Cover Photo: Training on search and rescue techniques using local resources, Kailali district

Photo Courtesy: Mercy Corps Government of Ministry of Home Affairs NEPAL DISASTER REPORT 2011 Policies, Practices and Lessons

Empowered lives. Resilient nations. Editorial Board Amod Mani Dixit Bishal Nath Upreti, Ph.D. Deepak Paudel Pitambar Aryal Pradip Kumar Koirala Shyam Sundar Jnavaly Surya Narayan Shrestha

Contributors Bhubaneswari Parajuli Bijay Krishna Upadhyay Gopi Krishna Basyal Khadga Sen Oli Nisha Shrestha Niva Upreti Suraj Shrestha Suresh Chaudhary

Reviewers Meen B. Poudyal Chhetri, Ph.D. Ramesh Guragain

Design and Layout Chandan Dhoj Rana Magar

Published by Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA), ; and Disaster Preparedness Network-Nepal (DPNet-Nepal) with support from United Nations Development Programme Nepal (UNDP), ActionAid Nepal and National Society for Earthquake Technology-Nepal (NSET)

This publication is copyright. But any part of this publication may be cited, copied, translated into other languages or adapted to meet local needs without prior permission from Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) and Disaster Preparedness Network-Nepal (DPNet-Nepal) provided that the source is clearly stated.

The opinions and recommendations expressed or mentioned in this report do not necessarily represent the official position and policy of the Ministry of Home Affairs and DPNet-Nepal.

ISBN: 978-99933-710-1-4

To order Nepal Disaster Report 2011, Contact Disaster Preparedness Network-Nepal (DPNet-Nepal) C/O NRCS, Red Cross Road, Kalimati Phone: 977 01 6226613, 977 01 4672165; Fax no: 977 01 4672165 Email: [email protected]; Website: http://www.dpnet.org.np Foreword

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Acknowledgement

| v Editorial

NEPAL DISASTER REPORT 2011 Policies, Practices and Lessons tries to become a compendium of understanding, concepts, experiences and lessons of disaster risk management (DRM) and emergency response planning and capacity building in Nepal. It tries to reflect the current status of DRM in Nepal including peoples' aspiration and portrays the efforts made by people and agencies - the government at the central and local levels, the international development partners, the civil society and national private businesses,

Editorial and the people at the ward, tole (neighborhood) and community levels, to get out of the vicious cycle of poverty and disaster vulnerabilities. Thus, this document is a compilation of facts of disaster occurrence and the efforts made in Nepal in reducing the impact of the disasters and in getting prepared for future events. The document looks into the level of natural hazards the country is exposed to, tries to explore the social, economic, and political meanings of disasters for the country, and tries to make a case on why and how Nepal should address the issues of disaster risk management in order to preserve and enhance the well-known resilience of the Nepalese to adversaries and vagaries of nature, safeguard peoples' life and property, and ensure incorporation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) into our developmental efforts. The message of this document is organized into five chapters. Chapter 1: Disaster Management in Nepal – An Overview lays out the context by providing facts on natural hazards in Nepal and their causative factors. It also provides a chronology of the development of DRM processes in the country including the government's initiatives in creating suitable policy and legal environments for effective DRR and response planning starting from the promulgation of the Natural Calamity (Relief) Act, 1982. These are given in the background of large disasters the country faced due to the 1988 Udaypur Earthquake, 1993 Floods in South-Central Nepal, lessons learned from managing these devastating events and the consequent milestone initiatives of the government such as the formulation of the National Building Code and the establishment of sector-specific Working Groups on Health, Logistics, Food and Agriculture etc. The establishment of the Disaster Prevention Technical Centre (DPTC), which subsequently metamorphosed into the Department of Water-induced Disaster Prevention (DWIDP), institutionalization of the annual Earthquake Safety Day, formulation and promulgation of the Local Self-Governance Act 1999, the Study on Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in Valley (SEDM) by MoHA and JICA in 2000-2002, efforts on Climate Change Impact Adaptation, constitution of the National Platform on DRR, formulation of the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management (NSDRM), 2009 and drafting of the Disaster Risk Management Bill, preparation of Disaster Preparedness and Response Plans for a majority of districts, establishment and commissioning of the National Emergency Operations Centre (NEOC), creation of Disaster Cluster Groups, participation of Nepal in Global initiatives in DRR including the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) and the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), participation in the formulation of Hyogo Framework of Action (HFA) and translation of its meaning to Nepalese context, formulation of National Action Plan for Disaster Management, participation in Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction.

vi | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Experiences gained and lessons learned from such rich engagement of the government have also been described. Further, this Chapter 1 also reports on the milestone initiatives undertaken by the civil

society organizations and NGOs and the lessons learned: e.g. establishment of Disaster Editorial Management section in the Nepal Red Cross Society (NRCS), establishment of National Society for Earthquake Technology-Nepal (NSET) and implementation of the Earthquake Risk Management Program (KVERMP), establishment and landmark contributions of Disaster Preparedness Network-Nepal (DPNet-Nepal), Disaster Management Network Nepal (DiMaNN), National Network of Community Disaster Management Committee (N-NCDMC), Nepal Geological Society (NGS), Nepal Landslide Society (NELS), The Society of Hydrologists and Meteorologists – Nepal (SOHAM-Nepal), Nepal GIS Society (NEGISS), Association of International NGOs (AIN), and the Centre for Disaster Studies of the Institute of Engineering (IOE). Collective efforts of networks and agencies under such milestone programs as DIPECHO projects, Developing DRR Terminologies in Nepali language, efforts on sensitizing CA Members on DRR, Mainstreaming DRR in Nepal's Education System, Study on Strengthening Legal Preparedness for International Disaster Response are also described in terms of their contribution, impacts, challenges and lessons learned. Chapter 2: Disaster Data Analysis for 2010 provides disaster statistics for Nepal during 1971-2010, with detailed description and analysis of disaster data for the year 2010. It reports that epidemic presents itself as the most lethal hazard with a total toll of 16,521 deaths from 3,413 events during the period of past four decades. The second and third hazards with huge toll of life are landslide and flood respectively. There were 95 episodes of damaging earthquake in Nepal or its surroundings, with a total toll of 873 lives dead. One has to remember that the medium sized Udaypur Earthquake of 1988 alone was responsible for a death toll of 721 persons and collapse / damage to several thousand houses. Epidemics (130 deaths), and Landslide (67 deaths), Fire (61 deaths), Flood (27 deaths) were the most lethal hazards in the year 2010. There were a total of 1,551 disaster events in the year (almost three events per day) and more than two disaster-related deaths per day. Total monetary losses due to disaster in 2010 amounted almost to 11 billion Nepali Rupees or about 1 % of GDP. The year 2010 is witnessed less disaster impact in comparison to the years 2008, and 2009. Chapter 3: Impacts and Lessons of Major Past Disasters reports the event details, casualty and other societal impacts, damage to the different sector of economy including building, infrastructure, and provides an account of emergency response made. The events considered are the Udaypur Earthquake of 1988, the 1993 Flood of South-Central Nepal, Koshi Flood of 2008, and the 2009 Jajarkot Diarrhea Outbreak. While the events as well as the impacts have been described in details, the report has tried to distill out the major lessons and the needs for intervention in national mechanism of response in a strategic way. Chapter 4: Good Practices of Disaster Risk Management (DRM) provides details accounts of about 13 DRM programs and concepts implemented in Nepal and rightly considered as the "Good Practices". These are: 1) Disaster Preparedness and Response

| vii Planning for all administrative districts of Nepal, 2) Early Warning System - Forewarned is forearmed – a flood early warning system in Kailali district, 3) Establishing Community Based Early Warning Systems in Nepal – a flood early warning system implemented in Chitwan and Nawalparasi districts of Nepal, 4) Promoting Safer Construction Practice- Training the masons in Nepal, 5) Building Code Implementation in Municipality, 6) Child Centered Disaster Risk Reduction in , 7) DRR Income Generation Program (IGP)/Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction Program implemented in Ilam, Jhapa and Panchthar districts, 8) Developing and Implementing Emergency Response Plan of Bheri Zonal Hospital, 9) School Earthquake Safety Program (SESP), 10) Disaster

Editorial Preparedness for Safer Schools (DPSS), 11) Community Based Disaster Risk Management in Nepal (CBDRM-N) implemented as pilot program in Kathmandu, Lalitpur and in Alapot VDC, 12) Local level Disaster Management Committees – Effective Vehiclesfor reducing disaster risk (Community Based Disaster Risk Management) in Banke, Makwanpur, Rasuwa and Kathmandu districts, and 13) Pre-Monsoon Workshops: Effective Tool to enhance National as well as Local Preparedness Planning for Flood Response. These good practices are described in terms of their contents, objectives, methodology, beneficiary, achievements, challenges, lessons learned and opportunities for further improvement, and their replication potentials. There were many more candidates of good practices, and not all could be accommodated, and the ones chosen were those that represented different locations, approaches, or contents. It is heartening to note that these are excellent examples that serve as evidence of the feasibilities of DRM in Nepal despite the very adverse economic and political situation. Chapter 5: Thematic Discussion on Economics of Disasters provides a discourse on the direct and indirect losses due to disaster events. The losses are presented separately for casualty, and damage to infrastructure (roads, dams, bridges, and buildings). An analysis of the impact on macroeconomics and on national GDP is also presented together with an analysis of the trend of investments on disasters against losses. It is to be emphasized here that the works represented in this compendium is the overall achievement made by Nepal with contribution of all agencies, public or private, academic or community-based. The successes as well as the failures are to be shared by all and further efforts to meet the identified challenges are to be made by all. Nepal suffers a loss of several million rupees every year due to damage of infrastructures by natural hazards. The official data for 1983-2010 shows that over 30 billion rupees were lost due to disasters; this is an average of about a billion Nepali Rupees every year. And the report makes a case that the situation should not continue this way because Nepal has learned and has developed capacity for disaster risk management as demonstrated by the good practices. The real need is to scale up the successes and to institutionalize the methodologies. That is the real Challenge!

viii | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Table of Content Table of Content CHAPTER 1 : DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN NEPAL – AN OVERVIEW 1 The Context 3 The development of Disaster Risk Management in Nepal 8 Government Initiatives and Policy Intervention 8 Global Initiatives and Nepal's Participation 25 Initiatives by Civil Society Organizations 34 Summary 45 Timeline: Disaster Risk Management in Nepal 47 CHAPTER 2: DISASTER DATA ANALYSIS FOR 2010 51 Disasters in Year 2010 53 Economic Loss due to Disasters in year 2010 59 Comparison of 2010 with disaster data of past 5 year’s 64 Disaster Information for Nepal 65 Conclusions 68 CHAPTER 3 : IMPACTS AND LESSONS OF MAJOR PAST DISASTERS 71 The 1988 Udaypur Earthquake 73 The 1993 Flood of South-Central Nepal 81 The Koshi Flood 2008 92 The 2009 Jajarkot Diarrhea Outbreak 106 CHAPTER 4: GOOD PRACTICES ON DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 115 Disaster Preparedness and Response Planning 118 Early Warning System - Forewarned is forearmed 120 Establishing Community Based Early Warning Systems in Nepal 122 Promoting Safer Construction Practice- Training the masons in Nepal 124 Building Code Implementation in Dharan Municipality 126 Child Centered Disaster Risk Reduction 128 DRR Income Generation Program (IGP)/Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction Program 130 Developing and Implementing Emergency Response Plan of Bheri Zonal Hospital 132 School Earthquake Safety Program (SESP) 134 Disaster Preparedness for Safer Schools (DPSS) 136 Community Based Disaster Risk Management in Nepal (CBDRM-N) 138 Local level Disaster Management Committees – Effective Vehicles for reducing disaster risk (Community Based Disaster Risk Management) 140 Pre-Monsoon Workshops: Effective Tool to Enhance National as well as Local Preparedness Planning for Flood Response 142 CHAPTER 5: THEMATIC DISCUSSION ON ECONOMICS OF DISASTERS 145 Background 147 Damage and Losses 147 Economic values of damage and losses 155 Damage and loss Vs. Investments 159 Past studies 161 Summary and Conclusions 163 REFERENCES 165 | ix List of Tables

Table 1.1: Top 10 hazards types and their impact in Nepal 1971-2010 3 Table 1.2: Regional Mean Temperature Trends for the period 1977-94 (°C per year) 16 Table 1.3: IDNDR Day celebration (1991-1999) 27 Table 2.1: Top 10 hazards types and their impact in Nepal 1971-2010 53 Table 2.2: Loss of human lives and property due to disasters in 2010, Nepal 54 Table 2.3: Disaster effects on Human Population, 2010 56

List of Tables Table 2.4: No. of building damaged and destroyed by different type of disasters in Nepal, 2010 58 Table 2.5: Loss due to all types of disasters compared to gross domestic products 61 Table 2.6: Events catagories as per the Hazard Type 67 Table 2.7: Economic losses due to disasters, 2010 69 Table 3.1: Losses due to infrastructure damage/failure 82 Table 3.2: Infrastructure Damage in July 1993 in Nepal 83 Table 3.3: Estimated loss of lives and property from landslides and floods of 19-22 July 1993 84 Table 3.4: Damage due to Flood and Landslide in July 1993 85 Table 3.5 : Families affected and the number of housing constructed by Tzu Chi Foundation 91 Table 3.6: Number of households and population figures for the affected VDCs 92 Table 3.7: Number of deaths and injuries 92 Table 3.8: Damage to properties 93 Table 3.9: Extent of damage to cultivated land 93 Table 3.10: Loss of household goods in number 93 Table 3.11: Damage of roads and trails 93 Table 3.12: Loss of crops in 2008 Koshi flood 94 Table 3.13: Loss of fruits in 2008 Koshi flood 94 Table 3.14: Losses of vegetables in 2008 Koshi flood 94 Table 3.15: Number of livestock lost in 2008 Koshi flood 94 Table 3.16: Estimated monetary loss in 2008 Koshi flood 95 Table 3.17: Number of days when the flow of goods and services were closed 96 Table 3.18: Details of Compensation after 2008 Koshi flood 101 Table 3.19: Details of the cumulative number of treated and deaths since 1st May 2009 to 23, August 2009 107

x | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Table 5.1: Loss of lives due to various disasters in Nepal from 1983 to 2010 148 Table 5.2: Human death due to disasters during 1971-2010 149 List of Tables Table 5.3: Summary of effects on human lives due to disasters during 1971-2010 150 Table 5.4: Summary of Effects of Human Lives due to Disasters during 1983-2010 151 Table 5.5: Damage of properties and Estimated Economic Loss (Value in 2010) due to Disasters during 1983 – 2010 152 Table 5.6: Damage of Private and Public Properties due to disasters during 1971-2010 153 Table 5.7: Year-wise Damage of Private and Public Properties due to disasters during 1971-2010 154 Table 5.8: Year-wise economic value of damages (in Million NRs.) 156 Table 5.9: Major Hazard-wise Economic Value of Damages (in Million NRs.) 158 Table 5.10: Ex-ante and ex-post investments in Nepal during 1998-2008 (in million US Dollars) 160 Table 5.11: Total disaster losses and ex-ante and ex-post investments in disasters during (1998-2008) in Million USD 161 Table 5.12: Infrastructure damage in July 1993 in Nepal 162

List of Boxes

Box 1.1: Measuring earthquakes 5 Box 1.2 : Main Recommendations of SEDM 13 Box 1.3: Tokyo Declaration for International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction 25

Box 1.4: Excerpts from remarks during first IDNDR day celebration in Nepal 26 List of Boxes Box 1.5: Resolution of 1995 IDNDR Day 28 Box 1.6: Excerpts from remarks during first IDNDR day celebration in Nepal 28 Box 1.7: Components of National Action Plan 1996 29 Box 1.8: Earthquake scenario of Kathmandu Valley 36 Box 1.9: List of DPNet Nepal Member Organizations 38 Box 1.10: Disaster related Keywords interpreted, developed and adapted by Dhulikhel Workshop 2008 42 Box 1.11: Addressing Disaster in Periodic Plans 44 Box 1.12: Findings and Recommendations of IDRL Study 46 Box 2.1: Major Disasters in the Year 2010 54 Box 2.2: Extensive and Intensive Risk 63 Box 3.1: Post 1988 Diary 80 Box 3.2: July 1993 Floods and Landslides of South Central Nepal 84 Box 3.3: Secondary Effects of Koshi Flood 96 Box 3.4: Prompt activation of DDRC & CNDRC 97 Box 3.5: Quick Initial Rescue and Relief 98 Box 3.6: Reconstruction and Rehabilitation after 2008 Koshi flood 103

| xi List of Figures

Figure 1.1 : News coverage on Building Code Implementation from “The Rising Nepal” 10 Figure 1.2: Then Prime Minister, Home Minister and distinguished guests observing models on earthquake resistant building construction at Earthquake Safety Day 2010, Lalitpur 11 Figure 1.3: Comparison between temperatures in Kathmandu and global and all-Nepal temperature 16 Figure 1.4: All Nepal temperature trend (1975-2006) 16 Figure 1.5: Effect of global warming is more acutely manifested in higher altitude List of Figures (Chhuksang, Mustang) 16 Figure 1.6: Constituent Assembly Members at the sensitization workshop 43 Figure 2.1: Trend of hazard occurrence in past decades in Nepal, 1971-2010 55 Figure 2.2: Seasonality of occurrences of selected hazard types by month 57 Figure 2.3: Effect of natural disasters in building damage by hazard types 2010 59 Figure 2.4: Trend of reported loss value in DesInventar Database for Nepal 1971-2010, by decades 62 Figure 2.5: Major peaks of impact in terms of deaths due to intensive disasters in 2010 62 Figure 2.6: Loss of human lives by districts during 2009 (left) and 2010 (right) 64 Figure 2.7: Loss of human lives due to major disaster events in Nepal in year 2009 and 2010 64 Figure 2.8: Annual time series distribution of disaster occurrence and human deaths, 2005-2010 65 Figure 3.1: Earthquake intensity map 73 Figure 3.2: Sectorwise loss 73 Figure 3.3: Building damage in Naya Bazar of Dharan 74 Figure 3.4: The damage of road in 74 Figure 3.5: During the relief distribution 76 Figure 3.6: Area affected by landslides and flood disasters during high intensity rainfall of July 19 & 20, 1993 81 Figure 3.7: Floor plan of a typical duplex unit providing basic housing for two families in Mangalpur 88 Figure 3.8: Stone Masonry in Foundation 88 Figure 3.9: Weakness in building construction 88 Figure 3.10: Brick building under construction 88 Figure 3.11: Pre Cast RCC lintel above the opening 89 Figure 3.12: Improper bonding of masonry units 89 Figure 3.13: Detached toilet blocks for the houses 89 Figure 3.14: Koshi Flood Map 92 Figure 3.15: People seeking for temporary shelter after 2008 Koshi flood 97 Figure 3.16: Shelter, storm and struggle for life after Koshi flood 2008 99 Figure 3.17: Distribution of compensation after 2008 Koshi flood 100

xii | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Figure 3.18: Diarrhorea outbreak in mid west and far west region 106 Figure 3.19: Number of cases and deaths by districts 107 List of Figures Figure 3.20: Trends of diarrheal cases in mid and far western region of Nepal 108 Figure 3.21: Treatment of diarrhea patient Khagenkot Health Post, Jajarkot 109 Figure 3.22: IEC materials to raise awareness in WASH/UNICEF 110 Figure 4.1: Street Drama on Disaster Awareness performed in Kathmandu October 2012 117 Figure 4.2: Guidance note on DPRP 119 Figure 4.3: Water –level-gauge installed at the river bank 121 Figure 4.4: Communicating using an upstream recorder 121 Figure 4.5: One of the Installed tower, Local resident informing on the gauge reading 123 Figure 4.6: Local resident practicing on the siren 123 Figure 4.7: Practical demonstration in the field 125 Figure 4.8: Participants involved in group work 125 Figure 4.9: Concerned Stakeholders jointly announcing the building code implementation 127 Figure 4.10: Constructing Sill and Lintel bands has become popular in Dharan 127 Figure: 4.11: Practice on the flood response technique 129 Figure 4.12: Students permforming duck, cover & hold on 129 Figure 4.13: Kitchen Gardening in Panchthar in DRR implemented communities 131 Figure 4.14: Murdirmaya Tumbapo and her husband with their buffalos, which they were able to buy with a helping hand from the DRR program 131 Figure 4.15: Spatial Plan for Emergency Response Scenario -1 132 Figure 4.16: Nonstructural Mitigation work at the hospital 133 Figure 4.17: Students observing the retrofitting work in one of the selected school 134 Figure 4.18: Students participating in the earthquake drill program 135 Figure 4.19: School Emergency Evacuation Plan Painted on walls of school building 137 Figure 4.20: Students demonstrating and practicing Duck Cover And hold during School Earthquake Drill 137 Figure 4.21: Communities attending orientation lecture on Earthquake safety 139 Figure 4.22: Participants performing practical exercise during the LSAR training 139 Figure 4.23: DMC Meeting 141 Figure 4.24: DMC member orienting the community 141 Figure 4.25: Distiguished guests at the dias during the workshop 143 Figure 4.26: Participant of the workshop 143 Figure 5.1: Percentage of loss of life due to various types of disasters in Nepal during 1983-2010 149 Figure 5.2: Loss of human lives in Nepal due to disasters 1983-2010, as reported in two databases (MoHA and DesInventar) 151 Figure 5.3: Proportion of economic losses due to different hazards in the total economic losses during 1971-2010 155 Figure 5.4: Trend of ex-ante and ex-post investments in Nepal 160 Figure 5.5: Total Disaster Losses and Ex ante and ExPost Investments in disasters during (1998-2008) in millionUSD 161

| xiii Acronym

AAN Action-Aid Nepal DERMP Dharan Earthquake Risk ADB Asian Development Bank Management Program ADPC Asian Disaster Preparedness Center DHM Department of Hydrology and Meteorology ADRA Adventist Development and Relief Agency DHS Department of Health Services AEPC Alternative Energy Promotion Centre DHWG Disaster Health Working Group AINTDGM Association of INGOs in Nepal Task DiMANN Disaster Management Network Nepal

Acronym Group on Disaster Management AMCDRR Asian Ministerial Conference on DIMS Disaster Inventory/Information Disaster Risk Reduction Management System APF Armed Police Force DIS Digital Information System APN Asia-Pacific Network DLSA District Lead Support Agency DMC Disaster Management Committee ARC American Red Cross DMG Department of Mines and Geology AUDMP Asian Urban Disaster Mitigation DMSP Disaster Mitigation Support Program Program DOI Department of Irrigation AWD Acute Watery Diarrhea DOR Department of Roads BDMT Basic Disaster Management Training DPC Disaster Preparedness Committee BZH Bheri Zonal Hospital DPNet-Nepal Disaster Preparedness Network- CA Constituent Assembly Nepal CBDRMN Community Based Disaster Risk DPRP Disaster Preparedness and Response Management in Nepal Plan CBO Community Based Organization DPSS Disaster Preparedness for Safer Schools CBS Central Bureau of Statistics DPTC Disaster Prevention Technical Center CCDRR Child-Centered Disaster Risk Reduction DPHO District Public Health Office DRM Disaster Risk Management CDO Chief District Officer DRR Disaster Risk Reduction CDRF Central Disaster Relief Fund DRRSP Disaster Risk Reduction through CDS Center for Disaster Studies Schools Project CEAARRC Central Earthquake Affected Areas DSCWM Department of Soil Conservation and Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Watershed Management Committee DUDBC Department of Urban Development CECOD Center for Community Development and Building Construction CNDRC Central Natural Disaster Relief DWIDP Department of Water Induced Committee Disaster Prevention CRED Centre for Research on the EAARRP Earthquake Affected Areas Epidemiology of Disasters Reconstruction and Rehabilitation DAO District Administration Office Project DCWB District Child Welfare Board ECHO European Commission’s DDC District Development Committee Humanitarian Aid Department DDRC District Disaster Relief Committee EDCD Epidemiology and Disease Control Division DEO District Education Office EPC Environment Protection Council DEPROSC-Nepal Development Project Service Center- Nepal ESD Earthquake Safety Day EU European Union

xiv | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 EWS Early Warning System KDRRI Kailali Disaster Risk Reduction FAO Food and Agriculture Organization Initiatives FCHV Female Community Health Volunteer KMC Kathmandu Metropolitan City FMIS Farmer Managed Irrigation System KVERMP Kathmandu Valley Earthquake Risk Management Project Acronym GAR Global Assessment Report LARED Latin American Research Education GDP Gross Domestic Production and Development GHI Geo-Hazards International LSAR Light Search and Rescue GIS Geographic Information System LSGA Local Self Governance Act GLOFs Glacial Lake Outburst Floods LSMC Lalitpur Sub Metropolitan City GPS Global Positioning System LWF Lutheran World Federation HFA Hyogo Framework for Action LWR Lutheran World Relief HI Handicap International MCH Maternal Child Health HICS Hospital Incident Command System MCPM Minimum Conditions and HKH Hindu Kush Himalaya Performance Measurements HRDC Hospital and Rehabilitation Center for MDGs Millennium Development Goals the Disabled Children MEDEP Micro-Enterprise Development HVCA Hazard, Vulnerability and Capacity Program Assessment MHPP Ministry of Housing and Physical IASC Inter Agency Standing Committee Planning ICAO International Civil Aviation MMI Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale Organization MoAC Ministry of Agriculture and ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Cooperatives Mountain Development MoFSC Ministry of Forest and Soil IATF/DR Inter-Agency Task Force on Disaster Conservation Reduction MoHA Ministry of Home Affairs IDA International Development MoLD Ministry of Local Development Association MoST Ministry of Science and Technology IDNDR International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction MoWR Ministry of Water Resources IDP Internally Displaced Person MRT Mandatory Rule of Thumb IFRC International Federation of Red Cross NA Nepalese Army and Red Crescent Societies NAPA National Adaptation Program of INF International Nepal Fellowship Action INGO International Non-Governmental NAST of Science and Organization Technology INSARAG International Search and Rescue NBC Nepal Building Code Advisory Group NCDM Nepal Center for Disaster IOE Institute of Engineering Management IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate NCDM National Council for Disaster Change Management IRA Initial Rapid Assessment NCRA Natural Calamity (Relief) Act-1982 ISDR International Strategy for Disaster NDC National Development Council Reduction NDMA National Disaster Management ITDG Intermediate Technology Authority Development Group NDMF Natural Disaster Management Forum JICA Japan International Cooperation Nepal Agency NDMF Natural Disaster Management Form JYRC Junior Youth Red Cross Nepal

| xv NDMP National Disaster Management Policy SOHAM Society of Hydrologists and NEA Nepal Electricity Authority Meteorologists NEA Nepal Engineers’ Association SOP Standard Operating Procedure NEGIS Nepal GIS Society SMC School Management Committee NELS Nepal Landslide Society TU NEOC National Emergency Operations UN United Nations Center UNCHS United Nations Center for Human NEPAP National Environmental Policy and Settlements Action Plan UNCRD United Nations Center for Regional NEWAH Nepal Water for Health Development Acronym NFHP Nepal Family Health Programme UNDMS United Nations Disaster Management Secretariat NFI Non Food Item UNDMT United Nations Disaster Management NGO Non-Governmental Organization Team NGS Nepal Geological Society UNDP United Nations Development NHEICC National Health Education Programme Information and Communication UNDRO United Nations Disaster Relief Center Organization NP Nepal Police UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific NPC National Planning Commission and Cultural Organization NPDRR National Platform for Disaster Risk UNFCCC United Nations Framework Reduction Convention on Climate Change NNCDMC National Network of Community UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund Disaster Management Committee UNISDR United Nations International Strategy NRCS Nepal Red Cross Society for Disaster Reduction NRRC Nepal Risk Reduction Consortium UNOCHA United Nations Office for the NSDRM National Strategy for Disaster Risk Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Management USAID United States Agency for NSET National Society for Earthquake International Development Technology - Nepal USAID-NFRP USAID- Nepal Flood Recovery OECD Organization for Economic Co- Program operation and Development VDC Village Development Committee OFDA Office of the U.S. Foreign Disaster VFL Views from the Frontline Assistance WCDR World Conference on Disaster ORS Oral Rehydration Solution Reduction PVA Participatory Vulnerability WECS Water and Energy Commission Assessment Secretariat PVCA Participatory Vulnerability Capacity WFP World Food Program Assessment WHO World Health Organization SAR Search and Rescue WMO World Meteorological Organization SBDPTOT School Based Disaster Preparedness WOREC Womens Rehabilitation Center Training of Trainers WSSI World Seismic Safety Initiative SDC Swiss Development Coopertion WSSDO Water Supply and Sanitation Division SEDM Study on Earthquake Disaster Office Mitigation for Kathmandu Valley WVI World Vision International SESC School Earthquake Safety Committee WWF World Wildlife Fund SESP School Earthquake Safety Program YARCN Youth Awareness Raising Center SFRALSO Flood Rehabilitation Nepal Agriculture and Livestock Service Office

xvi | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 CHAPTER 1 : DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN NEPAL – AN OVERVIEW

| 1 Boat ferrying food and goods across what used to be normal dry land but then flooded, Koshi Flood Photo Courtesy: www.everestunsencored.org 2 | Chapter 1 | 3 67 555607 3665104 252074 6668 2137 4539 2393 2016 410 928331 5932246 Affected population 5129 Chapter 1 Chapter aliks are mostly of 6 124 1335 57227 Number of injury 43076 1446 461 1097 1810 359 6840 83 59 the flood place along disasters take Karnali and Mahakali rivers. Rivers Karnali and Mahakali rivers. originating from the Siw during the monsoon periods (June-August). during the monsoon Most of ephemeral nature, being wild during the ephemeral being wild during nature, high monsoon season, and they also pose Extensive flood hazards to the Tarai. plain is due to in the Tarai inundation bank courses, frequent change in the river meanders. erosion and erosion in the river are in rivers In the mountainous regions, spates during the monsoon season. Bank ofundercutting, inundation the flood plains But more disastrous are the are the results. floods in the high gradient tributary streams due to cloud bursts or high intensity rainfall concentrated usually in a small catchment. flash Such floods cause triggering of the banks of as Mechi, such the larger rivers Kankai, Kamala, Koshi, Bagmati, East Rapti, Rapti, Babai, (Gandak), West Narayani 69 Number of deaths 16521 4327 3899 1293 986 9 873 442 404 269 999 30982 5 Number of records/events 3413 2705 3377 4936 1034 1000 95 320 389 135 2651 2005 rowth, slow economic slow rowth, Table 1.1: Top 10 hazards types and their impact in Nepal 1971-2010 10 hazards types and 1.1: Top Table ire Hazard Type Epidemics Landslide Flood F Thunderstorm Accident Earthquake Cold wave Structural Collapse Boat Capsize Other events Total pal is exposed to several types of types pal is exposed to several natural 1 2 7 3 5 4 9 8 6 11 10 S.N. faced; while demographic as factors such rapid population g and the resulting rampant development on the widespread unawareness poverty, possibilities and means of mitigation, limited firm political and social commitment etc. the countryalso make to extremely prone The major types ofdisasters. natural hazards of concern and their impact are listed in 1.1 and major hazards are described Table briefly. Flood as Flood is a recurrent problem in the Tarai in the mountain regions. as well Most part of problem of faces Tarai floods as well as human-induced hazards. A wide hazards. as human-induced as well ofvariety physiographical, geological, factors ecological and hydro-meteorological ofhigh levels contribute to the hazards The Context Ne Disaster Risk Management in Nepal – An Overview in Nepal Risk Management Disaster Source : DesInventar, 2011 landslide, deep scouring of the stream bed High intensity rainfalls, which occur and the side slopes and they rapidly develop frequently during the monsoon season are into debris flows capable of transporting found to have triggered many highly several cubic meter sized boulders. destructive debris slides and debris flow The problem of flooding in the Tarai is also along the high gradient hill slope channels. high due to the high bed load, in addition Majority of the landslides in Nepal occur to the suspended load, carried by the rivers. in the late monsoon periods. Incessant In the plains, almost all the rivers are rainfall during the period, when the widening and cutting their banks each year. antecedent moisture content of the land

Chapter 1 Landslide and Debris Flow surface reaches a certain critical stage, is found to be accompanied by landslides. The causes of landslides in Nepal can be assigned to a complex interaction of several Earthquake is another important landslide factors which are natural as well as human triggerer. Apart from developing fissures activity related. High relief, concentrated both along and parallel to the hill slopes, monsoon rainfall, withdraw of underlying and thus generating the potentials for debris as well as lateral supports by toe cutting and slides, the earthquakes are found to trigger bank erosion, presence of weaker rocks, a variety of landslide types including huge active neotectonic movements and a complex rock slide, rock fall and slumps. Some of geological history, which has resulted in the very big landslides have been reported very intense faulting, folding and fracturation to have been initiated by the Nepal-Bihar of the rocks, are the natural factors causing earthquake of 1934 AD. landslides in Nepal. But human activities Debris flows are frequent in the mountainous are also responsible for the very high extent, parts of the country. They are caused by and they add to the density of landslides in deep scouring of the stream bed and side the country. Overgrazing of protective slope by a high gradient stream. Materials grassy cover, mass felling of trees leading are the deeply weathered rock and colluvium to an unprecedented deforestation, in the middle mountains and the thick glacial disturbance of the hill slopes by road/canal deposits in the high mountains. Damming construction, non consideration of the of rivers and tributaries due to landslides geologic conditions in the corresponding and debris and subsequent sudden breaching location, planning or designs of infrastructures etc. are some of the important of the dam is another important phenomena anthropogenic factors leading to landslides. for the generation of debris flows. In the higher mountains, debris flows are frequently There are other social causes for the greater generated by Glacial Lakes Outburst Floods extent of damage. Unawareness on the part (GLOFs) due to the breaching of the of the population and the decision makers moraines or glacier ice damming the lakes. may be cited as the most important of all the anthropogenic activity related indirect The debris flow travels usually to greater causes of landslides. distances along the river valley and destroy terraces, infrastructures and settlements All these factors set the stage for the landslide along its course. Destruction of bridges, to take place. But the stability balance is hydropower facilities and other usually tipped by one of the two triggers, infrastructures along the Sunkoshi and Bhote namely; a) rainfall/cloud burst, and b) Koshi rivers in 1967 and 1996 were due to earthquake, excavation and transitory debris flows. stresses.

