DOCSLIB.ORG

FLORA of the INDIAN EPIC PERIOD: ONCE LOST, the DIVERSITY of GENE POOLS CANNOT BE RESTORED - OUR EVOLUTIONARY RESPONSIBILITY Ashish Dubey1, Manju Lata Zingare *, Md

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
FLORA of the INDIAN EPIC PERIOD: ONCE LOST, the DIVERSITY of GENE POOLS CANNOT BE RESTORED - OUR EVOLUTIONARY RESPONSIBILITY Ashish Dubey1, Manju Lata Zingare *, Md Available Online through www.ijpbs.com (or) www.ijpbsonline.com IJPBS |Volume 3| Issue 1 |JAN-MAR |2013|305-321 Review Article Biological Sciences FLORA OF THE INDIAN EPIC PERIOD: ONCE LOST, THE DIVERSITY OF GENE POOLS CANNOT BE RESTORED - OUR EVOLUTIONARY RESPONSIBILITY Ashish Dubey1, Manju Lata Zingare *, Md. Aslam Ansari, Prasanna Lata Zingare2 1Department of Botany, Govt. Shaheed Bhagat Singh P.G. College, Jaora, Ratlam, M.P., 457226, India 2Department of Biotechnology, Govt. Digvijay Autonomous P.G. College, Rajnandgaon, C.G., 491441, India *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT The Indian epic flora are a fundamental part of the Indian culture and apart from having medicinal importance they also have religious value. Their present diversity of species is the result of a very long and slow process of genetic change and adaptation. The time necessary for the emergence of new species, and even for the accumulation of genetic variants at individual gene loci within species, greatly exceeds the time since the emergence of Homo sapiens. New techniques of molecular biology combined with recent theories in population genetics allow us to assess the time dimension of genetic change; these suggest that some genetic polymorphisms may have originated over a million generations ago. In other words, once lost, any particular genetic adaptation cannot be regained in any realistic time interval. These plants provide many services that we take for granted. However due to growing population, increasing anthropogenic activities, rapidly eroding natural ecosystem, etc. the natural habitat for a great number of herbs and trees are dwindling. Biotechnological approaches can prove beneficial for the conservation of these important plants. These plants have maintained their existence to date since the epic period and if once lost, they cannot be regained in any realistic time interval. So it is our evolutionary responsibility to conserve these plants for the future generations. KEY WORDS Conservation, Flora, Indian epic period INTRODUCTION developed known as Ayurveda, mostly dealing India was one of the foremost developed with human philosophy of health including countries in ancient times. Learned persons of utilization of medicinal plants [8]. There are vedic culture were aware regarding unimaginable records in ancient scripts regarding periodic obligation of plants for the sustenance of life. conferences, seminars and also workshops in There are a number of verses in ancient literature selected areas where exchange of knowledge was depicting this generosity of plant kingdom. No often manifested. Even it was mentioned that wonder that many such plants species have been women scholars like Maitrai, Gargi contributed revered as God [8]. One of the oldest treaties in the some knowledge about medicinal plants and their world is Rigveda (4500 BC-1000 BC) where healing maintenance. properties of some herbs are mentioned in the form of sonnets, which were often recited in We produce here the names of few plants and religious rituals. Later on a special faculty was