NE 2 November 112.1 8 32.1 21.9 27.0 NE 2 December 49.3 4 31.5 20.9 26.2 NE 3 Annual 2034.1 125 32.7 22.3 27.5 NE 2 Source: PAGASA, Station 330-Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, 1961-1995 Note: Mean rainfall data were obtained from various rainfall stations in Sta. Rita, Porac, Bacolor, and San Fenando, Pampanga (Table 3-6).

Table 3 - 8. Rainfall-Intensity (in Millimeters/Hour) of Computed Extreme Values Station: Hacienda Luisita, San Miguel, Tarlac RETURN PERIOD 5 10 15 30 60 2 3 6 12 24 (YEARS) MINS MINS MINS MINS MINS HRS HRS HRS HRS HRS 2 152.4 112.8 100.8 77.6 52.2 30.0 22.9 13.9 8.4 5.3 5 199.2 159.0 141.6 105.4 72.0 42.5 32.1 18.6 12.4 8.3 10 230.4 189.0 168.8 124.0 85.1 50.9 38.2 21.7 14.9 10.2 15 248.4 206.4 184.0 134.4 92.5 55.6 41.6 23.4 16.4 11.3 20 261.6 218.4 194.8 141.6 97.7 58.9 44.0 24.7 17.4 12.1 25 271.2 227.4 202.8 147.2 101.7 61.5 45.9 25.6 18.2 12.7 50 300.0 255.6 228.4 164.6 114.0 69.3 51.6 28.5 20.6 14.6 100 330.0 283.8 253.2 181.8 126.2 77.0 57.3 31.4 23.1 16.4 Based on 11 Years Of Records

Table 3 - 9. Rainfall-Intensity (in Millimeters/Hour) of Computed Extreme Values Station: San Agustin, Arayat, Pampanga RETURN PERIOD 5 10 15 30 60 2 3 6 12 24 (YEARS) MINS MINS MINS MINS MINS HRS HRS HRS HRS HRS 2 163.2 126.0 106.4 81.6 53.7 31.6 22.8 13.9 8.9 5.6 5 236.4 192.6 145.6 106.0 76.4 45.6 32.8 19.3 12.6 8.3 10 284.4 236.4 171.6 122.2 91.4 54.9 39.5 22.9 15.1 10.0 15 312.0 261.6 186.4 131.4 99.9 60.1 43.2 25.0 16.5 11.0 20 331.2 279.0 196.4 137.8 105.8 63.9 45.8 26.4 17.5 11.7 25 345.6 292.2 204.4 142.6 110.4 66.7 47.9 27.5 18.2 12.3 50 391.2 333.6 228.8 157.8 124.4 75.4 54.1 30.9 20.6 13.9 100 435.6 375.0 252.8 173.0 138.4 84.0 60.2 34.2 22.9 15.6 Based on 12 Years of Records

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Table 3 - 10. Rainfall-Intensity (in Millimeters/Hour) of Computed Extreme Values Station: Cansinala, Apalit, Pampanga RETURN PERIOD 5 10 15 30 60 2 3 6 12 24 (YEARS) MINS MINS MINS MINS MINS HRS HRS HRS HRS HRS 2 159.6 114.6 97.2 68.8 42.5 27.2 20.0 12.0 8.2 5.6 5 234.0 154.2 125.6 85.8 52.3 37.1 29.6 18.0 13.5 8.7 10 284.4 180.6 144.4 97.0 58.7 43.7 35.9 22.0 17.0 10.8 15 313.2 195.6 154.8 103.4 62.3 47.5 39.4 24.2 18.9 12.0 20 332.4 206.4 162.4 107.8 64.9 50.0 41.9 25.8 20.3 12.8 25 348.0 214.2 168.0 111.2 66.9 52.0 43.9 27.0 21.3 13.5 50 394.8 238.8 185.6 121.8 72.9 58.2 49.8 30.7 24.6 15.4 100 440.4 263.4 203.2 132.2 78.9 64.3 55.6 34.5 27.8 17.4 Based on 12 Years of Records

Table 3 - 11. Rainfall-Intensity (in Millimeters/Hour) of Computed Extreme Values Station: Sta. Cruz, Porac, Pampanga RETURN PERIOD 5 10 15 30 60 2 3 6 12 24 (YEARS) MINS MINS MINS MINS MINS HRS HRS HRS HRS HRS 2 157.2 115.2 96.8 71.8 46.2 27.9 21.6 13.4 8.7 6.4 5 223.2 157.8 126.0 94.8 61.4 37.6 30.2 19.9 12.6 9.4 10 267.6 186.0 145.2 110.2 71.4 44.1 35.8 24.3 15.2 11.3 15 292.8 201.6 156.0 118.8 77.0 47.8 39.0 26.7 16.7 12.4 20 309.6 213.0 163.6 124.8 81.0 50.4 41.3 28.4 17.7 13.2 25 324.0 221.4 169.6 129.4 84.0 52.4 43.0 29.8 18.5 13.8 50 364.8 247.8 187.6 143.8 93.4 58.4 48.3 33.8 21.0 15.6 100 405.6 273.6 205.6 158.0 102.7 64.5 53.6 37.9 23.4 17.4 Based on 10 Years of Records

Table 3 - 12. Ambient TSP Concentration and Noise Level at the Project Sites Sta. Location Coordinates Date/Time of TSP Conc. Noise Level No. Sampling (ug/Ncm) (dBA) Porac, Pampanga 1 Brgy. San Jose, Mitla March 23, 2004 415.9 60 11:30 am 2 Brgy. Mitla March 23, 2004 392.8 67 11:41 am 3 Brgy. Mitla March 23, 2004 334.5 67 12:58 pm 4 Brgy. Mitla March 23, 2004 204.7 68 2:16 pm Average TSP Concentration at Porac, Pampanga 337.0 65.5 Floridablanca, Pampanga 5 Brgy. Carmencita March 23, 2004 128.1 64 4:20 pm 6 Brgy. Carmencita March 23, 2004 177.8 63 5:40 pm Average TSP Concentration at Floridablanca, Pampanga 153.0 63.5 San Fernando, Pampanga 7 Brgy. Panipuan March 24, 2004 310.3 64 9:37 am 8 Brgy. Panipuan March 24, 2004 450.5 55 10:45 am

ANNEXES-TABLES.DOC/2/9/2005 14 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) SECTION THREE List of Tables Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

Sta. Location Coordinates Date/Time of TSP Conc. Noise Level No. Sampling (ug/Ncm) (dBA) Average TSP Concentration at San Fernando, Pampanga 380.4 59.5 Mexico, Pampanga 9 Brgy. Panipuan, March 24, 2004 174.4 73 Mexico 12:35 pm 10 Brgy. Panipuan March 24, 2004 170.3 66 1:45 pm Average TSP Concentration at Mexico, Pampanga 172.4 69.5 Angeles City, Pampanga 11 Brgy. Mining March 24, 2004 148.9 66 3:02 pm 12 Brgy. Mining March 24, 2004 195.6 67 4:15 pm Average TSP Concentration at Angeles, Pampanga 172.2 66.5 Concepcion, Tarlac 13 Brgy. Telebanca March 25, 2004 291.7 54 8:25 am 14 Brgy. Telebanca March 25, 2004 139.8 48 9:30 am 15 Brgy. Telebanca March 25, 2004 251.7 67 10:40 am 16 Brgy. Telebanca March 25, 2004 533.1 55 11:50 am Average TSP Concentration at Concepcion, Tarlac 304.1 56 Source: Air and Noise Quality Monitoring of Berkman Systems, Inc., March 23-25, 2004

Table 3 - 13. Environmental Quality Standards for Noise in General Areas Category Daytime Morning and Evening Night time of Area (in decibels, dBA) (dBA) (dBA) AA 50 45 40 A 55 50 45 B 65 60 55 C 70 65 60 D 75 70 65

To determine the noise levels at various categories, four distinct periods were identified ---morning, daytime, evening, and night time. The division of the 24-hour period are as follows:

Morning - 5:00 AM to 9:00 AM Daytime - 9:00 AM to 6:00 PM Evening - 6:00 PM to 10:00 PM Nighttime - 10:00 PM to 5:00 AM