4 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 1 | 5 ies the thquakes. In this century over alone, thquakes. The country has a long history of destructive ear 11,000 people have lost their lives in four lost their lives 11,000 people have A 1934 AD earthquake major earthquakes. shaking in Kathmanduproduced strong 20 percent and and destroyed Valley, damaged 40 percent of building the valley’s In Kathmandu 1999). itself, (NSET, stock one quarter of destroyed. all homes was Many of temples in Bhaktapur were the This not as well. earthquake was destroyed Three earthquakesan isolated event. of similar size occurred in Kathmandu Valley in the 19th Century: in 1810, 1833, and 1866 The recent earthquake most that badly AD. hit Nepal the earthquake of was 1988 which a moderate size earthquake (Magnitude was 6.5) affecting mostly the eastern part of in this Nepal.lives 721 people lost their earthquake. from the Based on the data available Department of CBS Mines and Geology, (1998) concludes that earthquakes of more scale than or equal to 5.0 on the Richter occurredonce every at least year in have effects of an earthquake on the earth's surface, human beings, object of nature and man-made structures on a scale of MMI I through MMI XII. MMI I denotes and a shaking of MMI the lowest intensity, XII can cause total destruction. The strongest shaking usually occurs near the epicenter (epi-central intensity) and the intensity of shaking decreases with the increase of distance from the epicenter. This decrease is called "attenuation” and the mathematical expression of the decrease in the level of shaking is called Relationship”. The scale is “Attenuation commonly abbreviated as MMI. The Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale the The MMI scale is used for measuring intensity of earthquake. It quantif , he entire territoryhe entire of Nepal in high lies Box 1.1: Measuring earthquakes seismic hazard zone. The country'sseismic hazard zone. high of to the movement seismicity is related that has the tectonic plates along A total of faults. active caused several 92 been mapped throughout faults have active the country Seismic Hazard Mapping the by for Nepaland Risk Assessment carried out as part of the Building Code Development 2994). Earth- (MHPP, Project – 1992-1994 ofquakes occur almost magnitudes various losses of caused heavy every year and have lives. The entire country falls in a high earthquake intensity belt: almost the whole of Nepal falls in high intensity scale of MMI IX and X for the generally accepted recurrence period. The seismic zoning map of Nepal, depictswhich the primary (shaking hazard), the countrydivides into three zones elongated in northwest-southeast direction; the middle part of the country is slightly higher than the northern and the southern parts. Earthquake T corresponds to an increase of about 32 times the amount of energy released. The Richter scale The Richter scale or the local magnitude to (ML) scale assigns a single number quantify the amount of seismic energy released by an earthquake. The Richter magnitude of an earthquake is determined from the logarithm of the amplitude of waves recorded by seismographs (adjustments are included to compensate for the variation in the distance between the various seismographs and the epicenter). Because of the logarithmic basis of the scale, an increase by a whole number in magnitude represents a 10-fold increase in amplitude; in terms of energy an increase by a whole number Nepal since 1987, with the exception of unplanned urban settlements are the cause 1989 and 1992 when no such events were for the potentially high risk from epidemic. recorded. The current disaster database of gastro-enteritis, cholera, encephalitis, Nepal shows that there were 22 earthquakes meningitis, dysentery and diarrhea account with magnitudes ranging from 4.5 to 6.5 on for more than 50% of the total deaths due the Richter scale throughout the country to epidemics. Break out of epidemics after for last 37 years period (1971-2007). About a major disaster such as flood and earthquake 34,000 buildings were destroyed and 55,000 etc. is quite frequent. were damaged (DesInventar, 2007) during this period due to earthquakes. Epidemics of contagious diseases have two Chapter 1 Many studies have been carried out in the peaks: during the months of May and June, past to evaluate the earthquake risk of before the rainy season begins and in August, Kathmandu Valley. The most significant the height of the monsoon. Unsafe drinking among such studies are: the Study on water and poor sanitation are the main causes Earthquake Disaster Mitigation for of water-borne diseases in Nepal. Water- Kathmandu Valley conducted in 2002 by borne diseases continue to take lives in Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) with Nepal. In fact, over 80 per cent of all illness support from Japan International is attributed to inadequate access to clean Coopertation Agency (JICA); and the water supplies, poor sanitation and poor earthquake risk assessment and scenario hygiene practices. development in 1997 by Kathmandu Valley Fire Earthquake Risk Management Project (KVERMP) implemented by the National Forest fires are prevalent in the Tarai forests Society for Earthquake Technology – Nepal as well as in the forests belonging to the (NSET). A simple loss estimation carried Siwaliks and middle mountains. Although out during the KVERMP suggested that in damages by such fires have been severe in case of a reoccurrence of similar shaking terms of environmental degradation, these to that of 1934 in Kathmandu Valley would have not been followed as disasters to result in the following consequences: death: communities. 40,000, injury: 95,000, homeless population: On the other hand, disasters due to fires in 600,000 – 900,000 , and building damage: settlements are common in the Tarai where 60% (NSET, 1999). Recent studies have most of the houses are thatched roof and shown that the situation is not much different clustered and there is little fire safety in other cities also. measures implemented. Fires are sporadic Epidemic also in the mountain settlements. Most fire Epidemics are in fact the number one killer disasters occur during summer (April - July) in Nepal, with an average of 410 deaths per when temperatures are high and strong year. During 1983-2010, 22,306 people lost winds occur. The large number of small fire their lives (MoHA,2004;DWIDP, 2010). incidences has a cumulative effect throughout Fifty-two per cent of those deaths were the country caused by epidemics. The pattern is not Drought much changed during later time as well. A severe drought hit Nepal during 1981- Lack of treated drinking water supply and 1982 causing heavy damage to crops leading poor hygiene conditions, not only in the to a decline in Gross Domestic Product rural areas but also in the crowded, (GDP) by about 1.4%. Failure of monsoon

6 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 1 | 7 umerous fatalities. umerous starvation. Such cold waves can cause starvation.cold waves Such result in n famines and November to February are the months for November the cold waves. with rise in atmospheric average Heat waves of the average above temperature well a been reported to induce adverse region have crops, populations, effects on human properties and services. This is common in region in southern Nepal. Tarai The flat of plains in the south of Tarai the of country the highest level show also susceptibility to liquefaction. Cyclonic wind is a hazard that destroys horticultural crops in spring, while hailstorm causes significant harm as to the summer especially in the as winter crops, well mountainous areas of the country. occurred because famines have Historically, of and pestilence, drought, crop failure, because of as human-induced causes such Famines or misguided economic policies. war are not frequently reported as other natural in Nepal but everydisaster events year they on people in the country. serious effect have but the effect famine by are lost Rarely lives on people is high. Outburst Floods (GLOFs) Glacial Lakes are typical ofand Avalanches high Himalayan The problem ofregions. GLOFs is being intensified due to the climate change resulting in accelerated melting of the glacier tongues and rapid enlargement of lakes the glacial Several natural moraine dams. contained by been mapped in Nepal. have glacial lakes in the are prevalent avalanches Snow region – they pose risk to the Himalayan high mountain tourism industry. frost, Other hazards including boat capsize, natural phenomenon), accidents (caused by pollution, sedimentation, panic, leaks, structural collapse are also recorded in Nepal. ts of rains or its late arrival causes partial late arrival rains or its drought par major crops in different affecting the country. Uneven distribution of distribution Uneven the country. the parts with several ofmonsoon rains, the country the required rains in receiving not for the major crop is a the required time recurrent a large phenomenon. Since part of the country still depends for on rainfall phenomena affect the such cultivation, agriculture production of the country very adversely. Storm Storms rainfall and (line-squalls) with heavy hail are common during the summer months in the tropical and sub-tropical parts of the Major damage from storms has country. been recorded in eastern Nepal (1980) and mid-western Nepal (1983). Storm winds of effects major have velocities moderate even where most ofin the Tarai, houses and the structures roofed. are lightly The most occurring disaster in March/April and October are hailstorms a that have disastrous effect especially on agriculture. While of most from the hail that precipitates the clouds is fairly small and virtually been cases ofharmless, there have golf ball damage especially sized hail that causes much to the standing crops and inflict injuries. Thunderstorms during dominate the weather A thunderstorm to September. is May normally heavy accompanied by precipitation. During wintertime, especially the northern areas in December and January, of Nepal storms. suffer harsh snow Other Hazards –related casualties have In Nepal, cold waves in the very cold places not much place taken but in the sub-tropical in the high Himalayas, also caused death and injury They have Tarai. If and wildlife. to livestock is a cold wave and persistent snow, heavy accompanied by grazing be unable to reach animals may needed food and die of hypothermia or The development of Disaster lives in one night. Several expert missions fielded by Office of Foreign Disaster Risk Management in Nepal Assistance (OFDA), United Nations Disaster As stated, Nepal is prone to various kinds Relief Organization (UNDRO) and United of frequently occurring disasters. Flood, Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural landslide, fire, epidemics, drought are some Organization (UNESCO) also recomme- regular events which cause huge loss of life nded for comprehensive approach for and property every year; whereas, large disaster management in the country. earthquakes on the other hand, are less Government Initiatives and

Chapter 1 frequent but when they occur, cause severe damage and destruction. Developmental Policy Intervention achievements gained in decades are lost Natural Calamity (Relief) Act, 1982 within few seconds and minutes during such large disasters. Economics of such disaster Prior to 1982, rescue, relief as well as losses are also great: a significant proportion resettlement of disaster victims were carried of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is lost out in Nepal on an ad-hoc basis, primarily every year due to large, medium and small as a social work. The Government of Nepal disasters. Therefore, fighting with disaster promulgated the Natural Calamity (Relief) events through effective search, rescue and Act in 1982 to carry out rescue, relief works relief to disaster victims; timely and equitable in a systematic manner. The Act has since reconstruction and rehabilitation; and then been amended thrice (first in 1986, mitigation in the long run always required second in 1989 and third in 1992) enunciating significant amount of time, efforts and the significance of the pre-disaster and post budget from the government and local disaster activities. communities. Management of disasters and The Act was instrumental in imparting an disaster risks have been a key area of work. organized approach to disaster management in the country. It helped develop an There was a time when occurrence of natural organizational structure from central to local hazard events were regarded as the acts of level, to deal with response and relief works. god or divine power and each disaster event Furthermore, the Act provided the basis for was treated on a case to case basis. The coordination among various agencies, management consisted in providing relief government and non-government in in the form of cash grants, cloths and food emergency response activities. grains on ad-hoc basis from the available resources. However, it has been widely felt that the present Act, just can not address the whole More systematic work related to disaster risk spectrum of hazard mitigation and disaster management began in Nepal only after 1982 risk reduction issues. The Act does not when the Natural Calamity (Relief) Act was discriminate between the different types of first promulgated. Starting from 1970s, the disaster for management purposes. It needs necessity for a more organised treatment of incorporation of the whole philosophy of natural disaster started being felt in the the possibility of disaster reduction and country due mainly to the experience gained should still further emphasise the pre-event while administrating relief works and surveys activities for risk reduction. There has been of several disasters, such as the landslide at a general consensus that the country requires Deurali () in 1974 which claimed 62 a new act to incorporate the whole spectrum

8 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 1 | 9 Assessment of Nepal: to establish an ofappropriate level design against earthquake-induced damage in Nepal National Building Code Materials and Technologies State-of-the-art provisions for Professionally Engineered Provisions Buildings Mandatory of Rules Thumb for mostly urban and semi-urban residential available buildings thquake hazard patternsthquake analyse risks and management Mapping and co-ordination; ear to various types ofto various buildings and patterns; a national Formulate development incorporating earthquake-building code, and guidelines; Develop resistant standards and building materials new and improved earthquake-resistant standards and guidelines; staffand Provide training in the shelter sector. the Shelter Policy In addition to of the project consisted Development, a ofcomponent for the development National The Building Code Building Code. component of the project comprised of three distinct sub-components: 1) Hazard Mapping and Risk Seismic 2) Preparation and Implementation of 3) of Development Building Alternative The project, in 1994, finally completed the formulation of Nepal National Building other studies. Code and two unique was The Building Code developed for in itself; it incorporated provisions making buildings earthquake-resistant, it addressed the problems not only of the engineered buildings but also those houses in rural, semi-urban and urban areas which are mostly constructed without the input from qualified building/structural engineers. ofIt has four levels code documents: i. Buildings designed with International ii. iii. iv. Guidelines for rural construction ation to preparedness, response and reconstructionresponse and and rehabilitation. Lessons of 1988 Earthquake and ofDevelopment National Building Code The earthquake of magnitude 6.5 Udayapur eastern Nepal that occurred in the morning of turning a major 1988 was point 21 August for Nepal terms in of starting concepts the and mitigation.for risk reduction One of lessons realized during this the key the need for formulationearthquake was and enforcement of building codes that ensure the earthquake safety of residential Significant number and all other buildings. of houses and public buildings were private of due to the lack damaged and destroyed This realization led to the seismic features. formulation of a project concept for ofdevelopment building code and long- term shelter policy and plans. In 1988, the then newly formed Ministry of Planning (MHPP), Housing and Physical assistance from United requested technical (UNDP) and Forum Nations Development and UNCHS for institutional development capability strengthening of MHPP and formulation of a long term shelter policy for Nepal. a three- Subsequently in 1990, year program of and Technical Policy Support to Urban Sector (PTSUS - UNDP/ NEP/88/054) was UNCHS PROJECT Originally initiated within the MHPP. to be completed in 1992, the scheduled extended until December 1993. project was The project consisted of components: seven ofFormulation a National Shelter Policy and Implementation Strategy based on a shelter needs assessment; comprehensive Preparation of a national shelter sector Needs Assessment and Strategy; Training Strengthening of in MHPP capabilities of disaster risk management starting from mitig risk reduction, Although the building code was unique in all government buildings and encouraged its nature to address the problems of Nepal to implement it in all municipal areas. it was not enforced immediately. It took 1993 Flood of South Central Nepal several years to be formally enforced by the and Sectoral Working Groups Government of Nepal. In 2003 only, the Government of Nepal decided to make the Three sectoral working groups, namely building code compliance mandatory in Health, Logistics, and Food and Agriculture were established during the flood response of 1993 in order to achieve better coordination and effective response. In 1994, Chapter 1 the government requested the international community to help continue the three sectoral working groups in order to prepare sectoral contingency plans for future disasters. The UN system agreed to continue and coordinate the three sectoral working groups. The responsibility of the sectoral working groups, which included representatives from the government, the UN, donors and NGOs, was to provide support to the government’s on-going relief efforts in the sectors of food and agriculture, health, and logistics. In 1995, the sectoral working groups produced three manuals that were revised in 1999. These manuals were intended to serve as the rolling plans. The meetings and activities of the Working Groups gradually decreased over the years, and virtually became non-existing. However, at the end of 2000, the Epidemiology and Disease Control Division (EDCD) of Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health, and World Health Organization (WHO) decided to revitalise the Disaster Health Working Group (DHWG). Later, the DHWG prepared a health sector emergency preparedness and disaster response plan. Establishment of Disaster Prevention Technical Center (DPTC) Nepal suffers from various types of water- induced disasters such as soil erosion, landslides, debris flow, flood, bank erosion Figure 1.1 : News coverage on Building Code Implementation from “The Rising Nepal” etc. due to its rugged topographically weak geological formations, active seismic

10 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 1 | 11 the government with to cope The objective ofThe objective to strengthen was DPTC of capability disasters such as landslides, debris flows, as landslides, disasters such floodingsoil erosion and through ofdevelopment technology to Nepal suitable and training of in these personnel working fields. and the objectives institutionalize To ofachievements the Department the DPTC, of Induced Disaster Prevention Water on 7 February established was (DWIDP) 2000 under the Ministry of Resources. Water of Division Training The then River the Department of Irrigation merged was in the organizational structure of the DWIDP Seven to strengthen its institutional capability. offices were Sub-Division and five Division established so as to mitigate the water- induced disasters throughout the country. working has been Since then, DWIDP mitigation and prevention oftowards water post- as towards induced disasters as well disaster rehabilitation and reconstruction. Figure 1.2: Then Prime Minister, Home Minister and distinguished guests observing models on earthquake resistant building construction at Earthquake Safety Day 2010, Lalitpur Photo Courtesy: NSET loods, concentrated monsoon rains concentrated loods, associated with unscientific land utilizations. associated with unscientific impacts These severe phenomena induce on the vital infrastructures of the nation irrigation hydropower, houses, as roads, such cause loss of facilities, and drinking water propertiesagricultural and human lands, threat to the sustainable posing a severe lives ofdevelopment In order to country. the and mitigation ofpromote prevention these disasters in Nepal, an agreement signed was of Government between Nepal and the ofGovernment 1991 on 7 October Japan for the establishment of Induced Water Centre Technical Disaster Prevention (DPTC) as a joint undertaking of concerned agencies of GoN with the Ministry of Water and agency, (MoWR) as leading Resources the cooperation of of the Government Japan International Cooperation through Japan years and Agency (JICA) for the initial five and halflater extended for two years until 1999. March conditions, occasional glacier lake outburst lake occasional glacier conditions, f Earthquake Safety Day Local Self Governance Act 1999 Raising awareness among people and Local Self Governance Act 1999 (LSGA, authorities on impending earthquake risk 1999) gave a momentum to the process of and on ways to mitigating the risks is a key decentralization and devolution of authority. for reducing the risk. Realizing this, Nepal It helped empower the local governments has been observing every year 15th or 16th to undertake disaster management activities. of January (2nd day of Magh as per Nepali LSGA gave the responsibilities in terms of Calendar) as the Earthquake Safety Day with reducing risks associated to disasters and several earthquake awareness-raising managing the disasters to local governments. Chapter 1 activities. The day is observed in This opened up tremendous opportunities commemoration of the devastation caused for preparing plans, programs and by 1934 Nepal-Bihar earthquake which implementing actions to reduce disaster risks occurred on 15th January 1934. In 1999, at the local level. Some municipalities, VDCs Government of Nepal declared the and DDCs started good initiatives such as Earthquake Safety Day and established an disaster risk management master planning, Earthquake Safety Day National Committee training of professionals and staff, for observing the Day annually throughout implementation of community based disaster the country. ESD National Committee led risk management programs etc. However, by Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) draws due to the current vacuum in terms of representatives from all emergency response elected representatives, the local authorities organizations and critical facilities. ESD is have not been able to perform at the required observed annually with varieties of awareness level. activities that extend for many days. The Moreover, other legal tools such as key events are the national meeting, regulations, by-laws etc. to support the awareness rally, earthquake safety exhibition, implementation of the provisions of LSGA symposium, public broadcast of earthquake have not been in place, which has hindered safety message by the Home Minister; shake- the process to a larger extent. table demonstration of building models with The Study on Earthquake Disaster and without seismic safety elements; children essay and painting competitions; earthquake Mitigation in Kathmandu Valley safety walkathon, street drama etc. Numerous (SEDM) publications such as information leaflets, Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) and the calendars, posters on earthquake safety are Japan International Cooperation Agency distributed to the public. Earlier, the day (JICA) carried out a project “The Study on used to be observed at the central level in Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in the Kathmandu only; but now the ESD Kathmandu Valley, ” programs are also organized in several (MoHA/HMGN-JICA, 2002) in municipalities and district headquarters. It cooperation with several Nepalese has been realized that the celebration of institutions. The study undertook detailed such a day with awareness raising activities loss estimation for 3 scenario earthquakes. has contributed much to revisit year-long Assessment of potential casualty and damage efforts, renew national commitments toward to infrastructures was done at the municipal earthquake safety promotion and help raise ward level. Different surveys were public awareness. undertaken for assessing the available

12 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 1 | 13 ation and preparednessation and policies and iculties are anticipated in the initial stages of mitig confirmyear national plan it in the 5 risk management to earthquake Promote public awareness support target to disaster and give groups on self-help basis for resilient capacity Operations Centre; and advising employees of their Operations Centre; and advising employees of responsibilities in case of disaster. include Key elements of emergency plans and manuals the assignment of responsibilities/authority, the establishment of systems for command/control/ communications/coordination, and the collection/dissemination of information. be Emergency response/recovery planning should and prepared for prompt/proper decision-making smooth execution of the decided measures before, during, and after a disaster. The importance of be communication for the initial response should of recognised, as well as the importance of the role the media in communication. Protection of Life and Property Many diff the disaster, including search and rescue operations, medical services, cremation, drinking water and food, public health care, security, fire-fighting, management of volunteers, safety inspections of structures and infrastructure, debris removal and disposal, shelter and temporary housing, etc. Due to inadequate response planning and systems for inter-institutional coordination, public onsite services in an emergency are likely to be deficient for the time being. Community involvement and the sense of self-protection by the people are accordingly indispensable. • disaster priority on the Put higher • for local autonomous bodies Empower • The generation SEDM proposed and implementation of earthquake disaster of different levels reduction plans at the suggestedgovernment. It was that the disaster managementindividual plans should ofbe prepared level at each government the method ofand institutions by full participatoryall stakeholders. by planning enth Five-Year Plan, currently in establishing a permanent structure such as National Disaster Council preparation, includes plans and funding for firm disaster mitigation measures. bodies for risk management. against earthquake disasters and outreach to targeted groups. Establish a strong legal base for a comprehensive risk management system. governmental and inter-institutional coordination. ventory buildings 1100 typical comprising representing the valley was prepared. was representing the valley Damage analysis of existing building stock, was lifeline networks public facilities and This study inventory. based on the building also undertook a social structure survey that social normsexplored existing that resiliency ofcontributed to disaster the Thepolicy and legal existing society. . also researched was environment schemes several It ended up with proposing for making seismic risk coping mechanism The following operational and sustainable. recommendations ofare some key the study: • by Build a coordination mechanism 4) of local Promote and strengthen self-governance 5) Promote public awareness on self-protection Need to Maintain Governance The government, at all levels, is responsible for providing continuity of effective leadership, direction of emergency operations, and management of recovery operations. For this reason, it is essential that governmental entities continue to function during and following a disaster. This requires that they take actions on preparedness such as: preparing plans/manuals to guide initial response; establishing systems for communications/coordination, including an Emergency Mechanisms for Sustainable Development of Mechanisms for Sustainable Development Disaster Management for Currently Nepal lacks the necessary mechanisms the sustainable disaster management. It is clear that following steps must be taken to improve the capacity for disaster management in Nepal: 1) 2) Create sustainable mechanisms for inter- 3) T Ensure that the resources and constraints. A building and constraints. resources in Box 1.2 : Main Recommendations of SEDM Box 1.2 : Main Recommendations The logistics to support on-site activities after the (including for the Melamchi project), securing a water occurrence of a disaster is a critical issue. The supply distribution system by water tankers, and transportation system must continue to function during preservation of existing wells and spouts at the local and after the occurrence of the earthquake disaster so level. that the on-site activities of search and rescue and (5) Telecommunications Facilities other socio-economic activities can continue to function. Similarly, prompt restoration of electrical The current vulnerability of telecommunications service and water supplies to affected areas would facilities is carefully examined. To create a reliable play an important role during the initial stages of a network against disaster, it is recommended to disaster. The existing conditions of these and other complete the multiple diversity routing composition critical elements of the infrastructure are discussed, as well as to establish emergency communication and

Chapter 1 identifying the underlying problems. Priority projects broadcasting systems. to improve the current situation are also presented. (6) Urban Structure The Need to Strengthen the Socio-Economic System Several separate areas within the city centre of Working towards sustainable development is a natural Kathmandu should be designated as intensive and necessary companion to working towards effective development areas for disaster prevention by earthquake disaster management itself, because the maximising the disaster mitigation characteristics of ability to deal with earthquake disasters is highly the urban structure. Securing emergency evacuation dependent upon the fundamentals of society, economic routes and preserving evacuation areas in some areas growth and social stability, all of which are the fruits of the city are effective measures that can be applied of sustainable development. Urban society is highly to Kathmandu. Each of these measures should be dependent on the socio-economic infrastructure, and implemented to reinforce the city against disasters. any weakness makes it vulnerable to disaster. The vast Disaster mitigation measures in central Kathmandu will direct and indirect economic and societal losses caused be proposed on a geographic area basis by classifying by disasters can be reduced by reinforcing the the central city areas into eight strategic zones based infrastructure through sustainable development on the characteristics of the urban structure. practices. The fundamental elements of the Recommendations and Proposals infrastructure are discussed. As a result of the study, about one hundred potential (1) Transportation Facilities programmes were identified for the improvement of The existing master plan studies were reviewed. earthquake disaster management in Kathmandu Valley. Proposals for roads, bridges and the airport to improve The study team evaluated the programmes from the the access to and mobility inside the Valley are viewpoints of term, priority and reality. presented. Fulfilment of all the programmes would require a (2) Building Structures tremendous amount of time and money. The team consequently selected four projects, which each include Most of the existing buildings have severe deficiencies several programmes, for urgent implementation. The regarding earthquake resistance. The report presents, implementation of the projects will hopefully bring discusses and makes recommendations on the current visible results and thus further promote endeavours building construction system, the Draft National to achieve the three goals for earthquake disaster Building Code of Nepal, and the defects of individual reduction. types of buildings: hospitals, schools and public buildings, and historical buildings. The four projects are: (3) Electric Power Supply Facilities a) Establishment of an Early Earthquake Information System, An evaluation of the master plan studies on the transmission and distribution network in the Valley was b) Establishment of a Municipality Disaster performed. Provision of a stable transmission system Management Institution and Exercise, is proposed in the city core areas of Kathmandu c) Building Improvement, and Metropolis. Other recommendations, including preparation and implementation of design manuals for d) Establishment of a Comprehensive Database for earthquake resistance and training of personnel for an Earthquake Disaster Mitigation. effective technical support system, are presented. Besides the selected projects, it should be noted that (4) Water Supply and Sewerage Facilities there are important and long-term projects with high priority/reality, i.e., the Sindhuli road project aiming at The ongoing Melamchi Project is expected to improving access to the Valley, road widening projects significantly improve the extremely poor water supply for smoother mobility in the Valley, and the Melamchi and sewerage conditions. Urgent tasks include water supply projects. preparing design manuals for earthquake resistance

14 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 1 | 15 wn meagre contribution of the green house its location between given However, gases. growing rapidly of economies two India and China, Nepal cannot escape the rapidly increasing influence of climate and global The glaciers rapidly retreating changes. retreat of(average m/year), more than 30 temperature maximum rapid rise in average (>0.06°C), erratic and increase in rainfalls frequency of as floods such extreme events are some of situation and drought like the effects Nepalthe last few is facing during Most ofyears. of the big rivers Nepal are and its main resources ofglacier-fed water will be seriously affected and hydroelectricity due to the ongoing changes in glacier and natural hazards. snowfall reserves, An analysis of about 30 years of observed temperature of Nepal that has shown temperatures in Nepal are maximum increasing at an alarming et rate (Shrestha al., 1999). Study carried the out by Department of Hydrology and Meteorology that the all-Nepal(DHM) shows maximum 1.8°C in 32 years temperature increased by is equal to about 1975-2006, which between warming Such is found to 0.06°C per year. be more pronounced in the northern high altitude regions of Nepal. warming Further, in the winter is more pronounced compared Theof increasing trend to other seasons. maxium temperature is a dominant feature of the country for the western middle except minimum mountainous region. For the decreasing trend is observedtemperature, of the western and west over central mountainous regions and the eastern parts of increasing trend However, the country. most ofis dominant over the regions. Another analysis of data daily temperature for 36 years from 1971 to 2006 using that both also shows software RClimDex change impacting Nepal rather dispropor- and its o compared to its size tionately pal is a hotspot for geophysical and geophysical pal is a hotspot for climatic hazards. The countryclimatic hazards. is highly impacts negative vulnerable to the potential of in annual Consistent rises change. climate but more less frequent mean temperature, increasing frequency rainfall events, intensive and intensity of changes in monsoon floods, outbreak ofon- and offset, increased water- growing diseases, borne vector-borne and Outburst Floods Lake threat from Glacial (GLOFs), longer dry spells and drought and increasingly stronger stormsevents, experienced in Nepal already been in have These climate-induced the past decade. hazards are not only causing damage and loss of and property; they also human lives undermine progress development in Nepal ofand put the achievement Millennium Goals (MDGs) at risk, Development including the obligations of and commitments to the climate change regime. the is already experiencing The world effects ofdestructive rising global altered rainfall patterns and temperatures, In the short term,extreme weather. such impacts create pressing needs for disaster relief climate adaptation and reactive But medium and long termmeasures. effects more will almost certainly be much including Wide-ranging impacts, disruptive. on agriculture, ecosystems and human for decades and habitation, will continue many will grow in frequency and intensity Report 2010-11). Resource (World governments, with this reality, Faced society and civil institutions, multilateral seek to build the resilience must communities of both current and future generations to tailor In doing so they must climate impacts. their responses to the specific characteristics and unpredictable nature of change. climate There is a general agreement that climate Climate Change Impacts and Change Impacts Climate in Nepal Adaptation Ne significant and consistent increase in temperature in Nepal for the years 2030, 2050, and 2100 across the various models. This analysis also shows somewhat larger warming in winter months than the summer months. The projected change above the baseline average is 1.2° C for 2030, 1.7°C for 2050 and 3.0°C for 2100. Analysis of precipitation data from station

Chapter 1 records all over Nepal does not reveal any significant trends. However, an analysis of daily precipitation data for 46 years from Figure 1.3: Comparison between temperatures in Kathmandu 1961-2006 shows an increasing trend in and global and all-Nepal temperature precipitation extremes. About 73% stations Annual (Jan-Dec) (Temperature deviation from normal in °C) Source: Shrestha et al., 1999 (out of 26 total station selected for the study) exhibited an increase in the annual count of Table 1.2: Regional Mean Temperature days when precipitation is greater or equal Trends for the period 1977-94 (°C per year) to 50 mm. A recent study projected that doubling of atmospheric carbondioxide concentration will reduce Nepal’s forest types from 15 to 12, and habitats and ecosystems will be destroyed. Climate change will also affect productivity of natural ecosystems, particularly provision of environmental

Source: Update after Shrestha et al., 1999 services. Nepal has to prepare itself to try and mitigate these effects if possible and if not adapt to

Figure 1.4: All Nepal temperature trend (1975-2006) Source: DHM days and nights are becoming warmer and cool days and cool nights are becoming less frequent (Baidya et al., 2008). The projection of temperature by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) shows a Figure 1.5: Effect of global warming is more acutely manifested in higher altitude (Chhuksang, Mustang) 16 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 1 | 17 Source: www.msnbc.com hairmanship of Hon'ble the Rt. thar in Nepal, on 4 Dec 2009. Nepal's top politicians thar in Nepal, on 4 Dec 2009. Nepal's top Prime Minister with the objective of with the objective Prime Minister integrating concerns environmental into the The the EPC initiated process. development process offormulating the national policy the "National and approved on environment and Action Plan Policy Environmental 1996, In November in 1994. (NEPAP)" Energy Alternative GON also established (AEPC) under the Promotion Centre Ministry of Science and Technology the importance of (MoEST). Realizing impacts of climate change on environment government the of and pertinent issues, Nepal established a separate Ministry of in 2009. Environment Nepal front also, In the policy and legislative It brought measures. initiated several Agenda for NepalSustainable Development in 2003 to guide the sustainable development policies, path till 2017. Other several to are relevant which and laws strategies, the issues of problems and environmental put into force. been climate change have The policies major national environmental include the National Conservation Strategy, Environment Protection Council (EPC) Council Protection Environment c under the In the picture, there seem Nepal's Prime Minister Madhav Kumar In the picture, there seem Nepal's Prime Minister raise hands in favor Nepal, center, and members of the cabinet of global of a document to highlight the negative impacts cabinet meeting at warming on during a special Kalapat strapped on oxygen tanks and held a Cabinet meeting amid the frigid, thin air of Mount Everest to highlight the danger global warming poses to glaciers, ahead of international climate change talks in COP15. The government billed the activity as the world's highest Cabinet meeting. The ministers posed for pictures, signed a commitment to tighten environmental regulations and expand the nation's protected areas, and then quickly flew back to capital city. "The Everest declaration was a message to the world to minimize the negative impact of climate change on Mount Everest and other Himalayan mountains," Prime Minister Madhav Kumar Nepal later said.

velihoods. Nepal is largely a velihoods.

mountainous country and current indications regions are more are that the mountain warmingvulnerable due to increased trends as extreme changes over in altitude as well Thesealarming small distances. trends not Nepal's sectors ofonly make major economy as agriculture, tourism and energysuch more endangervulnerable but also the health, ofsafety and wellbeing Nepali people. country as Nepal, a least developed such For adaptation should be the priority. ofGovernment Nepal has prepared National Adaptation Program of to Action (NAPA) It comprises nine priority Climate Change. and serious coordinated, quick Well projects. implementation of will be extremely NAPA important to mitigate and adapt to the growing impacts of climate change in Nepal. 12, 1992, during the Earth Summit On June Nepal signed the United Nations at Rio, on Climate Change Convention Framework Nepal ratified the treaty (UNFCCC) treaty. came into effect from 2, 1994 which on May 31, 1994 and Nepal responded July of immediately with the establishment them to reduce their impacts on our lives their impacts them to reduce and li

Mount Everest Nepal holds Cabinet Meeting at Nepal holds Cabinet Meeting 1988, the Nepal Environment Policy and legislations. The other legislations include Action Plan,1993, the Sustainable Soil and Water Conservation Act, 1982; Development Agenda 2003. The National Water Resources Act, 1992; Industrial Climate Change Policy has been prepared Enterprises Act, 1992; Vehicle and Transport and is in the process of finalization. The Management Act, 1992 and Regulations, Interim , 2006, has 1997 (with first amendment in 2004); Forest for the first time, recognized “right to clean Act, 1992 and Regulations, 1995; Local Self- environment”, as a fundamental right of the governance Act, 1999 and Local Self- citizens of Nepal. Environment Protection Governance Regulations, 1999 and Ozone Act, 1996 and Environment Protection Depleting Substance Consumption Chapter 1 Regulations, 1997 are the key environmental Regulations, 2001.

“Vulnerability to disaster is growing faster than resilience. [...] Disaster risk reduction should be an everyday concern for everybody. Let us all invest today for a safer tomorrow." Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General, United Nations Message for the International Day for Disaster Reduction

Most of the rural Nepali women has to spend up to half their day collecting water, an impact of climate change 18 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Photo Courtesy: Tear Australia Chapter 1 | 19 y contributing to the y contributing aspirations of and alleviating poverty the quality ofimproving life of all Nepali people. The formulation of and legislative policy issue in Nepalprocedures on disaster dates Natural Calamity in early 1980s when back enacted. With this 1982 was Act, (Relief) Nepal to be one of is considered backdrop, in South Asia to have the first countries legalcreated a policy and for environment disaster risk management. The Natural perform Act, 1982 did Calamity (Relief) a mission to formalize as a disaster response responsibility of the government to provide relief to the victims of the disaster-events, and it designated authorities at the centre to coordinate the rescue and district levels and relief effortsof response various the experience of However, agencies. the this past three decades evidenced that structure to coordinate only small is capable The stipulations disasters. to medium level of the Act and the institutional mechanism not adequate to manageit has created were emergency response during medium disasters earthquake of as the Udayapur such 1988 or the flood disaster in south-central Nepal in 1993. National StrategyRisk for Disaster Management (NSDRM) has been developed in consultation with the based on the HFA The across all levels. stakeholders relevant for Action 2005-2015 Hyogo Framework hence the beacon throughout was (HFA) the strategy Reference formulation process. made not only because it was to HFA recommends what every country should do for disaster reduction, but also because ofGovernment Nepal parttaken had in and has made this framework developing commitments to implement it. Hence, streamlining the National Strategy in line is regarded as the most with the HFA impact to the environment from natural from the environment impact to thereb hazards eduction The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) for Action The Hyogo Framework first Global Platformand the subsequent (GPDRR) Reduction on Disaster Risk 2007 have organized during 5-7 June of establishment envisioned National Platform Risk Reduction for Disaster country(NPDRR) in each policy to provide supportand technical to the government In line the efforts. and also to complement National with the recommendations, Platform on Disaster Risk Reduction established in Nepal 2008 (NPDRR) was in Act 2018 of under the National Directives Nepal. The platform the by is headed Ministry of (MoHA) and Home Affairs UN government agencies, relevant several organizations and NGOs/INGOs sit as the The platform mainly members. is believed consensus concepts and actions to develop for mainstreaming disaster risk reduction and programs through plans, into policy, coordination and analysis; to advocacy, ensure political commitments; and to provide risk directions and guidance on disaster reduction activities. National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management2009 in Nepal With the broader national vision of making Nepal”, of Government “Disaster-resilient the National StrategyNepal approved for Disaster Risk Management in Nepal (NSDRM) on October 11, 2009. The National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management is a commitment of the ofGovernment Nepalreflect to the enhancing disaster paradigm shift towards resiliency as part of the fulfilment of the basic right of It also expresses the people. the desire of the people and government of Nepal to reduce disaster risks to an for safeguarding their lives, acceptable level cultural investments, development properties, heritage as to mitigate as well the adverse National PlatformNational on Disaster Risk R important approach to be adopted. The • Approving the national-level & sector- strategy is based on the ground realities and wise DRM plans, identified needs of Nepal. It has tried to • Guide and oversee management of fund capture the opportunities of Disaster Risk generation and mobilization on Risk Management (DRM) in Nepal in line with Reduction/Mitigation, Preparedness, the current international understanding, Response, Recovery, Rehabilitation and scientific progress and regional initiatives. Reconstruction; and The strategy is expected to provide the road • Provide policy guidance for bilateral, map for all sectors to prepare sector specific sub-regional, regional and international programs for DRM and formulate the cooperation in the area of DRM. Chapter 1 necessary policy decisions for facilitating To work as the Secretariat of NCDM, mainstreaming DRM into the development National Disaster Management Authority process. (NDMA) has been envisaged. The NDMA is the National focal point for the The strategy has identified 29 cross-sectoral implementation, facilitation, coordination priority strategic actions and several sectoral and monitoring of the strategies of Disaster activities for DRM. The cross-sectoral Risk Management. During and after a strategies are based on gaps and issues national level disaster, the NDMA has identified and are focused on addressing the responsibility to work on emergency identified gaps in particular sectors. They response, recovery, reconstruction and are divided into the five Priorities for Action. rehabilitation. To be able to discharge this The following sectors have been considered: responsibility, the NDMA is to develop • Agriculture and Food security necessary strategies, standards and guidelines, • Health and design plans and programmes for • Education capacity building and emergency response. • Shelter, Infrastructure and Physical Also three high level committees are Planning envisaged to constitute at the central level • Livelihood Protection on Preparedness, Search & Rescue and • Water and Sanitation Rehabilitation & Reconstruction with the • Information, Communication, view to sector-wise activities. The Coordination and Logistics institutional structure also envisages the • Search and Rescue and Damage and constitution of a Regional, District and local Needs Assessment level Disaster Management Committees In regard to establishing effective institutional (DMC). structures, National Council for Disaster Proposed Disaster Management Bill, Risk Management (NCDM) has been 2009 envisioned as the highest level institution to be constituted under chairmanship of Prime The proposed Disaster Management Bill, Minister. Home Minister is the Deputy Chair 2009 is towards enhancing effective and Council Members include ministers, management of risk reduction throughout Chief of the Army Staff, Chief of the police the disaster management cycle-preparedness, departments and representatives of the civil mitigation, rescue and relief, rehabilitation society. The NCDM is responsible for: and recovery. • Endorsement of national policies on The proposed Bill emphasizes on protecting DRM,

