S&T database Report 2010/NAST‐MoST Final Report Status of Science and Technology in Nepal - 2010 Submitted by Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) Khumaltar, Lalitpur Study Team Chiranjivi Regmi Iswor Prasad Khanal Sanu Kaji Desar Vijay Singh Deb Kumar Shah Ganesh Kumar Pokhrel Kathmandu, Nepal July 2010 i S&T database Report 2010/NAST‐MoST Project name: Status of Science and Technology in Nepal - 2010 Monitoring committee of the project: Prof. Dr. Dilip Subba Secretary, NAST Member Mr. Arjun Karki Joint Sec., MoST Chairman Dr. Chininjivi Regmi Project Coordinator Member Project Team Dr. Chiranjivi Regmi Project Coordinator Mr. Iswor Prasad Khanal Member Mr. Vijay Singh Member Mr. Sanu Kaji Desar Member Mr. Deb Kumar Shah Member Mr. Ganesh Kumar Pokhrel Member Ms. Anita Shrestha Account ii S&T database Report 2010/NAST‐MoST Acknowledgements Database of science and technology is very important for a country. UNESCO publishes status report of the countries based on the inputs of the representative nations and provides guideline and financial support to create national database on the science and technology. The status report prepared first and updated on regular basis to include current statistics seems to be very simple task but in fact it is a very complicated and hectic one. Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST) has entrusted Nepal Academy of Science and Technology to carry out national survey on scientific infrastructure in terms of defined indicators. The project team would like to sincerely thank the ministry for financial support. Special thanks are due to monitoring committee members who constantly provided valuable inputs and suggestions for the project. The project team would like to extend gratitude to Prof. Dr. Hom Nath Bhattarai, Vice Chancellor and Prof. Dr. Dillip Subba, Secretary of NAST, Dr. Ram Hari Aryal, Secretary and Mr. Arjun Karki, Joint Secretary of MoST for their valuable suggestions to carry out this project. The project was initiated in FY 2007/08 and has continued to FY 2009/2010. In this year, all the activities defined under the scope of study have been completed. Since, the work of updating the status is continuous process, the project team requests the ministry to continue financial support for this project in the years to come in a regular basis. During the course of the project study, many government and public/private organizations as well as universities and other higher educational institutions were visited. We would like to thank all of them for their cooperation for providing the data. We would like to show our appreciation to Dr. Suresh Kumar Dhungel (Senior Technical Officer) and Mr. Sudip Pandey (Junior Research Assistant) NAST for their help in data entry and report writing. Finally, we are also thankful to our colleagues and friends in NAST and MoST for providing support to complete this study. Chiranjivi Regmi, PhD Coordinator S & T Database Project iii S&T database Report 2010/NAST‐MoST Executive Summary A study in S&T Status of the Country has been conducted by NAST with the financial support of MoST. The main objective of the study is to undertake a comprehensive study on the status of science and technology of Nepal to create database containing various indicators of S&T that will project countries S&T capability. During the study various indicators such as institutional profile, S&T human resources, R&D budget, S&T equipment, PhD personnel were considered to be important for the scope of the study. The whole study was carried out during three fiscal years i.e. 2064/065, 2065/066 and 066/067 covering eleven months. In the fiscal year 2064/065 data were collected from Ministries and Departments, Universities and affiliated institutions within Kathmandu valley and Eastern part of the country. In the fiscal year 2065/066 and 066/067 data were collected from different authorities and companies, remaining government organizations, higher education institutions and CTEVT and institutions in mid-western and far-western development region in this fiscal year. During this study altogether 230 S&T institutions were surveyed. Among them 144 were government institutions, 55 were higher education institutions, 23 private/non-profit institutions and 5 business enterprises and 3 others. Data shows that highest 18% institutions are involved in research and development activities followed by technology transfer and development (15%) and lowest i.e. 1% are involved in manufacturing, 5% institutions are involved in policy formulation/ implementation which mainly includes Ministries and Departments. Regarding the publication of S&T related statistics and journals 55% of them are publishing it either in the form of journal, annual report, progress report, proceedings