Table 3 - 14. Summary of Well Data from Inventoried Wells Coordinates Well Reported North East Location Type Remarks ID. Depth (m) Latitude Longitude 30 years old; Panipuan, San Hand- GW 1 15º 06’ 59” 120º 38’ 17” 7.6 Fernando pump monitoring well ANNEXES-TABLES.DOC/2/9/2005 15 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) SECTION THREE List of Tables Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

Coordinates Well Reported North East Location Type Remarks ID. Depth (m) Latitude Longitude Mining, Hand- 2 15º 08’ 24” 120º 36’ 52” 7.6 < 1 year old Angeles pump Calubasa, Hand- 3 15º 08’ 41” 120º 38’ 58” 30.5 16 years old Mexico pump 120º 39’ Camuning, Hand- 4 15º 07’ 13” 6.0 10 years old 25.8” Mexico pump Motorized, Camuning, Irrigation 5 15º 07’ 25” 120º 39’ 26” Not known yield approx. Mexico Well 5 lps Hand 6 15º 07’ 50” 120º 39’ 21” Eden, Mexico 30.5 7 years old pump Suclaban, Hand 7 15º 08’ 14” 120º 38’ 30” 6.0 10 years old Mexico pump Motorized, Suclaban, Irrigation 8 15º 08’ 14” 120º 38’ 30” Not known yield approx. Mexico Well 5 lps Hand 9 15º 08’ 14” 120º 38’ 30” Acli, Mexico 6.0 5 years old pump Baliti, San Hand 10 15º 08’ 14” 120º 38’ 30” 6.7 5 years old Fernando pump Panipuan, San Irrigation 11 15º 06’ 31” 120º 38’ 13” 18.3 6 months old Fernando well GW LAREC farm, Irrigation LAREC 14º 59’ 25” 120º 31’ 35” Not known monitoring Floridablanca well well GW Carmen Carmencita, Hand 14º 56’ 55” 120º 29’ 26” 44.0 monitoring cita-1 Floridablanca pump well Near soil Carmen Carmencita, Hand 14º 57’ 11” 120º 29’ 04” 6.0 infiltration test cita-2 Floridablanca pump station Monoport GW Irrigation Porac-1 15º 04’ 54” 120º 34’ 24” Trading, Inc. 45.0 monitoring well Mitla, Porac well Monoport GW Irrigation Porac-2 15º 04’ 56” 120º 34’ 38” Trading, Inc. 45.0 monitoring well Mitla, Porac well Monoport Irrigation Porac-3 14º 04’ 55” 120º 34’ 41” Trading, Inc. 45.0 well Mitla, Porac 2 years old; Concepc Telebanca, Hand GW 15º 17’ 59” 120º 38’ 08” 24.0 ion-1 Concepcion pump monitoring well Concepc Telebanca, Hand 15º 17’ 23” 120º 37’ 48” 27.5 3 years old ion-2 Concepcion pump

ANNEXES-TABLES.DOC/2/9/2005 16 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) SECTION THREE List of Tables Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

Table 3 - 15. Water Well Data Summary of Project Areas (NWRC, 1982)

Specific Capacity Static Water Level (SWL) Statistics No. of Well Depth (m) SWL (mbgs) (lps/m) Town Wells 1 to 3 3.1 to 6 6.1 above Considered Average Range Average Range Average Range mbgs mbgs mbgs Pampanga 13.41 – 0.91 – Angeles City 11 5 - 28 0.79 0.72 – 2.49 82.63 11.0 196.65 29.88 12.2 – Floridablanca - 7 - 36 1.09 0.5 – 5.17 52.76 6.75 0.3 – 17.07 160.06 26.52 – Mexico 35 2 - 35 0.99 0.05 – 2.52 61.1 2.33 0.3 – 9.17 117.38 11.89 – Porac 6 10 - 31 0.76 0.1 –3.83 29.48 10.69 0.3 – 35.06 58.23 17.99 – San Fernando 35 9 - 41 - - 52.20 2.64 0.91 – 5.18 220.43 Tarlac 0.109 – Concepcion 29 3 - 34 1.05 0.12 – 6.90 12.3 4.91 – 15.1 1.8 7.62 Source: Rapid Assessment of Water Supply Sources, Provinces of Pampanga and Tarlac, NWRC, 1982

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Table 3 - 16. List of Rivers Near the Application Sites Drainage Area Period of River Name Location (sq. km) Record Porac River Del Carmen, Floridablanca, 118 1946 -1970 Pampanga Pasig-Potrero River Hacienda Dolores, Porac 28 1966 – 1970 Pampanga Caulaman River Pabanlag, Floridablanca 72 1954 –1970 Pampanga Gumain River Pabanlag, Floridablanca 128 1946 – 1970 Pampanga Abacan River Palumangui, Angeles City 45 No Record Pampanga Sacobia-Bamban Bamban, Concepcion 130 No Record River Tarlac Source: Bureau of Research Standards (BRS) – DPWH, 2004

Table 3 - 17. Mean Monthly Flow in Cubic Meters Per Second (CMS) Caulaman River Gumain River Pasig-Potrero Porac River Month Pabanlag, Pabanlag, River, Hacienda Del Carmen, Floridablanca, Floridablanca, Dolores, Porac, Floridablanca, Pampanga Pampanga Pampanga Pampanga January 0.71 2.68 0.35 2.09 February 0.65 2.16 0.14 1.73 March 0.57 2.10 0.42 1.67 April 0.62 2.11 0.50 1.61 May 3.29 4.34 0.58 2.52 June 4.52 8.80 0.49 4.11 July 15.15 15.45 0.58 8.30 August 12.95 24.64 1.66 14.05 September 14.80 21.21 1.33 11.62 October 3.19 11.58 0.72 6.93 November 1.85 6.61 0.82 3.83 December 0.94 3.91 0.40 2.81

Table 3 - 18. Mean Monthly Flow in Cubic Meters Per Second (CMS) Abacan River Sacobia – Bamban River Month Palumangui, Angeles City Bamban, Concepcion, Tarlac January 0.85 4.79 February 0.70 2.68 March 0.68 2.97 April 0.065 2.89 May 1.02 3.82 June 1.66 3.86 July 3.36 8.30 August 5.70 10.35 September 4.70 9.70 October 2.81 12.75 November 1.55 10.80 December 1.14 3.58

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Table 3 - 19. Actual Discharge Measurements at Porac River, Nasudeco, Floridablanca, Pampanga Velocity Area Discharge (Q) Date (meters per second) (square meter) (CMS) 2-17-04 0.482 4.92 2.37 1-13-04 0.486 5.00 2.43 11-12-03 0.416 5.40 2.24 10-24-03 0.473 6.32 2.99 9-17-03 0.419 7.66 3.21 8-13-03 0.529 10.85 5.74 7-16-03 0.419 4.12 1.72 6-26-03 0.363 4.31 1.56 5-20-03 0.350 5.68 1.99 Source: BRS – DPWH 2004

Table 3 - 20. Actual Streamflow Measurements at Porac River, Poblacion, Porac, Pampanga Velocity Area Discharge (Q) Date (meters per second) (square meter) (CMS) 1-13-04 0.625 2.97 1.866 11-12-03 0.483 2.953 1.42 10-24-03 0.624 2.870 1.79 9-17-03 0.582 3.07 1.79 8-13-03 0.550 4.30 2.35 7-16-03 0.405 3.14 1.27 6-26-03 0.560 3.64 2.05 Source: BRS – DPWH 2004

Table 3 - 21. Actual Discharge Measurements at Sacobia-Bamban River, San Francisco, Concepcion, Tarlac Velocity Area Discharge (Q) Date (meters per second) (square meter) (CMS) 9-20-94 0.618 4.25 2.630 8-17-94 0.662 9.90 6.210 7-22-94 1.22 28.34 35.430 5-18-94 0.172 0.799 0.316 4-20-94 0.256 1.145 0.290 3-9-94 0.112 0.610 0.068 2-4-94 0.126 0.732 0.091 1-28-94 0.14 1.440 0.201 12-14-93 0.623 0.623 1.726 Source: BRS – DPWH 2004

Table 3 - 22. Actual Streamflow Measurements at Pasig-Potrero River, Mancatian, Porac, Pampanga Velocity Area Discharge (Q) Date (meters per second) (square meter) (m3 per second) 8-31-94 1.08 1] 1.45 1.33 8-10-94 1.43 1] 6.00 7.30 8-4-94 0.893 1] 0.10 0.70 9-25-94 0.645 2] 28.125 15.42 Source: BRS – DPWH 2004 Note: 1] by float method 2] by float method at Kabitecan bridge