20 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 1 | 21 , DPNet-Nepal etc. As a result of , DPNet-Nepal etc. national/international civil organizations, societies this initiative, National workshop in 2010 National workshop this initiative, by points and approved recommended 21 ReliefCentral Natural Disaster Committee disaster for an effective (CNDRC) regional at district, preparedness initiative One of and national levels. the “District make to was recommendations Lead Support Agencies (DLSA)” in 67 national and internationaldistricts among the to supportagencies DDRC with an objective for preparing “District Disaster Preparedness It has resulted in very Plan’. and Response As a all the actors. from feedbacks positive the result, more than 60 districts completed preparation of regional DPRP including five authorities drafted the Standard Operating realized Procedures (SOP) in 2010. It was have that these preparedness initiatives success in responding the major achieved floods and landslides in 2010. The lessons learned from a series of joint meetings suggested for amending the multi- Guidance Note 2008 to include the hazard scenarios for planning including earthquake as a mandatoryto all 75 districts. ConsortiumNepal Risk Reduction form ofAn innovative international to prioritize cooperation has been developed elements ofand implement key the NSDRM. It is the Nepal Reduction Risk Consortium and its Flagship (NRRC) Programs in consultation with developed the government and other stakeholders. Nepal Disaster 2009, comprehensive In May Consortium was (NRRC) Risk Reduction to support of launched the Government a long termNepal in developing disaster risk reduction action plan building upon the new National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management (NSDRM). The NRRC participatoryinitiated a multi-stakeholder Disasters are defined distinctly as natural Disasters are defined and human induced Disaster Management to be (NCDM) Prime Minister of by chaired Nepal with duties, clear mandate and functions, responsibilities and authority of the council. (NDMA) under Management Authority the NCDM, to act as the focal point for disaster management functions in Nepal from formulation of appropriate strategies and plans to implementation and supervision of disaster management activities functions of security forces including and Armed Nepal Police Nepal Army, industrial sector institutions, Force; Police organizations and private eneral public and facilitates managementeneral public and facilitates of The proposed effectively. disasters Disaster ManagementBill, 2009 calls for replacement of the existing Natural Calamity 1982. The Act, salient features of (Relief) Bill are: the proposed DM • It is very urgent to pass out the Disaster Management Bill to support the implementation of National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management, which ofsupplements the development the country and ensures the rights of to individual each safe life. (Extracted from Reduction: An Disaster Risk of members information for Constituent Assembly pack Nepal) Preparation of Disaster Preparedness Plan (DPRP) in and Response Districts Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) is leading jointly with other the preparedness initiatives UN agencies, agencies, Government •Council for for National Provision • Proposal to set up National Disaster • responsibility and Clarifies the role, and securing lives and property and with lives and securing that impact on critical facilities emphasis g process with the government and civil society 1. School and hospital safety-structural and organizations to identify short to medium non-structural aspects of making schools term disaster risk reduction priorities that and hospitals earthquake resilient are both urgent and viable within the current coordinator (ADB) institutional and policy arrangements in the 2. Emergency preparedness and response country. capacity (UNOCHA) The NRRC is a unique institutional 3. Flood management in the Koshi river arrangement, bringing together financial basin (World Bank) institutions, development partners, the Red 4. Integrated community based disaster risk reduction/management (IFRC) Chapter 1 Cross / Red Crescent Movement, and the UN in partnership with the Government of 5. Policy/Institutional support for disaster Nepal. It bridges the spectrum of risk management (UNDP) development and humanitarian partners, The objectives of NRRC are: uniting to support the Government of Nepal in developing a long term Disaster Risk • Support the Government of Nepal in Reduction Action Plan building on the developing a long term DRR Action Plan National Strategy for Disaster Risk building on the new National Strategy Management (NSDRM). The founding for Disaster Risk Management members of the Consortium are the Asian • Initiate a multi-stakeholder participatory Development Bank (ADB), the International process with the Government of Nepal Federation of the Red Cross and Red and civil society organizations Crescent Societies (IFRC), United Nations • Identify short to medium term disaster Development Programme (UNDP), UN risk reduction priorities that are both Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian urgent and viable within the current Affairs (OCHA), UN International Strategy institutional and policy arrangements in for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) and the the country World Bank. The US Government and the The NRRC represents an important Humanitarian Aid Department of the development in the disaster risk management European Commission (ECHO) also of the country. It has enabled the formally joined the NRRC in 2010. The establishment of a coordinated approach government has formally established the to areas of DRR that have been prioritized NRRC Steering Committee, coordinated by based on risk assessments, and brings the Secretary of Home Affairs including a together humanitarian and development number of ministries and the consortium actors, essential for a long-term approach. partners. A Secretariat was also created to The engagement of the government is support the work of the Steering Committee another essential factor that allows for and is comprised of the Joint-Secretary and national ownership and sustainability. Yet it Under-Secretary of MoHA and an NRRC is too early to state whether it has been a Coordinator. success or not as a model to secure increased Based on government priorities and funding to preparedness. The flagship areas discussions with multi stakeholder groups, are progressing at different stages and those the NRRC and government identified five with a clear work plan and set of targets flagship areas for immediate intervention have been able to progress faster than others, for disaster risk management in Nepal, with the help of financial support from coordinated by one of the partner donors and commitment from partners. organizations:

22 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 1 | 23 aps in response and enhance the quality of and enhance aps in response humanitarian action by ensuring greater by humanitarian action while at the predictability and accountability, partnershipssame time strengthening international organizations, NGOs, between Red Cross and the International Red and UN agencies. Crescent Movement River Koshi 2008, the On 18th August through an eastern an embankment breached dam spurs two damaging retaining wall Committees affecting 8 Village Development (VDCs) of The Sunsari and Saptari districts. and hugely massive obviously impact was aggravated3). The (please refer Chapter slow registration process, delayed identification of resettlement alternative ofsites and movement flood-affected population from India to Nepal led to challenges for the ensuing multiple emergency operation. Distribution of food delayed and non-food items (NFIs) were ofdue to the slowness the registration process and the capacity of host families to support displaced persons became major concerns considering the endemic poverty and vulnerability of the communities Because ofthemselves. the complex faced situation, the humanitarian community a challenge in responding to the wider emergency needs with limited financial response was The government’s resources. initially good a serious one. and its approach A district early-warning was system immediately and Army apparently activated soon (APF) were and Armed Forces Police there was and rescue - in search involved little loss of There a first meeting was life. ofDisaster Response the Regional on the same evening Committee (RDRC) and the first as the embankment breached occurredmeeting at district level in Sunsari the next day. mechanism that can help to address identified that can mechanism g he National EmergencyOperations Centre (NEOC) was opened on 17 December 2010, opened on 17 (NEOC) was the Minister ofby Home Affairs and is Planning and Special operated under the Services of Division The MoHA. objective of as a coordination is to work the NEOC for disaster point and communication including information the country, across government agencies and other response stakeholders. and recovery The NEOC is a standalone pre fabricated building situated at the Ministry of Home The Affairs premises in Singha Durbar. building has been built to earthquake standards and is completely self contained, supplies. up power back including multiple the time is round The NEOC's working during the disaster period and never clock sleeps to get information. running It has been a nine-member personnel team under by the leadership of Under-Secretary. strategy to furtherAs part of MoHA’s emergency preparedness Nepal’s develop it is planning to and response capacity, establish District Emergency Operation In the Centres (DEOCs) in all 75 districts. been selected 11 districts have first phase, to setup DEOCs. Creation of Cluster Groups National 1993 floods the devastating in Following south-central part of Nepal the country, Groups” for established three “Working disaster management, this concept of to a certain Group” is similar, “Working extent, to the “Cluster Approach” the UN Inter-Agency promulgated by Standing Committee (IASC) in 2005. It is UN accepted globally now as an effective National Emergency Operation National Center (NEOC) T While the Humanitarian Country Team counterparts in the affected districts where (HCT) had already largely been organized the cluster approach was also adopted to and functioning in line with the cluster manage humanitarian assistance. At district approach, the UN Humanitarian Coordinator level, cluster meetings were often chaired requested formalization of the cluster by government line ministries. Local approach. The Inter- Agency Standing implementing partners also attended cluster Committee (IASC) endorsed the cluster approach in Nepal focused on the flood- meetings. The cluster approach effectively affected areas in September 2008 to provide enabled information sharing and ‘predictable leadership and accountability’. management, monitoring of projects, and Chapter 1 At the national level, Cluster Leads met on assisted in the identification of gaps and/or a regular basis and coordinated with their duplication.

Celebrating ISDR Day 2010, Kathmandu Photo Courtesy: DPNet-Nepal

24 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 1 | 25 tain the hairmanship of the In response to the call by UN, Nepal UN, to the call by In response Committee the IDNDR National constituted under the c in 1990 Hon’ble Home Minister. The committee Minister. Home Hon’ble furtherwas in February expanded 1994. The Committee provided IDNDR National that were initiatives leadership to various better disaster managementgeared towards formulation.and policy and plan One of IDNDR led by that was initiatives key the formulation was National Committee of Plan for Disaster National Action Management in Nepal in 1994. The preliminary presented during the plan was Conference on Disaster Management World 1994. 23-27 May Japan, in Yokohama, led by Beside the IDNDR initiative a government, Nepal Geological Society, professional society of geologists, separately etc., geophysicists seismologists, formed the NGS-IDNDR Council among scientists to compliment IDNDR National in February 1994, as a Later, Committee. result of and joint work advocacy continuous The Secretary-General of the United Nations, who The Secretary-General of the United was asked to develop a framework to at objective and goals of the Decade, appointed our objective and goals of the Decade, appointed Group of committee, Ad Hoc International the are 25 scientists and technical experts Experts. We drawn from throughout the world and representing the spectrum of disciplines engaged will soon submit out in disaster reduction. We we report to the Secretary-General, but today wish to call to the world's attention our common conviction that millions of lives can be saved, hundreds of millions protected from tragedy, and hundreds of billions of dollars saved as a result of the International Decade. Geneva in July 1988, Since our first meeting in there have been floods in the Sudan and the Gilbert and Juana in Bangladesh, hurricanes Caribbean and Central America, destructive earthquakes in China, India, Nepal and the USSR, and severe drought and locust infestations in Africa. The post-disaster response of the international community has been generous. But observing these and other tragedic events has convinced us of the need for increased efforts in disaster planning, preparedness, and prevention. ulnerability to natural disasters articipation History Assembly ofIn 1987, the General the United 42/169) recognized the Nations (Res. importance of reducing the impact of natural to designate the decade disasters and decided of the International 1990 as for Decade (IDNDR). The Natural Disaster Reduction aim of to foster international the decade was co-operation in the field of natural disaster the UN decided to reduction. Subsequently, ofdesignate the second Wednesday October as the International for Natural Disaster Day 1989). It urged 44/236, all (Res. Reduction the the countries for implementing ofInternational Framework Action of the to establish 1990) and IDNDR (Res.45/185, National Committees. IDNDR Initiatives in Nepal and its in Nepal and IDNDR Initiatives DRM Advancing Contribution in Global Initiatives and Nepal's Initiatives Global P "We, the Ad Hoc International Group of Experts the Ad Hoc International "We, for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, hereby declare the following: the Throughout history, mankind has lived under have threat of natural disasters. Millions of lives been lost in recent decades, with untold human suffering and property damage as well as setbacks is to development efforts. Indeed, the situation growing worse. V Box 1.3: Tokyo Declaration for International Decade for Natural Box 1.3: Tokyo Declaration Disaster Reduction is rising due to population growth, urbanisation of industry and infrastructure in disaster-prone areas. But we now have improved capacity to confront the problem. Fatalism is no longer acceptable; it is time to bring the full force of scientific and technological advancement to reduce the human tragedy and economic loss of natural disasters. General Nations This concept is the United of 11 Assembly decision, in its Resolution 42/169 December 1987, to designate the 1990s as an International Decade in which the world community joins to cooperate on natural disaster reduction. by NGS-IDNDR Council, the government providing adequate support to IDNDR decided to include four members Nepal National Committee in formulating and Geological Society (NGS), Nepal Engineers’ executing various hazard reduction national Association (NEA), Department of Mines programs as well as increasing the awareness & Geology (DMG), and Tribhuban among the people regarding the possibilities University (TU) from the scientific of mitigating hazards. community to the National Committee. The Major Activities under IDNDR role of NGS-IDNDR Council was visible mainly during the preparation of National The NGS-IDNDR Council organized first one day seminar cum workshop on

Chapter 1 Report and National Action Plan to be presented in the Yokohama Conference. “Geologic Hazards, Environment and Man- made structures” on October 7, 1991 to The NGS-IDNDR Council aimed at commemorate the IDNDR Day. Since then,

We believe that the Decade is a moral imperative. the private sector to support international and It is the first coordinated effort to prevent the regional cooperation on disaster-related activities unnecessary loss of life from natural hazards. It and to contribute to the transfer of disaster- also makes practical sense. The Decade is an reduction technology, particularly in disaster opportunity for the world community, in a spirit prone developing countries. of global cooperation, to use the considerable existing scientific and technical knowledge to The Decade is an opportunity for action, both alleviate human suffering and enhance economic immediate and long-term. Specific projects can security. In implementing the Decade, the be implemented immediately to help achieve a vulnerability of developing counties must be of safer world. Implementation of the Decade special concern. requires commitment of the international community to enhance the level of technical Thus we, the Ad Hoc International Group of cooperation, particularly with regard to the Experts, call on; developing countries. The group calls for all countries to form national committees to plan The People of the world, as well as their for and coordinate national efforts. Is suggests governments, to work toward greater security that the United Nations General Assembly against natural disaster; consider the establishment of a unique The governments of all countries to participate cooperative mechanism, supported by actively in the Decade by educating and training extrabudgetary resources, that brings together their citizens to increase awareness, by enhancing the diverse groups that can contribute to the social preparedness, by integrating disaster Decade. It seeks the commitment of the consciousness into their development international community to assure the availability programmes, and by making available the power of resources to implement this important activity. of sciences and technology to reduce disaster The Group is confident that through these actions loss; mankind will capture the promise of enhanced The United Nations, scientific and technological security and prosperity". institutions, nongovernmental organizations, and

Box 1.4: Excerpts from remarks during first IDNDR day celebration in Nepal === xfdL ef}uf]lns / 6f]kf]u|flkmsn b[li6sf]0fn] h'g l:yltdf 5f}+ Tof] vfln j}1flgs / k|ljlwsx?sf] dfq ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf]Og . ======xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 ls k|s[lt Tolt l56f] ablnb}g t/ o;nfO{ dflg;sf nflu pkof]uL agfpg ;lsG5 h;sf] nflu dg'ios} ;[hgzLntf cfjZos x'G5 . o;/L x]bf{ dnfO{ nfU5 xfdLn] xfd|f] lsl;dn] 1fg xfl;n gu/L ;'v} 5}g h;sf nflu g]kfnsf k|ljlwsx? ;dy{ x'g\'x'G5 / xfdLn] kfO{ cfPsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u klg lng' k5{ . ======clxn] g]kfn k'gM lgdf{0fsf] r/0faf6 u'h|b} u/]sf] a]nfdf k|fljlws k|zf;s / gLlt lgdf{tfx? / vf;u/L /fhgLlts txdf lgb]{zgsf] cfjZos x'G5, ;dGjo x'g'k5{, ljrf/sf] cfbfg–k|bfg x'g}k5{ . === Mr. D.N. Dhungana, Speaker, House of Representatives Remarks as the Chief Guest during IDNDR National Workshop, October 7, 1991

26 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 1 | 27 ic Inputs in Natural Disaster Management thquakes was achieved. The activities achieved. was thquakes helped educate and change the psyche of changehelped educate and psyche the and scientists, Nepaleseengineers, risk reduction and professionals on disaster the importancehelped to highlight and need of on and academic researches scientific in Nepal.disaster risk reduction The and lessons important achievements Reportare captured in the National of Nepal prepared the IDNDR Regional for 22-26 FebruaryConference, 1999, Bangkok, Thailand. Although Nepal somehow was up the momentum, the late in picking country building made great strides towards national capabilities in disaster management There have during the concluding Decade. efforts scale been several in the national meeting the goal oftowards disaster reduction. A national outlook regarding the ofnecessities and ways disaster reduction crystallizedwas during the period. This was a big achievement. Therefore, although the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction realized it was (IDNDR) came to a close, that the concept,the types of vision and efforts IDNDR should be made by continued. hazards such as landslides, floods, erosion, floods, landslides, as hazards such ear One-day National Meeting cum Seminar on “Geo-scientific Inputs in Preparedness and Mitigation of Natural Disaster” One-day National Meeting cum Seminar on “Prevention of Natural Disasters: Challenges to Scientific Communities in Nepal Our Physical One-day National Meeting cum Seminar on “Understanding Environment: Key to Natural Disaster Reduction” One-day National Meeting cum Seminar on “Natural Disaster Reduction in Nepal: Experience and Challenges” One-day National Meeting cum Seminar on “ Natural Disaster Prevention and the Media: Prevention Begins with Information” One-day National Meeting cum Seminar on “Prevention Pays” Theme Hazards, Environment and One day seminar cum workshop on “Geologic Man-made Structures” One day seminar on “Geological Hazards and Environmental Problems in Nepal” One day seminar on “Geo-scientif orkshop everyorkshop year to Date October 7 October 14 October 13 October 5 October 11 October 9 October 6 October 14 October 13 2 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1993 1994 199 Year 1991 Contributions and Impacts training programs and in awareness Several the form of workshops seminars, meetings, organizedand conferences were during the instrumental were period, which in enhancing general understanding on the feasibility of disaster risk reduction. The capable of discourses conducted were the understanding on hazards, improving Coherence risk and disasters. vulnerabilities, ofin understanding on technicalities various commemorate the IDNDR Day (2nd IDNDR Day commemorate the of 1.3 provides Wednesday Table October). the list of programs Day IDNDR organized every year (1991-1999). interaction, other In addition, several training and professional discussions, programs organized were awareness as part of Celebration of the IDNDR. IDNDR the culmination of was Day all activities Such the year. conducted throughout and training programs interaction, awareness enhancing knowledge gearedwere towards disasters and understanding on the hazards, and risk and help frame a comprehensive concept of disaster reduction in the country. NGS-IDNDR Council organizedNGS-IDNDR such and w seminar Table 1.3: IDNDR Day celebration (1991-1999) Table Source: Bulletin of Nepal Geological Society Geological Source: Bulletin of Nepal Formulation of National Action Plan to prepare a National Action Plan for on Disaster Management in Nepal Disaster Management. The four core groups were related to Disaster Preparedness, The IDNDR National Committee felt the Disaster Response, Rehabilitation and need of preparing a practical and effective Reconstruction, and Disaster Mitigation. action plan on disaster management as previous efforts were concentrated mainly The core groups through a series of meetings on the rescue and relief operations. The and mini-workshops during a period of meeting of IDNDR National Committee approximately 4 months prepared a held on February 10, 1994 formed four core preliminary National Action Plan. The groups, comprising of experts, adminis- preliminary action plan was prepared based Chapter 1 trators, security personnel, & academicians, mainly on the recommendations made by Box 1.5: Resolution of 1995 IDNDR Day of] ;ef IDNDR Day '95 sf lbg lgDg k|:tfjx? Kfl/t ug{sf nflu pgLx?sf] Jofks ;xeflutf u/fOg' ub{5 M k5{ .

!= IDNDR Day '94 sf] ;efn] kfl/t u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ %= k|fs[lts k|sf]kn] afnaflnsfx?df ctL tLj| c;/ k|:tfjx?nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfox? kfb{5 . pgLx?nfO{ k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 arfO{ ;'vdo ;dIf k'gM cg'/f]w ub{5 . afNosfn k|bfg ug'{ ;dfhsf] bfoLTj xf] . afnaflnsfx? d'n'ssf nflu clt dxTjk"0f{ ;DklQ x'g . pgLx?nfO{ @= g]kfn ;/sf/ åf/f k|fs[lts k|sf]k Go"lgs/0f ;DalGw k|fs[lts k|sf]k c;/ Go"lgs/0f ;DalGw hfgsf/L ckgfOPsf /fli6«o sfo{qmdx? k|lt pT;flxt x'Fb} k|fs[lts ljBfno dfkm{t lbP/ ;dfhn] bL3{sflng pknlAw k|fKt k|sf]k Go"lgs/0fsf nflu IDNDR NATIONAL ug{ ;Sb5 . k|fs[lts k|sf]k Go"lgs/0f tkm{ ul/g] COMMITTEE åf/f th'{df ul/Psf] NATIONAL ACTION /fli6«o r]i6fdf o; k|sf/sf sfo{qmddf oyflrg hf]8 PLAN nfO{ oyfzL3| nfu' ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf lbg' cfjZos 5 . cg'/f]w ub{5 . ^= g]kfndf k|s[lts k|sf]k Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ctL cfjZos #= d'n'ssf] nflu th'{df ul/Psf] /fli6«o lgdf{0f ;+lxtf HAZARD MAPPING tyf RISK ASSESSMENT ;DalGw nfu' ug]{ tkm{ cfjzos sf/jfxLsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ sfdx? ug{ ;Sg] tyf pTkfb Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox? ;dIf cg'/f]w ub{5 . kQf] nufO{ ltgsf] sfo{Gjog ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf cfwf/e"t $= k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] ;+be{df dlxnf If]q clt kLl8t x'g] ?kdf ljsl;t e} ;s]sf] 5 . t/ 1fg, ;Lksf][ ;d'lrt dfq xf]Og, oyfy{df dlxnfx?n] cfˆgf] s[ofsnfkåf/f pkof]u tyf pknAw hgzlQmsf] pko'Qm k/Lrfngsf] k|ToIf jf k/f]IftM kof{j/0f ;+/If0f tyf k|fs[lts k|sf]k If]qdf lgs} w]/} ;\wf/sf] cfjZostf b]lvG5 . o; tkm{ lgjf/0fsf ;fy} k|sf]k kl5sf] ;fdfGoLs/0f k|s[ofdf cfjZos Wofg lbO{ d'n'sd} pknAw j}1flgs tyf ctL dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . t;y{ k|fs[lts k|ljlw1x?sf] plrt pkof]u ug{sf nflu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ k|sf]k Go"lgs/0fsf ;Dk"0f{ /fli6«o k|of;x?df lgsfox?df cg'/f]w ul/G5 . dlxnfj[Gbsf] uxgtd of]ubfgsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u Box 1.6: Excerpts from remarks during first IDNDR day celebration in Nepal ... There is another hindrance also. The official national term for Natural Disaster is "b}jL k|sf]k" which is largely a misnomer. I think that it has been wrongly taken up. Literally it means "Godly very great anger". At the present level of knowledge of various natural phenomena I don’t think we still should continue calling it "Anger of God". The case here is not this. The question may not be only the wording, but the effect of the wording. Etymology itself, I feel, is hindering against our efforts. So I call upon all of you to refrain from using this word "b}jL k|sf]k" for describing Natural Disasters or Natural Hazards. It should no longer be tolerated because this is what IDNDR calls to fight against...... The management of natural disaster should include four steps prediction, assessment of risks, preparedness plan and management of disaster itself. Till now the focus is only on the post disaster relief operation and clearing up only. This is wrong and against IDNDR concept. The focus should be shifted from post- disaster to pre-disaster activity ...” Mr. Amod Mani Dixit, Co-ordinator NGS-IDNDR Council Remarks during IDNDR National Workshop, October 7, 1991

28 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 1 | 29 wareness Programmes, Rehearsal, ement in Nepal".ement in The executing agencyThe for Flood Hazard executing ofMapping and establishment Flood System is to be & Warning Forecasting the Department of Hydrology & Meteorology of instead Department of Irrigation. & Plan, policies on – (i) prevention (ii) participationpreparedness, of NGOs, and local communities sector and private (iii) incorporating impact environmental plan, has to be study in development carried Ministry out by of Population instead ofand Environment CDRC; in the context of capacity building at local level in the context of capacity building at local such as Public A Drills, and Stockpiling of emergency relief studies materials. The environmental & geological had been prioritized. B. National Action Plan on Disaster Response only As the activities of disaster response start the after a disaster has struck in certain area, Action Plan was prepared as a part of preparedness for actual response operations. This action plan was prepared with the an assumption that about 15000 families (with average of 6 members in a family) would be affected by disaster every year. Considering this size, the items and activities included in this action plan should be carried out so as to build the capability of disaster management by the end of 2000 A.D. In this context equipment necessary for disaster response activities had been recommended. The Disaster Response Action Plan included following activities: • Evacuation, Search and Rescue • Communication and Transportation • Settlement Temporary • Health, Nutrition, and Sanitation: While with a view implementing the plan, some effective, it easier and more to make IDNDR, by made amendments were on 29 Sept.National Committee 1996 which included: • • As a part of Mitigation Disaster Action "National Action Plan on Disaster Action Plan "National Manag ic vember 1993) and National Conference 1993) and vember cooperating agencies. The recommended activities involved the formation of appropriate institutional arrangements in terms of National Disaster Management Council at policy level, a National Disaster Management Centre at the central executive level and various disaster management committees at regional, district and village level for effective implementation. The plan also included the enactment of appropriate legislation with specified responsibilities to concerned agencies. The action plan also proposed the incorporation of disaster management as multi- sectoral activities in the five year development plan. The emphasis had been given to the preparation of hazard assessment and mapping of the recurring disasters in Nepal like earthquake, GLOFs etc. The activities further flood, landslides, specified the selected areas in this concern so as to attain the objectives in the remaining part of the decade. Several arrangements had been recommended A. National Action Plan on Disaster Preparedness The national action plan on disaster preparedness presented in the form of a matrix indicated priority item group, activities, the time schedule and the executing agencies with specif Box 1.7: Components of National Action Plan 1996 Box 1.7: Components of National the Country Workshop (October 31-3 the Country Workshop No 1993) on Disaster (4 November Management. The referred plan also to the Plan for Disaster existing Comprehensive Management in Nepal. This preliminary plan Conference on presented to the World was Japan, Disaster Management, Yokohama, 1994. National Committee felt the IDNDR Later, the need of incorporating Yokohama Strategy Action Plan and in National simplifying the preliminary draft in order to adopt a more practicable and implementable Action Plan on Disaster Management. IDNDR National Committee finally Hence, prepared Disaster an Action Plan on 13, 1995 and submitted Management on July it to Nepal for its approval. Government of the Government Later, Nepal on February 1996 endorsed this plan as the 18, while Ministry of Land Reform & entation, monitoring, updating and co- Management has to be the co-operating ordination. However, the sheer fact that agency for (i) the preparation of land such a document prepared and accepted for use plan, (ii) rehabilitation plan and (iii) implementation was itself a great step. The reduction programmes. country came out of the traditional fatalistic • To monitor the execution of the action approach towards natural disaster and aspired plan, a Monitoring and Evaluation to interact with the disasters by being Committee comprised of representatives prepared towards it, by adapting mitigation from Ministry of Home Affairs, National measures. Planning Commission, Ministry of Chapter 1 Finance, Ministry of Water Resources, It should be noted that several of the items Ministry of Industry (Department of listed were already being implemented by Mines and Geology), Nepal Red Cross the line agencies and departments of the Society and Nepal Army has been Government. The efforts made jointly by constituted. the UN-DMT and the international The action plan was an ambitious document. community in co-operation with the Even though, the Government accepted the Government in creating Working Groups plan as a planning document and committed to prepare working plans and guidelines for towards its fulfilment, it still was in the form disaster-response could serve as the model of a wishful "shopping list" rather than an for the future course to be taken for other actual action plan since it did not spell out aspects for disaster management such as the required mechanism for its implem- mitigation and rehabilitation/reconstruction.

C. National Action Plan on Disaster D. National Action Plan on Disaster Mitigation Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Action The Action Plan recommended the identification The action plan called for the development of and recognition of the major natural hazards by standard damage assessment format for all types the government for proper management and of natural disasters with formation of a also for the direction of effective mitigation permanent damage assessment team at central measures. The need of allocating funds in national as well as local level. There is also budget for disaster management and mitigation recommendation on compiling and disseminating programme was emphasized. Also, it was the information on extent of damages. The action conceptualized to form special disaster cell in the plan also included rehabilitation and organization of every key disaster related agency. reconstruction planning with emphasis on From the strategies of IDNDR World Conference creating permanent committees for such activities 1994, following activities had been included in centrally and locally. Concept of sectorwise expert the Action Plan. group to review the information of damage assessment and to prepare guidelines for • Risk assessment for development planning rehabilitation and reconstruction works was • Policies on the role of NGOs, local community, introduced. private sector and also policies on peoples' It was also envisioned to implement income participation especially women and socially disadvantaged groups. generating programmes for sustainable rehabilitation. For that, feasibility study was • Incorporation of Environment Impact thought to be conducted to find out the local Assessment for disaster reduction in trends and availability of local resources. A special development planning. directive for loans to the disaster victims with subsidized interest rates was also recommended. • Promotion of regional and sub-regional co- operation between countries exposed to The action plan also emphasized the need of same types of hazards. carrying out regular capability assessment and inventory preparation at various levels including • Establishment of documentation centre on the resources of local community and NGOs. disaster reduction activities.

30 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 1 | 31 national and local priority with a strong national and local implementation. institutional basis for disaster risks assess and monitor Identify, and enhance early warning. and education innovation Use knowledge, to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels. at all levels response effective ramework oframework is a global Action (HFA) Out of the Hyogo the four documents F blueprint disaster risk reduction efforts for Its goal decade. during the next is to 2015 disaster losses by substantially reduce and and in the social, economic, – in lives, assets ofenvironmental and communities Therefore, of the priorities countries. HFA are as follows: • risk reduction is a Ensure that disaster • • • the underlying risk factors. Reduce • Strengthen disaster preparedness for of priority areas These five been have HFA guiding the disaster risk management efforts in Nepal. A total of 19 professionals from different KMC) and government (MoHA, MoHP, ICIMOD, NSET, non-government (NRCS, ITDG) organizations attended the WCDR from Nepal. The Nepal professionals from note addresses made presentations and key sessions during the conference. in several Nepal's was exposure to this conference highly beneficial in terms of aligning the country to the global understanding on DRM express Nepal's committment towards DRR and also to bring the effective experiences and lessons from other countries documents The HFA around the world. tools in getting policy been effective have guidance for subsequent policy discusions in Nepal. Asian Ministerial Conferences The Asian Ministerial Conferences on organized everyDisaster Risk Reduction years since 2005 at Asian Governments’ two represent unique opportunities for initiative, Plan of Action for a Safer World ofHyogo Framework Action 2005-2015: ofBuilding the Resilience Nations and to Disasters Communities Session on the Indian Ocean Disaster: risk reduction for a safer future elevance to Nepal elevance World Conference on Disaster Reduction Conference on World Hyogo, organized was in Kobe, (WCDR) 2005. The to 22 January from 18 Japan, of stock to take Conference was progress accomplished since in disaster risk reduction Conference ofthe Yokohama 1994 and to The ten years. plans for the next make delegatesby attended from conference was government and non-government organizations from 168 countries including Nepal. The adopted a 10-year conference safer from natural the world plan to make hazards. composed ofThe was WCDR three main Intergovernmental segment; processes, Thematic The segment; and Public Forum. Intergovernmental segment, with delegations from more than 160 Member States, delegates for to make the venue provided general statements on the issues of disaster reduction. The Thematic Segment was formatted to complement the discussions on the programme outcome at the Theintergovernmental public forum, level. open to the general public and Conference of consisted participants, Workshops, Sessions. and Poster Exhibition booths, The four documents are the main following outcome of on Conference the World The four documents Disaster Reduction. representing of a strong commitment the international to address disaster community reduction and to engage in a determined, results-oriented plan of for the next action decade are the outcomes of conference. the 1. of Review Strategy and the Yokohama 2. Hyogo Declaration 3. 4. Common Statement of the Special 2005 Kobe World Conference and its 2005 Kobe World r Ministers in charge of disaster risk and the overarching theme of the conference management from the Asia and Pacific was "Disaster Risk Reduction for Climate region to reaffirm their commitment to Change Adaptation", with a particular focus Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) on 1) the convergence of DRR and climate implementation and to exchange valuable change adaptation and 2) available experiences on successful practices and information technology and green innovative approaches in implementing technology. Government of Nepal has been HFA’s five priorities for action at the national participating in all ministerial conference. and local levels. The participation helped much to gain from the dialogue at regional level and also to Chapter 1 The First Asian Ministerial Conference on contribute. Disaster Risk Reduction, organized by the Government of China (Beijing, September Global Platform for Disaster Risk 2005), adopted the Beijing Action for Reduction Disaster Risk Reduction to promote the newly-adopted HFA and to seek Asian The Global Platform for Disaster Risk Governments' commitment and actions to Reduction is a biennial forum for implement disaster risk reduction, including information exchange, discussion of latest through the strengthening of existing key development and knowledge and partnership regional cooperation mechanisms. building across sectors, with the goal to improve implementation of disaster risk The Second Conference (New Delhi, India, reduction through better communication November 2007) reaffirmed Governments’ and coordination amongst stakeholders. It commitment to HFA and agreed to expand is for government representatives, NGOs, further the biennial Asian Ministerial scientists, practitioners, and UN Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction as organizations to share experiences and the Regional Platform with participation of formulate strategic guidance and advice for the National Governments, regional and the implementation of the HFA. sub-regional organizations, UN Agencies, and other stakeholders including the civil The Global Platform is managed by the UN society, scientific and technical organizations, International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. the private sector and the media. It is the world's foremost gathering of stakeholders committed to reducing disaster Adopting the Kuala Lumpur Declaration, risk and building the resilience of the Third Ministerial Conference was communities and nations. A core function successfully convened by the Government of the Global Platform is to support the of Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur, December implementation of the Hyogo Framework 2008) and the overarching theme of the of Action. The Global Platform for Disaster Conference was “Multi-stakeholder Reduction was established in 2007 and takes Partnership for Disaster Risk Reduction in place every two years. the Asia and Pacific region,” with a particular This first session of the Global Platform focus on Public Private Partnership for for Disaster Risk Reduction held in Geneva, Disaster Risk Reduction and community- Switzerland, 5-7 June 2007 was convened based disaster risk reduction activities. on the basis of guidance contained in the The Fourth Asian Ministerial Conference resolution of the General Assembly on the on Disaster Risk Reduction (AMCDRR) ISDR that calls for the adoption by was successfully convened in Incheon, governments of the Hyogo Framework and Republic of Korea, on 25-28 October 2010 that recognizes the Global Platform as a

32 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 1 | 33 he main goal of the Frontline’ ‘Views from across developing countries and regions. across developing T is to support the effective implementation is to support the effective of the resilience of to build the HFA at-risk and communities vulnerable people This independent review is being to disasters. for Network the Global coordinated by (GN) and implemented Disaster Reduction complement It seeks to society actors. civil by Monitoring HFA level the biennial national being facilitated and and Progress Review the UN-ISDR. coordinated by The first edition of VFL in 2009 showed and the that Disaster Risk Reduction progress of implementation of at local HFA in Nepal are in the preliminarylevel phase 2009, and are not up to the mark. presentation of 7000 views from over major respondents from 48 countries made a impact at the UN 'Global Platform for at the local and Disaster Risk Reduction', collaboration and dialogue, where level, promoted. VFL 2009 been action have that progress in establishing national showed policies and legislation had not generated Based widespread changes in local practices. focused on local VFL2011 was on this, is critical to effective which governance, implementation of policy facilitation and ofprovision necessary leading to resources; real impact on the achieving the HFA eat and ground, where people at risk live, initiated in November VFL 2011 was work. 2010 in Nepal. The findings and conclusions of of the current study, Nepal is a which part, is prepared the aim of with presenting at global perspective the local stakeholders level. its lie in a distant future. Moreover, the benefits are not its lie in a distant future. Moreover, Towards a Culture of Prevention”, UNGA, A/54/1 Towards “Kofi Annan, «Facing the Humantarian Challenge » tangible; they are the disasters that did NOT happen. paid in the present, its benef ask Force for Disaster Reduction. ask Force " …Building a culture of prevention is not easy. While the costs of prevention have to be While the costs of prevention have to " …Building a culture of prevention is not easy. National practitioners and other stakeholders National practitioners repeatedly desire to have expressed the have they can which through a mechanism in disaster risk their experiences exchange informationreduction and access on how addressed particularother countries challenges of in the implementation the The Global PlatformHyogo Framework. servehas been set up to is this need, and it the main global forumexpected to become in disaster risk for all parties involved UN reduction, namely governments, internationalagencies, institutions, financial the private society, civil regional bodies, academic and the scientific and sector, for advocacy It will provide communities. will reduce disaster risks, action to effective to the expand the political space devoted and will contribute to the achievement issue, of Goals the Millennium Development particularly reduction in respect to poverty sustainability. and environmental Nepal has been participating in the Global Platform for the and benefitting much plans and international practices in policies, programs for disaster risk reduction. fromViews the Frontline (VFL) is an action- Views from the Frontline society civil project undertaken by research in conjunction with government stakeholders It aims at measuring progress towards bodies. implementation of the Hyogo Framework through at the local level for Action (HFA) the participation of different stakeholders successor mechanism to the Inter-Agency mechanism successor T Initiatives by Civil Society nationwide networks in partnership with communities and other stakeholders. The Organizations Disaster Management Strategic Framework (2010-2015) of NRCS covers four main Establishment of Disaster strategic directions such as i) Disaster Management Section in NRCS Management Planning, ii) Disaster Risk The Nepal Red Cross Society (NRCS) has Reduction, iii) Response for natural Disasters been involved in disaster response since its and Population Movement and iv) Recovery inception in 1963. It represents as an ex- for Natural Disasters and Population officio member in Central, Regional and Movements and additional three enabling District level Natural Disaster Relief directions such as i) Organizational Chapter 1 Committees headed by Minister of Home Preparedness, ii) Coordination and Affairs, Regional Administrator and Chief Partnership and iii) Advocacy. District Officer respectively. The NRCS The NRCS is the only organization that has plays auxiliary role to the government of its' own institutional set up such as National Nepal and it has been actively involved in Headquarter at central level, Regional formulating and implementing national level Coordination Committees in each of all five disaster management policies, strategies, regions, District Chapters in each of all 75 plans and programs. In addition, it has been districts and 1,339 Sub-chapters at intensively involved in strengthening and Municipal/VDC levels. Besides, it has been institutionalizing Disaster Risk Reduction managing 12 warehouses in different strategic (DRR) activities in Nepal. locations in the country. It has trained human Besides its continued engagement in resources at the headquarters and district rendering response services, NRCS started level in national, regional and global DM disaster preparedness activities through competencies such as Field Assessment and strengthening and expanding network of Coordination Team (FACT), Emergency warehouses in 1975. NRCS started Relief Unit (ERU), Regional Disaster Community Based Disaster Preparedness Response Team (RDRT), National Disaster initiatives in 1997 and since then it has been Response Team (NDRT), District Disaster implementing Community Based Disaster Response Team (DDRT), First Aid, First Risk Reduction programs aiming to Aid trainers, Search and Rescue contribute towards building resilient (CADRE/LSAR), Dead Body Management, communities to be prepared for, cope with WASH, Shelter, PSP and RFL. The National and respond to disasters. Disaster Response Framework has given specific mandate to NRCS for responding Taken global, regional and national plans to emergencies and priorities into consideration, the NRCS has developed its' five year development The NRCS has been implementing Disaster plan, DM policy, Disaster Management Risk Reduction Programmes targeting to Strategic Framework for scaling-up its' vulnerable communities. NRCS has also Disaster Management initiatives throughout been actively engaged in the Nepal Risk the country. The prevailing DM policy has Reduction Consortium as the member of clearly given mandate for NRCS in all steering committee and participating in components of the DM cycle particularly different flagships as the member of advisory in i) Disaster Risk Reduction, ii) Disaster committees. In an average, NRCS provides Response and iii) Post Disaster Recovery relief services to 7,000 to 10,000 families activities. The DM strategic mission of affected by floods, landslides, fires, epidemics NRCS is to deliver quality services targeting and earthquake in an annual basis. As and to most vulnerable population and scale up when needed, the NRCS provides sector its' interventions for building safer and more specific relief services such as emergency resilient communities by mobilizing its' health, WASH, Shelter etc in time of disaster. (For detail, www.nrcs.org).