trees of epic period, in Sanskrit language, their 305 Page International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (e-ISSN: 2230-7605) Ashish Dubey1 et al Int J Pharm Bio Sci www.ijpbs.com or www.ijpbsonline.com Available Online through www.ijpbs.com (or) www.ijpbsonline.com IJPBS |Volume 3| Issue 1 |JAN-MAR |2013|305-321 botanical names, local Hindi or English names and (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_the_Indian Sargas (Chapters) in which these species have _epic_period) been mentioned (Table 1, Fig. 1). Table 1. The names of flora of Indian epic period, in Sanskrit language, their botanical names, local Hindi or English names and Sargas (Chapters) in which these species have been mentioned. Sanskrit name of Location in S.no plant Botanical name Indian names Indian epic Parvaa Shloka epics (Devanagari) Agnimukha Bhilawa, Bhela, Aranya Semecarpus Matanga 1. ( ) Bhallaataka Ramayana Kanda 3.73.5 अग्ननमुख anacardium hermitage Sarga 73 Arjuna Arjuna, Kishkindha ( ) 2. अ셍ुनु Terminalia arjuna Arjunasaadaddaa, Ramayana kanda 4.1.81 Pampa Lake Sanmadat, Sarga 1 Aranya 3.11.74 Agastya’s Ramayana kanda hermitage Sarga 11 3. Asoka ( ) Saraca asoca Ashoka अशोक Anusasna XIII.54.4 King Kusika Mahabharata parva country Malada and Ashvakarna Bala Kanda 4. Vateria indica Dhupa, Ralla Ramayana 1.24.15 Karusha ( ) Sarga 24 अश्वकर्ु provinces Malada and Zizyphus Bala Kanda 5. Badari ( ) Ber, Bora Ramayana 1.24.16 Karusha बदरी mauritiana Sarga 24 provinces Aranya Dendrocalamus Bamboo, 6. Bansha ( ) Ramayana kanda Sarga 3.15.21 Panchvati ब 車स strictus bansalochana 15 Bhava, Bhavya, Bhavishya, Bhavan, Mahabharata Anusasana King Kusika 7. Bhavya ( ) Dillenia indica XIII.54.5 भव्य Vaktrashodhan, Parva country Pichchilbeeja Ramayana Pampa Lake Kishkinda 4.1.78 kanda Bilva ( ) 8. बब쥍व Aegle marmelos Bel Sarga 1 Van Parva Dvaita forest Mahabharata III.174.23 kurukshetra Saraswati river Champaka Michelia Anusasana King kusika 9. Champa Mahabharata XIII.54.5 (च륍ऩक) champaca parva country Kishkindha 10. Chandana (चद車 न) Santalum album Chandana Ramayana kanda Sarga 4.1.82 Pampa lake 1 306 Page International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (e-ISSN: 2230-7605) Ashish Dubey1 et al Int J Pharm Bio Sci www.ijpbs.com or www.ijpbsonline.com Available Online through www.ijpbs.com (or) www.ijpbsonline.com IJPBS |Volume 3| Issue 1 |JAN-MAR |2013|305-321 Devadaru Kishkindha 11. Cedrus deodara Deodar trees Ramayana kanda Sarga 4-43-13 Himalayas ( ) देवद 셁 43 Dhavda, Bakli , Dhau Kishkindha Anogeissus 12. Dhava ( ) , Dhawa, Dhawra, Ramayana kanda Sarga 4.1.81 Pampa lake धव latifolia Dhaora 1 Kishkinda Jangli madan mast 13. Hintala ( ) Cycus circinalis Ramayana kanda Sarga 4.1.83 Pampa lake हहन्त ऱ ka phool 1 Balanites Hinganbet, Ingudi, 14. Inguda ( ) Mahabharata Shalya Parva IX.36.58 Sarasvati River इ敍गुद roxburghii Hingoli, Hingun Aranya Matanga 15. Jambu ( ) Syzygium cumini Jamun, Jambul, Ramayana kanda Sarga 3.73.3 셍車बू hermitage 73 Aranya Anthocepalus Ramayana Matanga 16. Kadamba ( ) Kadamba kandaSarga 3.73.4 कद車ब Cadamba hermitage 73 Aranya Ramayana Matanga 17. Karavira ( ) Nerium indicum Kannhera kandaSarga 3.73.4 करवीर hermitage 73 kerda, kair, karir, 18. Karira ( ) Capparis deciduas Mahabharata Shalya Parva IX.36.58 Sarasvati River करीर kirir, karril Kishkinda Karnikara Ramayana Pampa Lake 19. Cassia fistula Amaltas kanda 4.1.73 ( ) कर्र्कु र Sarga 1 Aranya Saccharum 20. Kasha ( ) Kans grass Ramayana kanda Sarga 3.15.22 Panchvati क श