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Table 3 - 23. Annual Peak Flow Series of Rivers in Tarlac and Pampanga Provinces Peak Flow in CMS Porac River Caulaman River Gumain River Porac River Del Carmen, Pabanlag, Pabanlag, Del Carmen, Year Floridablanca, Floridablanca, Floridablanca, Floridablanca, Pampanga Pampanga Pampanga Pampanga D.A.-111 km2 D.A.-72 km2 D.A.-128 km2 D.A.-28 km2 1946 508.80 - 187.15 - 1947 198.80 - 115.60 - 1948 484.00 - 197.65 - 1949 232.00 - 127.30 - 1950 400.00 - 154.75 - 1951 232.00 - 74.75 - 1952 282.00 - 138.73 - 1953 481.20 - 188.25 - 1954 201.60 - 93.67 - 1955 267.60 668.70 218.20 - 1956 - 97.16 217.60 - 1957 5.45 570.45 246.70 - 1958 6.93 338.58 192.10 - 1959 21.30 629.40 150.50 - 1960 128.50 240.33 254.50 - 1961 67.60 283.56 206.40 - 1962 400.00 849.48 310.40 - 1963 54.80 668.70 310.40 - 1964 124.10 708.00 375.40 - 1965 134.00 755.16 164.80 - 1966 227.40 959.52 283.10 4.30 1967 224.60 181.38 253.20 7.15 1968 35.90 39.90 127.10 8.86 1969 72.40 157.80 47.50 6.01 1970 146.00 676.56 267.50 2.22 Total 4,936.98 7,824.68 4,903.25 28.54 Mean 205.70 489.06 196.13 5.71 Standard 150.54 289.00 76.28 2.56 Deviation Source: BRS-DPWH 2004

Table 3 - 24. Magnitude of Flood with Corresponding Return Period of Various Rivers Porac River Caulaman River Gumain River Pasig-Potrero River Return Del Carmen, Pabanlag, Pabanlag, Dolores, Period Floridablanca, Floridablanca, Floridablanca, Porac, (year) Pampanga Pampanga Pampanga Pampanga

D.A.-111 km2 D.A.-72 km2 D.A.-128 km2 D.A.-28 km2 10 401.40 865.00 295.30 9.04 20 470.00 970.00 330.00 10.00 50 560.00 1,200.00 385.00 12.50 100 678.40 1,396.00 435.60 13.74

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Table 3 - 25. Magnitude of flood with corresponding return period of Sacobia-Bamban and Abacan rivers in cubic meters per second (cms) Abacan River Sacobia – Bamban River Return Period Palumangui, Angeles City Bamban, Concepcion, Tarlac (Year) Pampanga, D.A.-45 km2 D.A. – 130 km2 10 170.00 448.00 20 240.00 550.00 50 433.00 755.00 100 527.00 910.00

Table 3 - 26. Monthly Rainfall at the Application Sites Month Rainfall (mm) January 8.35 February 5.28 March 14.70 April 22.90 May 185.40 June 259.80 July 392.80 August 466.60 September 290.40 October 226.62 November 112.10 December 49.30 Total 2,034.25

Table 3 - 27. Monthly evapotranspiration at the project site Month Evatranspiration (mm) January 120.00 February 126.00 March 183.00 April 189.00 May 190.00 June 141.00 July 146.00 August 100 September 129 October 121 November 124 December 130 Total 1,709.00

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Table 3 - 28. Runoff depth of the Application Sites Month Runoff (mm) January (21.70) 59.00 February (0) 37.30 March (5.8) 43.10 April (2.0) 39.00 May (42.70) 80.00 June (78.7) 116.00 July (224.70) 262.00 August (518.70) 256.00 September (244.6) 214.60 October (125.0) 195.00 November (56) 126.00 December (28.70) 66.00 Total (1,846.70) 1,693.00

Table 3 - 29. Estimated Monthly Infiltration Rate Month Infiltration Rate (mm) January 1.25 February 1.80 March 2.21 April 3.44 May 27.00 June 13.00 July 20 August 23.33 September 14.52 October 11.33 November 5.6 December 4.90 Total 128.18

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Table 3 - 30. Monthly Balance Calculation of Application Sites Evatran- Rainfall Runoff Infiltration Month spiration Remarks (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) January 8.25 (21.70) 59.0 120 1.25 -134.60 February 5.28 (0) 37.30 136 .80 -131.50 March 14.70 (5.8) 43.10 183 2.21 -176.30 April 22.90 (2.0) 39.00 189 3.44 -171.54 May 185.40 (42.70) 80.00 190 27.80 -75.6 June 259.80 (78.7) 116.00 141.00 13.00 + 27.1 July 392.80 (224.70) 262.00 146.00 2.0 +2.0 August 466.60 (318.70) 356.00 100.00 23.33 +24.60 September 290.40 (244.6) 314.60 129.00 14.52 -97.72 October 226.62 (125) 195.00 121.00 11.33 -30.71 November 112.10 (56) 126.00 124.00 5.6 - 73.50 December 49.30 (28.70) 66.00 130.00 4.90 -114.30 Total 2,034.25 (1,246.70) 1,693.00 1,709.00 128.18

Table 3 - 31. Water and Sediment Quality Sampling Station Data Station Location Approx. Coordinates Parameters Date/Time Dist. To Collected Collected Test Site Lat. N Long. E (Km) L1 Gumain River, 50m 1.3 14o57’7.6” 120o29’31.1” -Basic 23 Mar 2004 downstream of the physico- 4:10 P.M. bridge (Test site: Brgy. chemical Carmencita, -Water quality Floridablanca, (no PCB) Pampanga) - Sediment quality (no PCB) L2 Panipuan Creek, 70m 1.3 15o06’37.2” 120o37’38.8” -Basic 24 Mar 2004 downstream of the physico- 12:36 P.M. bridge (Test site: Brgy. chemical Panipuan, San -Water quality Fernando, Pampanga) - Sediment quality L3 Freshwater tilapia 1.8 15o04’13.7” 120o33’28.9” -Basic 23 Mar 2004 fishpond in Brgy. San physico- 12:20 P.M. Jose Mitla. Water chemical source is from ground -Water quality water by use of water (no PCB) pumps. (Test site: Monoport Traders, - Sediment Brgy. Mitla, Porac, quality (only Pampanga) metals) L4 Pond along the dike 1.2 15o16’58.8” 120o36’52.9” -Basic 24 Mar 2004 (Bamban River) (Test physico- 9:06 A.M. site: A.B. Gonzales chemical Farm, Brgy. Telabanca, -Water quality Concepcion, Tarlac) ANNEXES-TABLES.DOC/2/9/2005 23 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) SECTION THREE List of Tables Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

Station Location Approx. Coordinates Parameters Date/Time Dist. To Collected Collected Test Site Lat. N Long. E (Km) (no PCB) - Sediment quality (no PCB)

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Table 3 - 32. Basic Physico-Chemical and Water Quality Data of Selected Freshwater Bodies in the Lahar Areas of Pampanga and Tarlac (23 and 24 March 2004).