34 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 1 | 35 ation Program and an action plan for earthquakeand an action plan risk management in the Kathmandu Valley, strengthening. (GHI), as the Nepal(GHI), as project of national the Disaster Mitig Asian Urban (AUDMP) implemented by the Asian by implemented (AUDMP) Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC). of a wide variety KVERMP included a self-sustaining aimed at beginning activities earthquake management risk program for Project components Kathmandu Valley. included: of1) development earthquake an scenario earthquake safety program,2) a school and raising and institutional 3) awareness The implemented with strong project was participation national government by governments, municipal agencies, academic institutions, professional societies, and international agencies present schools, in advisory committees, in Kathmandu Valley interviews seminars, and workshops, various joint programs. The major accomplishment of the project of development was an earthquake damage the scenario and an action plan for reducing seismic risk of The action plan the valley. a consensus document depicting roles was and responsibilities of all concerned of institutions in managing the seismic risk Kathmandu. Earthquake Safety School Program another major (SESP) was accomplishment. It established technical and social feasibility and also the affordability of of seismic improvement buildings. school established as a widely accepted SESP is now concept not only helps build the which but also servesbuildings stronger, as school raising tool that ultimately an awareness safer against the entire community makes of Training earthquake. masons in earthquake safe construction and dissemi- nating the earthquake safety information to parents and community teachers, children, KVERMP Few key professionals who worked during worked professionals who key Few 1988 earthquakethe response after realized of lack that there is tremendous awareness people and policy/ among the common earthquake about the risks decision makers of to mitigate Nepal and the possible ways it. gap there is significant in termsAlso, of preparation of knowledge about safer Theyconstruction also realized practices. that the huge tasks of raising and awareness technology promotion can not be done by the Hence, government institutions only. need of society organization a civil to support government in this direction was felt. With this realization, the group of included seismologists, professionals which engineers and civil professors, university journalists through a meeting held on June for 18, 1993 founded National Society (NSET). TheEarthquake Technology-Nepal main purpose of establishing the organization “to foster the advancement was of science and practice of earthquake engineering and technology for mitigating the earthquake risk and increasing the seismic to enhance professionalism, safety, ethics, professional engineering and scientific ofand to further the objectives the International Association for Earthquake Engineering as applicable to Nepal”. Later in 1998, NSET formulated its vision, to further mission and strategic objectives the achieving towards act more effectively goal of the organization. NSET has vision “Earthquake Safe Communities to achieve in Nepal 2020”. by NSET implemented its first and remarkable Earthquake Risk project Kathmandu Valley Management Project (KVERMP) during September 1997 - December 1999 in association with GeoHazards International Establishment ofEstablishment NSET and of Implementation Box 1.8: Earthquake scenario of Kathmandu Valley A simple loss estimation study for Kathmandu are also at risk of liquefaction induced damage. Valley was conducted as part of the Kathmandu Tribhuvan International Airport is surrounded by Valley Earthquake Risk Management Project liquefaction prone areas. This means that the (KVERMP). This loss estimation study examined airport may be isolated from the rest of what the consequences would be if the 1934 Kathmandu Valley, limiting emergency aid from earthquake shaking were to occur in modern day outside of the valley. Kathmandu Valley. The next earthquake to severely damage Kathmandu Valley will not have Damage to Utilities the same magnitude and location as the 1934 Approximately 95 percent of water pipes and 50 Chapter 1 event. However, it is quite reasonable to assume percent of other water system components that the next large earthquake to affect (pumping stations, treatment plants, etc.) could Kathmandu Valley will have approximately the be damaged seriously. Almost all telephone same shaking pattern within the valley due to exchange buildings and 60 percent of telephone soft soil beneath the valley’s surface. lines are likely to be damaged, requiring significant Some results of KVERMP’s loss estimation study to moderate repair to be operational. are presented below to help clarify the extent of Approximately 40 percent of electric lines and the problem that Kathmandu Valley faces. This all electric substations are likely to be damaged. loss estimation is not a forecast of what will It could take one month after an earthquake happen in the future, and should be viewed only for electricity and telephone utilities to be as a tool to help make decisions about reducing operational. Water systems will require much Kathmandu Valley’s earthquake risk. more time to repair. It is estimated that most parts of the valley will be without piped water The Loss Estimation supply for several months and several areas could remain without service for over one year. The loss estimation study indicates that massive damage can be expected to Kathmandu Valley’s Deaths, Injuries, and buildings, structures and population if the shaking of 1934 were to repeat. Death and injury expectations are similarly shocking. Simply applying the percentage of the Damage to Buildings population killed or injured in the 1934 earthquake to the population of the valley today results in an A rough estimation of damage to buildings was estimate of 22,000 deaths and 25,000 injuries conducted by KVERMP using information about requiring hospitalization. Applying more recent typical construction types found in Kathmandu earthquake casualty figures from cities Valley which was collected and analyzed while comparable to Kathmandu Valley results in an developing the Nepalese building code. As many estimate of 40,000 deaths and 95,000 injuries in as 60 percent of all buildings in Kathmandu Valley Kathmandu Valley’s next major earthquake. are likely to be damaged heavily, many beyond repair. Bhaktapur, which suffered the worst An additional 600,000 to 900,000 residents of damage in 1934, has historically suffered more Kathmandu Valley are expected to be left than the rest of the valley in earthquakes, possibly homeless by the earthquake due to damaged because of its soil conditions. As many as 75 buildings or fear of being in their homes. The percent of all buildings in Bhaktapur are likely to existing government medical facilities in be heavily damaged. Kathmandu have a total of about 2,200 beds, most of which are full under non-emergency Damage to Transportation Network conditions. An additional 3,500 patients could In addition to building damage, it is estimated be accommodated on floors or outside space that almost half of the bridges in the valley could around hospitals. In California and Japan, be impassable, and that 10 percent of paved roads earthquake shaking on MMI IX are generally will have moderate damage, such as deep cracks believed to make at least 50 percent of hospital or subsidence. In addition, many of the narrowest beds unusable, due to structural problems streets in the valley will be blocked by debris from (building collapse) or non-structural problems damaged buildings. The city of Bhaktapur may (e.g. fallen bookshelves or loss of electrical not be accessible from Kathmandu or Lalitpur power). There will be a major shortage of space because of road and bridge damage. The bridges for medical treatment in Kathmandu Valley. connecting Kathmandu and Lalitpur to each other Source: Earthquake Scenario of Kathmandu Valley, NSET 1999

36 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 1 | 37 anization Registration Act. There Registration anization Council of of the Government Nepal as per the Org were 30 members ofwere when it the network formallywas the SWC. registered with and to assist individuals aims The network organizations respond and to prepare for, to and manage should it strike. disaster closely with Govern- DPNet-Nepal works ment of which Nepal through its agencies, are concerned with disaster preparedness and management. the effort It complements of these agencies to inform and prepare organizations to deal and communities DPNet-Nepal is disasters. with effectively concerned as with natural disasters such droughts and landslide. floods, earthquake, as epidemic, disasters such It will also cover flood and and fire that occur often in towns villages. DPNet-Nepal and works aims to assist institutions closely with the Government but as facilitator to Disaster Preparedness DPNet-Nepal in Nepal.activities Thus, and encouragesallows promoting effective as as well coordination and communication knowledge management with its developing in Nepal.all stakeholders Thus DPNet-Nepal has been instrumental in establishing strong linkages among the disaster related organization through been It also has approaches. networking building ofcontributing towards capacities of member organization through mutual assistance and learning organization of and sharing meetings, networking events, awareness-raising workshops, that works meetings and some key advocacy DPNet-Nepal has been doing. Disaster Management Network Nepal (DiMaNN) The National Disaster Management Nepal (DiMaNN) is a network Network that consists of the organizations working h is found as the starth is found of a self replicating process. The KVERMP also replicatingprocess. the seismic safety helped institutionalise shifts - at policy several consideration with the government request, designated NSET’s in Earthquake 15 as the Safety Day, January recognition of the occurrence of the last on January valley the earthquake to strike 15, 1934. provided The KVERMP achievements of for the municipalities enough motivation their and Banepa Dharan to develop Vyas, case earthquake damage scenario worst servedwhich developing as the basis for action plans for ERM and subsequent implementation. ofEstablishment Disaster Preparedness Network-Nepal of The need for establishing a network in aspects of organizations those working disaster risk management realized in was 1996; and hence the organization was informally a group established in 1996 by of 13 non-government organization. Later, 1998, a charter for the establi- in March shment of Disaster Preparedness Network- Nepal (DPNet-Nepal) prepared and in was October 1998, 14 NGOs signed the charter formally establishing the organization. Disaster Preparedness Network-Nepal as a loose (DPNet-Nepal) envisioned was association of organizations individual within sector in Nepal, are which the development concerned with disaster management. the formal Since, establishment in 1998, it awareness organized networking, several During the course of and training events. and very active it was sometimes time, sometimes not very much. as a loose Until 2007, DPNet-Nepal worked ofnetwork In 2007, it was organizations. formally registered with the Social Welfare at large strongest are the parts of SESP whic Box 1.9: List of DPNet-Nepal Member Organizations

Government 3 Centre for Disaster Studies (IOE) 1 Armed Police Force Disaster Management 4 Centre for Environment and Disaster Cell Management 2 Department of Hydrology and Meteorology 5 Community Development forum 3 Department of Mines and Geology 6 Department of Water Induced Disaster 4 Department of Soil Conservation and Water Prevention shade Management 7 DEPROSC- Nepal 5 Department of Water Induced Disaster 8 ECO-Nepal Prevention 9 FOPAD 6 Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives 10 Kirtipur Volunteer Society Chapter 1 7 Ministry of Education/ Curriculum Dev. center 11 National Disaster Risk Reduction Center, 8 Ministry of Environment Baneshwor 9 Ministry of Science and Technology 12 National Institution for Disaster Survivors 10 Ministry of Health & population 13 Natural Disaster Management Forum (NDMF) 11 Ministry of Home Affairs 14 Nepal Christian Relief Services 12 Ministry of Local development 15 Nepal Geological Society 13 Ministry of Physical planning and works 16 Nepal GIS Society 14 Ministry of Water resources 17 Nepal Landslide Society 15 Nepal Army Disaster Cell 18 Nepal Red Cross Society 16 Nepal Police(Operation section) 19 Nepal Scouts National Headquarters 17 Department of Urban Development and 20 National Society for Earthquake Technology Building Construction - Nepal (NSET) 18 Kathmandu Metropolitan City office 21 School For Shelter and Environment 19 National Planning commission 22 Friends Service Council Nepal (FSCN) INGOs 23 Trust Nepal 1 Action Aid Nepal 24 Food For Health 2 ADRA Nepal 25 Focus Aid Nepal 3 Care International Nepal 26 Jagaran Media Nepal 4 CARITAS Nepal 27 RRN 5 Mercy Corps NGOs (outside Kathmandu Valley) 6 Oxfam GB Nepal 1 Disaster Management Federation Nepal 7 Practical Action Nepal Damak-10, jhapa 8 International Center for Integrated Mountain 2 CDM-Nepal, Butwal-11 Development (ICIMOD) 3 FAYA Nepal, Dhangadhi, FAYA Marg, kailali 9 Save the Children Alliance 4 Koshi victim Society, , Saptari, Nepal 10 South Asia Partnership Nepal (SAP Nepal) 5 Ratauli Yuba Club, -7, Zeromile 11 Terre des Hommes 6 Rural Service Society, VDC Kabilasi-9 Gaira 12 The Lutheran World Federation Nepal (LWF Bazar, Sarlahi Nepal) 7 RWUA, Haripur, Sarlahi 13 UN/OCHA 8 Women and Children Development Forum 14 UNICEF (WCDF), -4 15 United Mission To Nepal 9 Women, Children and Environmental Center, 16 United Nation Development Programme Hetauda-2 17 World Health Organization, Emergency and 10 Sahmati, Nawalparasi Humanitarian Action (WHO) 11 Social Service Center 18 World Vision International Nepal 12 OCCED 19 Handicap International 13 SOCOD Nepal, Lamjung 20 Center for International Studies and 14 Nepal National Social Welfare Association Cooperation 15 Nepal Environment and Education NGOs (within Kathmandu Valley) Development Society (NEEDS Kanchanpur) 1 17 Ward DMC (Disaster management 16 Peacewin, Bajura Committee) 17 Janaki Mahila Jagaran 2 Centre for Disaster Management Studies 18 Bikalpa, Nawalparasi

38 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 1 | 39 elopment, foster elopment, high professional standard among its high professional promote and protect the and members, ofprofessional interests earth of scientists in the country and also to be active protection and conservation of environment ofand in reduction natural disaster. 440 members has over the Society Presently, all the geoscientistsencompassing almost of as many geoscientists Nepal as well of engaged are actively other countries who or geologicalinterested in the of research region. In this regardHimalaya-Tibet the Nepal than just Geological Society is more one third of It has over a national society. its members from this region and overseas. The society is also gradually fulfilling a role of a regional geoscientific organization. It be able to is hoped that the Society may of a better networking help develop the scientists of and this region and overseas foster an atmosphere for a more effective regional and international scientific cooperation in the field of in the researches earthHimalayan sciences. Nepal Landslide Society (NELS) Nepal is a national Landslide Society (NELS) non-governmental and non-profit professional scientific organization. Nepal at Landslide Society (NELS) aims contributing to the reduction of loss of life glacial lake and property due to landslides, outburst flood (GLOFs), erosion, floods on and so on through study and research related science and technology to mitigate NELS intends disasters. such and prevent to undertake measures to raise awareness enhance through related institutions, professional and scientific qualities of experts in this field, and and organizations working with to help landslide-affected communities rescue and relief Nepal Landslide work. access to elements that are Society provides research and application of and application research geological the national dev sciences to arious geographical to mobilize local, areas natural and human resources working as an resources working natural and human agent ofchange. social members in twenty DiMaNN has network of districts two Nepal. works The Network a in a grassgiven and this has root level ofchance deeper understanding of the people's concern of its disaster issues and cross cutting issues interconnections with like activities with different developing and sanitation, drinking education, health organization of An effective etc. water, program with good impact is possible community for the through this network necessary Therefore, very it is much people. concerned stakeholders, to sensitize & aware & the capacity people in disaster issues, building of advocacy, CBOs, NGOs, for influencinglobbying, policies at national to has been envisioned DiMaNN level. contribute on that cause. ofNational Network Community Disaster ManagementCommittee (N-NCDMC) ofNational Network Disaster Community Management a Committee (N-NCDMC) is organized to led loose network community establish the right of disaster affected people and to build the risk resilient communities capacity building and through awareness, ensuring participation in policy advocacy agency's both government and private from planning and implementation. People highly vulnerable and/or affected to different natural hazards communities organized in Committees themselves have together to reduce the risk in their that work communities. Society (NGS) Nepal Geological Nepal Geological Society (NGS) was formally established in 1980 with the and promote the to develop objectives in disaster managementin disaster in sector stationed v essential to the professional growth of and meteorology towards overall scientists at all levels of expertise and from development of the country; promote all sectors: academic, government, business, contacts, solidarity and professional ethics and industry. It has a common purpose to among hydrologists and meteorologists; and study the mysteries of our planet and share conduct research independently or in scientific findings related with natural collaboration with national and international disaster. Its main activities include fostering institutions, publish materials related to this, the human quest for understanding as well as conduct consultancy services. landslides and related phenomena through research and study, catalyzing new scientific SOHAM-Nepal has been serving the nation Chapter 1 ways of thinking about natural disasters, since its establishment through its member’s and also applying knowledge and insight to expertise, ideas and efforts in various relevant human needs and aspirations and issues like climate change, global warming, stewardship of the countermeasures against snow/glacier, water resources etc. At present, such disasters. more than 145 professionals have been associated with SOHAM-Nepal. The general The Society of Hydrologists and assembly is the highest body of the society Meteorologists - Nepal (SOHAM- for preparing its rules and regulation. Apart Nepal) from this, an executive committee is also formed to run the society through general The Society of Hydrologist and election. Initially, the period of executive Meteorologist-Nepal (SOHAM-Nepal) is committee was for two years but it was solely an autonomous professional organization of Hydrologist and changed to three years since fourth executive Meteorologist in Nepal. SOHAM-Nepal committee. The society publishes Journal came into existence on 23rd March 2001 of Hydrology and Meteorology SOHAM on the auspicious occasion of the World (For detail: www.soham.org.np). Meteorological Day under the name of Nepal GIS Society “Nepal Association of Hydrologist and Meteorologist” (NAHAM). An ad-hoc Nepal GIS Society (NEGISS) is a non-profit committee under the chairmanship of Prof forum of GIS professionals and users in Suresh Raj Chalise was formed. On 13th Nepal registered under the Government of December, 2001, NAHAM was renamed as Nepal on July 22, 1995. The inception of SOHAM-Nepal by a meeting including the Society is attributed to the felt need of several distinguished Hydrologists and GIS professionals for a common forum for Meteorologists from various organizations advancing the use and application of GIS of the country. technologies in Nepal and for sharing professional experiences in addition to Main objectives of SOHAM are to Promote dedicating to larger mandate of engaging studies and researches in the field of on advocacy for optimized management of hydrology and meteorology in Nepal; help spatial data resources among others. academic and professional upliftment of Nepalese hydrologists and meteorologists Nepal GIS Society is formed with a clear and protect their rights; establish contacts objective of furthering the use and with concerned national and international application of GIS and spatial data analysis organizations towards development of technologies in the country as an aid to mutual benefit; develop involvement of ensuring sustainable human development national professionals related to hydrology and mobilization of our resource bases.

40 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 1 | 41 pal, especially those vulnerable pal, especially resources on behalfresources of all disadvantaged Ne people in to Natural Disaster and continues to engage and continues to Natural Disaster various donors, with the Government, sectors of NGOs and poor society, civil the people on these issues. and excluded Disaster Management Group on AIN Task group working focusing (AIN-TGDM) is a on Emergency Management. and Disaster an integralFormed in 2002, as part of AIN Knowledge Management AIN- matrix updating and TGDM has been continuously its sharing the issues and updates within member organizations and has been taking understanding on responsibility to develop conceptual aspects of and operational emergency and disaster issues in Nepal. DIPECHO Projects in Nepal In recognition of the need to tackle Nepal’s problem of disaster risks and mitigate their and livelihoods, impacts on people's lives the European Commission began to provide financial assistance to Nepal it released when 15 its First DRR Action Plan in 2003. On Fifth its 2009, DIPECHO launched June emphasizes the need for Action Plan, which initiating a wide array of community- based disaster preparedness and DRR a disaster including developing interventions, management and risk reduction legal education, implementing disaster framework, constructing small-scale mitigative infrastructures, coordinating among agencies, early developing conducting research, The and building capacity. warning systems, Fifth Action projects under DIPECHO’s 18 districts, cover eight partners, Plan involve and ran to December 2010. Raising; Interventions Awareness Key were Capacity building & Preparedness (Trainings Basic First Aid, PVA, & Rescue, – Search Devices provision/ Assistive CBDM, etc, preposition, based Early Community Disaster preparedness Systems, Warning mation and derieving knowledge holistic. that is more that Nepalstill is The fact remains however at formative stage in terms of GIS using developmental to solve technologies challenges and linking the resourcefulness judicious application of obtainable through socio- to solve GIS to strategies implemented the country. faced by economic problems among facilitation networking A mechanism seemed to hold GIS user and professional a lot of to create synergies in GIS potential arena in the country. Nepal GIS Society also In addition to this, roles putting forth the assume advocacy duplication ofneed to avoid effort, standards and ensuring developing commitment for data sharing and tailoring level GIS applications to meet local challenges. development Center for Disaster Studies The Centre for Disaster Studies was of established in 2003 AD in the Institute Engineering (IoE). The centre has an ofobjective for management of working It is trying to do this disaster in the country. offering shortby term carrying courses, out in the and consultancy works research This supporting center is now beginning. degree course in and assisting Master’s Disaster Risk Management in the IoE. Association of International NGOs The Association of International NGOs (AIN), formed in Nepal INGOs working by in September 1996, is an important actor in sector ofthe development Nepal as it has people-centered been implementing various programmesdevelopment throughout the Recognizing areas. mountains and Tarai hills, in a countrythe growing to work need prone emergency to Natural Disaster and several situation, AIN is committed to expand its GIS technologies offers greatGIS technologies functionalities spatial infor for processing plan/Community & VDC action plans, Assessment (PVCA), Participatory Simulation/mock drills, LSAR Equipments, Vulnerability Assessment (PVA) etc. in all First Aid kits, Exchange visits); Institutional project locations. Contingency plans and linkages and advocacy; Small Scale Mitiga- DRR plans developed in many districts. tion; and Coordination, joint collaboration, Such positive initiatives validate increasing sharing lessons. The main focus was on demands for institutionalization of DRR promoting replicable community centric within development plans. The National initiatives to enhance risk resilience that Strategy for Disaster Risk Management was include establishing community based early supported under DIPECHO IV. The School curriculum to include DRR into national

Chapter 1 warning systems, awareness generation, capacity building, skill development, curricula was initiated under DIPECHO leadership, institutional strengthening, people III. DIPECHO also provided strategic led advocacy, life skill training, small scale support to DPNet-Nepal under DIPECHO mitigation and localized material support to III and IV and also to initiatives that have help people help themselves. national relevance and impact. DIPECHO has built awareness, trained Developing DRR Terminologies in volunteer base as well as improved structural Nepali safety through retrofitting. These schools The process of defining and redefining are now acting as models for efficient safety accurate and pervasive meaning of disaster measures. Numerous schools have been related Nepali words & phrases covered across various districts. Thousands etymologically as well as based on contextual of students are oriented on earthquake safety. & transformational dynamics and also Mock drills were conducted, a practice still adopting newer concepts and terminologies being continued in many of the schools. from Global arena helps enrich disaster vocabulary and consequently enhances the Risk profiling exercises were conducted level of awareness and understanding as through participatory methods like Hazard well. National Society for Earthquake Vulnerability Capacity Assessment (HVCA), Technology – Nepal (NSET) has been Participatory Vulnerability Capacity engaged in developing and adapting Disaster

Box 1.10: Disaster related Keywords interpreted, developed and adapted by Dhulikhel Workshop 2008 qm=;+ c+u|]hL zAb k|fljlws zAb÷lgSof}{n qm=;+ c+u|]hL zAb k|fljlws zAb lgSof}{n ul/Psf g]kfnL zAb ul/Psf g]kfnL zAb

! Hazard k|sf]k !! Relief /fxt @ Disaster ljkb\ !@ Fore Shocks/Pre-shocks k"j{sDk # Risk hf]lvd !# After shocks k/sDk $ Vulnerability ;+s6f;Ggtf !$ Retrofitting k|anLs/0f % Exposure ;Dd'vtf !% Reinforcing ;anLs/0f ^ Capacity Ifdtf !^ Mitigation cNkLs/0f & Resilience pTyfgzLntf !& Reduction Go"gLs/0f * Resistant k|lt/f]wL !* Earthquake "Go Bag" e'O{+rfnf] æem6k6 emf]nfÆ ( Recovery k'gnf{e !( Shaking Table sDkg d~r !) Response k|ltsfo{ @) Duck, Cover and Hold 3'F8f 6]sL u'F8'NsL, cf]t nfuL ;dft

42 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 1 | 43 Figure 1.6: Constituent Assembly Members at the sensitization workshop y of pertaining Nepali to words the conceptsthe consensus on and build Etymolog Disaster Risk Reduction. The uniformityDisaster Risk Reduction. & in use ofstandardization disaster terminologies in Nepali language has been enhanced referring of the outcomes the Strategy National for Disaster workshop. Risk Management has been in Nepal which of Government endorsed by Nepal in 2009 ofstresses in use common DRR or terminologies those evolved including Dhulikhel Workshop. adapted by Sensitizing Constituent Assembly Members on DRR Nepal is one of ‘global the acknowledged The increasing hotspots’ for disasters. frequency and intensity of disasters have affecting this Himalayan been adversely Whereas there has been increasing country. efforts to address disasters through including adoption appropriate mechanisms, of National Strategy for Disaster Risk Managementa (Oct, 2009), there is also growing concern that there is a need to in further strengthen the DRR framework Nepal, so as to insure the development arrest and erosion ofinvestments social, assets due to economic and environmental ofa variety disasters that pose danger to the of and livelihood lives people. the e with the view to standardize & view to standardize e with the related concepts and terminologies in Nepali languag enrich Nepalienrich vocabulary and also enhance on those amongst common understanding Nepali communities. NSET carried during 2002-2004, Initially, gathering on and work out extensive comprising Vocabulary compiling Disaster in use in the areas Nepalinumerous words of Disasters and Risk Reduction Hazards, from certainand also acquiring words different languages an idea to assimilate with The conceptualthose with Nepali linguistics. construct and raised with the initiated was NSET in-house efforts with and continued consultants known Well the WSSI fellowship. Madan from NepaliMr. linguistic fields Devi Prasad Subedi Mani Dixit and Dr. and come up with in this endeavor worked almost finalised form. The draft has been senior experts times by several reviewed of and professionals from different layers It has as peripheral linkages. core as well only in soft copy and final been developed prints could be made possible with couple ofand meetings/ workshops consultative peer review processes. felt an acute need ofAs there was transfor- ming contemporary global concepts & terminologies in DRR to integrate and fit NSET into Nepali wisdom and practices, in association with Ministry of Home Affairs and with the support from ActionAid Nepal residential workshop organized a two-day of Media- Litterateurs, Linguists, known well persons and government & non-government professionals in DRR fields in Dhulikhel, 18-20, 2008. TheKavre January during organized was as an additional workshop within Earthquake Safety Day event celebration with the view to "Developing Consensus on Selection/Etymology of to Disaster Risk Pertaining Nepali Words Management". the first multi- It was of activity stakeholders’ this kind held in to clarify out intensively Nepal that worked One of the key measures identified by DRR attention and framework to address disaster stakeholders in the country is to inform the risks. Through a consultative process, the policy makers of the country. Thus, through Disaster Risk Reduction Tool Kit was a path breaking initiative, key DRR developed which is a professionally designed stakeholders including Ministry of Home information pack on disaster risk reduction, Affairs, partners of the DIPECHO program specially designed to inform constituent under European Commission Humanitarian assembly members on DRR, sensitize the Aid department, United Nations policy makers on disaster issues and solicit Development Program in Nepal, Oxfam their informed involvement and leadership GB, Association of International NGOs, to strengthen DRR framework in Nepal. Chapter 1 DPNet-Nepal, Nepal Red Cross and NSET The Tool Kit comprises of overview of decided to join hands together to design, disasters in Nepal, NSDRM, existing develop and distribute ‘Disaster Risk legislation on disaster management, HFA, Reduction Tool Kit’ to inform and sensitize need for strengthening DRR framework the constituent assembly members on through an inclusive approach addressing disasters, risks and need for increasing special needs of differentially vulnerable

Box 1.11: Addressing Disaster in Periodic Plans

Disaster Management Programs was first included practices efficient, competent, strengthened and in the 10th national plan (2002-2007) of the effective. government of Nepal. Chapter 17 emphasized on the irrigation and water induced disaster control, Develop and apply environment-friendly systems whereas chapter 22 deals on population, in development and construction works, environment and natural and human induced appropriate information flow and pre- disaster disaster management. Both chapters reiterate preparedness for the mitigation of risks of natural the priority on policy formulation, strengthening disaster, strengthen collaborative works between institutional mechanism, risk assessment, the government, non government and private information collection and dissemination sector for rapid response and recovery are the regarding the disaster management. Both major strategies of the plan. The plan has listed chapters also emphasized on the low costs the programs of formulation of national strategy, disaster resilience construction practices. awareness raising, preparedness for effective Similarly, the Three Year Interim Plan (2007/08- response and recovery, study and research, risk 2009/10) devoted separate chapter (chapter 26) and hazard zone mapping, stockpiling of relief on natural disaster management. The interim plan and rescue materials, and enhancement of emphasizes on policy formulation, strengthening involvement of local bodies. institutional mechanism, EWS, coordinated Current 12th three year development plan (2010/11- approach for DRR and linking disaster 2012/13) has also devoted separate chapter for management with climate change. It is hoped disaster management issues. This plan addressed that this attempt would be a landmark in the disaster management issues more history of Disaster Management. comprehensively.12th three year development The plan has set up its vision to minimize social plan set its disaster management goal to achieve and economic loss and damage caused by goal of Hyogo Framework for Action by 2015. disasters. The main objective of plan is to promote Long term goal of the plan is to develop disaster the security of life and property from the impact resilient Nepal. Moreover, mainstreaming disaster of natural disasters through sustainable, risk reduction, institutional and legal reform and environment-friendly and result oriented preparedness for better response are the development by making disaster management strategies of this plan.

44 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 1 | 45 disasters, disseminating the knowledge disseminating disasters, among their community, and exploring local and among their community, 2010) S., (Jnavaly solutions to disasters. Study on Strengthening Legal Preparedness for International Disaster Response that nowadays It is a common practice from large-scalecountries suffering disasters international supportreceive for disaster Nepal also been getting has response. supports from neighbouring contries and other international organizations during receiving However, major disaster events. and managing the international assistances are complex and challenging. There of are numbers provisions relevant however, contained in different national laws, they are not specifically targeted towards internationalreceiving assistance in care of Instead, ad-hoc decision are a large disaster. legalmade during the need to provide ground international such assistance. for receiving felt to dense required Therefore, a need was legal and managing basis for receiving international assistance during large disasters. Cross Society Nepal Red In this view, a study on strengthening conducted (NRCS) legal preparedness within the scope of (IDRL) Law International Disaster Response in Nepal. The existing legal study reviewed and made recommendations on provisions strengthening it. In 2007, the improving/ ofInternational Federation Cross and Red developed Crescent Societies (IFRC) Red the IDRL guidelines (Guidelines for the of and Regulation Domestic Facilation International Disaster Relief and Initial Assistances). The IDRL guidelines Recovery are a set of to governm- recommentations to prepare ents on how their disaster and plans for the common response laws regulating problems in international disaster relief The primarily study was operations. based on the IDRL guidelines. students learningstudents about causes and effects of lood early warninglood early strategy for Nepal. DRR measure as a key in NepalDRR Partners of conducted series Constituent to sensitize Workshops on DRR in 2010. Assembly (CA) Members The program organized was jointly by Humanitarian Aid Department of European Government- Commission, Australian Nepal ActionAid and Co-Action AusAID, Oxfam, DPNet-Nepalin association with been has an initiative and Eco-Nepal. Such to produce and propagate believed substantial dynamism in accelerating national formulation policy level processes and plans and programs at effective developing CA Members Participating levels. various issues of found highly concernedwere over disaster risks and their management. Mainstreaming DRR in Nepal's Education System if Disasters can be reduced substantially informedpeople are well about measures to reduce vulnerability - and they can take if to act. ActionAid Nepal they are motivated paid efforts to mainstream DRR education curriculumin school as part of which project ran from October 2006 to February 2010. School through The Disaster Risk Reduction relevant (DRRS) project aimed to provide information of on disaster risks and means protection in formal, non-formaland informal education and training activities. Thereno holistic book that could be was students about DRR in the used to teach classroom. There very limited resources were After this intervention, Curriculum available. Center ofDevelopment Nepal Government revised three compulsory subjects - social science and health, population and studies, - for gradeenvironment nine and ten, rewriting the textbooks to integrate DRR education. Also process of developing have guide and training teachers teacher's seen results have been initiated. Positive people, disaster map of disaster people, Nepal, fact disaster proposed f sheet and Box 1.12: Findings and Recommendations of IDRL Study Key Findings • Contain provisions on early warning as an important component of disaster risk • There are currently strong legal mechanisms reduction. Reference may also be made to for controlling corruption, fraud and unlawful bilateral sharing of information with diversion of international relief and initial neighboring countries and regional recovery assistance. arrangements through the SAARC; • Information sharing mechanisms for early • Describe conditions and procedures for warning within the country and between terminating international assistance. neighboring countries are yet to be properly established. • Clearly describe the roles and responsibilities Chapter 1 of domestic actors in disaster response, • Improving the access to the sea and ensuring ensuring that such duties are commensurate cooperation with transit states is essential for with their authority and resources; Nepal, a country which is landlocked and disaster prone. • Establish mechanisms for cooperation between assisting actors and government • The roles of domestic actors need further authorities (to be developed in consultation clarification, and attention needs to be paid with humanitarian actors); to increase their capacity and resources in order to meet their mandates. • Establish a fast track system for the registration of humanitarian organizations • The existing legal provisions for obtaining that addresses visa arrangements, temporary legal status, obtaining working recognition of professional qualifications, visas, recognizing professional qualifications, provision of temporary legal status and the importing telecommunication equipment and importation of relief and early recovery goods medicines are too time-consuming for the (the provision of such facilities should be disaster context. conditional upon organizations meeting • While the Government of Nepal is seen as certain eligibility requirements based on being liberal in the implementation of current paragraph 4 of the IDRL Guidelines and, laws in the disaster context, no mechanism where possible, the registration of these has been established so far to ensure the organizations should be made in advance of speedy registration of assisting humanitarian a disaster); organizations and the coordinated provision • Provide for permission to be granted quickly of legal facilities. for transportation, exemption of taxes, Core Recommendations authorization of the use of telecommunication equipment and radio • Define conditions and procedures for frequencies, and the lifting of restrictions on appealing for and accepting international the importation of relief and recovery related assistance; goods and equipment; • Include minimum standards for the delivery • Establish minimum standards for relief goods of relief and recovery assistance based on and their packaging, as well as methods for international codes of conduct and standards; the disposal of unused or unwanted goods.

Summary to plan and implement mitigation and preparedness actions have been improved. The past three decades have witnessed In summary, the environment has become tremendous amount of policy level more conducive for taking the concepts of interventions, inclusion of DRR in national disaster risk reduction to a new height with level plans, programs and several cases and more focused and widened scope of works. examples of disaster risk reduction and The current need is to make the legal preparednes efforts. The general awareness environment better by promulgating the of people of the communities, and new act as envisioned in the NSDRM which professionals at policy and decision making will pave a new national highway for level has significantly increased. Capacities mainstreaming DRM in Nepal.