spontaneum 15 Kashmarya 21. Berberis vulgaris Kashmal Mahabharata Shalya Parva IX.36.58 Sarasvati River (क श्मय)ु Pandanus Kewada, Ketaki, Mahabharata Anusasana King Kusika 22. Ketaka ( ) XIII.54.4 के तक tectorius Keura, Gagandhul parva country Aranya 23. Khadira (खहदर) Acacia catechu Khair, Khadira Ramayana kanda Sarga 3.15.18 Panchvati 15 Kishkindha Kichaka Venu Bambusa Mahabharata Where River 24. Kaantaa baans kanda Sarga 4.43.37 ( ) arundinacea Sailoda flows कीचक वेर्ू 43 Kishkindha Kimshuka Butea Palas, Dhak, 25. Ramayana Kanda Sarga 4.1.75 Pampa lake ( 車 ) monosperma Khakara, Kakracha ककशुक 1 Aranya Phoenix 26. Kharjura ( ) Pindakhajur Ramayana kanda Sarga 3.15.18 Panchvati ख셍ूरु dactylifera 15 Kovidara Bauhinia Kurukshetra 27. Kachanar Mahabharata Drorna parva VII.153.24 (कोववद र) variegata war Kishkinda Kurantaka Vajradanti, Koraanti- 28. Barleria prionitis Ramayana kanda Sarga 4.1.80 Pampa lake ( ) piwali कु र赍टक 1 307 Page International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (e-ISSN: 2230-7605) Ashish Dubey1 et al Int J Pharm Bio Sci www.ijpbs.com or www.ijpbsonline.com Available Online through www.ijpbs.com (or) www.ijpbsonline.com IJPBS |Volume 3| Issue 1 |JAN-MAR |2013|305-321 Kishkindha Mehandi, Mendee 29. Kurvaka ( ) Lawsonia inermis Ramayana kanda 4.1.82 Pampa lake कु रवक English:Henna, Hina, Sarga 1 Kuṭasalmali Kishkindha Eastern side of 30. Ceiba pentandra Kapok tree Ramayana kanda 4.40.39 the ( ) कू टश 쥍मऱी Sarga 40 Jambudvipa Vasanti, Kishkindha Madhavi Gaertnera Madhumalati, 31. Ramayana Kanda Sarga 4.1.77 Pampa Lake ( ) racemosa Haladvel, म धवी 1 Madahavilataa Aranya Madhuka Agastya 32. Madhuka indica Mahuwa, Mahuli Ramayana kanda Sarga 3.11.74 ( ) hermitage मधकू 11 Bel/Beli, Mogra, Kishkindha 33. Malati (म ऱती) Jasminum sambac Mallika, Kampupot, Ramayana kanda Sarga 4.1.76 Pampa lake Melati 1 Kishkindha Jasminum 34. Malati ( ) Chameli, Jati Ramayana Kanda Sarga 4.1.76 Pampa lake म ऱती grandiflorum 1 Nagachampa, Kishkinda 35. Naga (न ग) Messua ferrea Naagakeshara, Ramayana kanda 4.1.78 Pampa lake Naagachaafaa, Sarga 1 Kishkinda Naktamala Karanja, kiramal, 36. Pongamia pinnata Ramayana kanda 4.1.82 Pampa lake ( ) Kidamar न啍तम ऱ Sarga 1 Cities Murachi, Kishkinda Narikela Jatapura, 37. Cocos nucifera Coconut Palm Ramayana kanda 4.42.11 ( ) Avanti and न ररके ऱ Sarga 42 Angalepa Plaksha, Bengal fig, Ramayana Pampa Lake Nila (नीऱ) Indian fig, East Kishkinda 4.1.79 Indian fig, Indian kanda 38. Ficus bengalensis Banyan or simply Sarga 1 Nyagrodha Banyan, also borh, Mahabharata Kurukshetra nyagrodha and wad Drorna parva VII.153.24 (न्यग्रोध) war or Vad/Vat Hindi:Kamal, English:Indian lotus, Ramayana Kishkinda 39. Padma ( ) Nelumbo nucifera 4.1.76 Pampa lake ऩद्म sacred lotus, bean of Sarga 1 India, or simply lotus Kishkindha Himalayan wild Ramayana 40. Padmaka ( ) Prunus cerasoides kanda Sarga 4.43.13 Himalayas ऩद्मक cherry 43 Artocarpus 41. Panasa ( ) Kat-hal Mahabharata Shalya parva IX.36.58 Sarasvati river ऩनस heterophyllus Aranya Ramayana 42. Parnasa ( ) Ocimum sanctum Tulasi kanda Sarga 3.15.18 Panchvati ऩर् ुस 15 Pangara, Dadap, Aranya Paribhadraka Matanga 43. Erythrina indica Mandar, Ferrud, Ramayana kanda Sarga 3.73.5 ( ) hermitage ऩररभद्रक Panara 73 308 Page International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (e-ISSN: 2230-7605) Ashish Dubey1 et al Int J Pharm Bio Sci www.ijpbs.com or www.ijpbsonline.com Available Online through www.ijpbs.com (or) www.ijpbsonline.com IJPBS |Volume 3| Issue 1 |JAN-MAR |2013|305-321 Paarijaat, Praajakt, Parijata Nyctanthus Mahabharata 44.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Personality Development - English 1 Personality Development - English 2 Initiative for Moral and Cultural Training [IMCTF]