Stations National Water Quality Standards Parameters Units L1 L2 L4 Gumain River Panipuan Creek Pond Class C Class D Temperature oC 32 34 30 3oC rise 3oC rise Dissolved Oxygen (DO) mg/L 6.8 4.3 6.2 5.0 3.0 Hydrogen-ion Concentration (pH) - 8.01 7.83 8.39 6.5- 8.5 6.0- 9.0 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) mg/L 290 42 9.0 30 60 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/L 388 321 1,020 -- 1,000 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) mg/L 3 28 3 7 10 Phosphorus as Phosphate mg/L 4.1 47 6.4 0.4 -- Total Phosphorus as P mg/L 2,490 3,260 2,160 - - Oil & Grease mg/L 3.3 2.6 <2.0 2 5 Total Coliform MPN/100 mL 2,000 1.6 x 106 1,300 5,000 -- Fecal Coliform MPN/100 mL 2,000 1.6 x 106 400 -- --

Station L1 = sampling point located 50m downstream of the steel/concrete bridge, near Brgy. Carmencita, Floridablanca, Pampanga Station L2 = sampling point located 70m downstream of the concrete bridge, Brgy. Panipuan, San Fernando, Pampanga Station L4 = pond located near the lahar dike along Bamban River, Brgy. Telabanca, Concepcion, Tarlac Class C = fishery water for the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources Class D = for agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering, etc. Reporting Limits = DO- 2.0, TSS- 4.0, TDS- 4.0, BOD- 2.0, Phosphate- 0.06, P-3.0, Oil & Grease- 2.0

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Table 3 - 33. Total and Fecal Coliform Concentrations (MPN/100mL) Reported for Deepwell Water in Pampanga and Tarlac (20 November 2003- 03 February 2004). Location Total Coliform Fecal Coliform Carmencita-1 < 2.2 – 80 < 2.2 - 30 Floridablanca Larec, < 2.2 - < 16 < 2.2 - > 16 Floridabl anca Larec, < 2.2 < 2.2 Floridablanca-RDW Porac 9.2 < 2.2 Pampanga Porac < 2.2 < 2.2 Pampanga-1 Porac, 2.2 2.2 Pampanga-2 Mancatian 23 x 105 30 x 104 Pampanga Concepcion-1 < 2.2 – 9.2 < 2.2 Tarlac Concepcion-2 9.2 < 2.2 Tarlac PNSDW Standard Nil nil Source: 1) Manila Water Company, Inc. (MWCI) Report of Analysis- DW, Pampanga 04-01-001; 04-02-002; 11-03-11-545, 546,547,548 2) Intertek Lab. Test Report No. RW 0402053 (WT6-0513), 11 February 2004

Table 3 - 34. Metal Concentrations for Water (mg/L) and Sediment (mg/kg dry weight) Samples at All Stations (23 and 24 March 2004) Arsenic Cadmium Chromium Lead Mercury

Station/Location Water Sediment Water Sediment Water Sediment Water Sediment Water Sediment

Station L1 (Gumain River) < 0.005 < 0.20 0.009 < 0.02 < 0.04 < 0.04 <0.01 < 0.06 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 Station L2 (Panipuan Creek) < 0.005 < 0.20 0.01 < 0.02 < 0.04 14 < 0.01 3.7 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 Station L4 (Pond) < 0.005 < 0.20 0.01 < 0.02 < 0.04 < 0.04 < 0.01 < 0.06 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 Reporting Limits 0.005 0.20 0.003 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.06 0.0001 0.0001 National Water Quality Standards -Class C 0.05 - 0.01 - 0.05 - 0.05 - 0.002 - -Class D 0.1 - 0.05 - 0.1 - 0.5 - 0.002 - Station L1 = sampling point located 50m downstream of the steel/concrete bridge, near Brgy. Carmencita, Floridablanca, Pampanga Station L2 = sampling point located 70m downstream of the concrete bridge, Brgy. Panipuan, San Fernando, Pampanga Station L4 = pond located near the lahar dike along Bamban River, Brgy. Telabanca, Concepcion, Tarlac Class C = fishery water for the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources Class D = for agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering, etc.

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Table 3 - 35. Metal Concentrations (mg/L) Reported for Deepwell Water in Pampanga and Tarlac (20 November 2003 – 03 February 2004).

Location Arsenic Cadmium Chromium Lead Nickel Mercury

Carmencita n.d. n.d. – 0.037 n.d. n.d. – 0.776 n.d. n.d. Floridablanca Larec, n.d. n.d.- 0.044 n.d. n.d.- 0.071 n.d. n.d. Floridablanca Larec, - 0.034 n.d. 0.71 - - Floridablanca-RDW Porac n.d. n.d.- 0.012 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. Pampanga Porac - 0.04 n.d. 0.053 - - Pampanga-1 Porac, - 0.036 n.d 0.041 - - Pampanga-2 Mancatian - 0.036 n.d. 0.743 - - Pampanga Concepcion - 0.012- 0.042 n.d. 0.076 - - Tarlac Concepcion-2 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d Tarlac Limits- PNSDW 0.01 0.003 0.05 0.01 - 0.001 Source: 1) Manila Water Company, Inc. (MWCI) Report of Analysis- DW, Pampanga 04-01-001; 04-02-002; 11-03-11-545, 546,547,548 2) Intertek Lab. Test Report No. RW 0402053 (WT6-0513), 11 February 2004 n.d. = not detected by method used ( - ) = no sampling done

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Table 3 - 36. Composition and Abundances of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Organisms Sampled at All Stations (23 and 24 March 2004). Stations MEAN MEAN L1 (Gumain River) L2 (Panipuan Creek) L3 (Tilapia Fishpond) L4 (Pond) TOTAL TOTAL Total % Total % Total % Total % ABUNDANCE ABUNDANCE BY Taxa Organism Total Organism Total Organism Total Organism Total BY SPECIES MAJOR GROUP Abundance Abundance Abundance Abundance Abundance Abundance Abundance Abundance (%) (%) (no./L) (no./L) (no./L) (no./L) PHYTOPLANKTON Blue-Green Algae (Cyanophyceae) 85.3 Polycystis 350,000 58.3 2,750,000 87.5 9,300,000 73.3 2,100,000 98.0 79.3 Anabaena 30,000 5.0 30,000 1.0 20,000 0.2 10,000 0.5 1.7 Nostoc 70,000 11.7 150,000 4.7 4,900 0.0 10,000 0.5 4.3 Green Algae 6.9 (Chlorophyceae) Scenedesmus - - - - 2,150,000 16.9 - - 4.2 Selenastrum - - 30,000 1.0 600,000 4.7 - - 1.4 Ankistrodesmus - - - - 460,000 3.6 - - 0.9 Pediastrum - - - - 150,000 1.2 10,000 0.5 0.4 Diatoms 6.8 (Bacillariophyceae) Gyrosigma 50,000 8.3 100,000 3.2 - - - - 2.9 Melosira - - 40,000 1.3 - - - - 0.3 Nitzschia 80,000 13.3 30,000 1.0 - - - - 3.6 Sub-Total 580,000 96.6 3,130,000 99.7 12,684,900 99.9 2,130,000 99.5 99.0 99.0 ZOOPLANKTON Ciliates 1.0 Paramecium 20,000 3.3 10,000 0.3 - - 10,000 0.5 1.0 Copepods 0.0 Copepod nauplii - - - - 10,000 0.1 - - 0.0 Sub-Total 20,000 3.3 10,000 0.3 10,000 0.1 10,000 0.5 1.0 1.0 TOTAL 600,000 100.0 3,140,000 100.0 12,694,900 100.0 2,140,000 100.0 100.0 100.0 Characteristic of the River channel; fast flowing water; Main channel; slow flowing Tilapia fishpond; stagnant, low water; Shallow depth; stagnant, clear Sampling Point very shallow depth, clear water; water; very shallow depth, clear water source is from ground water by water; bottoms of “lahar” coarse bottoms of small size water; black sandy-muddy use of water pumps; turbid/green; sand; kangkong and talahib lined pebbles/gravel and “lahar” sand bottoms substrates consists of black sand-mud the banks Station L1 – sampling point located 50m downstream of the steel/concrete bridge, near Brgy. Carmencita, Floridablanca, Pampanga Station L2 - sampling point located 70m downstream of the concrete bridge, Brgy. Panipuan, San Fernando, Pampanga Station L3 - fishpond located near the lahar dike at Brgy. San Jose Mitla, Porac Pampanga Station L4 - pond located near the lahar dike along Bamban River, Brgy. Telabanca, Concepcion, Tarlac