46 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 1 | 47 Disaster Event nit (SDU) in Ministry of Home Affairs nit (SDU) in Ministry Government Initiative Initiative by Civil Society Global Initiative events such as Landslides and several other disasters of 1970s, Bajhang Earthquake, and several other disasters of 1970s, Bajhang events such as Landslides 1980 conducted Udayapur Earthquake of magnitude 6.5 Earthquake Udayapur NCRA 1982 amended NEP/88/054) initiated Formation of NGS-IDNDR Council prepared on Disaster Management Strategy for Training Prepared Comprehensive Disaster Management Plan Center (DPTC) in Nepal Establishment of Disaster Prevention Technical Earth Summit at Rio Nepal signed the UNFCCC treaty during the UNDP/DHA held First Bangkok held in Seismic Safety Initiative (WSSI) Workshop World Flood of South Central Nepal and Food & Agriculture) Three sectoral working groups (Health, Logistics, established for the response of 1993 flood organized at the request of MoHA Formulation on National Action Plan on Disaster Management Establishment of NSET l for supporting government in reducing earthquake risk in Nepal. Disaster Management section was setup at Nepal Red Cross Society (NRCS) Establishment of Disaster Preparedness Network-Nepal (DPNet-Nepal) for supporting coordination between government and non-government setors Disaster Management Capacity Building Program of UNDP initiated Timeline: Disaster Risk Management Disaster Risk Timeline: in Nepal 1970s and during the disaster for systematic disaster management Realization of need 19821984 Calamity (Relief) Act 1982 (NCRA) Promulgation of Natural 1987for foreign assistance of disaster and the need UNDP study about threats Establishment of Special Disaster U 1988 1989-1992 Institutional Support to Disaster Preparedness and Relief begun 1990-1993 Sector (PTSUS- UNDP/UNCHS Project to Urban Support Policy and Technical 1990 Formation of IDNDR National Committee 1991 Beginning of IDNDR Day Celebration in Nepal 19921993 ratified Second amendment of NCRA (1982) of government officers Training by the government in collaboration with 1993/941994 on disaster management conducted by USAID and ADPC, Bangkok Training Formulation of Nepal National Building Code 1996 Action Plan on Disaster Management endorsed by government National early 1980s 1997 Kathmandu Valley Earthquake Risk Management Project (KVERMP) launched as national project under the Asian Urban Disaster Mitigation Program of Asian Disaster Preparedness Center 1998 Government of Nepal declared Magh 2 (15 or 16 January) as National Earthquake Safety Day (ESD) Building Act adopted by the Parliament Kathmandu Valley Earthquake Risk Management Action Plan was finalized Disaster Management Section in Kathmandu Metropolitan Office was set up

Chapter 1 1999 First Earthquake Safety Day (ESD) celebrated Prime Minister released the Kathmandu Valley Earthquake Scenario and Risk Management Action Plan Local Self Governance Act promulgated 2000 Department of Water Induced Disaster Prevention (DWIDP) established Kathmandu Valley Earthquake Risk Management Action Plan Implementation Project started 2001 First DIPECHO project launched in Nepal Department of Narcotics Control and Disaster Management established Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Response Plan for the Health Sector drafted 2002 Study on Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in the Kathmandu Valley (SEDM), carried out in cooperation with the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) First ever mass casualty drill was organized involving the emergency rescue responders and hospitals Seismic vulnerability assessment of 14 hospitals undertaken with Ministry of Health and WHO Asian Seismological Commission 2002 held in Kathmandu 2003 Disaster Impact Assessment (DIA) of development projects made mandatory in the Tenth National Plan GON decides mandatory implementation of Building Code Lalitpur Sub Metropolitan City started mandatory implementation of Nepal National Building Code (first municipality to initiate the process) Pre-Positioned Emergency Rescue Stores (PPERS) established in eight communities in Kathmandu Valley and the local volunteers were trained DesInventar system introduced in Nepal with assistance of UNDP/BCPR, inventory of natural disasters of the country for the last 33 years (1971-2003) prepared and analyzed RADIUS established in Kathmandu Metropolitan City as a planning tool in cooperation with UNESCO

Government Initiative Initiative by Civil Society Global Initiative Disaster Event

48 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 1 | 49 Disaster Event sunami recovery, 2005 to do it now now” ech Museum Award in Microsoft Education category for the category for in Microsoft Education Award ech Museum Government Initiative Initiative by Civil Society Global Initiative Bill Clinton, Special Envoy for T innovative Shake Table Technology Shake Table innovative jointly by Preparedness Initiative (KVEPI) started Earthquake Kathmandu Valley and Nepal Red Cross Society and NSET as a preparedness American Red Cross, support under OFDA in 10 locations of Kathmandu Valley capacity building program held in Kobe, Japan for Meeting (CMM II) on “International Framework Second Core Member Strategies List on Implementation Reduction Technology Development of Disaster Hyperbase" for Asia-Pacific- Disaster Reduction in Nepal Region was organized First organized by Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, Asian Ministerial in Beijing, China Government of China Curriculum Development Center (CDC) started integrating disaster issues in school curricula management in Nepal prepared Drafts of acts, policies and strategies on disaster affected people MoHA promulgated Relief Standard for disaster Geneva, Switzerland established in Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction in Nepal (DRRNLN-II) implemented Disaster Risk Reduction at the National Level by UNDP Cluster Approach first by IASC in Nepal endorsed and adopted Koshi Flood Disaster Nepal Risk Reduction Consortium Launched Jajarkot Diarrhea Outbreak campaign, launched in May The Making Cities Resilient: 'My City is getting ready!' country 2010 by UNISDR – Nepal is one of the signatory I urge all stakeholders to implement the Hyogo Framework for Action, and 2005 on DR (WCDR-Hyogo Conference) Conference the World Nepal Participated in 2006Program (CBDMP) initiated Community Based Disaster Management 2007 2008 for Disaster Risk Reduction (NPDRR) established National Platform 2009GON endorsed by National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management 2010 National Emergency Operation Center (NEOC) established at the national level 2004 received T NSET could have been saved had adequate disaster reduction strategies been in place…. could have been saved had adequate disaster reduction strategies been in “One of the lessons learnt from the tsunami is that thousands of lives and billions of dollars of the lessons learnt from the “One Celebrating ISDR day 2010, Kathmandu Photo Courtesy: DPNet-Nepal

50 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 CHAPTER 2: DISASTER DATA ANALYSIS FOR 2010

| 51 Landslide on the only road to several districts of Far Western Nepal Photo Courtesy: nyayahealth.wordpress.coms

52 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 2 | 53 90 86504 1832 368 415 55312 - 623 - 9738 168482 Damaged Houses - 136 ents caused Chapter 2 Chapter Destroyed Houses - 18249 93807 70118 320 5 33708 - 1170 - 4985 222362 67 555607 3665104 252074 6668 2137 4539 2393 2016 410 928331 5932246 Affected population 5129 6 124 1335 57227 Number of injury 43076 1446 461 1097 1810 359 6840 83 59 average 2.3 deaths per day for 2010, whereas 2.3 deaths per day average to these ev economic loss due 10,735.7 million Nepalese Rupees (NRs). 10,735.7 million Nepalese Rupees that about 47 percent of Notable is the fact (other human induced caused by deaths were category) accident, boat capsize, (i.e. events whereas 19 per cent biological, others etc.) by 16 percent related events, weather by 8 per cent by epidemiological events, floods 3 percent by and (Figure landslides, 2.1). The that fire is shows Figure 2.1 also most frequently occurring disaster event account for 25 per cent ofwhich data cards floods by (12 followed disaster occurence, percent) and epidemics percent). (8 hazard types varies The loss due to several and Hydro-meteorological differently. epidemics in the caused the highest deaths country for the year of 2010. In terms of affected population, flood is the highly affecting about 100 thousand event extensive people. 69 Number of deaths 16521 4327 3899 1293 986 9 873 442 404 269 999 30982 Number of records/events 3413 2705 3377 4936 1034 1000 95 320 389 135 2651 20055 ire Hazard Type Epidemics Landslide Flood F Thunderstorm Accident Earthquake Cold wave Structural Collapse Boat Capsize Other events Total eneral, according to DesInventar data, DesInventar eneral, according to 1 2 7 3 5 4 9 6 8 11 10 S.N. Disaster Data Analysis for 2010 Data Analysis Disaster the most common type ofthe most common disaster in the landslides by country followed is epidemic, 2.1). The greatestand flooding loss (Table of to epidemics life is due in last four decades this period, more than (1971-2010). During all hazards. by their live 30,000 people lost In terms of loss in housing, about 400 or destroyed either thousand houses were damaged. The trend of disaster types also suggests the increasing ratio of hazard events The recent decades as their impacts. as well of higher ratio have disaster impact in terms of loss of and building damage. lives for the year ofIn the similar way 2010, of Database DesInventar Nepalhas recorded a total of 1,551 data cards i.e ofnumber occurred disaster events within 834 deaths, During this period, the country. 2.2) 143,000 affected (Table 473 injuries, recorded. Thispopulation were figure shows Disasters in Year 2010 Disasters in Year In g Source: DesInventar, 2011 Table 2.1: The most lethal hazard types and their impact in Nepal 1971-2010. 2.1: The most lethal hazard types and Table Table 2.2: Loss of human lives and property due to disasters in 2010, Nepal. Hazard Types No. of records/ Impact on Human Lives Loss of Building events Deaths Injuries Missing Affected Destroyed Damaged Flood 191 27 1 23 99,526 1,611 6,093 Landslide 148 67 52 21 17,832 396 255 Fire/ forest fires 378 61 65 - 10,773 2,131 90 Epidemics 128 130 3 - 2,202 - - Other Hydro- Chapter 2 meteorological 267 161 200 5 10,675 89 1,657 Other 439 391 152 97 2,017 32 358 Total 1,551 837 473 146 143,025 4,259 8,453

Source: DesInventar, 2011 Disaster Occurences in 2010 extensiveness (covering larger areas) of the hazard type throughout the country. This Table 2.1 shows that fire, landslide, flood extensiveness of the hazard types can also and epidemics are the most frequently be associated with the impact on agriculture, occurring hazard types in Nepal for the last health, livelihoods etc. four decades. For year 2010, fire is the most extensively occurring hazard followed by During the past decades, in general the hydro-meteorological events. Still floods and trend of disaster events has a significant landslides are highly occurring hazards. These increase, especially in recent decades, the number of records of hazards represent the number of disaster events has significantly

Box 2.1: Major Disasters in the West Region, Bajura, Achham, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Dadeldhura were most affected Year 2010 by floods and landslides. (Nepal Floods and Landslides Situation Report, Issue No. 02, Flood/Landslides 06 September 2010) As in the previous year flood and landslides Floods triggered by heavy rainfall wrought havoc in More than 70 families had been displaced due various parts of the country as well displaced to floods in several parts of the Jhapa district hundreds of families. in June 2010. Areas including Duwagadhi, Incessant monsoon rains have resulted in flash Mechinagar, Dhaijan, Jyamirgadi, Goldhap and floods, inundation and landslides in 43 districts Chandragadi in the eastern part of the district across the country. All five regions of Nepal have been the hardest hit. Floods had also were affected by the floods and landslides, affected Baigundhura and Topgachhi in the according to the Ministry of Home Affairs west. Thirty eight families have been displaced (MoHA). In the Eastern Region, and another 243 affected ward number 1,2,34 Sankhuwasabha, Udayapur, Taplegunj, Ilam, and 5 of Duwagadi VDC alone due to floods in Jhapa, Morang, Sunsari, Saptari districts were Hadiya and Fulbasa rivers. The displaced affected, whereas in the Central Sindhuli, families were sheltered at Shanti Primary Dolakha, Dhading, Dhanusa, Sarlahi, Chitwan, School and Puhantu Janajyoti Secondary Makawanpur, Rautahat, Parsa were most School. They had been provided with food and affected. Likewise, in Western Region, Syangja, clothes by neighbours. Most of the displaced Kaski, Tanahu, Baglung, Myagdi, Parbat, Gulmi, families are either Santhal or Rajbanshi. Nawalparasi were affected and in Mid-West Likewise, 33 families had been displaced from region, Rukum, Dang, Pyuthan, Bardiya, Banke, Chandragadi-3 and 4 after the swollen Hadiya Jajarkot, Dailekh, Kalikot, Dolpa and in the Far- river enterned human settlements. The

54 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 2 | 55 arious news papers) (Data source: V Inundated area of Duwagadhi by Ninda Khola Photo Courtesy: Raju, Nagarik Daily Newspaper missing and 13 families of were displaced. According to NRCS-Rautahat, a total of 560 families were affected in the district (Harsaha - 80 families; Bahardurpur - 30 families and Banjaraha- about 450 families) by the swollen Bagmati and Lal Bakaiya rivers. In Sarlahi, about 120 householdsof Nayabasti located in Karmaiya (Bagmati river barrage side) were affected by water logging and two houses have been completely damaged. ents caused 837 deaths, 473 injuries 473 837 deaths, ents caused and 143 thousand population affected and 143 thousand These caused were throughout the country. epidemics fires, landslides, due to floods, events. related and other weather to physiographic Loss according region of the effects 2.3 shows Table disaster on to physiographicpeople according and Theproportion highest regions. development ofoccurrence disaster and death is in by followed Eastern Region; Development Region. Central Development largest are frequent and have Flood events effect in the populated areas of hills and Landslides are also very frequent and Tarai. common in hill areas. are common in all Epidemiological events of Lack regions. good health facilities in remote areas is one of the most prominent causes of and high epidemiological events impacts to the people. of During the year 2010, natural disasters. disaster ev In Udayapur, a total of 420 families had been a In Udayapur, river and affected by flooding from Triyuga 100 Badrwa khola. 250 families from Tapeswari; municipality and 70 families families from Triyuga have been affected by the floods. from Tribeni is still One person has been found dead and one houses in Mahabharta had been inundated by houses in Mahabharta had been inundated Kamal River. 5 huts inside ty as well. Thety as well. reason behind this can increased and the impact on people and increased and the impact on people proper be associated with the improved mechanism be associated with the improved of reportingof disasters and the increased in disaster reportingawareness of media. Loss of Life Due to Disasters injuries and affected population are Deaths, the commonly acceptedand highly important indicators of the direct impact displaced had been kept at Pashupati Secondary School. Similarly, 5 Goldhap Regugee Camp had been inundated force by water from Deunia river. Armed police rescue and Nepal Police had been mobilsed for and in the camp. A few families in Mechinagar the Jyamirgadi had also been displaced by swollen Ninda river while most of the schools bighas in Mechinagar remained closed. Several 8 and 9 and a few of land in Topgachhi-7, Source: DesInventar, 2011 Figure of hazard occurrence in 2.1: Trend 1971-2010. past decades in Nepal, Table 2.3: Disaster effects on Human Population, 2010

Development / Physiographic No. of records / Human Population Region events Deaths Injuries Missing Affected Eastern Development Region Hill 137 52 57 19 17,942 Mountain 73 14 21 6 7,652 Tarai 248 105 19 7 26,489 Central Development Region Hill 179 94 81 19 8,572 Mountain 47 44 35 10 595

Chapter 2 Tarai 136 85 51 10 11,569 Western Development Region Hill 219 96 93 31 4,732 Mountain 13 5 0 1 1,452 Tarai 70 56 18 4 35,747 Mid-western Development Region Hill 142 84 38 10 2,685 Mountain 25 25 8 8 598 Tarai 94 82 6 3 6,210 Far-western Development Region Hill 39 29 11 5 1,005 Mountain 47 31 16 4 2,259 Tarai 82 35 19 9 15,518 Total 1,551 837 473 146 143,025

Source: DesInventar, 2011

Hundreds of houses of Mandi area (4 VDCs) in western Chitwan district were inundated by the floods. The area has been totally cut off from the district headquarters and other places. Rescue workers had not been able to reach the area by land. According to local sources, on 24 August, at least two people were washed away by the river and another two were missing. More than 200 families were completely displaced and required the camp facilities. (Nepal Floods and Landslides Situation Report, Issue No. 01, 25 August 2010) In Morang, over 500 families were displaced due to floods in various rivers. At least 50 families in Itahara VDC were driven out due to the flooded Bakraha River. Some 300 families had been affected by the flood. A 15 year old girl from Itahara-5 died after being swept away. The Bakraha river also displaced 60 families at Local people crossing the road cut by Ratu Khola Khame Jhoa in Madhumalla. Urlabari-7 and Photo Courtesy: Rabindra, Kantipur National Daily Belbari-3 were also hit by floods. A large area of farmland at Kamalakhoch region of Sindhuli Heavy rain in Chure range provoked flood in district has been flooded by the Kamala and Ratu river in Mahottari that inundated few Tawa rivers. The swelling Narayani river in houses and intruded nearly 50 meters road in Nawalparasi district posed a risk to 12 VDCs of Nepal-India boarder side of Bhitthabazar. 4 the Gandak region. people swept were rescued from 200 meters.

56 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 2 | 57 (Data source: Various news papers) (Data source: Various pidemics. The figure clearly pidemics. tlements. June and also July to October as two main as two to October and also July June period for e depicts two peaks for major hazards peaks for depicts two concentrating in April for epidemics and for flood and August whereas July fire events for Similar can also be seen and landslides. impact on building damage (refer for the pattern database ofDesInventar this detail, seasonality for previous years in more www.desinventar.net). Figure2.2: Seasonality of occurrences of selected hazard types by month Source: DesInventar, 2011 Landslide There were several cases of landslides across the country claiming 67 casualties and affecting 2010). more than 17, 00 people (DesInventar, - The most affected districts were Taplejung Sadewa VDC displacing 18 families, 3 casualties, Khamlung VDC, Bajura, Jajarkot, Dolakha, Dhading, Syangja, Kaski and Illam districts. The Shankhuwasabha landslide displaced 280 people of 56 families as the rain triggered landslide at Shikhuwakhola VDC’s ward no. 4, 5 and 6 swept away 12 houses in the district on June 2010. The landslide had also demolished the suspension bridge over Newa River connecting ward no. 4 and 5 of the VDC. It had also caused harm to the VDC building, Kalika Secondary school and Balkanya Primary School. As the people fled the scene early, there was no human casualty. The highest numbers of casualties has been embankment and entered the human set ard y major four types ofy major hazard events (epidemics, fire, landslides and floods) fire, in all (epidemics, mainly and fire events, Epidemics regions. of anthropogenic in origin, are most frequent concentrated in region, and are in the Terai particular months (seasons); whereas hill region in monsoon landslides occur in season. The for the floods seasonal calendar depictsand landslides clearly that these are rainfall triggered events. Seasonality of Disasters and its Impacts other Disaster related human deaths and similar seasonality as that for losses show disaster occurrence with concentrations during the months of (Figure April to August stand out as the two and August 2.2). July the death toll appears to be month in which for about 3 times higher than the average The concentration ofthe year. death patterns during these months also correlates with the affected population. Figure 2.2 confirms March- showing it by The human mortality impact on is caused b No 8. Also boarder security post of Armed Police Force got inundated. The raising Mahakali River also breached its There was one human life lost reported from Kailali due to flood. Nearly 200 families got displaced in the district. Building and land of Saraswati School had been damaged. Around 80 houses got flooded in Mahendranagar W Inundated Boarder Security Post of Armed Police Force (APF), Mahendranagar Photo Courtesy: Chitrang Thapa, Kantipur National Daily Table 2.4: No. of buildings damaged and destroyed by different type of disasters in Nepal, 2010 Hazard Types No. of records/ Building Building Total (Destroyed events Destroyed Damaged & Damaged) Flood 191 1,611 6,093 7,704 Landslide 148 396 255 651 Fire/forest fire 378 2,131 90 2,221 Epidemics 128 - - -

Chapter 2 Hydro-meteorological 267 89 1,657 1,746 Other 439 32 358 390 Total 1,551 4,259 8,453 12,712

Source: DesInventar, 2011 Building Destruction and Damage necessary to analyze the building damage and destruction in more details. by Disasters Table 2.4 shows the occurrence of natural More than 12,000 buildings were either disasters events with the impact on buildings. destroyed or damaged by natural disasters Floods, landslides, fire and forest fire stand during the year 2010 (Table 2.4). This is a out as the main contributors of disaster huge loss for any country, especially for a related losses of buildings. Weather related weak economic country like Nepal. Damage events also cause building damage at a and destruction of buildings could be used significant level. as an important proxy for the estimation of direct disaster losses. Therefore, it is According to the data for 2010, out of the

Landslide in Kaski Displaced family in Bhirkot, Dolakha Photo Courtesy: Kantipur National Photo Courtesy: Ramesh, Nagarik Daily Newspaper Daily was halted along the 's Ilam- reported from Dolakha with nine deaths, seven Phidim section on August after landslides at from Dhading, and five each from Syangja, Kaski Gumbadanda of Pauwasartap VDC-7 of and Jajarkot districts due to landslides. Panchthar district blocked the road. The landslide of Mugling- Narayanghat Section Landslides in various parts of the hilly areas have obstructed . Similarly the further obstructed roads and affected vehicular movement was also obstructed in transportation. For eg; The vehicular movement some parts of Dhankuta and Sankhuwasabha

58 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 2 | 59 ive in Dang and four reater than US$ 1 million at least 6 times per year, US$ 10 million at least US$ 10 million least 6 times per year, twice every three years and US$ 100 million at least once every 13 years (GAR Country Report, 2011). and Economic losses due to small, medium Whereas for all hazards, the losses account Whereas for all hazards, equal to or g Landslide affected Dr. KI Singh Highway in Dadeldhura Photo Courtesy: Mohan Shahi, Kantipur National Daily Figure disasters in 2.3: Effect of natural building damage by hazard types 2010 Source: DesInventar, 2011 in Gorkha districts. In , Banke district, in Vibrio detected in 14 out of Cholerae has been 21 stool samples from patients suffering from diarrhoea. Over 1200 cases were reported and treated at the three major hospitals in the city. districts. Eight diarrhoea-related deaths have been reported in Banke, f Gulmi ere destroyed completely. ere destroyed district. Landslide in Ghamir VDC 47 engulfed district. Landslide in alive years old Chhote Darji. He was rescued and sent to Mission Hospital Palpa for the treatment. Floods in Hugdikhola, Letekhola and Lumdikhola has obstructed road along section. Also the Ridi-Rudrabeni-Wamitaksar reports of landslides disturbed passage from to Simaltari, Purkot Daha, Shantipur, Tamghas Ridi Balkot and also Sandhikharka. Landslide at Koralkhola section of Dr. KI Singh Highway has affected passengers travelling from Dadeldhura to Doti. Karnali Highway also got badly affected. Epidemic In the year 2010 the greatest loss of life was due to epidemic claiming 130 deaths throughout the country. Following the monsoon rains (June-July) and a contamination of drinking water sources, diarrhea cases were on the rise in several districts for one day due to the landslides. and The incessant rain triggered landslides obstructed several rural hill roads in Economic Loss due to DisastersEconomic Loss 2010 in year ConsortiumAn estimation made by de RiesgosEvaluación Naturales - América Latina (ERN-AL, 2011) for the economic loss due to disasters in Nepal using the losses caused show database DesInventar been have events hydro-meteorological by equal or greater than US$ 1 million at least 10 million more than US$ 5 times per year, at least once every 2 years and more than US$ 100 million at least once every 39 years. Among this some 61 percent building loss some 61 percent Among this fire (17%), by flood, caused by followed were (14 %) and events hydro-meteorological 2.3). Thelandslides (5%) (Figure ratios of and damaged could be buildings destroyed The ratio planning. used for shelter response average Further, for different disasters. varies ratio of is 1: 8.2; damage building per event causes damage event each in other words of 8 building. more than total buildings damaged and destroyed, about damagedtotal buildings and destroyed, w 33 percent large disasters are very significant. In terms of direct economic loss (reported and estimated), a total of NRs 10,735 million Methodology for for the period of 2010 was estimated (in year 2010 price index). Of this 3, percent Calculation of corresponds to destruction of buildings Economic loss while 53 per cent corresponds to hectares of damaged agricultural land and forest. The calculation of direct This is equivalent to about 1 percent of the economic losses due to disasters has been estimated with the country's annual development budget (Fiscal procedure followed by DIMS Chapter 2 year 2067/68)- 2009/2010. Nepal (DesInventar, 2005). The major attributes considered for Table 2.5 shows calculated and reported the calculation were: 1) reported values of disaster loss. The table compares direct loss in monetary form the economic loss due to disaster events (Nepalese Rupees - NRs), 2) the with total GDP of the country. About 1 loss of buildings (building destruction and building percent of GDP can be seen as the direct damage), 3) road damage, 4) loss loss due to disasters during the year 2010. of agricultural land, and 5) loss of This figure does not include the indirect livestock. The calculations are based on average market price of economic impacts of disasters in sectors the assets in year 2010. like agriculture, health, education etc. Apart from this (calculation based on DesInventar database), the Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA/GoN) and

system and the lack of personal and environmental sanitation awareness in the society. Fire In the year 2010 Fire (fire/forest fire) was one of the most frequently occurring disaster events claiming 61 deaths in the year and affecting more than 10,000 people across the country. Fire has wreaked havoc in several districts, destroying hundreds of houses and properties worth millions of rupees. Some of the major fire incidents were that of Aurahi-6, Siraha, where four persons were injured and 75 houses were gutted in a fire. According to the police, property worth Rs 1 Treatment to patients of diarrhoea laying on the floor in Bheri crore was destroyed in the fire. The fire was Zonal Hospital, beds were over occupied Photo Courtesy: Janak, Kantipur National Daily brought under control this evening with efforts from locals, police and army personnel and a According to DPHO Banke, the main reason fire tender from Lahan municipality. In yet behind the increased number of diarrhoea cases another incident in Hakpada-6, Siraha, twenty- were polluted water sources and water supply six houses were destroyed in a blaze on lines, the contamination of water as a result of Saturday along with one casualty in the the recent floods, the lack of a proper drainage incident.

60 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 2 | 61 ve disaster ve % of GDP of year 2010* % of 0.042 0.011 0.000 0.708 0.002 0.763 0.153 0.916 ire. The fire had damaged Rs. 400,000 property and six houses were gutted down on Wednesday. During the dry season, many incidents of outbreak of fire had taken place at the eastern Banke causing a loss of huge amount of property and houses. Around two weeks ago, one person died and one hundred houses were gutted in down 40 houses of 15 families. Police said that property worth Rs. 10 million was destroyed in the f event (see Box 2.1 for extensive and intensive 2.1 for extensive (see Box event Flood (of Koshi disaster risks) like 2008), the total however, or any earthquake events; to 1 percent equivalent loss scenario shows of small and medium sized lost by GDP is disasters (of is which in nature), extensive very significant for country Nepal. like The been considered in indirect loss has not calculation of The majority economic loss. attracting internationalattracting concern. Although, has not recorded intensi year 2010 6 1788.79 10735.75 Total Loss in Million NRs. Total 494.38 131.29 0.48 8300.73 20.09 8946.9 ire that also gutted 150 houses and ention (DWIDP) database has also database ention (DWIDP) otal Sectoral Reported Monetary Loss Loss Total Sector of Loss Building Destruction Building Damage Road Agriculture Land Livestock T *Total GDP for year 2010 is NRs. 1171.9 billion, Source: Economic Survey of Nepal, 2011 GDP for *Total Source: DesInventar, 2011 Table 2.5: Loss due to all types of disasters compared to gross domestic products all types of disasters compared to gross 2.5: Loss due to Table Fire in Hakpada-6 of Siraha district Photo Courtesy: Dev Narayan Shah, Kantipur National Daily In Kapilvastu, three persons were killed and 30 injured in a f Gedawajod, Ganeshpur-7, sheds of 70 families in of Kapilvastu. The Duhabi, Sunsari fire that broke out in the morning destroyed 40 houses at Duhabi Village development Committee (VDC) of Sunsari. The fire started from 4 am suddenly and gutted produced estimated value of value produced estimated disaster loss 1,398.19 million. NRs. in the year 2010 as The floods estimated loss due to landslides, has been presented as NRs. and avalanches 2011: 20). (DWIDP, 3,829.35 million. as EM- database such Comparing with other Nepal does not CRED, compiled by DAT in 2010 disaster event record any significant Department of Induced Disaster Water Prev of events in this year are small and medium sized. In terms of reported direct loss, the trend has been found increasing every decade (Figure 2.4). The reason behind this could be better reporting as well as increased vulnerability of the properties, especially Figure 2.4: Trend of reported loss value in increasing fire events. DesInventar Database for Nepal 1971-2010, by decades

Chapter 2 Loss in terms of Intensive and Extensive Disaster Source: DesInventar, 2011 Extensive disaster is mainly characterized by frequently occurring, low and medium intensity disasters, whereas intensive disaster are those infrequent, high intensity and very concentrated spatially. Extensive disasters are main caused for damage to property whereas, the intensive disasters are main contributor for higher mortality. Not only in developing countries, extensive disasters are major contributor to mortality in developed countries (GAR, 2010). However, small disasters are local in its extent and Figure 2.5: Major peaks of impact in terms frequent with notable accumulated social of deaths due to intensive disasters in 2010 Source: DesInventar, 2011

the worst case of fire in Narinapur even claimed two lives. Similarly five houses were gutted in a fire in Kandbari municipality-5, Sekaha In Udayapur, fire broke out at Galfadiya of in Sankhuwasabha destroying property worth Tapeshwori VDC-1 on Sunday, killing Kamala NRs. 7 million. Khatri, 26, and razing 15 houses and sheds. In Rautahat, 16 houses in a Muslim village of In Sindhuli, 17 huts and cowsheds were Malhiniya Tole in Rajpur Tulsi VDC were destroyed destroyed when a blaze engulfed Bekhataadi in a fire. Four houses were also destroyed in a of Tinkanya VDC-1 Police said property worth fire in Bharouliya of Swathi VDC in Nawalparasi. seven million rupees was destroyed there. In Rolpa, one person was killed and 12 injured in Fifty houses were gutted in a fire in Lohajara a fire at Gaurigaun in Rolpa. Fire that started VDC of Saptari destroying property worth Rs 5 from Bachchapaile community forest was out of million and rendering 18 families homeless. control and around 54 houses were destroyed In Dang/Banke, three persons were killed in the and more than 600 villagers were affected. fire while more than 50 houses were burnt to In Gaighat, the wildfire that broke out in the ashes. Similarly sixty-seven huts of landless Khanbu Community Forest in Khanbu VDC of people were gutted in fire in Bandarjhula of Udaypur destroyed four houses and cowsheds. Ayodhyapuri-9, Chitwan. The fire that had started in the houses from 4 pm on Friday was There were various other cases of spreading of brought under control only on Saturday noon. wildfire that have destroyed hundreds of hectares of forestland in Parbat, Bhojpur districts, In Dhankuta, the forest fire, which had spread , Bandevi and Dharampani forests in Palpa., in Thapchuwa, destroyed seven houses causing Sankhuwasabha, Sindhuli and Tehrathum the loss of property worth NRs. 1 million and districts.

62 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 2 The number of people reported affected (143,000 per year) remained stable in 2010, compared to the previous years in average. However, the number of affected people for year 2009 is about 377 thousand. This depicts that the year 2010 has significant low reports and thereby low level of human lives loss as compared to the year 2009. The year 2009 has significant level of reports

Chapter 2 on human casualties due to epidemics mostly from Tarai region of the country. Comparison of 2010 with disaster data of past 5 year’s Along with the increase in occurrence of disaster events, there is also a high increase in the average annual losses in the year. From 2005 up to 2007, there was moderate growth trend of disaster occurrence and associated Figure 2.6: Loss of human lives by districts human death. After 2007, the trend has during 2009 (above) and 2010 (below) shown excessive increase in both occurrences

Source: DesInventar, 2011 of disaster events as well as casualties. During this period, the drastic change in the pattern damanged in the year 2010. In both years of disaster deaths is caused due to floods fire and flood events are the major cause of and landslides. Notable is the fact that the loss. In terms of reported loss value due to overall scenario of deaths and building these particular events about NRs. 36 million destruction is dominated by small and has been reported for the year 2009, and medium sized events which also have high about NRs. 30 million has been reported impact on losses in aggregate. for 2010. The year 2009 has more reports Annual time-series distribution of the effect and higher loss records for landslides. of disasters on human deaths is shown in

Figure 2.7: Loss of human lives due to major disaster events in Nepal in year 2009 and 2010. Source: DesInventar, 2011

64 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 2 | 65 ield monitoring using The government agencies, notably, the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) conducts regular f nationwide network of hydrologic and climatologic monitoring stations. The Department Geology (DMG) conducts of Mines and earthquake monitoring using its 21 short period that seismic stations evenly located in a network are is spread over the country. While these data important for understanding the nature of also particular hazard types, they are important these to organize relief and rehabilitation. Usually agencies make the information for dissemination to public. Induced Disaster Prevention Department of Water water- (DWIDP) collects data on various types of induced disaster events such as soil erosion, etc. landslides, debris flow, flood, bank erosion GLOFs and other monsoon rains including associated disaster events (DWIDP, 2011). Nepal Red Cross Society (NRCS) collects disaster data aiming the evaluation of relief to disaster victims. NRCS collects data from the affected areas using its nationwide network of district chapters and local circles. It collects and collates information from others sources too. For example, NRCS collaborates with Nepal Police in collecting damage data. Hazard events occurred in Nepal for the period after 1971 have been also recorded and maintained in a database by National Society for Earthquake - Nepal (NSET). Details of events and Technology their impacts on human lives, properties are recorded in DesInventar System and are available in the DesInventar database. This database has served as an important tool for various analysis. 2005-2010 the most Source: DesInventar, 2011 ice of the Chief District Officer (CDO) of disaster occurrence and human deaths, of disaster occurrence Figure2.8: Annual time series distribution severe episodes ofsevere There human deaths. significant damagewere and destruction to 2009 and 2010. Thesebuildings in 2008, high rainfalls by characterized years were occurrence ofand excessive floods and landslides. Figure 2.8. ThisFigure 2.8. that the years figure shows and 2010 consisted 2008, 2009 The Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) is the apex The Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) is the of authority for collection and dissemination of disaster data in Nepal. Primarily, collection disaster related data, especially those pertaining done to deaths, injury and building damages is by the off Disaster Information System in Nepal Disaster Information System through its police network. The data is then of reported to Disaster Management Section MoHA, where the data is consolidated and released selectively. The MoHA disaster database records location, deaths, injury, loss of livestock, damage to buildings, land and other supply, infrastructures (road sector, bridge, water electricity) etc. Main purpose of MoHA database is to coordinate with national and international relief organizations to carry out works related to Water operation. Since 1993, the Department of been Induced Disaster Prevention (DWIDP) has to publishing the MoHA data on disasters due floods and landslides. is For large scale disasters, damage assessment such usually done by relevant specialized agencies as Ministry of Agriculture, Epidemiology and Disease Control Division (EDCD), Department of Roads etc. The Ministry of Agriculture carries out the damage assessment for the purpose of rehabilitation of the agricultural land and crops, especially those damaged by floods and landslides. Similarly EDCD, Department of Health Services (DHS) of Ministry of Health is tasked with controlling the epidemic events throughout the country and also to record the effects of epidemic events. The EDCD database is therefore focused on health issues. The Department of Roads (DoR), collects data related to damage of road sector, targeting program on repair and maintenance of roads. NSET with financial and technical support from etc. including queries with tables, graphics and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) thematic maps. This was developed and in the year 2003 endeavored to establish a successfully implemented by The Social Studies systematic data inventory of natural disaster Network for Disasters Prevention in Latin America events in Nepal. A standard data collection format (LARED). was developed and used to capture the data from different sources and entered into the The DesInventar Database of Nepal collects the "DesInventar System". The effort concluded information from published print media (i.e. daily preparing comprehensive database of all disasters newspapers) on daily basis. The information is occurred during 33 years (1971-2003). Later, NSET refined with different level of verification. The continued to update the data on regular basis attributes of such of the date includes - (hazard) Chapter 2 with its own resources for subsequent years. Up type, cause, occurrence date, administrative to date data is available in the DesInventar location of the event. In addition to this, the database. system collects information on the impact of hazard event with information on number of DesInventar1 is an inventory system, to register deaths and injury (casualties), number of housing data about characteristics and effects of diverse destroyed and damaged, number of affected types of natural disasters, from global or national population. The impact of event is also recorded. scales and/or local level. This includes a software system with two main components a) DesInventar Nepal DesInventar database includes attributes module - which is a relational and structural on the identified 27 types of hazard. As per their database through which the data is fed by filling source of origin, these hazard types as they in predefined fields and b) DesConsultar module appear in the system are further categorized that allows access to the database by queries that broadly into six categories of the events for the may include relations among the diverse variables present purpose of categorization (Table 2.6). of effects, types of events, causes, sites, dates, In the database, different types of losses are recorded, as a) reported loss due to particular 1 For details on the conception, methodology and use of event, which is directly mentioned in the source DesInventar see: www.desinventar.org, especially the of information, and b) calculated loss which is an methodological and user manuals presented there. Consult also the work of LA RED-OSSO for UNDP-ISDR. Comparative estimate of the total value of Analysis of Databases de disasters EmDat-DesInventar for property/infrastructure losses associated with more detail January 2003, at www.desenredando.org. For each event. DesInventar Database of Nepal, see: www.desinventar.net or www.nset.org.np

Global Database The emergency events database known as This database collects any disaster EM-DAT maintained by Centre for Research information using the criteria at least one on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) of the following fulfilled: a) 10 or more has been the only comprehensive global people reported killed, b) 100 or more people database on disaster events. It contains reported affected, c) declaration of a state essential core data on the occurrence and of emergency, d) call for international impacts of disasters worldwide dating from assistance. Large-scale disasters always 1900 to the present. Main objectives of this dramatically and immediately attract attention database are to assist humanitarian action of people and institutions including at both national and international levels; to humanitarian agencies and media. An rationalize decision making for disaster example of such event is Koshi Flood of preparedness; and to provide objective basis 2008 in Nepal which fall within the criteria for vulnerability assessment and priority by CRED and is included into the database. setting.