    Personality Development - English 1 Personality Development - English 2 Initiative for Moral and Cultural Training [IMCTF] Personality Development (English) Details Book Name : Personality Development (English) Edition : 2015 Pages : 224 Size : Demmy 1/8 Published by : Initiative for Moral and Cultural Training Foundation (IMCTF) Head Office : 4th Floor, Ganesh Towers, 152, Luz Church Road, Mylapore, Chennai - 600 004. Admin Office : 2nd Floor, “Gargi”, New No.6, (Old No.20) Balaiah Avenue, Luz, Mylapore, Chennai - 600 004. Email : [email protected], Website : www.imct.org.in This book is available on Website : www.imct.org.in Printed by : Enthrall Communications Pvt. Ltd., Chennai - 30 © Copy Rights to IMCTF Personality Development - English Index Class 1 1. Oratorical ................................................................................................12 2. Great sayings by Thiruvalluvar .........................................................12 3. Stories .......................................................................................................12 4. Skit ........................................................................................................15 Class 2 1. Oratorical .................................................................................................16 2. Poems .......................................................................................................16 3. Stories .......................................................................................................18 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Kerngeschichte Des Mahabharatas
    www.hindumythen.de Buch 1 Adi Parva Das Buch von den Anfängen Buch 2 Sabha Parva Das Buch von der Versammlungshalle Buch 3 Vana Parva Das Buch vom Wald Buch 4 Virata Parva Das Buch vom Aufenthalt am Hofe König Viratas Buch 5 Udyoga Parva Das Buch von den Kriegsvorbereitungen Buch 6 Bhishma Parva Das Buch von der Feldherrnschaft Bhishmas Buch 7 Drona Parva Das Buch von der Feldherrnschaft Dronas Buch 8 Karna Parva Das Buch von der Feldherrnschaft Karnas Buch 9 Shalya Parva Das Buch von der Feldherrnschaft Shalyas Buch 10 Sauptika Parva Das Buch vom nächtlichen Überfall Buch 11 Stri Parva Das Buch von den Frauen Buch 12 Shanti Parva Das Buch vom Frieden Buch 13 Anusasana Parva Das Buch von der Unterweisung Buch 14 Ashvamedha Parva Das Buch vom Pferdeopfer Buch 15 Ashramavasaka Parva Das Buch vom Besuch in der Einsiedelei Buch 16 Mausala Parva Das Buch von den Keulen Buch 17 Mahaprasthanika Parva Das Buch vom großen Aufbruch Buch 18 Svargarohanika Parva Das Buch vom Aufstieg in den Himmel www.hindumythen.de Für Ihnen unbekannte Begriffe und Charaktere nutzen Sie bitte mein Nachschlagewerk www.indische-mythologie.de Darin werden Sie auch auf detailliert erzählte Mythen im Zusammenhang mit dem jeweiligen Charakter hingewiesen. Vor langer Zeit kam in Bharata, wie Indien damals genannt wurde, der Weise Krishna Dvaipayana Veda Vyasa zur Welt. Sein Name bedeutet ‘Der dunkle (Krishna) auf einer Insel (Dvipa) Geborene (Dvaipayana), der die Veden (Veda) teilte (Vyasa). Krishna Dvaipayana war die herausragende Gestalt jener Zeit. Er ordnete die Veden und teilte sie in vier Teile, Rig, Sama, Yajur, Atharva.