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Table 3 - 377. Composition and Abundances of Soft-Bottom Benthic Organisms Sampled at All Stations (23 and 24 March 2004). Stations L1 (Gumain River) L2 (Panipuan Creek) L3 (Tilapia Fishpond) L4 (Pond) MEAN MEAN Total % Total % Total % Total % DENSITY % RELATIVE Taxa Organism Total Organism Total Organism Total Organism Total By MAJOR ABUNDANCE Abundance Abundance Abundance Abundance Abundance Abundance Abundance Abundance GROUP By MAJOR (no. (no. indv/m2) (no. indv/m2) (no. indv/m2) (no. indv/m2) GROUP indv/m2) Oligochaeta 22 2.9 44 4.7 44 5.1 28 0.4 Mollusca Gastropoda Thiaridae 156 18.0 39 0.6 Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironomus larvae 689 91.3 23,844 94.9 889 95.3 578 66.6 6,856 99.0 Chironomus nymph 22 2.9 1,289 5.1 89 10.3 Ceratopogonidae Ceratopogonid larvae 22 2.9 TOTAL 755 100.0 25,133 100.0 933 100.0 867 100.0 6,923 100.0 Characteristic of the Sampling River channel; fast flowing Main channel; slow flowing Tilapia fishpond; stagnant, Shallow depth; stagnant, clear Point water; very shallow depth, water; very shallow depth, low water; water source is water; bottoms of “lahar” clear water; coarse bottoms clear water; black sandy- from ground water by use of sand; kangkong and talahib of small size pebbles/gravel muddy bottoms water pumps; turbid/green; lined the banks and “lahar” sand substrates consists of black sand-mud

Station L1 – sampling point located 50m downstream of the steel/concrete bridge, near Brgy. Carmencita, Floridablanca, Pampanga Station L2 - sampling point located 70m downstream of the concrete bridge, Brgy. Panipuan, San Fernando, Pampanga Station L3 - fishpond located near the lahar dike at Brgy. San Jose Mitla, Porac Pampanga Station L4 - pond located near the lahar dike along Bamban River, Brgy. Telabanca, Concepcion, Tarlac

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Table 3 - 38. Endemicity, Distribution, Ecological Status and Roles/Uses of Plants Species Surveyed in the Sugarcane Plantation Endemicity / Common Family Scientific Name Habit Distribution / Role / Uses Name Ecological Status ARECACEAE (Palmae) Cocos nucifera Coconut -do- W Multipurpose COMPOSITAE (Asteraceae) Ageratum conyzoides Bulak manok Herb W,C Weed; Medicinal Tridax procumbens Wild daisy Herb W,C Weed CYPERACEAE Cyperus rotundus Mutha Herb W -do- LEGUMINOSAE (Caesalpiniaceae, Papilionaceae and Mimosaceae) Gliricidia sepium Kakawate Tree W Firewood Leucaena leococephala Ipil-ipil Tree W Firewood spiny Mimosa pudica Makahiya W Weed/medicinal herbs POACEAE Axonopus compressus Carabao grass Herb W Weed, lawn Imperata cylindrica Cogon Herb W -do- Paspalum conjugatum Kulape Herb W -do- Saccharum spontaneum Talahib Herb W -do- SOLANACEAE Talong Punay Datura metel Shrub W, C Medicinal VERBENACEAE Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Kandi-kandilaan Herb W, C Medicinal Legend: W - Wide distribution (occurred also in other countries) C - Common

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Table 3 - 39. Faunal Species Commonly Found in the Sampling Area

Group Common Name Scientific Name Role/Status Occurrence Reptiles Common Snake Lycodon aulicus Ecological/ Reported Common Frog Bufus marinus Ecological/ Observed Common Birds Layang-layang Hirundo spp. Ecological/ Observed Common Uwak Corvus spp. Ecological/ Observed Common Maya Lonchura malacca Ecological/ Observed Common Insects Aphis maydis Ecological/ Observed Common Red Ant Formica sanguinea Ecological/ Observed Black Ant Monomorium sp. Common Grasshopper Gastrimargus marmoratus Ecological/ Observed Brown Grasshopper Mlanoplus sp. Common Spider Theridion sp. Ecological/ Observed Common

Table 3 - 40. Population Size and Growth and Mean Household Size in the Municipalities/Cities and Barangays in the Project Site: 1990 and 2000 Mucinipalities/Cities/ 1990 2000 Population Household Barangay Growth Size Pampanga Angeles 236,685 263,971 1.1 4.7 Mining 1,122 1,626 3.8 Floridablanca 66,146 85,304 2.6 5.1 Carmencita 1,526 1,701 1.1 Mexico 69,441 109,481 4.7 5.4 Eden 362 543 4.1 Gandus 473 681 3.7 Suklaban 584 748 2.5 Calubasa 2,303 2,002 (1.4) Acli 979 2,255 8.7 Porac 68,215 80,757 1.7 5.1 Mancatian 3,423 180 (25.5) San Fernando 157,851 221,857 3.5 5.1 Panipuan 1,620 2,576 4.7 Molino 2,462 5,474 8.3 Baliti 2,708 3,940 3.8 Tarlac Concepcion 103,146 115,171 1.1 5.5 Telebanca 2,249 28 (35.5) Total (Barangays) 19,811 21,754 0.9 Total (Municipalities/Cities) 701,484 876,541 2.2 5.1 Source: National Statistics Office

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Table 3 - 41. Volume of Production and Area covered by Sugarcane (1999-2003)

Region/ Volume of Production (M.T.) Area (Ha) Province 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Philippines 23,777,828 21,223,438 21,708,722 21,417,288 23,946,822 404,065 383,824 373,705 359,866 389,233 Central 1,275,730 1,557,413 1,454,907 1,531,828 1,427,670 24,349 28,554 25,845 28,302 28,091 Luzon Pampanga 386,301 476,610 469,708 526,362 466,827 9,143 9,433 8,473 9,698 9,597 Tarlac 889,398 1,079,584 984,369 1,004,686 960,157 15,205 19,083 17,342 18,577 18,467 (Source: Program Monitoring and Evaluation Division (PMED)-Planning Service & Performance of Agriculture, January – December 2003, Bureau of Agricultural Statistics)

Table 3 - 42. Agricultural Area in the Municipalities and Cities in the Project Site: 2000 Size of Percent to Total Percent of Sugarcane Area to Local Government Unit Agricultural Land Land Area Agricultural Land Pampanga Floridablanca 6,631 has 38% 3% San Fernando 3,251 has 48% 63% Tarlac Concepcion 14,262 has 58% 22% Average 8,048 has 48% 29% Source: Comprehensive Land Use Plans

Table 3 - 43. Summary of Issues and Responses during the First and Second Level Consultations Issues Response First Level • Source and characteristics of sludge/septage. Has • Sludge/septage shall be collected from it passed through the treatment plant? How safe is different domestic septic tanks in Metro this? Manila. These are purely domestic and will not include wastes from hospitals and industries. According to Republic Act No. 6969, sludge/septage is not considered hazardous/toxic waste. • Can sludge/septage be also utilized as soil • Vegetables can also be planted in soils conditioner in other crops such as vegetables? with sludge/septage conditioner, however, it is advised that it should be cooked very well before eating. • How long can microorganisms live in plant • Within 100 days, it is guaranteed that the tissues? eggs of the microorganisms are completely dead. However, for extra precaution, it is recommended that the lahar-amended soil should not be planted for at least one month from date of sludge/septage application. • Where are the exact locations of the experimental • The first experimental site is in Barangay sites? Telebanca, Concepcion, Tarlac. The second is within the compound of LAREC Center in Floridablanca, Pampanga • Suggestion to use agro-industrial wastes aside • Utilizing agro-industrial waste as soil from domestic sludge/septage in the project. conditioner is not the immediate priority of MWSS/MWCI at present but they may

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Issues Response consider it as part of their future plans/alternatives. • Recommendation to focus on one site in the mean • MWCI will carefully study the scheme on time in order to meet the farmers’ high demand on sludge/septage distribution. sludge/septage. • How do MWSS/MWCI handle sludge/septage • No definite schedule on sludge/septage collection? collection at present. It merely depends on calls/requests received by MWSS/MWCI from its subscribers to collect sludge from their septic tanks.

Second Level • Difference between sewage sludge and septage • Sewage sludge is from the wastewater treatment plant while septage is from the septic tanks. • Agro-industrial waste • Agro-industrial waste is not covered by the mandate of MWCI.