etc. and 45% does not publish any type of S&T related publications. Highest number of government organizations is involved in research and development activities comparing to the other sector. Educational institutions are also involved in other activities such as research and development, technology transfer/ development, trials and survey. Government investement in S&T is only 0.31% of GDP in the FY 2064/065. This investement percentage has been calculated based on the total S&T budget of 15 major iv S&T database Report 2010/NAST‐MoST government research organizations. The real investment on R & D is low and comes about 0.175 % only in the same fiscal year. This study has revealed the total number of PhD personnel reaches 1066 in different fields of science and technology. Discipline wise the highest number of PhD personnel is 237 in Agriculture followed by Engineering 213. Human resources in various subjects of S&T in Nepal have increased remarkably. At present the total number of S&T human resources is 44,044. Out of them 24,580 are working in government institutions 6,852 are working in business enterprises and only 6,639 are working in private/nonprofit organizations remaining have either migrated to other countries or unemployed. The total number of middle level S&T human resources that CTEVT has produced so far is 41,010 Technical-SLC levels and 4,234 Diploma level in different disciplines such as health science, agriculture and engineering. Forty nine large industries were also surveyed during study. Among these 61% have their own R&D units and 39% do not have such unites. Most of the industries have their R&D unit as a quality control laboratory. The origin of technology adopted in most of the industries is from India however, in several industries integrated technology from different countries are also adopted. During the sector wise assessment of the equipment, most of the government institutions (74%) have not sufficient equipment for present need. In case of higher education institutions, 71% have not sufficient equipment. v S&T database Report 2010/NAST‐MoST Table of Contents Topics Page No Cover Page Project Team ii Acknowledgement iii Executive Summary iv Table of Contents vi List of Tables viii List of Figures ix Acronyms and Abbreviation x Definition xiii Part I Introduction, Development Plans, S&T Organisations and Industries 1-42 Chapter 1 Introduction 2 1.1 Objectives 2 1.2 Scope and limitation of the Study 2 1.3 Systematic Work Plan 4 1.4 Methodology of the Study 4 Chapter 2 Historical Background 8 2.1 Development Plans 10 2.2 Interim Plan 13 2.3 Assessment of Plans and Policies 14 Chapter 3 Science and Technology Institutions in Nepal 15 3.1 Government Institutions 15 3.2 Educational Institutions 22 3.3 Non-profit Institution (NGO/INGOs) 30 3.4 Business/Enterprises 31 3.5 Analysis of S &T Institution in Nepal 31 3.6 Analysis of Large Industries 35 Chapter 4 S&T Budget Allocations 37 vi S&T database Report 2010/NAST‐MoST Part II Science and Technology Human Resources 43-105 Chapter 5 S&T Human Resources 44 5.1 Production of S&T Human Resources 45 5.2 Sector wise Human Resources 45 5.3 Human Resources by Qualification 45 5.4 PhD Personnel in Science & Technology 45 Part III Science and Technology Equipments in Nepal 106-160 Chapter 6 S&T Equipments 107 6.1 Sectorwise Assessment of the Equipment 108 Recommendations 161 References 162 Annexes 163 vii S&T database Report 2010/NAST‐MoST List of Tables Table 1: List of Institutions Offering University Degree in Science and Technology26 Table 2: Major activities of the S&T related organizations 31 Table 3: Major activities of the Government S&T Organizations 32 Table 4: List of Academics institutions that carried out research activities 33 Table 5: Government budget Allocation to R&D Organization in Nepal 38 Table 6: Government Investment in S&T Research and development 39 Table 7: Budget Allocation of Research and Development organization 39 Table 8: Production of Human Resources in Science and Technology in Nepal 44 Table 9: Technical –SLC level Technical Man Power Produced by CTEVT 44 Table 10: Diploma level Technical Man power produced by CTEVT 45 Table 11: Sector-wise assessment of S&T human resources by occupation 46 Table 12: S&T Human Resource Assessment by Academic Qualification 46 Table13: Distribution of PhD Personnel in different disciplines of S&T 48 Table 14: Personnel Related with S&T categories in ethnic group 50 Table15: PhD degree recipients from different countries 50 Table 16: Discipline wise of PhD Personnel in S&T 52 Table 17: Equipment available at different S&T institutions of the country 110 viii S&T database Report 2010/NAST‐MoST List of Figures Figure 1: Sector-wise distribution of publication of S&T Journal 33 Figure 2: R&D