    [Show full text]
  • 8. Bhishma Stuti
    Sincere Thanks To: 1. Mannargudi Sri.Srinivasan Narayanan for compilation of source document, Sanskrit/English Transliterations and proof reading 2. Nedumtheru Sri. Mukund Srinivasan for co-ordinating the selection of images 3. Sri.Murali BhaTTar, Sri.L.Sridhar and Sau R. Chitralekha for images sadagopan.org 4. Smt. Jayashree Muralidharan for eBook assembly. C O N T E N T S Introduction 1 Slokams & Commentaries 5 Slokam 1 7 Slokam 2 8 Slokam 3 11 Slokam 4 13 sadagopan.org Slokam 5 and 6 15 Slokam 7 17 Slokam 8 19 Slokam 9 20 Slokam 10 21 nigamanam 22 Appendix 23 MahA BhArathA - Structure and Story (Dr NSA SwAmy) 25 SrI BhIshmA of MahA BhAratham (Dr NSA SwAmy) 31 Complete list of sundarasimham-ahobilavalli eBooks 37 sadagopan.org His Holiness 42nd PaTTam Srimad Azhagiya Singar of Ahobila MaTham . ïI>. Œ×Œ sadagopan.org Sri-Bhishma on arrow bed - Thanks: Sau. R. Chitralekha INTRODUCTION: The birth of SrI BhIshma Stuti Sri BhIshmAcchAr, the grand sire of the KauravA and PAndavA clans was lying on a bed of arrows after a fierce battle with the PAndavA army. Lord Krishna, who had vowed not to take any weapons during the MahA BhAratam war was 1 driven to use His chakram to destroy the threatening BhIshmA. Earlier, BhIshmA had pierced the kavacham of Lord Sri KrishnA with his fierce arrows and the Lord was bleeding from the wounds. ArjunA was about to be attacked severely by BhIshmA. That is when, Sri ParthasArathi jumped down from Arjuna's chariot with Chakram in His hand to destroy the threatening BhIshmA.
    [Show full text]
  • 5Th Grade Syllabus 2021
    5th Grade: Gagan Syllabus Core Reference Books Amar Chitra Katha Books Mahabharata (Purna Vidya Part 5) Raja Raja Chola A Children's History of India The Gita Hindi Language for Kids and Beginners Sea Route to India Monuments of India Other Reference Materials: http://www.historydiscussion.net/empires/history-of-the-gupta-empire-indian-history/600 http://www.indianmirror.com/dynasty/dynasty-home.html # Book Topic Indian History Conversational Hindi I 1 Mahabharata I Review India, it's geography and it's trade routes Introduction to Hindi 2 Udyoga Parva - UP - Krishna tells Karna of his true parentage, Kunti meets Karna, and all Introduction to Gupta Dynasty and Dynasty Lineage ( pgs. How to introduce self prepare for war 77-91 in Children's History of India) 3 Bhishma Parvaa - BP - War begins, Arjuna's grief, Bhagavad Gita & Bhishmaa's onslaught Gupta Military Organization Conversations - Sentence Structure 4 BP - Ghatotkaca destroys the Kaurava army, Arjuna battles Bhishma & other 7th day Gupta Culture and Fall of the Dynasty Pronouns and Daily events Activities 5 BP - Sikhandi breaks Bhishma's bow, Arjunaa causes the fall of Bhishma, Karnaa meets Iron Age Kingdoms (pgs. 92-109 in Children's History of Pronouns and Daily Bhismaa India) Activities continued 6 Drona Parvaa - DP - Drona devastates the Pandava army, King Bhagadatta & Supratikaa Vijayanagar Kingdom, Pallavas, Chalukyas Number and Times the elephant causes havoc of Day 7 DP - Krishnaa saves Arjuna from Vaishnava Astra, Duryodhanaa accuses Dronaa, Marathas Revision Abhimanyu
    [Show full text]
  • 9. Buch - Shalya Parva „Das Buch Des Shalya“
    c Das große Mahabharata d 9. Buch - Shalya Parva „Das Buch des Shalya“ deutsche Komplettübersetzung von Undine & Jens aus den englischen Versionen von Kisari Mohan Ganguli (1883-1896) und Manmatha Nath Dutt (1895-1905) Erstausgabe: Dezember 2012 c www.pushpak.de d Inhaltsverzeichnis 9. Buch - Shalya Parva - Das Buch des Shalya ...............................................................................4 Kapitel 1 - Zusammenfassung der Schlacht und Dhritarashtras Kummer ......................................................... 4 Kapitel 2 - Dhritarashtra klagt über das Schicksal................................................................................................ 6 Kapitel 3 - Duryodhana sammelt die verwirrten Truppen .................................................................................. 8 Kapitel 4 - Kripa appelliert noch einmal für den Frieden .................................................................................. 