Table 3 - 44. Leading Causes of Mortality Florida- Porac San Concepcion Mexico blanca Fernando Heart Diseases 88.76 71.5 6.9 1 1 Cancer 4.36 46.7 6.4 0.14 0.14 Acute Respiratory Failure 28.58 24.7 2.9 0.14 0.14 CVA 24.07 77 7.2 0.21 0.21 Pneumonia 19.55 16.5 0.8 0.1 0.1 PTB 4.51 13.7 1 0.07 0.07 Diabetes Mellitus 4.51 11 0.14 0.14 COPD 9.33 8.2 2.4 0.14 0.14 Bronchial Asthma 7.45 Malnutrition 13.54 Source: Combined municipal health profile of Floridablanca, Porac, San Fernando, Concepcion, and Mexico, 2003

Table 3 - 45. Leading Causes of Morbidity by Year Florida- Porac San Concep- Mexico blanca Fernando cion ARI 3149.07 14098 9644 167 99.82 Infected Wound 173.02 1659 1440 Diarrheal Diseases 1966.47 1034 1216 14 Skin Diseases 452.87 1001 1035 13.47 14 Hypertension 195.59 79 682 5.5 UTI 167 759 752 9.5 2.2 PTB 123 61 3 1.6 Parasitism 383.66 765 279 330 GIT Disorder 392.69 616 673 22.7 Musculo-skeletal Disorder 817 557 6 2 COPD 9.7

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Table 3 - 46. Basic Sanitation Facilities Floridablanca Porac San Fernando Safe water access Level 1 52.83% 77% 98% Level 2 37.71% 17% 0.9% Level 3 0 0 0 Sanitary Toilets 100% 89% 100% Satisfactory garbage disposal 73.73% 94% 25% Complete basic sanitation facilities 73.73% 89% 98%

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Table 4 - 1. Description of Lahar Hazards Zones (PHIVOLCS-DOST, 1997) Zone Description of Hazard Criteria 1 Areas at high risk to lahars and associated flash Areas within the central parts of alluvial fans, or floods. along river valleys down to the farthest reaches where lahars are deemed likely to extend. 2 Areas at low to moderate risk to lahars, and high Areas in the lower reaches or lateral margins of risk to floods and/or excessive siltation. alluvial fans.

3 Areas safe from lahar, but at moderate risk to Areas along former lahar channels, or in distant flash floods and/or excessive siltation. reaches of active lahar channels, that were affected by heavy sedimentation from 1991 eruptive products. 4 Areas safe from lahars, but prone to persistent Areas in deltaic environments and along lahar- (>1 week) or recurrent (back) flooding, with dammed tributaries. sedimentation mainly confined to river channels.

Table 4 - 2. Lahar Hazard Zone Classification of Existing and Proposed Septage/Sludge Disposal Areas. (As of June 30, 1998) Province / Municipality Barangay Zone Classification Pampanga/Porac Mancatian 1 Pampanga/Floridablanca Carmencita 3 Pampanga/San Fernando Panipuan San Fernando - Balite - Malino - Pampanga/Angeles City Mining (Balili) - Pampanga/Mexico Akli - Calubasa 3 Eden 3 Ganduz 3 Panipuan - San Jose Malino 3 Suclaban 3 Tarlac/Concepcion Telabanca 4 Malonzo 2

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Table 4 - 3. Range and Average Values for Parameters for Raw Septage No. of Parameters Range Average Samples PH 6 6.65 – 8.1 7.3 Alkalinity, mg/l 4 450 – 2,500 1,712.5 BOD, mg/l 7 1,620 – 5,500 3,796.00 COD, mg/l 15 15,205 – 70,655 36,563.00 Total Nitrogen, mg/kg 5 2,100 – 3,800 2,800 Phosphates (P205), mg/kg 5 100 – 2,400 908 Potassium, mg/kg 7 36 -121 67.32 Total Solids, mg/l 15 7,301 – 195,620 71,579.75 Total Volatile Solids, mg/l 15 2,813 – 53,649 54,292.26 Faecal Coliform, MPN/100ml 4 80x 105 – 13x107 37,966.93 Nematoed eggs, eggs/kg 15 2,667 – 13,667 6,044.4 Sodium, mg/kg 1 62.79 62.97 Lead, mg/kg 2 3.15 – 7.05 5.1 Zinc, mg/kg 2 102.32 – 103.22 102.77 Copper, mg/kg 2 1.57 – 7.82 4.695 Cadmium, mg/kg 2 0 – 0.51 0.255 Chromium, mg/kg 2 0.76 – 0.79 0.775

Table 4 - 4. Range of Values of Heavy Metals in Septage Heavy Metals Range of Values Pb, mg/kg 3.15 – 7.05 Zn, mg/kg 102.32 – 103.22 Cu, mg/kg 1.57 – 7.82 Cd, mg/kg 0.0 – 0.51 Cr, mg/kg 0.76 – 0.79

Table 4 - 5. Chemical Analysis of MWCI Sewage/Sludge Sewage Sludge Raw Septage Parameter (April 2000) (January 2003) Total Nitrogen, N 0.15% 0.05%

Total Phosphorus, P2O5 0.06% 0.01%

Total Potassium, K2O 0.10% 0.005% Total Calcium, CaO 0.15% 0.02% Total Magnesium, MgO 0.09% 0.01% Total Sodium, Na 0.01% 0.02% Zinc, Zn 67.75 ppm 4.89 ppm Copper, Cu 11.99 ppm 1.22 ppm Manganese, Mn 28.18 ppm Trace Iron, Fe 2,375 ppm 25.08 ppm Mercury, Hg - 0.0043 mg/l Organic matter 3.01% - Source: Quilloy, Oscar T. and E.B. Estanislao, 2003. Productivity Improvement of Soils Planted to Sugarcane Using Raw Septage and Sewage Sludge: Influence of Long-Term Application.

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Table 4 - 6. Pollutant Limits for the Land Application of Sewage Sludge Concentration Limits Pollutant Concentrations Ceiling Concentrations (Table 3 of 40 CFR 503.13) (Table 1 of 40 CFR 503.13) Pollutant Monthly Average (milligrams per kilogram, dry (milligrams per kilogram, dry weight) weight) Arsenic 75 41 Cadmium 85 39 Chromium 3,000 1,200 Copper 4,300 1,500 Lead 840 300 Mercury 57 17 Molybdenum* 75 -- Nickel 420 420 Selenium 100 36 Zinc 7,500 2,800

Loading Rates Cumulative Pollutant Loading Annual Pollutant Loading Rates Rates (Table 4 of 40 CFR 503.13) (Table 2 of 40 CFR 503.13)

(kilogram per (pounds per Pollutant (kilogram per (pounds per hectare per acre per 365- hectare, dry acre, dry 365-day period, day period, dry weight) weight) dry weight) weight) Arsenic 41 37 2.0 1.8 Cadmium 39 35 1.9 1.7 Chromium 3,000 2,677 150 134 Copper 1,500 1,339 75 67 Lead 300 268 15 13 Mercury 17 15 0.85 0.76 Molybdenum* ------Nickel 420 375 21 19 Selenium 100 89 5.0 4.5 Zinc 2,800 2,500 140 125 *The pollutant concentration limit, cumulative pollutant loading rate, and annual pollutant loading rate for molybdenum were deleted from Part 503 effective February 19, 1994. EPA will reconsider establishing these limits at a later date.

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Table 4 - 7. Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Soil, Lahar 1, and Lahar 2

Parameters Soil Lahar 1 Lahar 2 Alkalinity and Salinity: PH 7.6 8.7 8.1 Conductivity, mmhos/cm 0.43 0.06 0.68 Na, ppm 5.90 1.47 4.33 K, ppm 1.22 0.92 1.83 Ca, ppm 10.07 0.67 10.44 Mg, ppm 9.81 0.46 0.61 Sum of Cations, ppm 27.00 3.52 17.21 CO3, ppm Trace Trace Trace HCO3, ppm 15.86 3.66 7.93 SO4, ppm 38.31 10.92 140.60 Cl, ppm 4.25 2.13 4.25 Sum of Anions, ppm 58.42 16.71 152.78 Exch. Na% Trace Trace Trace Sodium Adsorption Ratio 0.32 0.32 0.36 Chemical Analysis: P, ppm 10.0 7.4 2.1 OC, % 0.21 0.03 0.08 OM, % 0.36 0.05 0.14 Total N, % 0.018 0.0025 0.007 Conductivity, mmhos/cm 0.18 0.01 0.21 Ca, meq/100g soil 13.1 0.8 1.0 Mg, meq/100g soil 6.0 Trace Trace Na, meq/100g soil 0.2 Trace Trace K, meq/100g soil 0.1 Trace Trace Sum, meq/100g soil 19.4 0.8 1.0 Exchangeable Acid, meq/100g soil 7.0 1.0 1.0 CEC Sum, meq/100g soil 26.4 1.8 2.0 Base Saturation % Sum 73 44 50 Physical Properties: Water Holding Capacity 22.6 22.3 53.7 Total Sand 65.8 87.8 91.8 Silt (0.05 – 0.002) 18.4 5.4 2.4 Clay less 0.002 15.8 6.8 5.8 Textural Class sandy loam sand sand Trace Metels: Cu (ppm) 1.80 0.49 1.48 Zn (ppm) 1.04 0.37 0.31 Fe (ppm) 22.22 14.34 2.75 Mn (ppm) 18.18 7.39 1.18