66 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 2 | 67 uction and rehabilitation purposes are least collected. For example, the data example, are least collected. For and DDRC collected in the districts by are focused on mechanism NRCS humanitarian and relief purposes whereas towards data is more oriented DWIDP reconstruction and mitigation purposes. On the other hand, criteria and standards data collector are also the major used by contribution of There these discrepancies. ofis lack common standards for disaster data collection in terms of its format as well ofas with stated objective the collection Themechanism. same dataset is considered to be good for relief as for as well reconstructionand rehabilitation but not Due to very meaningful for other purposes. the data induce problem for these variation, wider use. System also has some crucial DesInventar Gorkhapatra National Daily is limitations. source for the early the conclusive as taken period and specific government records reports)for(MoHA and DWIDP recent Therefore, the accuracy ofyears. the findings largely depends on the accuracy of data Number ofsource. data-cards does not purposes. The for data for the use purposes. reconstr valanche Events (as appeared in DesInventar Database of Nepal) Database of appeared in DesInventar Events (as Earthquake Epidemics, Plague Landslide, A Cold wave, Drought, Famine, Hailstorm, Heat wave, Heavy rains, Famine, Hailstorm, Heat wave, Heavy Cold wave, Drought, Storm, Strong wind, Thunderstorm Rains, Snow storm, and flash floods GLOFs Floods, Fire and Forest fires Panic, Pollution, Structure collapse, Boat capsize, Explosion, Biological, and Others -scale disasters occuring in every ire Floods F Hazard Type Earthquake Epidemics Landslides Hydro-meteorological Others Source: DesInventar, 2011 country (as do not meet such which CRED) criteria are always mentioned by database in many cases missing from such ofand also do not attract so much attention of This can be seen in Nepal's governments. has no EM-DAT example, For case too. record of in Nepal for 2010, disaster event Database collects a but Nepal DesInventar significant amount of data related to small level. and medium scale disasters at local impact ofThe cumulative small and such quite medium sized disasters could be significant for any country or region which remain unnoticed in the global database. captures all types database The DesInventar of of disaster events all sizes. Discrepancies in Disaster Data The discrepancies in the data from different databases maintained in Nepal are mainly and extent due to the differences in coverage of standards used in data collection disasters, system, definition of and events disaster criteria used and most importantly the purpose of data collected. Majority of data comes from relief by provided and rescue government and other humanitarian On the other side, numerous medium and numerous On the other side, smaller Table 2.6: Events catagories as per the Hazard Type catagories as 2.6: Events Table reflect the number of events. Natural events events has not been evaluated. The with same nature are generalized. For calculations for economic loss has been example: debris flow is included into made based on the direct physical losses and landslide and all types of transferable disease compared to the GDP of the country for affecting community are included into 2010. epidemic. The qualitative losses are calculated During the year 2010, though the database with the current general valuation of the has not recorded large disaster events as losses to find out the overall losses. Hence, previously occurred like Koshi Flood of the loss values may not be absolutely true 2008 in eastern Nepal and diarrhoeal in terms of monetary value. Chapter 2 outbreak Mid-Western and Far-Western By using standardized and comprehensive districts however, this year still records large database management system in disaster number of deaths and significant impact on data collection, this discrepancies can be economy. About 1 percent of GDP is recor- minimized for much wider use by all ded lost by disasters of varied intensities. stakeholders. The incompatibility among The disasters recorded during this year were disaster databases can also be minimized flash floods, inundation and landslides and the data can be made more meaningful. throughout the country as a result of incessent rains after 21 August 2010, fire Conclusions events in April destroying about 500 houses in different part of the country, and The DesInventar database has been serving epidemics and cold waves were very frequent as a significant source of information on in months of January, April and August. disasters in Nepal for the period of 1971 onwards. This gives an important and The data has given significant oversight for comprehensive information for historical the dominance of small and medium size events occurred in Nepal as reported in events as well as associated economic loss. different media sources. Primarily, the present Estimation and comparison shows one of report has evaluate d the disaster scenarios the good application of such data for various and losses from the DesInventar of database. sector of disaster risk reduction with The impact of disasters were evaluated in improved understanding in DRR. The data terms of tangible losses including human has also been used for pioneering casualties (deaths and injury), affected applications in risk assessment (for example population, impact on housing (building applying the methodology used in the GAR destroyed and damaged), loss of livestock, 2009) and also it has helped to prioritize loss of agriculture land/crop and reported disaster risk reduction planning at different direct loss. The secondary losses due to levels in the country.

68 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 2

| 69

Source : Economic Survey, 2010/11, Vol.1, GoN, MoF July 2011 July MoF GoN, Vol.1, 2010/11, Survey, Economic : Source

*GDP data, Nepal for the year of 2010/11 were used for the estimate the for used were 2010/11 of year the for Nepal data, *GDP

Total 494,375,500 8,300,730,000 480,000 131,286,150 1,788,788,252 0.000 0.011 0.042 0.153 20,088,000 0.002 0.708

Tarai 8,587,500 245,575,000 - 48,797,150 2,485,500 - 0.004 0.001 0.000 288,000 0.000 0.021

Mountain 24,112,000 600,000 - 360,800 150,000 - 0.000 0.002 0.000 0 0.000 0.000

Hill 9,198,000 0 - 2,660,600 2,800,000 - 0.000 0.001 0.000 36,000 0.000 0.000

Far Western Far

Tarai 18,798,000 271,855,250 - 7,091,100 133,932,000 - 0.001 0.002 0.011 312,000 0.000 0.023

Mountain 5,632,000 150,000,000 - 136,550 20,490,000 - 0.000 0.000 0.002 1,800,000 0.000 0.013

Hill 28,438,500 67,545,000 - 1,615,800 27,091,000 - 0.000 0.002 0.002 348,000 0.000 0.006

Mid Western Mid

Tarai 28,433,000 2,294,250,000 - 20,269,950 37,850,000 - 0.002 0.002 0.003 36,000 0.000 0.196

Mountain 792,000 7,375,000 - 8,800 108,404,000 - 0.000 0.000 0.009 216,000 0.000 0.001

Hill 14,517,500 97,082,250 480,000 2,827,200 144,884,752 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.012 6,132,000 0.001 0.008

Western

Kathmandu Valley Kathmandu 2,748,000 0 - 1,483,050 149,073,000 - 0.000 0.000 0.013 0 0.000 0.000

Tarai 17,393,000 744,572,500 - 2,474,850 58,385,000 - 0.000 0.001 0.005 888,000 0.000 0.064

Mountain 2,711,000 6,150,000 - 272,800 31,750,000 - 0.000 0.000 0.003 96,000 0.000 0.001

Hill 96,652,500 112,704,500 - 2,104,400 29,780,000 - 0.000 0.008 0.003 5,652,000 0.000 0.010

Central

Tarai 194,592,000 4,012,550,500 - 34,346,650 730,124,000 - 0.003 0.017 0.062 900,000 0.000 0.342

Mountain 11,023,000 0 - 654,900 50,350,000 - 0.000 0.001 0.004 3,120,000 0.000 0.000

Hill 30,747,500 290,470,000 - 6,181,550 261,239,000 - 0.001 0.003 0.022 264,000 0.000 0.025

Eastern

Destruction Damaged * Damaged Damaged Damaged (Ha) Damaged Monetory Region

Building Building GDP of % Road GDP of % Agriculture and Forest and Agriculture GDP of % Livestock GDP of % Reported GDP of % % of GDP of % Physiographic

Development / Development Losses Value (NRs.) (compared to the GDP at current price of the year 2009/10, value 1183 billion NRs) billion 1183 value 2009/10, year the of price current at GDP the to (compared (NRs.) Value Losses Table 2.7: Economic losses due to disasters, 2010 disasters, to due losses Economic 2.7: Table Floods and landslides caused by torrential monsoon rains in the Southern districts of Banke, Bardiya, Dhanusa, Siraha and Saptari Photo Courtesy: www.wfp.org / WFP/James Giambrone

70 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 CHAPTER 3 : IMPACTS AND LESSONS OF MAJOR PAST DISASTERS

| 71 People stranded as the road washed away by the Koshi Flood, 2008 Photo Courtesy: http://bordernepal.wordpress.com 72 | Chapter 3 | 73 Chapter 3 Chapter he earthquake claimed Figure 3.2: Sectorwise loss Source: Thapa, N., 1988 668 lives in Eastern Development Region in Eastern Development 668 lives Region. Development and 53 in Central in Sunsari district seen Highest death toll was and Panchthar by with 138 followed 1988) district. (Thapa,Udayapur N., (Direct)Sector wise Loss The economic loss estimated total direct 5 billion NRs (JICA 2002). Thewas damage to housing ($78.5 million), was in dollar value roads and bridges by ($62.4 million) followed ($32 million). Theand schools total direct estimate of damage $ 172 million was M., 2002). A. & Preece, (Kreimer, Damage other to Housing and buildings The earthquake left more than 460,000 A total ofpersons homeless. 64,174 private damaged 21,976 houses were among which completely damagedwere and 42,198 were seriously damaged could not be used which 790 468 public buildings, further. 158 Village buildings, Government people injured (1657 seriously injured and people injured (1657 T 4896 minor injured). Geology Figure 3.1: Earthquake intensity map Source: Department of Mines and ent Scenario Impacts and Lessons of Major Past Disasters of Major Past and Lessons Impacts Human Casualty The left 721 people dead and 6,553 quake Ev years of 20, 1988 after 54 In August the occurrence of great the Bihar-Nepal another hit by Nepalearthquake, was earthquake of medium size (Magnitude: 6.5 55 Min. local time. scale) at 04 Hrs. Richter the entire Eastern and partIt rocked of the Its epicentre Regions. Central Development km southeast of about 160 at Udaypur, was Kathmandu. It lasted about 40 seconds The epicentralintensity affecting 22 districts. found to be VIII MMI in Katari,was Dharan suffered a higher order and Dhankuta which of Structural damage. damage and other seen in intensity zone VII and effects were There 6 major aftershocks were VI also. with magnitude greater scale. than 4 Richter The common ground effects that were observed faulting and ground are surface liquefaction, lateral fissuring, landslides, ground oscillation and sand boils. spreads, A, 1989). (Dixit, A. M. & Koirala, The Earthquake 1988 Udaypur Roads Damage Damages to roads were mainly due to liquefaction, ground fissuring, landslides and embankment failures. About 1.5 Km road segment of Dharan-Dhankuta Road section of Koshi Highway was breached near Bhedetar, Dhankuta district due to debris slide and rockfall. Traffic was closed for several months. Similarly road embankment

Chapter 3 failure and ground fissuring due to liquefaction was seen in -Dharan road section of Koshi Highway. A 100 m. long stretch of the gravel road of -Dhanusha road near Sarsa village, Figure 3.3: Building damage in Naya Bazar of Dhanusha district was seen damaged with Dharan a subsidence of 30 cm due to the causative buildings and 150 religious sites phenomenon of liquefaction, ground were damaged. Similarly, 346 schools were fissuring, embankment failure. The road was completely damaged while 604 schools were repaired by filling and compaction. Similarly, seriously damaged which could not be used a 300 m. long stretch of Mahendra highway- further. (Thapa, N., 1988) Katari road near Phulbaria Village, Siraha Regarding damage to buildings, the following facts were observed • Adobe type of buildings collapsed extensively in the middle belt of Eastern Terai. • Mud mortared stone masonry buildings in the hilly region sustained heavy damage structurally. • Old 2-3 storey brick masonry buildings sustained serious cracks in the walls. • Cement mortared brick construction and RC frame structures performed rather fairly well. • Landslide and ground fissuring were Figure 3.4: The damage of road partly the causes of damage of buildings in Koshi Highway in Lower intensity zones. Livestock loss district and a 250 m. long stretch of road It was reported that the earthquake took the embankment of Mahendra Highway-Gaighat life of about 1566 cattles throughout the road near Kadamaha, Siraha district showed country with 1341 in Eastern Development slumping and fissuring. Subsidence in several Region and 225 in Central Development segments in 10-30 Km of Phidim-Taplejung Region. (Thapa, N., 1988) road was seen near Bharepa, Panchthar district due to debris slide. The road was

74 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 3 | 75 the dug wells within the wells the dug liquefaction zones in the Terai region in the Terai liquefaction zones phenomena ofexperienced the sand intrusion filled them up partially which or spilling into water wholly with sand resulting for muddy the brim. The was water over led to a which days many subsequent shortage of in the clean drinking water A goodvillages. majority of the hand tube within the area startedwells flowing without in days for several being pumped. It lasted In the eastern partmany cases. of Siraha district many of the bamboo borings of to tap artesianwater depth 6-12 m. driven for irrigation got plugged for the whole depth the intruded by sand. Deep tube wells (Depth ground 100 m.) bored for tapping for irrigationwater village in Bhagwanpur of several ejected but by Siraha district was cm. damaging the foundation and connecting (Dixit, A. M. & engine. shaft to the driving 1989) A, Koirala, Indirect Impact 1995 According to CBS Statistical Yearbook the Ministry of and Economic Survey, 1995, the total hazard loss due to Finance, is 6,099 million which NRs. disaster was 23.69 % of GDP (The NRs. GDP was 25,749 million) and 64.69% of Development expenditure expenditure (The Development 9,428 million) in the year 1988 NRs. was when the country struck eastern was by Nepal The seen in earthquake. effect was In 1989, it was subsequent year as well. 15.34% of33.84% of GDP and Three percent expenditure. Development (about $14 million) of fiscal year’s the 1989 budget allocated for was development reconstruction and rehabilitation. Relief Effort The government of Nepal mounted an initial relief areas, operation for the affected the Ministrycoordinated by of Housing and Dug and Tube Wells Tube Dug and of Almost all oirala, A, 1989) oirala, A, closed for several months. (Dixit, A. M. & (Dixit, A. months. several closed for K Bridges and Culverts Displacement of spans of individual the bridges many noticed in multispanned was A shortening ofrivers. the bridge 17 cm. by Bridge monitored at Gehri had was which a span of m. A majority of 20.7 the culverts in Kamala-Biring of stretch Khola the conspicuous showed Mahendra Highway displacement of slabs on either approach was the earthquake which abutment by a settlement ofaccompanied by 10-25 cm. ofDevelopment (3-5 cm wide) with cracks and undulation of displacement relative the of blocks individual noticed were causeways at the crossings of in Dauri Bagaha river village, Gaighat road and at the Mauli river crossing of Mahendra Highway. ofDevelopment were tension cracks observed of in the abutments the bridges rivers. and Mawa across Urikhola, Ratuwa resting pad on Concrete (RC) Reinforced ofeach the three piers of bridge a four-span The failure. shear showed in Duhabi River bridge pushed into the left abutment was displacement some mm. In some bridges, by (Dixit, seen along constructionwas joints. A, 1989) A. M. & Koirala, Irrigation Canals Many hill irrigation canals in intensity zones the by or covered breached VIII-VII were induced landslide and others started leaking the along the ground by fissures developed Ofseismic loading. the irrigation canals in only the Kamala main canal west Tarai, along horizontal longitudinal crack showed and longitudinal fissures in the the side wall bed while the minor canal from tube well 4 ofNo. village Bhagwanpur of Siraha damageddistrict was due to shearing and Similar effects places. tensioning at several in other lined canals in Tarai. seen were A, 1989) (Dixit, A. M. & Koirala, Physical Planning (MHPP). Constitution of family for the affected families. In Sunsari a Central Earthquake Affected Areas district, it was increased to 80 kg per family Reconstruction and Rehabilitation having more than 5 members in the family Committee (CEAARRC) under the whereas it was reduced to 20 kg per family chairmanship of the Minister of Housing in those districts which were less affected. and Physical Planning, responsible for 25,842.64 kg of rice amounting to NRs. coordinating the programme was done. 24,850,000.00 was distributed in total. Government undertook needs assessment (Thapa, N., 1988) and mobilized Army, Police, Nepal Red Cross and Local Government and Rastriya Chapter 3 Panchayat (parliament) representatives to provide relief. This relief included care for the injured, financial compensation to individuals and communities, and some materials for emergency shelter. Government formally decided on 24 August to request international relief assistance. Donors were advised to contribute cash grants to procure emergency items. Medicine and food was the first priority and second priority items comprise: heavy duty plastic sheeting blankets, cloth (not used clothing), tents/temporary shelter, gabion wire, Figure 3.5: Relief materials corrugated iron sheets, polyethylene pipes, distribution mobile hospitals and ambulances. As a result, Medicines donation of NRs. 47,202,861.16 from foreign countries and of NRs. 42,848,410.71 from About 103 medical doctors were sent from internal organizations and individuals were Kathmandu to affected areas of Eastern received. According to UNDRO Situation Development Region. 5542.60 kg medicines Report, the contributions made from UN were distributed in Eastern Development system to GoN was US$ 76,000 and that Region and Sindhuli district of Central from NGOs was US$ 465,800 while that Development Region. Medicines amounting from different governments was US$ to NRs. 2,192,646.18 were received from 2,242,992 (UN Department of Humanitarian Home Ministry, Health Ministry, World Affairs) Health Organizations, foreign countries, different organizations and individuals. Relief Money 5305.50 kg medicines amounting to NRs. Government provided relief money of NRs 11,820,780.73 were distributed to earthquake 2,000 for a death, NRs 1,000 for loss of a affected people. (Thapa, N., 1988) house to the earthquake affected people. A Shelter total of NRs. 62,152,900 (NRs. 1,442,000 for death and NRs. 60,710,900 for loss of Plastic sheets for emergency shelter were a house) was distributed to those people. provided immediately by GoN. 271,448 (Thapa, N., 1988) Plastic sheets amounting to NRs. 10,109,796.71 were distributed for the Food Distribution affected people. Apart from plastic sheets, Government provided 40 kg of rice per 481 Shade traps, 22,155 blankets, 427 ground

76 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 3 | 77 ram for reconstructionof of technical a credit and them to execute prog assistance earthquake damaged houses. Projects earthquake damaged houses. Loan Programincluded the Housing and and improved ('chulo') stove the smokeless latrine ('charpi') construction. was MHPP for responsibility assigned overall coordination of the national reconstruction rehabilitation effort. House reconstruction three major the by implemented loans were Under and ADB. NBL Nepalese Banks-RBB, two there were Office, the EAARRP Project 27 district offices each regional offices and 254 some a district engineer, headed by for the housing overseers and sub overseers reconstruction program in the affected initial training They all given were districts. in basic earthquake resistance technology Based on the location offor housing. the three types of there were house, loans: Rural ofloans maximum 10,000, District NRs. ofCenter loans maximum 20,000, and NRs. or urban loans maximum Nagar Panchayat of 50,000. The repayment terms NRs. were years 5,000: 1% interest for 8 a) First Rs. with a 2 year grace period on principal and interest 5,000: 10% interest, b) Second NRs. for 8 years with a 2 year grace period on 10,000: NRs. principal only and c) Above grace15% interest for 8 years with a 2 year Merrillperiod on principal only (Robert loan recipients give 1990). To Inc., Padco, the opportunity adequate choices to make construction,about disaster-resistant they through demonstration to walk required were The houses built near the lending banks. cost-effective, models emphasized simple, as bonding earthquake-resistant features such and securing gableat the corners, walls, openings and secure lintels over providing roof In district headquarters structures. and mandatory it was to incorporate urban areas, M., A. & Preece, (Kreimer, features such 2002). Disbursement of being was loans in the which instalments, done in two majority of equal. First instalment cases were , 48 rolls of, 48 rolls tarpaulin along with nylon ropes, folding beds, and corrugated beds, folding nylon ropes, to support also distributed iron sheets were 1988) (Thapa,N., the shelter response. and ReconstructionRecovery Efforts GoN requested support from the donor International including community housing for Association (IDA) Development Bank for road and the Asian Development reconstruction. together Government with system and interested United Nations on identification of worked donors, post- Preliminary requirements disaster needs. pre-fabricated housing constructionwere bailey cement, iron rods, components, provided UNDP/UNDRO bridges. The government assistance. technical donor agencies for grant various approached and loan assistance to carry out the recovery The provided ADB and rehabilitation works. emergency assistance in reconstructing roads, bridges and public buildings damaged in the Bank through IDA Theearthquake. World a loan ofprovided 1,062,400,000 NRs. 41.5 million to GoN for to US$ equivalent and Nepal Municipal Development Earthquake Emergency Housing a housing Reconstruction Project in which reconstruction appended component was to the already appraised Municipal Bank, Project. (The World Development 1997) and Reconstruction phase The Recovery started from September 20, 1988. The policy the the government was adopted by preference for loan rather than grant even assistance to the affected households, Bank guidelines permit though World emergency relief to be in the form of grants. program a comprehensive GoN launched of reconstruction and rehabilitation on September 22, 1988. The Nepal Earthquake Affected Areas Reconstruction and one Project (EAARRP) was Rehabilitation sheets, 20,073 utensils, 27,130 clothes, 80 27,130 clothes, 20,073 utensils, sheets, trousers was based on field verification by the homes. 84% built entirely new houses Panchayat Chairman and Ward Chairman because of the extent of damage to their or member. To ensure proper use of the original homes. Only a small minority were loan and to motivate builders to adopt reported having received adequate earthquake resistance measures, technical guidance/training from the Project Unit in verification by the Project’s District Engineer construction techniques, although the or Overseer was a requirement for the majority incorporated some strengthening second instalment. (Robert Merrill Padco, features to increase earthquake resistance. Inc., 1990) (The World Bank, 1997)

Chapter 3 The housing loan programme was completed In 1992, GoN decided to convert housing within two years, i.e., on the end of Fiscal reconstruction loans of NRs. 5,000 into Year 2047/048 (1991). As only those who grants, and waive repayment of the first were listed in the Relief booklet were eligible NRs. 5,000 of those with loans up to NRs. for the loan, all the affected families could 10,000. Low income borrowers accounted not be covered by the relief operation. for 23551 loans with a total waived value of Concerns were raised by various district NRs. 15,368,848. Those whose loans committees on this shortcoming. In order exceeded NRs. 10,000 did not get any such to accommodate those who were in concession. In the budget of Fiscal Year advertently left out by the relief team, the 2052/53 (1995/96) NRs 10,000,000 was set central committee decided to grant authority aside for the purpose of waiving the loan to each district committee to select additional amount of NRs 5,000 for the loanees who families to the limit of 7% of the original have received the loans not more than NRs number of listed families in the district. 1 0,000 (The World Bank, 1997). Due to Thus, in total about 70,000 families were this waiver, loanee of more than NRs 10,000 expected to benefit from the loan also expected the same. Those who were programme based on the information, about not granted any relief felt that they have 78% of the total families obtained either been unfairly treated and should have at the first or both installments. About 54% least benefited from the waiver on their first of these receiving first installments had NRs. 5,000 of borrowings. The commercial obtained second installments as well. 51,778 banks continued to hold these non- households were served out of this amount. performing assets while being theoretically 5,369 homes were built under the supervision liable for the corresponding repayments to of the project technician and which have GoN, the borrowers were unable to sell the some measures of earthquake resistant assets they used as collateral at the time of features (The World Bank, 1997). The borrowing. Therefore, only few loanees number of grants allocated for latrine repaid the loan and hence the repayment of construction and smokeless stoves was less the outstanding loans was extremely poor. than one-quarter of the appraisal estimate of 55,000 households mainly because of the EAARRP also established a separate School insufficient effort to raise public awareness Rehabilitation Unit (SRU) and recruited of the value of such facilities. (The World about 500 skilled masons/carpenters to Bank, 1997) supplement EAARRP field staff of engineers and overseers. Designs for typical A survey of 1% of loan beneficiaries (500 school buildings were being prepared by the households) carried out in 1993 showed that architectural section of the EAARRP 97% of them used the loan to rebuild their implementation unit. The community

78 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 3 | 79 nature of project, no affordability the for loan into account taken criteria were Thehad to be on recipients eligibility. the original relief list and had to be citizens of in Nepal. Because of and live not the affordability criterion was this, into consideration while issuing taken the loan. Any future housing loan to be based strictly programs have would on the ability and willingness of to repay the loan. borrowers substantially subsidized in order to reach Ifthe rural poor. an expanded program any subsidies to be financially viable, was to be applied judiciously, have would quantified and placed on the budget. treat the housing loan as commercial There no repayment were loans. calculated. All the banks and schedules be the people knew that the loan had to of None repaid within eight years. the interest banks calculated the effective type ofrates for each loan. Moreover, type not summarized by records were and size of loan. Therefore, knowledge of repayment amounts and dates for the of as the grace the loan as well period of of principal and the due date interest are mandatoryand to the bank branches loanee for any loan programme to be self action must Corrective sustaining. in the loan programmealso be taken to encourage the habit of repayment, especially of grace interest during the period on district centers and urban loans. vailable for those requiring larger for those requiring sums for vailable right from the start,right from loans with top-up a house reconstruction (The World Bank, house reconstruction (The World on the foregoing,1997). Drawing some of learnedthe significant lessons from the housing loan programme could be which housing loan used in a nationwide programme are as follows: a. - Due to the emergency Affordability b. b. Subsidy - The programme was c. – Banks did not Schedule Repayment uction was undertaken basis of on the agreements with or School Village Panchayats the respective It completed Reconstruction Committees. the construction of classrooms by 15578 1996. on The schedule completed on project was In total US$ 23.4 million were 30, 1996. June Despite some to GoN. IDA disbursed by the outcome ofdrawbacks, the Earthquake Emergency Reconstruction Housing judgedComponent was to be satisfactory from the government side because about to 300,000 people benefited from loans Thereconstruct funds were homes. their few cases disbursed rapidly and there were of misuse of The dedication efforts, loans. ofand achievements the project staff in assisting the affected families in rebuilding financial and providing their homes by support them adopt technical and make earthquake or restraint improved construction to safeguard building technique against recognized future earthquakes was the awarded UNCHS/Habitat which by Project its Scroll of Honor in 1993. Lessons learned Every disaster is an opportunity to learn that the This earthquake showed something. current building construction practice was moderate not strong enough to resist even the it drew Consequently, earthquakes. attention of the government for the need of in current changes and improvement building construction practices in Nepal led to the formation which of National Building Code. housing loan, expertsRegarding think that to only partly a mistake convert it was emergency relief grants from loans into because of it had set. It the precedent that been simpler and better to have have would offered modest grants to all genuine victims participation maintained in the was tradition project. Constr proposed d. Loan Recovery – There was political not to pay the loan. So, it can be said pressure from local Panchayat politicians that loan recovery was not enforced or to certify second installments and/or was highly politicized. If loan recovery ‘chulo/ latrine’ grants which did not would be not enforced or would allow the technicians to work on their politicize, it will set precedence for any own. Moreover, they encouraged people future loan programme.

Chapter 3 Box 3.1: Post 1988 Diary Important Dates Event August 20, 1988 Earthquake of 6.5 Richter scale hit Nepal, the epicenter being Udaypur August 24, 1988 GoN requested for international relief assistance September 22, 1988 Comprehensive program of Recovery and Reconstruction launched-EAARRP started April 7, 1989 Agreement between GoN and IDA for Municipal Development and Housing Reconstruction Project 1989 Credit granted for Earthquake School Rehabilitation Program 1990-92 Political change, dissolution of Nagar Panchayats and the appointment of interim municipality boards prior to elections in mid- 1992 July 1991 Housing Loan Program completed 1992 GoN decided to convert housing reconstruction loans of NRs. 5,000 into grants, and waive repayment of the first NRs. 5,000 of those with loans up to NRs. 10,000 March 1995 A large part of the credit SDR 5.51 million was cancelled by IDA in March 1995 due to 1996 NRs 10,000,000 was set aside by GoN for the purpose of waiving the loan amount of NRs 5,000 for the loanees who have received the loans not more than NRs 1 0,000 February 27, 1996 Schools Rehabilitated Unit of EAARRP completed the construction of 15578 classrooms June 30, 1996 Earthquake School Rehabilitation Program completed Earthquake Affected Areas Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Project (EAARRP) completed

80 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 3 | 81 17 VDCs, namely, Tistung, namely, 17 VDCs, 500-800 sq. km with a length of east-west maximum 60 km and a north south width of 25 km. Flooding/landslide disaster of 1993 is a periodic extreme it is not so unlikely and event, events or uncommon. Such occurred in the past. It have hugeis estimated that such destruction a caused by was 78-year precipitation event (Dhital et al. 1993). Direct Loss and Damage Human Lives Nearly 160 persons from these areas died. VDCs’ located far were the Rapti Valley in down floods triggered this torrential by rain. Nearly 8,000 families of , Palung, Daman, Agra, Gogane, Bajrabarahi, Palung, Khairang, Kankad, Raksirang, Namtar, Bharta,Surikhet, Kalikatar, Bhimphedi, in Makawanpur Markhu, and families from Naubise, district, and 3,000 and Gajuri Pida, Baireni, Thakre, Tasarpu, affected by district, were VDCs in Dhading this rainfall. Another very high intensity precipitation occurredevent the Churia and in the in part oflower the Mahabharat Range July on after the heavy 20, 1993, one day area. This precipitation in the Daman-Palung area of high precipitation fell in the eastern part of District (Phaperbari- Makawanpur Raigaun), in the southern part of Kavre and in the western district (Milche-Saldhara), part of (Hariharpur-Marin Sindhuli district Khola). The total precipitation recorded in the Hariharpur hours was area within 24 more than 500 mm. High intensity concentrated in about precipitations was red in the upper part of Figure and flood disasters 3.6: Area affected by landslides during high intensity rainfall of July 19 -20, 1993 Source: Dhital et al. 1993 Event Scenario Event intensity precipitation Unprecedented high (cloud burst) occur the Mahabharat Range of and Makawanpur major three covering Dhading districts, the east, Trishuli sheds- Bagmati in waters in the north, and Rapti in the south - on 19, 1993. July ofThe volume within 24 hours, precipitation area, rangedrecorded within the from 362 in the southernmm at Nibuwatar part of the Mahabharat Range to 320 mm at the 337 mm at Markhu dam site, Kulekhani and (1530 m), 373 mm at Daman (2,364 m), ofa maximum 539.5 mm at Tistung (1,940 high intensity rainfall occurredm). Such sq. km. with a maximum about 530 over length ofeast-west 40 km and maximum north-south width of 20 km (Figure 3.6). the Almost all the VDCs located in Mahabharat Range and its adjoining areas of and Dhading districts were Makawanpur debris flows and landslides, affected by The 1993 Flood of Nepal South-Central Table 3.1: Losses due to infrastructure damage/failure

Sn. Infrastructure Location Description 1 Saptari, Sunsari Nearly every year, thousands are affected 2 River embankment Dhanusa 1998: 200 houses, 4,500 families affected 3 Ring dam Rautahat 1978: 4 casualties, 850 houses damaged, 4,500 4 Irrigation dam families affected 5 Check dam Rautahat, Sarlahi 1993: 793 casualties, 9500 houses, 14,500 livestock, 6 Hydropower dam

Chapter 3 Rapti, Chitwan 31,500 families affected 1990: 26 casualties, 880 houses damaged; 1993: 24 casualties, 2,206 houses damaged, 5,880 livestock, 5293 affected Syangja 1990: 5 casualties; opening gate at Andhikhola dam

Source: Khanal 1996, Chhetri and Bhattarai 2001 also affected by the flood generated by the Roads rain. Five thousand families in seven VDCs, • Mass movements on Highways and namely, Bhandara, Piple, Kathar, Kumroj, Adjacent Regions Bachhauli, Padampur, and Khaireni of The floods and heavy rain caused severe Chitwan district (about 40-60 km damage to the roads (Dhital et al. 1993). downstream from the area of high intensity The damage was confined to the gullies, rain) were also affected, and 22 persons were steep soil slopes, and slopes with highly swept away. Similarly, 1,600 families from weathered rock. Gully erosion and alluvial five VDCs, namely, Manohara, Handikhola, fans either destroyed or blocked the road Basamadi, Bhaise, and Nibuwatar in in several places. The road very close to Makawanpur district, were affected, and 33 the river channel also suffered from bank persons were swept away by the floods on scouring, whereas, in several places, small the Rapti River. debris fan debouched on the road. By the second rain further 1,600 families in • Damage to the and Kavre District, 11,000 families in Sindhuli Adjacent Area District, and 4,000 families in Makawanpur There were more than 2,000 landslides District were affected. Similarly, about 35,000 (with major landslides in more than 200 families in Rautahat and Sarlahi districts in places) ranging in size from tens of the downstream areas (20-60 km south) were square metres to thousands of square affected and a total of 760 persons were metres. swept away by the flood. There were about 20 places with severe washouts. Areas where heavy damages The July 1993 flood/landslide disaster was occurred were Naubise (Km 26), Around the second very big natural disasters that Jhapre (Km 49- Km 53), between Nepal faced after only five years of the 1988 Sikharkot and Daman (Km 71 – Km eastern Nepal earthquake. During this flood 76), between Aghor and Mahabhir (Km disaster five hundred thousand people were 89-98), around Bhainse Dobhan, and at affected and about 1500 people died. Bulbule (Km 122-123). More than 100

82 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 3 | 83 452 Source: Khanal 1996 the Trisuli River, about 500 about River, the Trisuli 620 left bank of left bank m west ofm west away washed was Malekhu, completely. the Blue Heaven Restaurant, situated on the situated Restaurant, the Blue Heaven Damage to the Kulekhani Reservoir Area Huge amount of brought into sediment was The this event. by Reservoir the Kulekhani survey carried the Department out by of Soil Conservation (DSC 1994), in March 1993, in the 1993 and 31 December the indicated that Reservoir Kulekhani sediment deposited during the 1993 about 771 hectare-metres. monsoon was During the period, the gross capacity of the cubic 10.19 million reservoir reduced by was metres of its capacity at construction, of 7.71 million cubic metres ofwhich sediment The Kunchal- due to the 1993 floods. were Penstock the Kulekhani Road, Kulekhani the portalpipe, of I tailrace the Kulekhani oftunnel, and the intake II the Kulekhnai damaged. The also severely damagewere to pipe alone amounted Penstock Kulekhani 1993). to about 200 million NRs (Dhital et al. Damage to Bagmati Barrage The Bagmati Barrage at Karmaiya in Sarlahi damaged the flood by severely District was estimated at more than 150 and losses were million NRs (Upreti and Dhital 1996). Flow at Phedigaun The Debris Khola in Phedigaun located in the Palung affected Central Nepal most severely was 62 people 1993 disaster in which the July by destroyed and 52 houses were killed were (Dhital et al. 1993). About 2 square kilometres of land and the the cultivated night during the away village washed were of 1993. 19th July, 64 213 Table 3.2: Infrastructure Damage in July 1993 in Nepal Table ere damaged. The bridge at Mahabhir, 367 Bhaninse, and Trikhandi were completely were and Trikhandi Bhaninse, the out and the bridgewashed over khola the Sankhamul Sopyang Khola and partiallywere damaged (Dhital et al. 1993). Surroundings Considerable damage to the Prithivi incurred debris floods, was by Highway According to the and landslides. flows, the Department by data provided of the cost ofRoads, the damage along the is estimated to be about Highway Prithivi The Malekhu Khola 572 million NRs. Bridge with a span of washed 44 m was the Belkhu Khola Bridge, Similarly, away. with a span of 66 m, and the Agra Khola Bridge, with a span of 88 m were (Dhital et al. 1993). The Prithvi destroyed by either damaged was severely Highway or damaged landslides by River the Trisuli In those areas, in more than 50 places. also damaged were the retaining walls considerably. is very close the highway areas, In several the river areas, such In to the river. scoured the road and deposited from one to three metres of sand and gravel. bridges suspension also were Several damaged or severely away either washed On the other during the same event. hand, the flood, slides soil and rock-and damaged the road and adjacent slope at around Mahadev Besi, Galchi, Naubise, Belkhu, Gajuri, Malekhu, Benighat, Bisal During the same event, and Jogimara. Tar, metres of 23 culverts and retaining walls w FMIS: Farmer-managed Irrigation System Roads (km) Bridges (num) Dams (num) FMIS (num) Public Buildings (num) •its and Damage to the Prithvi Highway Table 3.3: Estimated loss of lives and property from landslides and floods of 19-22 July 1993 Sn. Loss of Lives & Property Quantity/Unit 1 Dead 1,336 persons 2 Missing 201 persons 3 Injured 110 persons 4 Families affected 85,451 families 5 Houses destroyed 18,322 no 6 Houses damaged 20,721 no Chapter 3 7 Public buildings lost 452 no 8 Land loss 57,013 ha 9 Livestock loss 25,628 no 10 Roads destroyed 366 km 11 Number of bridges destroyed 213 no 12 Dam destroyed 34 no 13 Number of Irrigation Channels destroyed 620 no 14 Total Estimated Loss of Property NRs 4,901 million

Source: Chhetri and Bhattarai 2001 Other Infrastructures Almost all the bridges located over the rivers precipitation was badly damaged and originating from the Mahabharat Range (area numerous irrigation, transportation systems, of high intensity rainfall) were swept away and other infrastructure were also destroyed. by the floods. Agriculture Bagmati barrage, located about 20 km About 60,000 ha of land got damaged (Table downstream from the area of high intensity 3.3).