10 Kapitel 5 - Duryodhanas Entschlossenheit zum Kampf ..................................................................................... 12 Kapitel 6 - Shalya wird zum Kommandeur vorgeschlagen ............................................................................... 14 Kapitel 7 - Shalyas Zustimmung und Yudhishthiras Auftrag ........................................................................... 15 Kapitel 8 - Der achtzehnte Tag des Kampfes beginnt......................................................................................... 17 Kapitel 9 - Die Schlacht .......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Gods Or Aliens? Vimana and Other Wonders
    Gods or Aliens? Vimana and other wonders Parama Karuna Devi Jagannatha Vallabha Vedic Research Center Copyright © 2017 Parama Karuna Devi All rights reserved ISBN-13: 978-1720885047 ISBN-10: 1720885044 published by: Jagannatha Vallabha Vedic Research Center Website: www.jagannathavallabha.com Anyone wishing to submit questions, observations, objections or further information, useful in improving the contents of this book, is welcome to contact the author: E-mail: [email protected] phone: +91 (India) 94373 00906 Table of contents Introduction 1 History or fiction 11 Religion and mythology 15 Satanism and occultism 25 The perspective on Hinduism 33 The perspective of Hinduism 43 Dasyus and Daityas in Rig Veda 50 God in Hinduism 58 Individual Devas 71 Non-divine superhuman beings 83 Daityas, Danavas, Yakshas 92 Khasas 101 Khazaria 110 Askhenazi 117 Zarathustra 122 Gnosticism 137 Religion and science fiction 151 Sitchin on the Annunaki 161 Different perspectives 173 Speculations and fragments of truth 183 Ufology as a cultural trend 197 Aliens and technology in ancient cultures 213 Technology in Vedic India 223 Weapons in Vedic India 238 Vimanas 248 Vaimanika shastra 259 Conclusion 278 The author and the Research Center 282 Introduction First of all we need to clarify that we have no objections against the idea that some ancient civilizations, and particularly Vedic India, had some form of advanced technology, or contacts with non-human species or species from other worlds. In fact there are numerous genuine texts from the Indian tradition that contain data on this subject: the problem is that such texts are often incorrectly or inaccurately quoted by some authors to support theories that are opposite to the teachings explicitly presented in those same original texts.
    [Show full text]
  • A Fresh Perspective on the Astronomy of the Mahabharata
    ISBN: 978-1-9051860-1-3 © Dr Manish Pandit 2019 !ii Dedicated To My Gurus and Divine Mother Kali !i Foreword 3067BCE: A Fresh Perspective on the Astronomy of the Mahabharata I made the film “Krishna: History or Myth” in 2008 after a set of severe arguments on the subject of the historicity of Sri Krishna and Sri Rama, one of which was with a junior doctor when working as a surgeon in 2002 in the West Midlands. I had come across several pieces of research which claimed to corroborate the astronomy of the Mahabharata war. Amongst these were the research by PV Vartak, (5561BCE) a senior MBBS doctor residing in Pune who I have had the pleasure of meeting years ago in Pune, the research by Dr Narahari Achar from Memphis (3067BCE), Balakrishna and Sengupta (2449BCE) among others. I never wanted to really make a film on the subject, but nobody else was willing, partly due to the cost involved in the shooting of such a film (those were the days when digital film cameras were only just about becoming affordable) and of the course nobody wanted to take the risk of making a film which most Indian, English language, Hinduphobic channels would not show. I also had to check and see which piece of research was actually true: 5561BCCE, 3067BCE, 3139BCE, 3043BCE or indeed 1478BCE or 2449BCE among others. It took me a lot of time to go through the various pieces of research from 2004 to 2007 and eventually after taking great care to !ii exclude the wrong pieces of research, I sat down and corroborated the research on Redshift.