Table 4 - 8. Bacteriological Analysis Data on Soil, Lahar 1, and Lahar 2 Faecal Coliform Nematode Eggs No. of colonies/g of moist soil SAMPLE MPN/100 ml (eggs/kg) Bacteria Fungi Lahar 1 700 0 375 x 103 1 x 103 Lahar 2 1,100 0 575 x 103 39 x 102 Soil 400 0 16 x 104 265 x 102

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Table 4 - 9. Analysis of Heavy Metals from Sewage Sludge Fertilized Lahar Deposits (SRA Farm at Floridablanca, Pampanga) Heavy Metals (mg/kg) Rate of Application CHB Tanks (1 year) Control 100 m3/ha 200 m3/ha Arsenic, As 0.45 0.56 0.61 Cadmium, Cd < 3 < 3 < 3 Chromium, Cr 12 13 14 Lead, Pb < 10 < 10 < 10 Nickel, Ni 3.8 3.8 4.2 Mercury, Hg < 0.07 < 0.07 < 0.07 Field; Sewage Sludge Expt. 40 m3/ha 80 m3/ha 120 m3/ha (3 years) Arsenic, As 0.75 1.10 1.12 Cadmium, Cd < 3 < 3 < 3 Chromium, Cr 7.8 9.2 10.6 Lead, Pb < 10 < 10 < 10 Nickel, Ni 3.7 3.9 4.3 Mercury, Hg < 0.07 < 0.07 < 0.07 Source: Quilloy, Oscar T. and E.B. Estanislao, 2003. Productivity Improvement of Soils Planted to Sugarcane Using Raw Septage and Sewage Sludge: Influence of Long-Term Application

Table 4 - 10. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge Fertilized Lahar Deposits at A.B. Gonzales Farm, Telebanca, Conception, Tarlac (One Month after Application) Heavy Metals (mg/kg) Control 120 m3/ha Arsenic, As 0.32 0.68 Cadmium, Cd < 3 < 3 Chromium, Cr 1.6 8.4 Lead, Pb < 10 < 10 Nickel, Ni 3.2 3.6 Mercury, Hg < 0.07 0.09 Source: Quilloy, Oscar T., 2003. Productivity Improvement of “Lahar” for Sugarcane Growing Using Raw Sewage and Septic Sludge

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Table 4 - 11. Concentration/levels (ug/g) of Cadmium and Lead in soil samples collected from 4 sites in the lahar areas in Pampanga and Tarlac. CODE CADMIUM LEAD SITE REMARK (ug/g) (ug/g) SF3a control 0.0497 1.21 San Fernando No sugar cane SF3.1 3 0.0744 >mdl 1.78 Sa Fernando Ratoon cane SF3c 0.0235 0.62 San Fernando Plant cane Porac 0.1005 > mdl 1.21 Porac Plant cane Floridablanca 0.0759 > mdl 1.22 Floridablanca Plant cane Concepcion, Tcon 1 0.0745 > mdl 1.20 Tarlac Ratoon cane Tcon 2 0.0491 1.19 ‘ditto’ Plant cane Tcon 3 0.0488 0.75 ‘ditto’ Plant cane Analyzed using Dry ashing/AAS by Central Analytical Services Laboratory, BIOTECH, UPLB Instrument Minimum Detection Level : Cadmium = 0.044 ug/g; Lead = 0.0353 ug/g > = above detection level for the element NOTE: Number of times dumping of sewage sludge was done is not known

Table 4 - 12. Concentration Levels (ug/g) of Cadmium and Lead in Sugarcane Tissues Collected from 4 Sites in the Lahar Areas in Pampanga and Tarlac. CODE/TISSUE CADMIUM LEAD SITE REMARK (ug/g) (ug/g) SF3-RT 0.1718> mdl 0.46 San Fernando Plant cane SF3-SH 0.0624 > mdl 1.77 Sa Fernando Plant cane SF3.1RT 0.1006> mdl 3.31 San Fernando Ratoon cane SF3.1 SH 0.0763> mdl 1.78 San Fernando Ratoon cane FLA 2-RT 0.2288> mdl 3.26 Floridablanca Plant cane FLA 2-SH 0.0491 2.08 Floridablanca Plant cane PRC 1- RT 0.1335 >mdl 2.46 Porac Plant cane PRC 1-SH 0.1329 >mdl 2.69 Porac Plant cane Tcon 1-RT 0.1445>mdl 2.35 Concepcion, Tarlac Ratoon cane Tcon 1-SH 0.0344 1.74 ‘ditto’ Ratoon cane Tcon 2-RT 0.1899>mdl 3.00 ‘ditto’ Plant cane Tcon 2-SH 0.1047>mdl 2.38 ‘ditto’ Plant cane Tcon 3- RT 0.0921> mdl 2.85 ‘ditto’ Plant cane Tcon 3-SH 0.0921>mdl 2.41 ‘ditto’ Plant cane Analyzed using Dry ashing/AAS by Central Analytical Services Laboratory, BIOTECH, UPLB Instrument Minimum Detection Level (mdl): Cadmium = 0.044 ug/g; Lead = 0.0353 ug/g NOTE: Number of times dumping of sewage sludge was done is not known

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Table 4 - 13. Incidence Potential Rating Porac Floridablanca San Mexico Concepcion Fernando Chemical Hazards Dust D D D D D

CO, NO2, SO2 D D D D D Other volatile gases D D D D D Hazardous wastes D D D D D Non-hazardous wastes D D D D D Heavy metals D D D D D Psychological Stress D D D D D Physical Hazards Odor D D D D D Noise A A A A A Heat A A A A A Vibration A A A A A Vehicular accidents C C C C C Biological Hazards Viral D D D D D Bacterial D D D D D Fungal D D D D D Parasitic D D D D D Note: (A) Unlikely to happen; (B) theoretically possible to happen but no report of the occurrence is available locally and abroad; (C) has happened once in the Philippines or abroad in an industry or development quite similar to the project being proposed; (D) has happened more than once in the Philippines or abroad in an industry or development quite similar to the project being proposed; (E) has happened during the operation of similar development owned and operated by the project proponent in other parts of the Philippines and abroad.

Table 4 - 14. Health Consequence Rating

Porac Floridablanca San Mexico Concepcion Fernando Chemical Hazards Dust 3 3 3 3 3 CO, NO2, SO2 2 2 2 2 2 Other volatile gases 3 3 3 3 3 Hazardous wastes 3 3 3 3 3 Non-hazardous wastes 3 3 3 3 3 Heavy metals 3 3 3 3 3 Psychological Stress 2 2 2 2 2 Physical Hazards Odor 2 2 2 2 2 Noise 1 1 1 1 1 Heat 1 1 1 1 1 Vibration 1 1 1 1 1 Vehicular accidents 4 4 4 4 4 Biological Hazards Viral 3 3 3 3 3 Bacterial 3 3 3 3 3 Note: (1): agents not hazardous to health; (2) agents have limited health effects that are reversible; (3) agents which are capable or irreversible damage without serious disability; (4) permanent total disability or fatality (small exposed population); (5) agents with potential to cause multiple fatalities (large exposed population)

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Table 4 - 15. Health Risk Matrix

Incidence Potential Rating Consequence Very Low Low Medium High Very High Rating (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (1) Slight 9 8 7 6 5 injury/illness Noise, heat, vibration (2) Minor 8 7 6 5 4 injury/illness psychological stress, odor, air pollution (3) Major 7 6 5 4 3 injury/illness biological hazards, other volatile gases, hazardous, heavy metals & non- hazardous wastes, dust

(4) 6 5 4 3 2 Permanent total Vehicular disability or accident fatality (5) 5 4 3 2 1 Multiple fatalities

Table 4 - 16. Occupational Hazards and Related Injuries and Diseases of Sludge/septage Disposal Project