Box 3.2: July 1993 Floods and Landslides of South Central Nepal

The south-central part of Nepal experienced national highways, 38 large to small irrigation unprecedented floods, landslides and debris flows schemes, 452 school blocks hospital and following an incessant rainfall lasting 19-21 July government offices etc. were destroyed within 1993. Maximum rainfall recorded was 540 mm in the couple of days. Vital supplies to the capital a day with the night time rainfall of 65 mm/hour. city, Kathmandu was virtually cut off for more The disaster was followed by another event of than a month because of the road breaches and floods and landslides on the 8-9 August 1993. The damage to the bridges. Damage to the Kulekhani total effect of the two events was 1,460 people hydropower system, consisting of two power dead or missing, 73,606 families seriously affected, plants and providing 40% of the national power 39,043 houses destroyed fully or partially, about production resulted in heavy load shedding which 43,330 ha of cultivated land washed away or affected not only the normal life of the population covered with debris, 367 km of roads damaged, but also adversely affected the whole of the 213 bridges, including six concrete bridges on national economy (UNDP, 1997)

84 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 3 | 85 Infrastructure damage/collap sed Kulekhani Hydro power plant/ roads, Schools/ houses Bagmati Barrage/ roads Schools/ houses Schools and houses, roads Same as above plus bridges and roads Same as above Same as above Same as above and road 880 24785 - Livestock lost 1872 11310 3211 2045 114 353 5 Source: Annual Disaster review, 1993, DPTC. Land Affected (ha) NA 16681 6748 1418 NA NA 2321 27168 ashed The extreme weather event was sudden was The event extreme weather warning could not be and any effective no there was issued. Moreover, The of preparedness lack at any level. felt as very severely was communication different rumors added to the confusion. The necessity of installing floodwarning especially system along the main rivers, largeat such infrastructure as the as establishment dam; as well Kulekhani of system proper communication infrastructures two e.g. between Dam and the BarrageKulekhani of the Bagmati Irrigation Project located was in the same catchment, downstream vey, the Ministry ofvey, 1995, 2006). Finance, (ha) 4112 379 1366 5918 1244 1066 741 14826 Land W Statistical Yearbook 2006 and Economic Statistical Yearbook Sur Lessons learned The main lessons lerned as compiled by A. Dixit (1996) are: • Preparedness and Early Warning House Collapsed 3010 16708 6411 718 885 827 2206 32765 No. of Deaths 247 687 111 53 2 24 24 24 1170 6 91110 89146 83441 18915 6358 34943 408109 People Affected 8419 Table 3.4: Damage due to Flood and Landslide in July 1993 and Landslide in due to Flood 3.4: Damage Table 16812 14644 16163 3318 1113 5293 72091 Family Affected 14748 ent at about 5 billion NRs. (Chhetri and (Chhetri ent at about 5 billion NRs. otal T Kavrepalanchok Dhading Chitwan Sindhuli Rautahat Sarlahi Bhattarai 2001). from the According to the data available Department of the damage to Prithvi Roads, due to landslides and debris flows Highway of 1993 disaster amounted to a total of NRs. 572 million (Dhital et. al. 1993). Indirect Impact Due to the 1993 flood/landslide, cut off was Kathmandu, the capital city, from rest of the country due to for 28 days the disruption of and Prithvi Highway Mugling road section. Narayanghat- Secondary Effects The next largest loss due to disaster was again the 1993 16.17% in 1993 which was landslide and flood disaster year (CBS Economic Loss single Estimates place the losses from this ev felt acutely, notably because the initial institutional capacity of the Special rumour suggested the sudden release of Disaster Unit, the experience gained from water from the Kulekhani Dam for its the 1988 Udaypur Earthquake, and a safety was the main cause of the flood very effective role played by the UN- which reached the Terai during the night DMT in providing co-ordination as well time. The government has initiated some as technical support, the continual action in this line. institutional capacity building of the • Rescue and Relief Nepal Red Cross and its limited but very effective preparedness in terms of Response was again immediate from all construction of ware houses and storage quarters. The Central Natural Disaster Chapter 3 of food /relief materials etc. were the Relief Committee became active and the contributing factors. Similarly, the Army government launched a massive relief and the Police could play increasingly and rescue operation, mobilizing the better role. The Government was able army, the police and the non-government to develop strategies for an effective organizations such as the Nepal Red management of the disaster-relief Cross for rescue and relief. Local operations which consisted in monitoring communities were also involved for of the disaster-relief operations by teams providing assistance to the government including representatives from efforts. The Natural Calamity (Relief) international communities, in inviting Act was activated for the declaration of the international personnel to the disaster area. A Regional Disaster Relief Government team managing the Disaster Centre was established in Hetauda for Relief Unit in the Ministry of Home; providing the necessary co-ordination in and sending a special team from the relief activities. The Royal Nepal Army centre to verify damage statistics and to flew surveillance missions over the take necessary actions to improve the affected areas for initial damage disaster response efforts. Representatives assessment. This helped verification of of different political parties were involved the conflicting information on the in the disaster-relief operations. Local damages. Subsequently, the government activists were also involved in a greater fielded various technical teams as for way. health, shelter, water and sanitation to provide a more detailed assessment of Transparency in disaster-relief operations damage. was thus maintained than any time previously. However, the need to The government made an international strengthen the national capability in terms appeal for support and the UN Resident of preparedness and co-ordination was Coordinator was requested to assist in very acutely realized. This aspect still the co-ordination of the international demands greater attention given the fact community's disaster-relief efforts. Relief that the government is much constrained materials poured in from various financially and foreign assistance will countries and international organizations. continue to play much role in future Available institutional resources were disaster response. For instance, it became mobilized to manage the distribution of quite evident that the limited logistical the relief materials to the affected. capability of the Government needed to The response to the flood disaster was be strengthened and an effective co- much better managed than during any ordination mechanism should be of the previous disasters in Nepal. developed for ensuring a smooth Continuous building up of the management of the relief supplies

86 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 3 | 87 ydropower system and the bridges ydropower of the damaged infrastructures including the h carried were involvement out with the etc. ofagencies the line of the Government and with support from international donor/funding agencies. One of examples of the rehabilitating the flood the affected people was construction of in units 1800 dwelling ofSukhiya Pokhari Sarlahi, Mangalpur and Santapur of Rautahat District and Madanpokhara of District. Makwanpur These units were 1800 housing constructed the financial assistance with a Buddhist Chi Foundation from Tzu Charity organization based in Taiwan free of provided and were cost to the beneficiaries along with a conditional title restricting them to sell ownership the property before 25 years of occupation. A brief description of the project is presented in the following pages. Rehabilitation ofRehabilitation flood victims of 1993 in Sarlahi, Rautahat and Makwanpur Districts Introduction National and international institutions various in the affected areas offered working options to rehabilitating the flood victims. Chi Tzu by program executed One such was organization a Buddhist charity Foundation, One basic housing unit based in Taiwan. and a rooms a small kitchen with two to 1800 families provided toilet was detached 60 Housing units in four different locations. accommodating 10 household families in constructed was unit each in Sukhiya Pokhari of for blocks Sarlahi district. 150 duplex 300 families in Mangalpur and 250 duplex units for another 500 families in Santapur constructedwere in Rautahat District. Similarly anther 200 duplex units for 400 constructedfamilies were in Madanpokhara of District. Makwanpur . Similarly, a system of . Similarly, disaster assessment needs to be developed and to be developed assessment needs not only for strongly implemented a correctdeveloping damage scenario, implementation but also or an effective of response works. the disaster request for help the Government's Given the internationalto co-ordinate disaster-reliefcommunity's the efforts, (UN- UN Disaster Management Team in involved actively DMT) has been to develop the Government with working plans for reacting to future disaster assistance situations including providing in the co-ordination of the disaster relief A co-ordination mechanism efforts. concerning logistical management has the UN-DMT jointly by been developed be would which and the Government place. initiated should a disaster take Groups on Health and Food Working been formed include have which from the Government representatives and the international based community been prepared in Nepal. have Manuals aspect in Health and Food for Logistics, of order to ensure greater effectiveness were All these disaster response works. are prepared manuals and the achieved based on the experiences gained during the 1993 Floods. The constituted a Central Government and Disaster Rehabilitation Reconstruction Coordinating Committee assigned with the task of was which preparing a damage assessment report a rehabilitation and upon which reconstruction The program drawn. was National Planning Commission (NPC) responsibility for managing given was the reconstruction and rehabilitation phase. ofProvision financial assistance to the affected population for reconstruction, initiation of housing, restoration low-cost coming to the countrycoming to from international donors • and Reconstruction Rehabilitation Building Plan The basic plan of the housing unit had a small verandah, two moderately sized rooms and a small kitchen. There was a small toilet for each housing unit detached to the main building. Each housing unit also had a small kitchen garden. The housing units were provided with wide access roads and approach to the main road. The Figure 3.7

Chapter 3 drawing shows the dimensions of a typical duplex unit used to house the flood victims. Nepal government provided the land for the housing program, Tzu Chi foundation provided the construction cost. The housing project was completed within 18 months by employing two A Class contractors. Thus Figure 3.7: Floor plan of a typical this rehabilitation program for the victims duplex unit providing basic housing also became the largest housing program for two families in Mangalpur ever executed in Nepal in a very short time. and windows. Molded steel frames were Construction Technology used for the doors and windows. The doors had paneled shutters and the window glass The buildings were constructed with boulder shutters. The colored CGI roofs were stone masonry in mud mortar in the supported on steel tubular rafters and foundation. Brick masonry in cement sand battens. The (figure 3.8 - 3.13) photographs mortar was used in the superstructure. were taken in Mangapur of Rautahat District Precast RCC lintels were used over the doors while they were under construction.

Figure 3.8: Stone Figure 3.9: Weakness Figure 3.10: Brick Masonry in in building building under Foundation construction construction

88 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 3 | 89 Figure 3.13: Detached toilet blocks for the houses ere blown in Sukhiya ere blown 19 housing units after the flood victims occupied the buildings w Pokhari ofPokhari a moderate Sarlahi District by intensity of had blocks wind. Sukhiya Pokhari of housing with 10 units in a block. row The improper breath to length ratio might reason for this damage been a major have apart from the proper anchorage of the Theroofing system to the wall. colonies seemed to be safe from flood as all the four prone settlements are located in areas less limited use of Very to frequent flooding. timber and use of other non combustible construction them safe from makes materials also. fire, Three settlements in Sukhiya Pokhari, Mangalpur and Santapur observe very high temperature in summer and extremely cold Instances oftemperature in the winter. few in the summer hot wave deaths every year by in the winter are very common and cold wave The use ofin these areas. CGI roofing sheet for the insulation without any provision unit uncomfortable. made the dwelling constructed Almost all the household have additional shades with the materials that they can afford. The mostly shades were Figure 3.12: Improper bonding of masonry units Figure 3.11: Pre Cast RCC lintel above the opening he quality of construction of the buildings Construction Quality T Vulnerability to disasters other than Vulnerability flood quality ofDespite the low construction due be strong to many reasons the buildings may enough to bear the vertical load. In a way because they are erect this has been proved stood since the completion in 1995 and have But they are highly for the last 17 years. high speed vulnerable to horizontal loads like The housing units wind and earthquakes. basic seismic resistant features clearly lack reinforcement and horizontal vertical like The CGI sheet roofing ofbands. three of the housing units during construction and as observed construction during in Mangalpur of not to District was Rautahat The be reason behind may the standards. that the construction had to be completed in a short The reason other obvious time. of be lack may proper supervision and been The quality might have monitoring. better if the potential beneficiaries were in the constructionemployed work. constructed with wattle and daub wall and the toilets were used either as a fire wood thatch roof. These shades are cool in summer store or a goat shed. and warm in winter. The addition had come up not only because of the comfort but also Employment because of the space requirement. Whatever The affected population who finally settled may be the reason behind this but the in the newly constructed buildings spread settlements are now vulnerable in case of across the bank of river Bagmati from fire. Nunthar to the border of India which Housing delivery system stretches across more than 40 kilometers.

Chapter 3 This created the problem of employment This project basically had two major for daily hand to mouth maintenance. It was objectives. One of them was to construct not possible for the bread earners to travel 1800 housing units in the given time and to and from the original employment location the other was to select and settle the flood nor there were any opportunity of alternative victims in the new settlement. There were employment within the walking distance no major problems reported in fulfilling the from the new settlement. This forced the first one but meeting the second objective family members to break into two living faced major challenges. areas. The bread earners of the family started The affected population raised a question living in temporary huts in their original on the selection of the beneficiaries. It was location and the new house was only for known that the affected population was not old people and children s who could not satisfied with the selection process. They work. Even the elderly and the children opined that there was larger mass left who could have gone to their original location were more severely affected than those who but this was stopped by the compulsion of were allotted the housing units. They wanted the government which did not allow them the selection criterion to be more specific to sell the new property within 15 years and transparent. There were heavy protest from the date the ownership was transferred. during the allocation and it was delayed All the 1800 housing units were occupied months keeping the victims in temporary in the initial months but as time passed many shelters even after the buildings were ready of them left their houses locked and started to occupy. settling in the place where they could get work to earn their bread. It was said that Water supply and sanitation they started selling their property unofficially. It is very much likely that almost 50% of The other issue was of drinking water. The those allotted the buildings might not be settlement in Mangalpur neither had an existing drinking water supply scheme nor living in the house any more. the implementers made a new scheme. The Conclusions water required for construction was also • The project implemented with the transported from Bagmati river around 2 financial assistance of Tzu Chi kilometers from the site. The inhabitants Foundation has been the first largest were compelled to bring the water they housing project ever included in Nepal required from either the Bagmati river 2 till 1995 providing permanent shelter to kilometers away or the irrigation canal nearby the people affected from disaster, though for years after they were settled. This made the number of families rehabilitated is them very difficult to use the toilet blocks. very small in comparison to the affected Even after a year of occupying the houses mass.

90 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 3 | 91 zu Chi Foundation It is m victims in the vicinity ofvictims in their original This process areas as far as possible. living will be more time but it take may beneficiaries will not sustainable and the feel as stranger residence. own in her / his The as be considered beneficiaries must one of instead major stakeholders the of them as “poor helpless treating victims” and try to spoon feed them. These participate people can very well process ofin the selection the an agreedbeneficiaries with selection in the criterion. Further they can work construction of the buildings being built for them at least as unskilled laborers. them on the building Training construction facilitate would process them to construct buildings their own and at the same time acquire additional In this case such skill for livelihood. should be rehabilitation endeavor an considered as a process and not project. oriented objective contributed to project could have Such income generation in a great activity deal if “khapda” the local materials like tiles instead oftraditional clay CGI sheets income Various used for roofing. were generating been programs could have coupled with the rehabilitation program in association with the NGOs/ INGOs in the area. working 400 600 800 1,800 • • • the bettertorehabilitate uch 3010 16708 6411 and without any participationand without the in construction system and housing delivery oflead to decreased sense by ownership the occupants. Addition of shades constructed with roof and thatch and daub walls wattle the outlook has considerably decreased of and highly increased the settlement to fire disasters. the vulnerability Some of settled beneficiaries have the houses locked the elsewhere either leaving or informally property sold the as they to formally not allowed sell it to were others within 25 years of the date of title. the owner awarding ofLack opportunity employment within in location except the nearby Madanpokhara of district Makwanpur became the main reason for the victims to settle elsewhere. Pro Makwanpur 14748 SarlahiRautahatTotal 16812 14644 46,204 26,129 District Family affected Houses Collapsed Families rehabilitated by T Table 3.5 : Families affected and the number of housing constructed by Tzu Chi Foundation Chi 3.5 : Families affected and the number of housing constructed by Tzu Table • • • Lessons for the future The lesson from this project is to establish based disaster risk managementcommunity to committees and capacitate them implement disaster preparedness and Apart that response at the local level. from from lessons can be drawn the following the experience of this rehabilitation for the disaster affected people; • unitsfreeofviding thehousing cost The Koshi Flood 2008 Event Scenario Nepal had a devastating flood in 2008 in eastern region due to heavy monsoon rains in Koshi River Basin, one of the largest river basin among the major three river systems in the country. On 18 August, the Koshi River breached an embankment through an

Chapter 3 eastern retaining wall damaging two dam spurs, roughly 10 Km north of the East West Highway, affecting 8 VDCs - Kusaha, , Ghuski, Sreepur, Haripur, Narshimha, Madhuban and Basantapur of Sunsari and Saptari Districts. Additional flooding on 29 August affected further 4 VDCs. Direct Loss and Damage Human Casualties Figure 3.14: Koshi Flood Map The data on loss and damage differ with Source: UNOCHA, 2008 different sources. According to UNESCO field survey a total of 6183 households, 40% Table 3.6 presents the total number of of the households in these 12 VDCs were population and households. affected. Another estimate shows a total There was only one fatality reported from number of 7306 households affected in the the flooding. However, the number of deaths VDCs of Shreepur, Haripur and Paschim reached 55, mostly in the shelter camps Kusaha. Source of CDO Office, Sunsari, (CDO Office, Sunsari). UNESCO field shows a total of 7584 displaced families. survey reported total of 40 deaths, of which Almost all the households in Haripur and 18 were female and 6 were children. Many Shreepur were affected. The percentage of of them had died due to diarrhea. The total affected households decreases with the number of injured people was 2350 of which increase in the distance from the breach site. 898 were female and 816 were children.

Table 3.6: Number of households and population figures for the affected VDCs

Number of households and Total number of Total number of Number of % of affected population figures for the households population household affected household affected VDCs 18238 109817 6183 33.9

Table 3.7: Number of deaths and injuries Death Injury Number of deaths Male Female Children Total Male Female Children Total and injuries 16 18 6 40 636 898 816 2350

Source: UNESCO, 2009

92 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 3 | 93 lls Mi Seller Canal ed in flood Culvert (no) Culvert Source: UNESCO, 2009 Ponds Rice Mills Bridge (no) Bridge 4443 89 73 ea in Bigha ea Temples Trail (km) Trail Partially damaged Partially land ar lding Public Bui Total completely washed away at three different away washed completely about 4 km submerg points and water (ADB, 2008c; IASC, 2008; Pathak, 2008; 2008c; IASC, (ADB, water 12 km of flood2008). The destroyed Koshi parts in different of Mahendra Highway km ofSunsari district. 13 irrigation culverts, gotchannels flooded.Nepal Army Barrack and office of Wild Life Reserve Tappu Koshi 2065 (Kantipurhad been inundated. Daily, Bhadra) damage to underground fibre, optical Also, resulted in phone lines and installations problems in landline and telecommunication 2008; (ADB. days mobile phone for two 2008). 2008; Pathak, IASC, towers five In regards to electricity supply, of 132 KV and about 117 Km of transm- damaged the flood.ission lines were by also Similarly 60 KV transmission lines was in the lines even damaged. Transmission area in the far south and easterndownstream parts damaged. were Agriculture 5985 Bighas ofLand: Over sugar rice paddy, ea in Bigha ea 3764 Earth Sheds (no) Sheds Totally damaged Totally land ar Kachchi Graveled Table 3.8: Damage to properties Table Table 3.11: Damage of roads and trails Table Bigha 8207 Road (km) Road House (no) 230 3167 323 19 26 8 23 Khat Daraj Radio TV Cycle Motor bike 3288 1075 1490 225 3150 11 Table 3.9: Extent of damage to cultivated land 3.9: Extent of damage to cultivated Table 7.4 126 131 264.4 82 6 67 Table 3.10: Loss of household goods in number Table Pakki Total land area in land area Total Metalled ty including houses, sheds, houses, ty including properties roads and trails Loss/damage of goods in number to cultivated land Extent of damage Loss of /damage to Loss of household public buildings and temples were swept temples were public buildings and 8 In addition to these, and destroyed. away damaged. mills were rice mills and 23 seller the damage 3.8 shows building to Table property from the flooding. loss of the estimated 3.10 shows Table Thosehousehold goods. losses were confined to three VDCs. Infrastructures The estimated loss of infrastructure as such road, bridges in Table and culverts is shown 3.11 . About 7 km of metalled road, 126 km of road, 131 km of graveled earth and road 82 km of damaged. trails were Similarly 6 bridges also damaged and 67 culverts were the flood.by is the which Highway The East West main transport corridor remained country’s impassable for three months hampering ofmovement agricultural product from the to other parts ofEastern Tarai the country; damagedas 17 km was including 1 km Housing and Building Housing Many proper cane, corn and jute land got destroyed by VDCs, namely Haripur, Shreepur Jabadi and the flood along with 89 ponds and 73 canal. Paschim Kusaha. Almost all the cultivated lands in the three Table 3.14 shows the estimates of vegetables VDCs namely Haripur, Shreepur Japadi and damaged by the flood. The estimated loss Paschim Kusaha were damaged by the flood. is substantial. Again, Haripur, Shreepur Large parts of cultivated land were covered by a thick layer of sand and gravel. Jabadi, Paschim Kusaha and Ghuski were affected most. Another estimate of damage to land shows a much higher area of nearly 8200 Bighas Livestock loss: The flood also damaged and destroyed livestock and productive assets, Chapter 3 damaged by the flood, in only four VDCs. Nearly 46% of the area was totally damaged such as agricultural tools and machinery. and the remaining 54% was partially Table 3.15 shows the number of livestock damaged. lost due to the flood. The loss of fish was considerable even in the downstream areas Crops: A huge quantity of standing crops such as Kaptangunj and Sahebgunj. A total got damaged and there was loss of grain of 55000 domestic animals were affected stored in the houses because of the floods and 20000 displaced. (Table 3.12). The standing crops were paddy, sugarcane and jute. The quantity lost reported Direct Economic Loss from 39800 quintal of sugarcane to 79214 UNESCO estimated the loss incurred in quintal of rice and 2170 quintal of jute. monetary value and it shows that there was Similarly, the loss of stored grains reported a loss of about 3773.6 million rupees (Table as 4940 quintal of wheat to 5427 quintal of 3.16). Land value comprised nearly 64% of maize and 635 quintal of potato. the total loss, followed by livestock, food, Fruits and Vegetables: The loss of fruits crops and houses. This estimate was based from the flood is shown in the Table 3.13 on the losses in only four VDCs and did The loss of fruits was also confined to three not incorporate the loss of other household

Table 3.12: Loss of crops in 2008 Koshi flood

Loss of crops in Paddy Wheat Maize Potato Sugarcane Jute quintal 79214 4940 5427 635 398100 2170 Table 3.13: Loss of fruits in 2008 Koshi flood

Loss of fruits in Mango Jack fruit Banana Guava Litchi quintal 4620 2370 300 100 500

Table 3.14: Losses of vegetables in 2008 Koshi flood Bottle Pointed Losses of vegetables Pumpkin gourd Cucumber gourd Chilli Aborigine Okra Arum in quintal 1601.5 40219 102 31015 10000 1200 10 30

Table 3.15: Number of livestock lost in 2008 Koshi flood

Number of Cow Buffalo Goat Chicken Duck Pig Fish livestock lost 1000 1180 7306 22047 2000 300 303500

Source: UNESCO, 2009

94 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 3 | 95 Source: UNESCO, 2009 8.5 4.7 5.1 100 % 1.6 64.2 pestilence and crop disease as and crop disease pestilence 247508 well with further adverse implications for with furtherwell adverse crop yields. flood insecurity: Koshi contributed Food destroying massively by to food insecurity the crops and agricultural land. floodSchools: Koshi disrupted the education of students some 23,000 school students and including both displaced students of where the the host schools (Acharya sheltered displaced were & Aryal and 9950 2008). There 61 schools were this flood.students affected by Out of 61 (6885 schools 17 Community schools (1000 students), 13 Boarding schools 25 students), 6 Madarasa (1585 students), Centers (480 students) Child Development and 1 campus of affected. 21 schools were district headquarter closed for setting were of were 20000 students Total the camp. affected due to setting up of the camp. Flow of and Services: Goods The flow of people and goods ceased completely for a period of Previously more 30 to 220 days. used to shuttle every day than 3600 vehicles Similarly the Highway. on the East-West supply of and electricity was drinking water completely disrupted in for up to 220 days closed for up Industries were many places. 3.17). (Table to 220 days Hale of the Industries of Sunsari Morang the floodcorridor closed by resulting were The flood an increased associated with was of incidence 176641475 190844448 3773603836 Loss in Rs 60454080 2422400375 319 ceed this estimate. ceed this Table 3.16: Estimated monetary loss in 2008 Koshi flood Table Crops Food House and shed Land Livestock 4 5 Total S. No Properties 1 2 3 goods, infrastructuregoods, and services.the So seemed to ex total loss Indirect Impact Electricity supply: Damage ofKV and 60 line with 5 towers 132 KV transmission caused disruption of supply for electricity 2 to 4 weeks. supply: The supply system water Water Disasters weeks. also affected up to 4 was ofexacerbated problems water to an increase in contamination, leading and as cholera diseases such water-borne diarrhea. The networks communication Telecom: Nepal days. flood disturbed by for two were but working was Mobile network Telecom it got disturbed time and often. Mero mobile telecom facility worked services, a private fairly good. Internet connection worked sporadically. flood The reportedMarket: 2008 Koshi was impact on upward a significant to have particularly ofcommodity prices, onions, 2008). At (IASC, potatoes and fire-woods the price ofthe same time, some goods The declined due to supplier side problems. price of as perishable food items such dropped sharplybananas and vegetables in areas east of in while it increased Koshi western and north eastern feeder markets because of the closure of the East-West 2008). 2008; WFP, (IASC, Highway in the daily loss of NRs. 10 crore. It also Box 3.3: Secondary Effects of disturbed the goods supply to other parts Koshi Flood of country like Kathmandu, Butwal, Pokhara and Narayanghat. The macroeconomic consequences of the 2008 Koshi and far-western floods Early Warning and Preparedness The Koshi and far-western floods resulted in an A sort of partial Early Warning System was estimated NRS 2.3 billion (US$29.2 m) direct established in Koshi Flood of 2008. Rising damage to assets and a further NRS 3.6m (US$44.8m) indirect damage, together equivalent of water level in the river due to continuous to 0.6% of projected GDP for FY 2008-2009. rain was quite noticeable prior one week. However, the impact of the floods was fairly Chapter 3 The information was being aired regularly localized and, assuming relatively rapid restoration by local radio Saptakoshi FM. When spur of infrastructure and reclamation of agricultural land, it was expected that the floods would have cutting started, people were alerted and a very limited impact on macroeconomic advised to leave the place. This was one day performance. In consequence, the GDP growth before the event and when the event forecast for the year was only revised down from 7.0 to 6.7%, and the agricultural GDP growth occurred people were able to evacuate forecast from 4.5 to 4.1%, following the floods. though with limited belongings. DDRC Growth in the nonagricultural sector was also immediately got activated in communicating expected to be 0.2 percentage points lower than and coordinating with GOs, I/NGOs, UN previously forecast, due to the impact of damage to transport and communications infrastructure agencies for rescue and relief. No fatality on manufacturing activities and trade. occurred due to flooding. The floods were expected to have a minimal impact on prices, given their relatively limited Rescue and Relief effect on overall agricultural production coupled with supply alternatives from India. Meanwhile, The Government took the lead role in adverse impacts on the balance of trade, relating response operations through DDRCs and to higher inflows of imports for reconstruction CDOs by coordinating between local purposes and to resolve supply disruptions authorities and the line ministries. resulting as a consequence of damage to the East- West Highway, were expected to be offset by On 4 September 2008, the Government sustained growth in inflows of remittances and tourism earnings (Source: ADB, 2008).

Table 3.17: Number of days when the flow of goods and services were closed S. No Name of the VDCs Traffic flow Water supply Electricity Trade Industry 1 Haripur 180 200 220 150 150 2 Shreepur Jabadi 180 200 220 150 220 3 Paschim Kusaha 200 200 200 200 200 4 Ghuski 200 0 20 30 20 5 Basantapur 30 0 15 30 15 6 Laukahi 220 7 30 30 30 7 Narsimha 30 15 15 30 15 8 Ramgunj Sinuwari 45 15 15 30 15 9 Devangunnj 45 15 15 30 15 10 Sahevgunj 40 15 15 30 15 11 Madyaharsahi 40 15 15 30 15 12 Kaptangunj 40 15 15 30 15

Source: UNESCO, 2009 96 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 3 | 97 , working closely with UN , working ting the information of flood. The CDOting the information and Box 3.4: Prompt activation of Prompt activation Box 3.4: CNDRC DDRC & met on 18 August after The DDRC of Sunsari get LDO political parties though they also met with of DDRC. The DDRC sent were not the member to assess the nature and an assessment team informed MoHA/CNDRC extent of the event and the center. requiring assistance from Relief CommitteeThe Central Natural Disaster by the PM Pushpa (CNDRC) meeting headed August, declared National Kamal Dahal held on 19 to mobilize the entire emergency and directed relief effort. state machinery for the Government further appealed to all people, The to organizations and international community generously extend financial for and material help carrying out the relief and rehabilitation operation on 21 August. NGOs and NRCS played a critical role in played NGOs and NRCS and the immediate response in Sunsari Saptari districts agencies. The role ofagencies. had largely NRCS been to facilitate the distribution of relief materials obtained from government (ADB, partners. agencies and development 2009) Almost all the Humanitarian agencies sent their staff in the affected areas to provide Action Aid in direct assistance like DPNet in coordination vulnerable groups, and information society, sharing with civil UNDP on transportation of rapid medicines, medical teams, assessment teams, emergency response and rescue kits, search items both food and NFI. The of Government is India, which responsible for maintenance of the Koshi barrage and embankment under the Koshi Project Agreement, providing responded by NRs 320 million as immediate reliefs to flood-affected people in Saptari and Sunsari districts. e prompt actions as Figure shelter 3.15: People seeking for temporary after 2008 Koshi flood needed. At the regional level, the Saptakoshi level, needed. At the regional Disaster Management Cell was Coordination and direct the established to monitor CNDRC, level, At the central DDRCs. the Ministry by chaired of Home Affairs, the response effort prepared and oversaw the return strategy flood- plan for the Koshi in December 2008. displaced people ofThe work the international humanitarian being in both regions was community coordinated through a cluster system formalized on 9 September Clusters 2008. established for health - WHO; nutrition were - sanitation, and hygiene - UNICEF; water, UNICEF; food assistance - WFP; education the Children; protection - UNICEF and Save - OCHA with a subgroup protection on child camp (UNICEF); camp coordination and management - IOM; and emergency shelter The the clusters coordinated by - IFRC. UNOCHA responded to the needs of flood- Bank funded The World affected people. barges temporary to provide two transport National and local River. to cross the Koshi declared a State ofdeclared a Emergency in 10 VDCs making it and 1 VDC in Saptari, in Sunsari tak easier for CDOs to Need Assessment Box 3.5: Quick Initial Rescue and Relief The DDRC constituted and deployed teams to assess the loss of property and other The response of the Government in terms of resources. NRCS carried out Damage and rescue operation was quick and efficient. Security forces were deployed for rescue and to control Need Assessment. Oxfam, Caritas and the side cutting using the sand filled sack. Similarly DEPROSC Nepal completed initial rapid Koshi Victim Society (KVS) in Saptari were assessments using IASC-IRA tool. WFP mobilized for rescue and distribution of relief assessed initial food needs and damages to materials. People have been rescued from roof and tree tops. More than 5,500 people were food crops. MoHP, WHO and UNFPA rescued using 3 Army Helicopters, 10 rafting boats,

Chapter 3 carried out rapid health assessment. UN 3 ordinary boats, 4 elephants from the adjacent OCHA carried out initial assessment of the Koshi Tappu Wild Life Reserve and nylon rope 18 situation in Saptari and other areas. Child pieces of air filled Tube within three days. According to the Nepal Army, 2,500 people were protection and education assessment was rescued by ground on 19 August. 417 people were done by child related agencies. airlifted from roof and tree tops by 9:30 am on 20 August. Supply of Food and Non-food Items The Sunsari chapter of NRCS mobilized its local Initially immediate food needs were being volunteers for distribution of relief materials for met with donations of ready to eat foods humanitarian response. The NRCS handed over from the Government, INGOs, NGOs, UN the management of its relief materials warehouse to LDO in Inaruwa for distribution on 21 August. and local civic organizations. Later on WFP The small local stakeholders were fast in the made resources available for feeding up to response (Baral, M., 2009). 30,000 people for two weeks. All the people staying in the camps received some of the Shelter other kind of food. But the need to provide the necessary level of calorie received not Locations of those displaced slowly much attention. Some displaced people living coalesced into four distinct categories over outside the camp did not receive the food the first month: those living with host especially those who had not left their house families, camps established in higher areas with the fear of losing their property. Though east of the new Koshi flow, camps there was no shortage of food, the established in and finally distribution especially outside the camp was camps extending south of the embankment problematic. There was looting of the food breach along a narrow strip of land between intended for distribution on 19th August in the embankment and the usual flow of the Lauki. Some relief suppliers wanted to Koshi (Kellett, J, 2009). A total of 328 distribute the relief but were not able to do shelters were built in the Jhumka camp, so due to the absence of a suitable followed by 245 shelters in the Lauki camp. mechanism of identifying the genuine Additional shelters were subsequently built disaster victims. Later identity cards were in other places (ADB, 2009). All the issued to solve the problem (DPNet, 2008). displaced persons received some or the other ACT International and LWF Nepal provided kind of emergency shelter even though not ready-to-eat food such as beaten rice, puffed confirming to the Sphere requirements. rice and noodles to 3,583 people from 552 Most of the shelters were created in the households (LWF Nepal, 2008). existing Schools and it hampered the education of the students. (DPNet, 2008). Similarly, non food items (NFI) such as Oxfam completed 4,199 shelters and blankets, tarpaulin, plastic buckets/ jugs supported 890 Bamboo frames, Oxfam and were also distributed to the affected people. NRCS further distributed heavy-duty

98 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 3 | 99 WASH facilities, WASH wareness, 48 street dramas were performed. 48 street dramas were wareness, camp cleanliness and encouraging safe camp cleanliness A total of behaviors. hygiene 12 Oral corners (ORT) and Treatment Rehydration Health Information established Centers were Volunteers Health where Community Oral Rehydration (CHVs) distributed and disseminated Solution (ORS) information to public health and related promotion. Altogether people 2,328 hygiene got benefited from the information provided and 321 diarrhea with treated were patients 1,540 education sessions Likewise ORS. and organized the PHP volunteers were by supervisors on different areas of hygiene Committees were formed were Committees to take in order for care of responsibility promotion. With the view to raise public a World Vision International (WVI) installed World at the hand pumps for safe drinking water temporary shelters and conducted arsenic It also installed 24 temporary toilets testing. at the shelters and some emergency toilets. trainings on the use of UNICEF gave it for 600 families. aquatab and provided Figure storm and struggle for life after 2008 Koshi flood 3.16: Shelter, ere set up surroundingere set up or in the . One of the Pragatisheel them was camps were opened for the distribution of camps were medicines Samuha which was seen to be distributing was which Samuha the necessary drugs for the flood in victims collaboration with the District Health Office in Lauki (DPNet, 2008). (WASH) Sanitation and Hygiene Water, A total of Promotion 584 Public Health Tarpaulin for winterization. 29 temporary for winterization. Tarpaulin shelters w schools, and campus, partsMadarasa in different of laukahi. Medicine Children in particular suffered from the supply ofpneumonia due to a rather thin mat. Thereincidences of also few were diarrhea disorder along with eye and cholera Cross Nepal Red as Conjunctivitis. such up ofSociety initiated setting the health Similarly District camp for flood victims. Institute Health Office Sunsari, BP Koirala of health Science Dharan, Birat Nursing Medical Collage, Nepal Army, Novel Home, health services. Some Rotary Club provided Recovery Government Compensation Package The majority of Koshi flood-affected Ministry of Home Affairs approved a total displaced households returned to their area of NRs. 1 billion 60 Crore 82 Lakhs 96 of pre-flood origin. However, the flood Thousand 5 Hundred to compensate flood displaced households from the heavily damaged buildings, land and crops, as well sanded areas were with limited shelter, access as funds for two Kattha of land for the to basic facilities including drinking water, landless households and compensation for sanitation facilities, adequate shelter or deaths that occurred in camps. (UNOCHA, livelihood support. Therefore various 2009), see Table 3.18 for more details.