    [Show full text]
  • Mahabharata Buch1.Pdf
    c Das große Mahabharata d 1. Buch - Adi Parva „Das Buch der Ursprünge“ deutsche Komplettübersetzung von Undine & Jens aus den englischen Versionen von Kisari Mohan Ganguli (1883-1896) und Manmatha Nath Dutt (1895-1905) Erstausgabe: August 2009 / Überarbeitung: September 2018 c www.pushpak.de d Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Buch - Adi Parva ............................................................................................................................... 8 Anukramanika Parva - Einleitung ................................................................................................. 8 Kapitel 1 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Sautis Ankunft im Naimisha Wald ......................................................................................................................... 8 Die Rishis wünschen, das Mahabharata zu hören ................................................................................................ 8 Die Anrufung von Ishana ........................................................................................................................................ 9 Die Geschichte der Schöpfung ................................................................................................................................ 9 Vyasa wünscht die Veröffentlichung des Bharatas ............................................................................................ 10 Ganesha übernimmt
    [Show full text]
  • O Mahabharata
    O MAHABHARATA de Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa LIVRO 18 SVARGAROHANIKA PARVA Ou O LIVRO DA ASCENSÃO AO CÉU Traduzido para a Prosa Inglesa do Texto Sânscrito Original por Kisari Mohan Ganguli [1883-1896] Traduzido para o português por Eleonora Meier [2005-2011] e Brevemente revisado pela tradutora em 2016 para leves alterações gramaticais e para a inclusão de marcadores. AVISO DE ATRIBUIÇÃO Digitalizado e verificado por Mantra Caitanya. Verificação adicional e formatação em sacred- texts.com, por J. B. Hare, Outubro de 2003. Este texto é de domínio público. Estes arquivos podem ser usados para qualquer propósito não comercial, desde que este aviso de atribuição seja mantido intacto. Capítulo Conteúdo Página 1 Yudhishthira vê Duryodhana no céu. Pergunta por seus irmãos. 3 2 Yudhishthira é levado ao inferno onde seus irmãos estão em tormento. 4 3 Yudhishthira passa pelo terceiro teste. Pessoas boas passam primeiro pelo inferno, pessoas más primeiro pelo céu. Tudo uma ilusão. Ele se banha no Ganga celeste e deixa para trás toda aflição humana. 7 4 Apresentado aos Pandavas, etc., em suas formas celestes. 9 5 Sauti explica para Janamejaya como cada pessoa foi reabsorvida (exemplo: Bhishma era Vasu Dau). Astika salva as cobras. Janamejaya termina o sacrifício. Vyasa compôs 60 lakhs (1 lakh=100.000) (de versos) do Mahabharata: 30 possuídos pelos Deuses (Narada), 15 pelos Pitris (Asita-Devala), 14 pelos 10 Yakshas (Suka) e 1 pelos homens, narrado por Vaisampayana. 6 Vaisampayana termina por explicar para Janamejaya como uma pessoa deve ouvir a história, as qualidades no narrador, o que deve ser doado a cada 13 Parva.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons of Strategic Management from Mahabharata and Bhagavad Gita
    ©Apeejay Journal of Management & Technology Vol. 15, Number 1 & 2, January & July 2020, 1-10 Lessons of Strategic Management From Mahabharata and Bhagavad Gita Karnika Gupta* Ishu Garg** Abstract Strategic management refers to the formulation, implementation, evaluation, and control of strategies to maintain a competitive advantage. The concept of strategic management is not new; but, as old as Mahabharata and Bhagavad Gita: the two Holy Scriptures which have lots of religious value in people’ eyes. The epic Mahabharata makes a distinction between dharma and adharma, right and wrong, morality and immorality, and goodness and badness with the main eccentrics of Kaurvas (represented evil) and Pandavas (symbolized for goodness). The worth mentioning point is: whenever there is a war between dharma and adharma, the victory of dharma is certain. This truth is inherent in Pandavas victory over Kaurvas. However, the path of victory for dharma is not so easy. To beat evil practices of adharma, the supporters of dharma ought to have made some strategies as was done from Pandavas side by Lord Shri Krishna for the establishment of dharma on Earth. With this backdrop, the present paper takes into consideration Shri Krishna’s strategies in Mahabharata, lessons of dharma in Bhagavad Gita, and correlates them with present strategic management concepts. It is obtained that what is understood today as the process of strategic management is actually been told and operated by Lord Shri Krishna in Mahabharata and Bhagavad Gita. Keywords: Strategy, Mahabharata, Bhagavad Gita, Dharma, Adharma Introduction Strategic management has been proved as a great mantra of winning over the competitors in today’s business scenario.