Occupational and Environmental Injury and Diseases Chemical Hazards Dust Exacerbation of Asthma and COPD, allergic rhinitis Gas NO2, SO2, CO Exacerbation of Asthma and COPD, allergic rhinitis Methane Burn injuries due to explosion Volatile gases Irritation to severe burns of the eyes, throat and lungs and the skin Solid Wastes Hazardous Depending upon the waste Non Hazardous Depending upon the waste Heavy Metals Depending upon the waste Physical Hazards Odor Psychological stress due to irritation and apprehension Noise Reduction to loss of hearing Temperature Heat stroke, thermal stress, burns Vibration White-fingers disease, musculo-skeletal disease, fatigue Ergonomic Factors Exhausting physical work, prolonged standing, excessive mental effort, unfavorable work posture, static/monotonous work Biological Hazards Infectious diseases of the different organ systems most commonly respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases

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Table 4 - 17. Occupational and Environmental Related Diseases

Occupational Diseases Diseases due to Physical Environment 1. Contusion, bruises, hematoma 1. Diseases due to Noise and Vibration 2. Abrasions Deafness (due to noise) 3. Cuts, lacerations, punctures White fingers disease 4. Concussion Musculo-skeletal disturbances 5. Avulsion Fatigue 6. Amputation, loss of body parts 2. Diseases due to Temperature and Humidity 7. Crushing injuries Hot Temperature 8. Spinal injuries Heat strokes 9. Cranial injuries Heat cramps 10.Sprains Dehydration 11.Dislocation/fractures Heat exhaustion 12.Burns 3. Ergonomic Stress Exhausting physical work Prolonged standing Excessive mental effort Unfavorable work posture Static monotonous work

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Table 5 - 1. Major Impacts, Mitigation/Enhancement Measures and Environmental Management Plan

Project Cost of Mitigation Guarantees and Impact Description Mitigation & Enhancement Responsible Party Schedule Activities Enhancement Contracts Geology • Geologic hazards resulting • Rip rapping of creeks/rivers Undertaken by DPWH, LGUs and Done NA from lahar and flooding adjacent to project sites. concerned LGUs Contractors • Catchment/drainage of adequate size should be constructed around the project site.

• Erosion and surface soil • Temporary barriers and runoff trenches should be constructed around the mounds of materials to abate the spread of spoils through surface runoff. • Monitoring of surface and groundwater quality

Land Use • Changes in land use of some • Farmers changed to None Done Done NA lahar areas aquaculture as a result of the low productivity of lahar.

Water Quality • Contamination of surface • Dumping sites should not sit Covered by Contractor/Applier Application EMoP, and groundwater with heavy on former river or waterway Application cost, Phase Monitoring metals from sludge • Monitoring of surface and EMoP Team (MT), groundwater quality Health and Safety Program

Odor • Odor will affect residential • Remoteness of zones. Covered by Contractor/Applier Application EMoP, MT, establishment that will be • Transport trucks to be sealed Application Cost Phase Health and passed by transporting and maintained. Safety Program ANNEXES-TABLES.DOC/2/9/2005 44 Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) SECTION FIVE List of Tables Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

Project Cost of Mitigation Guarantees and Impact Description Mitigation & Enhancement Responsible Party Schedule Activities Enhancement Contracts trucks.

• Odor in the application of septage Soil Quality • Soil contamination by heavy • Regular monitoring of soil To be covered by Contractor/Applier Application EMoP, MT metals (heavy metals contents) Application Cost Phase (after operation has fully established) • Improvement of soil • Regular monitoring of soil To be covered by Contractor/Applier Application condition and fertility quality Application Cost Phase (after operation has fully established) • Dumping of liquid None NA Contractor/Applier Application MT sewage/septage provide Phase moisture to the sugarcane plants during the summer months • Sewage sludge + bagasse & • Set up demo trials for other NA Contractor/Applier Application MT mill ash provides additional farmers to emulate Phase (after nutrients for plant growth operation has and increase tonnage and fully sugar yield established) Traffic • Traffic congestion at site • Arrival of trucks should be Covered by Contractor/Applier Application MT, Health and coordinated with the MWCI Application Cost Phase Safety Program and property owner. • Delivery trucks should be required to post visible identification and signages for easy recognition.

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Project Cost of Mitigation Guarantees and Impact Description Mitigation & Enhancement Responsible Party Schedule Activities Enhancement Contracts • Deterioration of road • Regular maintenance should Covered by Contractor/Applier Application MT, Health and condition due to regular be done on the road link and Application Cost Phase Safety Program movement of trucks at site property interior roads. • Maintenance and repairs of access roads. • Cleaning of road brought about by movement of trucks. Health • Health hazard due to • Provide measures to protect Covered by Contractor/Applier Application EMoP, MT, accidental spills and community health. Insurance Cost Phases Health and air/noise nuisance Safety Program, Social Development Program • Community Health Hazards • Measures include site Covered by Contractor/Applier Application EMoP, MT, controls and regular Application Cost Phase Health and maintenance of trucks Safety Program • Issuance of workers’ personal protective • Pathogen Exposure equipment • Public access restricted • Site restriction; posting of “No Trespassing” • Annual food harvest shall be 30 days after application. • Septage incorporated within 6 hrs after application • Vector Exposure • Untreated septage pumped directly into truck tanks and hauled to non-public contract site. Socio-Economic • Increased employment • Peripheral work Contractor/Applier Application MT, Social opportunities opportunities as a result of Phases Development • Increased income increased in productivity Program

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Project Cost of Mitigation Guarantees and Impact Description Mitigation & Enhancement Responsible Party Schedule Activities Enhancement Contracts • Higher educational attainment level Heritage • In case of accidental • The project management MWCI/Contractor Operation MT Preservation archeological findings must make an effort to Phase preserve a potential archaeological site by reporting it immediately to the National Museum. *Source: Land Application of Sewage Sludge: A Guide for Land Appliers on the Requirements of the Federal standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge, 40 CFR Part 503, U.S. EPA/831- B-93-002b, Washington D.C., 1994.

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Table 5 - 2. Summary Matrix -Environmental Monitoring Plan

Approximate Cost Activity/ Parameters Sampling Locations Frequency Responsibility (PhP)/Monitoring Groundwater Monitoring Physico-Chemical: Temperature, DO, pH, TSS, TDS, BOD, Phosphate, Total Phosphorus, Oil & Grease Covered by Heavy Metals: At defined stations near Monthly MWCI, MT Operational Cost, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, Se, application sites EMoP Zn Vectors/Pathogens: Fecal coliform Nematode eggs Surface Water/Sediment Monitoring Physico-Chemical: Temperature, DO, pH, TSS, TDS, BOD, Phosphate, Total Phosphorus, Oil & Grease Covered by Heavy Metals: At defined stations near Semi-Annual MWCI, MT Operational Cost, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, Se, application sites EMoP Zn Vectors/Pathogens: Fecal coliform Nematode eggs Septage Monitoring Physico-Chemical: Annual and Covered by COD, Total solids, Total volatile at times of Holding Tank (Composite) MWCI, MT Operational Cost, solids, Total N, pH, Alkalinity, suspicion EMoP Na, P, K, BOD from

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Approximate Cost Activity/ Parameters Sampling Locations Frequency Responsibility (PhP)/Monitoring Heavy Metals: commercial As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, Se, and industrial Zn contractors Vectors/Pathogens: Fecal coliform Nematode eggs Lahar/Soil Monitoring Physico-Chemical: Texture, water holding capacity, K, CEC, CO3, HCO3, Cl, conductivity, Total N, pH, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Phosphorus, organic Covered by content Control sites and Application Before MWCI, MT Operational Cost, Heavy Metals: sites harvest EMoP As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, Se, Zn, Mn Vectors/Pathogens: Fecal coliform Nematode eggs Health Monitoring Related diseases Impact communities, survey Annual Covered by MWCI, MT Operational Cost, EMoP Terrestrial/Agriculture Leaf tissue analysis on sample Control sites and Application Before Covered by plants sites harvest MWCI, MT Operational Cost, EMoP *Source: Land Application of Sewage Sludge: A Guide for Land Appliers on the Requirements of the Federal standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge, 40 CFR Part 503, U.S. EPA/831-B-93-002b, Washington D.C., 1994. Note: MT refers to Third Party Monitoring Team

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