    [Show full text]
  • Livre 1 - Adi Parva Livre Du Commencement
    Extraits choisis du Mahābhārata Jean-Claude Pivin Livre 1 - Adi Parva Livre du commencement Livres 2 à 6: Voir site http://www.mahabharata.fr "Premiere partie: Les semaillles des Kurus" Livres 7 à 18: "Deuxieme Partie: Le sacrifice" 1 Sommaire : • Introduction de l'auteur 4 • Premier intermède: à propos des Upanishads, Purānas, Nara et Nārāyana 5 • La malédiction des Vasus et de Mahābisha 13 • L'histoire du roi Shantanu 16 • 2ème intermède: à propos des varnas et ashramas 17 • La promesse de Gangā 22 • 3ème intermède: à propos des hôtes célestes 26 • Le vœu de Bhīshma 30 • Les filles du roi de Kashi 36 • La naissance de Pāndu et Dhritarāshtra 42 • Kuntī, fille de Shūrasena 52 • Duryodhana qui brayait comme un âne à la naissance 55 • 4ème intermède: des origines de la dynastie lunaire 57 • Yayāti et la vérité 59 • Pūru, le meilleur des fils 64 • Pāndu et la leçon de karma 68 • La naissance des Pāndavas 71 • 5ème intermède: Vedanta 77 • Le premier méfait de Duryodhana 86 • Drona fils de Bharadvāja 90 • L'affront de Drupada 94 • Eklavya et la jalousie d'Arjuna 98 • Comment Karna devint l'ami de Duryodhana 103 • Le combat d'Arjuna et Drupada 106 • 6ème intermède: sur un champ de bataille 110 • Le rakshasa Hidimba 118 • La naissance de Dhrishtadyumna et Draupadī 125 • Le départ des Pāndavas pour Pānchāla 129 • La rencontre avec Angāraparna, roi des gandharvas 130 • L'histoire de Nandinī, la vache d'abondance 137 • 7ème intermède: la vache sacrée 141 • Le svayamvara de Draupadī 142 • Comment d'une parole Kuntī noua le destin de ses fils 155
    [Show full text]
  • Le Chant De Dieu
    Livre 9 - Shalya parva 1 Om! Après s'être prosterné devant Nārāyana et Nara, l'Homme Suprême, et la déesse Sarasvatī, il faut ajouter le mot Victoire. [Le traducteur] Cette phrase qui débute chacun des Parvas du Mahābhārata nous rappelle que ce livre est dédié à la gloire de Nara et de son Guide ārāyanaN ainsi qu'à celle de la déesse des belles lettres, de la poésie et de la musique. Vaishampāyana, le disciple de Vyāsa qui raconte l'histoire de ses ancêtres Bhāratas au roi Janamejaya, reprend la parole quelques pages pour nous annoncer que c'est Shalya qui fut nommé chef des armées Kauravas après la mort de Karna et enchaîner ex abrupto sur le spectacle de Sanjaya qui rentre à Hastināpura en larmes et en criant: "Hélas O roi, tout le monde est mort!" Mais essayons de ne pas brûler les étapes aussi vite que les flèches de ārthaP brûlent ses ennemis. Duryodhana sentait la fin et juste après la mort de Karna il demanda à son aurige de prendre position à l'arrière de l'armée. Les voyant fuir, il adressa un sermon à ses guerriers pour qu'ils fassent front puis il s'enfuit lui-même et en reçut un de Kripa. Comme Karna précédemment, Duryodhana aurait bien choisi comme commandant en chef un jeune guerrier valeureux et entreprenant (doté d'une grande activité): Ashvatthāma. Mais encore une fois celui de son choix se désista pour proposer un aîné respecté de tous: Shalya. Celui-ci promit de faire preuve de toute sa prouesse mais ne réitéra pas celle faite à Karna par bravade de tuer Vāsudeva et Arjuna.
    [Show full text]