Chapter 3 packages were brought for the affected Health Service in Return Areas people in recovery phase. Under the inadequate provision of health Food Security services, children, pregnant women and Cash-for-Food: The DDRC Sunsari provided elderly were particularly vulnerable to the Cash-for-Food for the Koshi flood affected harsh weather conditions; Flood-affected families from Shreepur 1-9 and Paschim families commonly suffered from sand in Kusaha 3, 4. Total of 5,139 households the air (from winds), cough and fever, eye received the Cash-for-Food, conducted infections, diarrhea, skin infections during 27 April - 10 May, 2009. DDRC (UNOCHA, 2009). Therefore health services provided the Cash-for-Food with the norms were provided in returns areas as well. of NPR 1,000 per family member to Livelihoods and Income Generation households with less than five members, (LIG) families with more than five members received a lump sum of NPR 5075.00. In Sunsari District, USAID/Nepal Flood (UNOCHA, 2009) Recovery Program (NFRP) conducted 16- Food for work - Development Project Service Cener (DEPROSC-Nepal/WFP partner NGO) implemented schemes on Food-for-Work (FfW) in the areas of 4 VDCs – Paschim Kusaha, Shreepur, Haripur and Lauki. The total benefited households were 3,612 HHs. Most of the running schemes included Rural Road Rehabilitation and some new road constructions, community fish ponds, Hume Pipe Figure 3.17: Distribution of compensation after maintenances, culvert maintenances, check 2008 Koshi flood dam construction and deep land filling. Source; MoHA, 2065 BS (UNOCHA, 2009) month training program starting from November 2009 and spanning in three crop Return Package cycles. A total of 1,067 participants were A total of 7,343 families applied for the divided into 192 producer groups and by Government Return Package and a total of late January the programs distributed all 2,438 families (Green zone: 1,680, Yellow seeds, nursery sets and integrated pest zone: 758 families) from the flood affected management kits. Demonstration plots area received the sum, as of 13 May 2009. totaling 270 hectares were planted for the (UNOCHA, 2009) first crop cycle with a variety of high value

100 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 3 | 101 ved the quality, ved Source: UNOCHA, 2009 Amount NRs. 50,000 NRs. 100000 NRs. 200000 NRs. 1 lakh per room 5 lakhs per bigaha 600 Per man (40kg) NRs. Per man 850 Per man 230 Per man 1000 2 kattha 25000 (dead in camp) 1000000 (dead by flood) 75000 per bigaha 50,000 (interest less) accessibility and resilience of five over kilometers of local roads – equating to a complete rehabilitation of 20 percent of all the flood 25 km). roads affected by (approx. (USAID Nepal, 2010) (WASH) Sanitation and Hygiene Water, UNICEF supported for decommissioning of camps. facilities from the vacated WASH the Children through its implementing Save UPCA Nepal,partner, established WASH in the returnedfacilities in schools area 22 toilets etc) and mobilized points, (water Health Volunteers Community Female (FCHVs) in 3 VDCs for intensifying in sanitation and health. As the awareness flood affected area is the arsenic zone, agencies willing to implement WASH in returnprojects (tube wells) needed area Supply and to coordinate with Water Office (WSSDO) for Sanitation Division projects directly benefitted an estimated 7,364 households and impro Details Thatch roof Zink 2 story Pakki Red area streamDamaged land by main 6 lakhs per bigaha Paddy Wheat sugarcane Jute 1 squatters Return to origin places program per person 50,000 Land treatment livestock loan ybrid maize. Table 3.18: Details of Compensation after 2008 Koshi flood after 2008 Koshi of Compensation 3.18: Details Table itle 1 House Types 2 Land 3 Crops 45 Squatters (1422) Dead family compensation6 1 person Others 7 Livestock S. No T crops such as onion, chili, cucumber, squash, cucumber, as onion, chili, crops such pumpkin, okra, long bean and h It installed 10 irrigation sets for producer groups with an agreement for 25% to pay of the installation cost. (USAID Nepal, 2010) Board (A partner NGO ofFace MEDEP/ UNDP) formed a total of 35 entrepreneur groups farming, comprising vegetable saloon, cream shuttering, rickshaw, separation, brass band etc in return areas Micro- skill-based trainings. and provided ProgramEnterprise Development pump set/boring pump (MEDEP) provided at 2 per group and installation support in Plan Nepal conducted Haripur VDC. boutique training for 20 participants. (UNOCHA, 2009) Infrastructure USAID-NFRP constructed 8 bridges and culverts in Sunsari and rehabilitated 3 important sections of These local roads. arsenic tests. WSSDO distributed hand BP Madan Primary School-Shreepur 9 and pumps in the Internally Displaced Person Janata Primary School-Shreepur 5) which (IDP) returned area of Haripur, Shreepur were completely damaged during flooding and Paschim Kusaha VDC to meet the were reconstructed. (UNOCHA, 2009) immediate need of drinking water. Agriculture and Livestock (UNOCHA, 2009) The Saptakoshi Flood Rehabilitation Health and Nutrition Agriculture and Livestock Service Office Women’s Rehabilitation Center (WOREC) (SFRALSO) distributed 4500 packets of with support from Plan Nepal provided vegetable and 4200 packets of Mung seed. Chapter 3 fresh milk for infants under-two year from It conducted the Soil fertility status test after various camps. District Health Office (DHO) flood testing 1,000 sample soil. It also and Biratnagar Eye Hospital worked to conducted Livestock Health Camps and address the eye infection situation in returned provided the required medicines for the areas. DHO mobilized a health workers treatment of livestock. Cattle feed team as mobile team in the flood affected distribution work was done from 12 May area for health check up, general treatment by District Livestock office, Sunsari/FAO and follow up. Counseling in health and in return areas. 60 farmers groups were hygiene in affected areas was carried out formed to establish a Goat Procurement regularly through a number of methods Fund. (UNOCHA, 2009) which included Shelter/housing • Regular household visits by community health volunteer (CHV) The resettlement project funded by • Poster distribution UNDP/UN-HABITAT, for landless families affected by Koshi Flooding provided • Street drama permanent housing. Additionally, it helped • Rally using play cards and banners to remove the psychological burden of being • Demonstrations (hand washing and ORT squatters. The government provided 2 kattha preparation/treatment) (676 sq m) of land to each family. The • WASH Information Centre and ORT houses in the planned settlement were Corner (operational 6 hours per day) constructed at low cost basis and more • Weekly education sessions targeted to resistant to natural hazards. Focus was more children in the protection “safe space” in use of locally available materials and technology. The treated bamboo and adobe Education was promoted, with emphasis on disaster The District Education Office (DEO), with risk reduction through appropriate settlement support from District Child Welfare Board planning and housing design. (DCWB), UNICEF, Save the Children/ Livelihood trainings UPCA, WVI, and Center for Community Development (CECOD) conducted UN-HABITAT trained to construct houses ‘Admission Campaign’ in Sunsari with special at low cost basis and more resistant to natural attention to four flood affected VDCs of hazards with focus in use of locally available Haripur, Shreepur, Paschim Kusaha and such treated bamboo and adobe. Different Lauki during 26 April - 8 May. 3schools (BP agencies provided training on clean water Kishan Primary School-Paschim Kusaha 4, and sanitation as well.

102 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 3 | 103 ingerlings, compost, and basic farm equipment; (ii) Provision of extension services, training for farming on sandy soil, and social mobilization activities; (iii) Rehabilitation of fishponds, agriculture collection centers, and market places. Part B: Irrigation (i) Reconstruction and rehabilitation of surface irrigation systems including the improvement of head works, canals, drains, aqueducts, gates, outlets, and inlets, canal service roads, culverts and small bridges; and (ii) Rehabilitation of shallow tube wells. Supply and Sanitation Part C: Water (i) Construction of 4 small overhead water supply systems and installation of about 3,500 shallow tube wells in Sunsari District; (ii) Design and implementation of a health and hygiene education and awareness program; (iii) Construction of household level latrines; and (iv) Implementation of a community mobilization program. Part D: Roads Construction of the Koshi Bridge at Chatara. Box 3.6: Reconstruction after and Rehabilitation 2008 Koshi flood grant for ADB provided $ 25,600,000 Rehabilitation Emergency Flood Damage on 3 districts- Program to be conducted and Kailali. The Closing Sunsari, Kanchanpur 31 December 2012 and Date of the project is The objective of is still an ongoing project. economic activity in the Project is to restore improve the the Project Districts and livelihood of the people affected by the 2008 monsoon floods in the eastern and far western regions of Nepal. (ADB, 2009) The Project in Sunsari District includes the following parts: Part A: Agriculture (i) Distribution of seeds, f vernment Budget Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Nepal Go On the budgetary front, the Government earmarkedfor rehabilitation NRs2 billion of Donations from flood victims. the Koshi organizations were and private individuals Flood Prime Minister’s collected through the Relief 2009) Fund. (ADB, Spur Embankment and The of Government rehabilitated the India damagedIndian government embankment by as usual way River the Koshi diverted built up three coffer dam in 26th January. Nepal 11 and 12 has built up by Spur no. 2009). and India (ADB, Road The of Government India rebuilt 12 km of roads damaged segment of the East–West Highway Health ofRelief-Government Nepal established temporary 10 bed hospital in Rastriya Nimavi in Laukahi. School Sanitation and Drinking water Vision, constructed the World Similarly, in the shelter camp. toilet, tube well Department of Irrigation (DOI) built up in shelter camp. tube well 1000 shallow Agriculture With ADB grant, DOI reconstructed irrigation project in the damaged area of Similarly, and Haripur. Kushaha Pashim DOI also reconstructed the damaged irrigation canal in Sunsari through Sunsari - Morang irrigation project. Ministry of the sand from the Agriculture removed agrarian land. Shelter built 235 houses including UN-HABITAT the squatter families. Lessons learned • Absence of appropriate registration Strengths system caused delay in executing relief efforts Preparedness • No orientation training in cluster • Availability of Contingency Planning planning particularly in emergency shelter (CP) in some clusters particularly in in DUDBC/division office shelter • No provision of emergency budget to • Endorsement of cluster approach by the procure relief materials for emergency government and humanitarian agencies shelter • Partial establishment of Early warning Chapter 3 system. No human fatality from the flood • Inadequate partnership development between government agencies and the • Coordination mechanism through humanitarian agencies in pre-disaster OCHA among the humanitarian agencies phase Response Response • Prompt activation of DDRC and CNDRC Trigger of information by media and official • Quick initial rescue and relief channel, in both top down and bottom up approach and informal international inquiry • Presence of Humanitarian actors right mainly from India. from the beginning • Gaps in information flow • Congruency among the cluster partners • Sharing of responsibilities and • Inadequate initial rescue facilities accountabilities • Shortage of Human Resources in earlier Recovery phase • Good coordination than in the previous • Use of schools for emergency shelter disasters problematic • Mutually agreed Nepal Standard set • Varied standards • Risk and vulnerability assessment carried • The relief items in shelters and NFI, out food provided were of varied standards • Frequent cluster interaction with ranging from highest to lowest quality. delineation of responsibility • Disposal of dead animals • Linked with comprehensive • Damage and needs assessment reconstruction and rehabilitation activities Distribution mechanism Issues and Challenges Long time taken in developing the Preparedness distribution mechanisms. The selected site • No pre-designated evacuation sites was too far from the displaced location • No pre-identified land for camp raising property security problem mainly settlement the cattle and making drainage and access • Absence of pre-positioning of shelter road was costly. kits • Poor Shelter materials • Partial application of Contingency • Camp management was a great issue in Planning Koshi flood in terms of SPHERE and • Unclear role and responsibility of other standards and cluster approach technical line agencies • Absence of single operating centre like • No vulnerability assessment of public EOC at district buildings which could be used for • Persuading DUDBC to provide financial evacuations assistance for winterization of shelter

104 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 3 | 105 A arious stakeholders- Photo Courtesy: EP district after the Koshi river dam collapsed government, humanitarian actors, locals, government, actors, humanitarian and district levels, national line agencies, responsibilities ofClear cut roles and all shelter stakeholders Information among mechanisms sharing agencies national levels, organizations at various as local as well of needs to respond the various the during emergency people effectively strategic places external and partners, NGOs, society, clusters (NFI) for planning and preparedness as the district level as well central level all agencies and endorsed by developed needs to be developed Coordination among v Coordination • • • of Capacity assessment various • Strong data base of disaggregated data • Standardization of shelter kits • Pre-positioning of shelter materials at • Collaboration of all (government, civil • EOC center needs to be established at • Damage assessment format needs to be • Information management mechanism • Flood victims wade through flood water to a safe zone in Sunsari evacuation sites for evacuation emergency families, as host shelter such public buildings open spaces/land, including schools taking People needs to be established. flood in Koshi shelter in the host families 15 -20% was to accommodate buildings is to be done large no of during emergency people for emergencyUsing schools more shelter is to be avoided than a week road sides, shelter in open spaces like to be relocated into banks needs river temporary camps at the earliest to be identified (formats etc) for shelter and clear assessment process to be defined Integration of shelter materials and NFI, and other thematic livelihood livestock, cluster • Supporting to host families mechanism • of assessment Vulnerability public • • taking spontaneous emergency People • Emergency shelter camp location needs • Standardization of assessment tools • Areas for improvement • Identification of The 2009 Jajarkot Diarrhea Outbreak

Event Scenario Direct Loss and Damage An outbreak of Acute Watery Diarrhea Human Casualties (AWD) that began in early May 2009 affected According to the Ministry of Health and more than 58 thousands of population in Population (MoHP), the cumulative death the Districts of the Mid Western Region toll from diarrhea related causes was 314 and Far Western Region of Nepal. Diarrhea deaths in all VDCs of diarrhea affected related deaths continue to be reported Chapter 3 districts, till 23 August 2009. The most though the trend in death numbers was affected was Jajarkot district (153 deaths). decreasing. According to the Ministry of Rukum also suffered with 48 deaths. The Health and Population (MoHP), about 206 number of people treated was 58874. VDCs of 20 districts were affected by the diarrhea. The most affected was Jajarkot The details of the cumulative number of district followed by Rukum. A significant treated and deaths since 1st May 2009 to 23 number of people also got treated during August 2009 are given in the Table 3.19. the outbreak.

Figure 3.18: Diarrhorea outbreak in mid west and far west region Source: MoHP, 2009

106 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 3 | 107 1 2 2 7 7 5 4 0 0 0 6 6 8 6 21 14 10 25 48 314 153 Source: MoHP/EDCD/WHO 61 40 89 122 137 153 103 501 757 250 526 443 288 664 1344 4492 4492 5396 5396 6842 12705 25476 58874 Treated Treated Death No. 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 7 3 4 0 9 6 6 8 51 18 23 148 2009 C Camp 1 1 1 1 2 7 3 4 4 9 8 3 3 17 16 22 23 32 20 30 206 VD Affected No.of Health No. of People CD/WHO Figure by districts 3.19: Number of cases and deaths Source: HoHP/ED Total Total District 2 Rukum 4 Rolpa 3 Dolpa 1920 Kailali Sarlahi S. No 56 Salyan Dailekh 1 Jajarkot 1718 Baitadi Dhading 78 Bajura 9 Dadeldhura Doti 10 Surkhet 1516 Achham Bajhang 11 Kanchanpur 14 Dang 12 Pyuthan 13 Makwanpur Table 3.19: Details of the cumulative number of treated and deaths since 1st May 2009 to 23 August since 1st May 2009 to treated and deaths number of 3.19: Details of the cumulative Table Chapter 3

Figure 3.20: Trends of diarrheal cases in mid and far western region of Nepal Source: MoHP/EDCD/WHO Response Health The MoHP/Epidemiology and Disease Respective DPHO mobilized Health Posts Control Division (EDCD) took lead in the and Sub-Health Posts-medical staff, response at the central level. The District including Female Community Health Public Health Offices (DPHOs) in the Volunteers (FCHVs) and Maternal Child various Districts were leading the response Health (MCH) workers to provide medical to the diarrhea outbreak at the district level. support. Political Party members also provided support to the affected GoN announced a Short Term Plan and communities including health camps. Besides Long Term Plan for the diarrhea affected distributing medicines and mobilizing health areas in Mid and Far Western Regions. Short- workers, health awareness campaigns were Term Plan included approaches to also launched in those districts. surveillance, case management, outbreak confirmation, prevention and control, and As part of surveillance, EDCD/MoHP immediate response. alerted DPHOs and Regional Health Directorate to enhance the surveillance Epidemiology and Disease Control Division activities. WHO distributed surveillance (EDCD), World Health Organization forms to the 15 Surveillance Medical (WHO), International Nepal Fellowship Officers (SMO) located in the affected areas, (INF), Nepal Family Health Program as well as to the case management protocols. (NFHP), Helvetas and CARE Nepal Weekly reports were submitted based on supported with health workers. MoHP, information collected on a daily basis in the EDCD, WHO, Nepal Red Cross Society affected VDCs. International Federation of (NRCS), UNICEF, Development Project Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies Service Center (DEPROSC), Nepal Water (IFRC) activated its internal global system for Health (NEWAH), Save the Children, to provide alerts to donor and relief partners. MERLIN, and Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA) Nepal provided At the central level, NRCS formed working medical supplies. team for the AWD issues comprised of

108 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 3 | 109 vided 4 additional diarrhealvided 4 additional disease kits, 3 to go 3 to the Mid Western to disease kits, and 1 for the Far Region Development Region. Development Western 1,512 the Children handed over Save bottles of Ringer drugs Lactate, for and 2000 packets treating 200 persons of the DHO of ORS to district. Jajarkot The agency also supported an additional of10,000 packets district Rukum ORS to to Dailekh packets and 2,000 ORS district. 400 health 12,000 ORS, provided LWF soaps and 8,800 12,000 aquatabs, kits, to Dailekh, Surkhet and Dadeldhura. each WHO pro • • and Hygiene Sanitation Water, (WASH) was Cluster response in Jajarkot The WASH Supply and Sanitation Water coordinated by Offices (WSSSDO). It aimed Sub Divisional 100% ofto reach the households through The WASH mobilized volunteers. multiple Cluster agreed on common messaging for and multiple Partners campaigns. hygiene mobilized with were volunteers community to materials and how promotion hygiene treatment agents. use ORS and water DFID, UNICEF, NRCS, DHO, WSSDO, Hospital and DEPROSC, GTZ, USAID, Disabled Centre for the Rehabilitation Raising Awareness Children (HRDC), Youth NEWAH Center Nepal (YARCN), ADRA supported Concern by Worldwide, and the National Pailla, Nepal, Paschim Health Education Information and Centre (NHEICC) Communication supported promotion in Jajarkot hygiene Similarly there were Districts. and Rukum Doti responses in Surkhet, Dailekh, Rolpa, agencies; various and Dadeldhura by groups youth were including Oxfam, LWF, mobilised for distribution of tablets, chlorine promotion, cleaning ofhygiene water Logistics and Supplies and Logistics • ted by the communication and health the communication ted by EDCD/MoHP, alerted all District Health EDCD/MoHP, Health Directorates Offices and Regional to enhance the surveillance in activities events order to recognize any unusual related to diarrheal diseases. WHO assisted EDCD and districts on setting up the surveillance system with the support of partners on the ground. Outbreak Medical Officer in Rukum assisted DHO on surveillance and outbreak management. NPHL sent laboratory to technician for further collection of Jajarkot samples/specimens. practitioner of the different departments as DM Departmentsuch and Procurement Section while Disaster Management Department took lead of the entire operation. (LWF) Federation The Lutheran World in Dailekh, supported health workers Dadeldhura and Surkhet. WHO sent a surveillance officer to Surkhet to assist with the surveillance in the region. Surveillance • • • • health coordinator as technical leader health coordinator as technical suppor Figure of diarrhea patient 3.21: Treatment Khagenkot Health Post, Jajarkot Photo Courtesy: Dr. R. Kafle sources and villages, chlorination of water volunteers educated households on system. maintaining personal hygiene, use of water treatment agents, ORS preparation UNICEF along with DHO, NRCS, WSSDO, and promotion of safe human excreta DEPROSC and National Health Education disposal. Information and Communication Centre (NHEICC) designed and developed Nutrition additional standard messages and Nutrition related information materials were disseminated the information throughout incorporated into the WASH information Jajarkot district through flex chart and general campaign, including the message on the Chapter 3 information booklets importance to continue to provide nutritious • In Surkhet district, the NRCS chapter food to sick children with nutrition distributed water purification liquid surveillance in various districts. in1000HH together with DFID/CSP. Protection • In Rukum district, the NRCS chapter distributed 5,500 bottles of water The Protection Cluster developed a child purification liquid and 8000 satchels of protection and nutrition checklist to assess ORS. NRCS HQ dispatched 20, 000 the impact of the diarrhea outbreak on poster on health and hygiene. NRCS HQ children as marginalized and low socio- technical team in the field oriented 100 economic status people were the most volunteers particularly on WATSAN and affected by diarrhea, according to DPHO mobilized in the rural areas for the data. Similarly, psychosocial care were awareness, evacuation of the patients required for children and surviving family and demonstrating water treatment. The members from diarrhea affected families chapter further mobilized volunteers for and there was also need for specialized care the 16 VDC for the awareness raising purpose. • In Salyan district, the NRCS chapter mobilized 94 volunteers for the awareness raising (IEC distribution, message flow and how to use PYUSH), two people in each VDC. NRCS chapter also assisted VDC to establish the working committee in the four most affected VDC, lead by the VDC secretary. • In Dadeldhura, LWF mobilized volunteers to create awareness related to personal hygiene and public health. The Figure 3.22: IEC materials to raise awareness in WASH/UNICEF Source: GON/UNICEF

110 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 3 | 111 . gaps and find out possible ways forward gaps ways and find out possible to response Prevention Coordination: On 2 August, Coordination: On Prevention the Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) in the westernissued letters to CDOs the importanceregions to emphasise of in response meetings conducting DDRC coordinate DDRC to well as to disasters, prevention meetings to discuss to the diarrheaapproaches outbreak. for trained and mobilized 567 volunteers distribution and training on the use of ORS at the household level. for the mobilized 18 volunteers through IEC awareness household level materials and distributing on-spot ORS The team treatment tablets. and water also helped the affected families by service evacuation providing for the district chapter medical treatment. NRCS treatment distributed 100,000 water 100 Similarly, tablets and 1000 ORS. tarpaulins were and 100 blankets 50 distributed to the health care centers. in regional kept standby were stretchers assigned NRCS Nepaljung. warehouse for 9 VDC. each volunteer two Kalpabrikshya In Sindhuli district, NRCS assisted Kalpbrishya PHC sub chapter to operate emergency health facilities in the affected area. DP unit (Sahan and Dhamile) functioning under the NRCS supported CBMHRR program also sent to the their 9 member team (volunteers) affected site to assist the health camp people to the health and evacuating centers for the further treatment. helped chapter district, NRCS In Rukum the operational unit (hospitals) to set-up emergency providing treatment units by and tarpaulins. blankets for trained and mobilized 819 volunteers • Response per District Response • the Children Save district, In Jajarkot • chapter district, NRCS In Jajarkot • • • the Children district, Save In Rukum identify stocks that can be mobilized identify stocks immediately and inform WHO to MoHP in prioritizing the stocks armybe mobilized by helicopter Operational IASC meetings in Kathmandu a multicluster to provide forum discussion on the approach and response to the diarrhea outbreak District Level Coordination: There Coordination: were District Level meetings under the regular coordination ReliefDistrict Disaster Committee Chief the by chaired (DDRC), District Officer (CDO) in DHQ where the head of the government line agencies discussed the ongoing identify response, the gaps and plan the future response the Minister On 1 August, accordingly. the chaired for Health and Population The DHQ. all-party meeting in Jajarkot the diarrheameeting reviewed outbreak and requested all response activities sections of the society for additional support. Central Health Coordination Meeting: Health Cluster had a central level to set coordination meetings to continue up the surveillance and monitor system data and identify the communication surveillance for relaying data channel o to Health cluster members were ocollaborate with the to WHO was o UN OCHA facilitated weekly Health Coordination meetings: Regional Health Coordination Team Regional MoHP outbreak focal by meeting chaired point to review the situation, discuss on y diarrhea. • Coordination The Ministry of Ministry of Home Affairs, and the Ministry of Health and Population, and Works Planning and Physical agencieshumanitarian UN had a series of the coordination joint meetings to streamline groups. among the different • • to pregnant and lactating women affected and lactating women to pregnant b distribution and training on the use of Red Cross Societies supported the amount ORS at the household level. of NRs. 19,655,212 to fund its operation in • In Rukum district, the Human response to the diarrhea outbreak. The Development and Community Services budget was based on a preliminary proposal, (HDCS) agency provided medical and the operation funded through services in remote villages of Rukum. contributions from the Finnish Embassy, The medical personnel of the outreach Swiss Development Corporation (SDC), program were deployed from the HDCS- UNICEF, the Austrian, Belgian, run hospital based in Chaurjhari. Luxembourg and Swiss Red Cross Societies. • In , Save the Children Chapter 3 Save the Children Nepal supported trained and mobilized 441 volunteers for US$100,000 to cover the funding gap for distribution and training on the use of ORS at the household level. the Save the Children planned activities to the diarrhea outbreak. Save the Children • In Surkhet district, the NRCS chapter channeled US$10,000 from regular programs mobilized 80 volunteers for the for the diarrhea outbreak response. Save the assessment and awareness actions. The peoples in the affected village fled to the Children received US$ 3,000 from Save the city centers and took shelter in schools. Children Headquarters and US$ 15,000 from The chapter distributed 20 blankets and the Halady Murchy Fund, Save the Children 5 tarps to the 35 families taking shelter US, for the diarrhea response, to support in school. activities in line with the GoN Short-Term • In Kailali district, the NRCS chapter and Long-Term Plans. conducted awareness campaigns in the Challenges & Gaps affected VDC and broadcasted radio messages for one and half months against Access to diarrhea affected areas and diarrhea through the FM Radio in local communication due to the difficult terrain language. and bad weather conditions remained a • In Pyuthan district, the NRCS chapter constraint for the delivery of emergency conducted orientation program to its medical services as well as monitoring the volunteers to be deployed to the affected supplies to the population in need. areas for the awareness campaign. NRCS Enhancing the need for better surveillance chapter mobilized 98 volunteers in that was also a great challenge due to the area. continuing monsoon season which expedited the spread of the disease to other districts. Funding • Transportation: Transportation of The Ministry of Health and Population supplies from the centre/district mobilized NRs. 27,000,000 worth of headquarters and from District medicine to the diarrhea affected areas. Headquarter to the VDCs remained a UNICEF mobilized US$ 93,330 from challenge. The diarrhea affected villages internal funds to respond for the diarrhea were remote, in some areas it took five outbreak response. US$ 82,560 for WASH days to reach from District Headquarters activities and US$ 10,770 for Health related (DHQ). Weather conditions also activities. hampered air services • Logistics coordination: In Jajarkot, the The Nepal Red Cross Society (NRCS) from logistics base was located at Chourjahari its in-country partners and partner National airstrip in Rukum District, four hours

112 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 3 | 113 ted to Medicines were delivered by helicopter by delivered were Medicines District and transpor into the affected areas by portersaffected areas by and mules ofLack tablets in the purification water solution remained Chlorine affected areas. households requiring with 30,000 a gap, solution, particularlychlorine in Rukum Logistics of supplies to remote WASH areas are only Some affected areas. the prolongs foot, which accessible by time to getto the household the supplies level of Source-As the majority Dried Water sources dried up springs and the water ofdue to lack rainfall during and the compelled winter drought people were the contaminated to drink and fetch elsewhere available water Coordination of the response at the local a challenge remained level Informal Sector Service Centre (INSEC) and Consumer's Rights Protection Forum the quality (CRPF) raised concern over of WFP since mid food distributed by West Far in the Mid and April to mid July the diarrheaareas affected by outbreak inedible. claiming that the food was They the report also raised concern over the government stating made public by the quality of WFP food distributed by good.was The of activities organizations various harmonized. not were There a need was to harmonise and come up with a to control the coordinated approach epidemics The care of the orphan including children also an issue in the other vulnerable was context. changing Key gaps WASH • • • • Issues • • • coordination between the logistic between coordination centre in Chourjahari DHQ due to and constraints communication Access: The majority of affected areas requiring days difficult to access, were of difficult it was and therefore walking, to transport required medicines and relay timely information Nepal Telecom Telecommunications: from only available GSM mobile was The CDMA 1000hrs to 1600hrs. during the evening. telephone static was with There limited communication was areas located outside District had negatively which Headquarters, impacted on timely information sharing. supply and difficult to track It was demand Electricity: There no electricity in was was Solar power District Headquarters. laptop required for the telephone battery, and other electrical equipment, including CDMA mobile phones Staff Supplies: The health teams deployed needed to carry sufficient supplies, and food – as the majority including water of food insecure the areas were Access to health facilities for affected population in remote areas Access to affected areas for the health only accessible by areas were Some staff. prolongedfoot, which the time to get the supplies to the household level Health information management system needs to be strengthened Gathering of at road medical supplies drop-points/plane drop-points needs to be managed of Logistics constraints for the delivery medical items to remote affected areas walk from DHQ. And there was a lack a was And there from DHQ. walk of Key Health Gaps • • • • • • • • • Chapter 3

A doctor from AMDA- headquarter treating the Diarrhea affecetd child, Jajarkot, 2009 Photo Courtesy: amdainternational.com

114 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 CHAPTER 4: GOOD PRACTICES ON DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT

| 115 Community people engaged in vulnerability capacity assessment & mapping, Humla Photo Courtesy: NSET 2009 116 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 4 | 117 Chapter 4 Chapter ied HFA priorities in Nepal both ied HFA at national as well as community level. at national as well as can more Such efforts which we as “Good accurately recognize Practices” are scattered all over the country. Amongst such many efforts, some are gathered in this chapter with the view to share and explore the possibilities of replication in many other parts of the country. These are few good examples and we can see number of similar but distinct concepts and experiences from different parts. But the need is how we can replicate & scale up such efforts? practical means for achieving disaster practical means for achieving communities resilience for vulnerable in the context of sustainable development. been more Since then, there have DRR under organized efforts on specif A). The Figure performed in 4.1: Street Drama on Disaster Awareness Kathmandu, ISDR 2010 Photo Courtesy: NSET Hyogo Framework assists the Hyogo Framework assists efforts of nations and more communities to become betterresilient to, and cope with their the hazards that threaten development gains. Its overarching goal is to build resilience of nations and communities to disasters, by achieving substantive reduction of disaster losses by 2015 – in lives, and in the social, economic, and environmental assets of communities and countries. The offers fiveHFA areas of priorities for action, guiding principles and Good Practices on Disaster Risk Management on Disaster Good Practices Conference on Disaster World held in Kobe, Reduction (WCDR) a global Japan in 2005 adopted risk blueprint for disaster Hyogo reduction known as (HF Framework for Action Name of the Case Study/Practice Disaster Preparedness and Response Planning Theme/Disaster/Disaster Phase Governance/Mutlihazard/Preparedness Geographic Location 75 districts throughout Nepal Chapter 4

Good Practice Detail Description levels in the past few years. MOHA is leading the preparedness initiatives Nepal faces a myriad of hazards. Different jointly with other Government Agencies, hazards such as flood, landslides, fire, UN Agencies, National/International storm, cold wave and epidemics are Organizations, Civil Societies, DPNet etc. causing enormous loss of lives and properties in Nepal every year. The entire As a result of this initiative, National country from East to West is highly prone workshop in 2010 recommended 21 to earthquake disaster and already faced points and approved by Central Level several small to mega earthquake Natural Disaster Response Committee disasters in the past. (CNDRC) for an effective disaster preparedness initiative at district, regional Disaster preparedness activities are and national levels. One of the therefore important as a precursor for a recommendations was to make “District more effective humanitarian response Lead Support Agencies (DLSA)” in 67 and for reducing humanitarian caseloads districts among the national and during disasters. Experience confirms international agencies with an objective that an effective humanitarian response to support District Disaster Relief at the onset of a crisis is heavily Committe (DDRC) for preparing “District influenced by the level of preparedness Disaster Preparedness Plan’. It has planning of responding agencies, as well resulted in very positive feedbacks from as the capacities and resources available all the actors. As a result, more than 60 at all levels. districts completed the preparation of Nepal should therefore be prepared in Disaster Preparedness Plan including five case of emergencies and disasters to regional authorities that drafted the protect it’s people from personal injury Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) in and loss of lives and protect property 2010. It was realized that these from damage. Emergency and Disaster preparedness initiatives have achieved Preparedness is one important major success in responding the flood component of Disaster Risk Reduction. and landslide affected people in 2010. It consists of actions intended to increase DPR Plan is to be developed further in all the coping capacity of districts and make 75 districts and humanitarian agencies them more resilient to disasters. supposed to play important roles of Considering the facts, Ministry of Home District Lead Support Agency (DLSA) as Affairs (MOHA) has started the usual. Further to this DDRC would take preparation of Disaster Preparedness the lead role jointly with District Plans at national, regional and district Development Committee for all necessary supports required for

118 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 4 | 119 Figure 4.2: Guidance note on DPRP Central level coordination needs to be more effectively trickled down or replicated at district level. imely updates on the DPRP is very much • Replication Potential Disaster Preparedness and Response Plan (DPRP) has been envisioned to be prepared for all the 75 districts of Nepal. Also, this is not just one-point activity. T required. Publication Guidance Note: Disaster Preparedness and Response Planning 2011 Implementing Agency Ministry of Home Affairs/Government of Nepal ies the actions Inter-Agency coordination is inevitable but demands high level of commitment. Major Stakeholders can play less effective role in the absence of defined provision/mandate to work on disaster preparedness. needed to address each of the disaster needed to address each and to achieve the preparedness issues will goals, who/which organization and under what complete each action includes who is timeline. The plan hence by when and in going to do what and what order for the disaster response & preparedness. Guidance Note 2011 has been A formulated for preparing the Disaster Preparedness and Response Plan. This note was prepared from the feedback of all the humanitarian partners. The taskforce was formed under the Secretary/Disaster leadership of Under Management Section/MOHA with the representative from UN Agencies, Nepal Red Cross Society, Association of INGOs Group on Disaster in Nepal Task Management (AINTDGM) and DPNet- Nepal. Objective develop Disaster Preparedness and To Response Plan (DPRP) for all the 75 districts of Nepal in order to minimize loss of human lives and properties caused by disasters Beneficiary Population All the Nepali People Lesson Learnt • • preparing DRR Plan in the districts. preparing DRR Plan and Response The Disaster Preparedness minimize human Plan (DPRP) aims to properties due to casualties and loss of disasters. The plan specif Name of the Case Study/Practice Early Warning System - Forewarned is forearmed Theme/Disaster/Disaster Phase Enhance Early Warning/Flood/Pre-disaster Geographic Location Kailali District Chapter 4 Good Practice Detail Description and passing information and when flood and During the flood of September 2008, the rainfalls levels make it necessary, warnings to water came so fast that it was chest-high downstream communities. The project formed only four minutes after it first entered the EWS sub-committees in each community to Mohana riverside communities. But the provide accurate information. It worked on communities followed the warning and building the capacity of the committee evacuation plans which they had developed members to understand the significance of and practiced beforehand. When the water river and rainfall levels. of the Mohana River started to rise on 20 The project put in place the communication September, the sirens were sounded at 3 equipment, used gauges to measure river and A.M. The Disaster Preparedness Committee rainfall levels and record their trend. Wooden (DPC), the Early Warning System (EWS) posts with yellow (warning-get ready) and red committee and the Search and Rescue (S&R) (danger-need to evacuate) bands were team together managed to evacuate the installed along riverbanks. people on time. The communities lost fewer Local FM radio were used for broadcasts to lives (in fact, none at all) and significantly less disseminate warnings, the project also property than surrounding communities, but provided CDMA telephones to link the surrounding communities also benefited from upstream recorder stations with downstream the EWSs as the project communities spread communities as well as with the Department the word. of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) field Prior to the project intervention, there was office in six communities bordering the no systematized EWS, and people relied on Mohana River in the far-western Terai – namely their “instinct,” visible flooding upstream Lalitpur, Mohanpur, Shivaratnapur, Bisanpur, and flood-related smells and sounds which Manikapur, and Jokahiyapur. resulted in heavy loss of lives and property The project communities further prepared every year. Early warning systems (EWSs) evacuation plans incorporating early warning thus reduced vulnerability by providing and performed simulations. individuals and communities with the information they need to act in a timely and During the monsoon season, data collection appropriate manner to avoid flood-related has been devised to record at hourly intervals, risks. The project Kailali Disaster Risk 24 hours seven days a week. Historical data Reduction Initiatives (KDRRI) implemented from previous monsoon seasons has formed by Mercy Corps Nepal, in partnership with the basis for identifying critical water levels the Kailali District Chapter of the Nepal Red and rainfall thresholds. When these levels are Cross Society (NRCS Kailali) with support exceeded, a warning is disseminated through from DIPECHO built effective, integrated various channels, including local FM radio systems that included not just the physical stations, telephones, megaphones and infrastructure but also provisions for technical handoperated sirens. DHM’s cooperation monitoring and warning, and steps to ensures the effectiveness and sustainability increase public awareness. of the EWS and enables communities to EWSs involved monitoring upstream points

120 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 4 | 121 Figure 4.4: Communicating using an upstream recorder Figure –level- 4.3: Water gauge installed at the river bank ting up parallel systems on either side of the usual dates for the of the usual dates on either side end of the monsoon onset and resources, It is essential to use existing rather than structures and technology set • Replication Potential of community- It is a successful initiative and can be based disaster risk reduction developed elsewhere easily replicated and Publication Risk Reduction Community-Based Disaster (Kailali Disaster Risk Good Practice – Reduction Initiatives) Implementing Agency Mercy Corps Nepal, Kailali District Chapter of the Nepal Red Cross Society (NRCS Kailali), DIPECHO tee was formed under the tee was formed under with the demand for information As weather patterns grow increasingly more unpredictable, the period allocated for the recording of rainfall and water levels should be extended chairmanship of the district chief chairmanship of the is to engineer. Its main responsibility system, maintain the communication and ensure that support the recorders communication equipment continues to function. District authorities, the press, the security forces, the NRCS, DHM and other local DRR stakeholders are represented in the committee. Encouraged by its positive experience during the 2008 monsoon season, the project hopes to expand Community-based EWSs across the entire Mohana watershed. The project thus played an important role in the establishment of EWSs. Prior to its intervention, locals had very little knowledge about how floods occurred and how they could protect themselves. Now, people understand how floods occur, how much rainfall upstream will cause flooding in their area, what action should be taken, how to get warning information and how to prepare effective evacuation plans. Objective reduce the risk of flooding and help To communities to prepare for and respond to floods to decrease their dependence on external aid Beneficiary Population Six communities bordering the Mohana – namely River in the far-western Terai Lalitpur, Mohanpur, Shivaratnapur, Bisanpur, Manikapur, and Jokahiyapur of Kailali district Lessons Learnt • Systems must be set up in accordance • link into the DHM’s forecasting division, DHM’s forecasting link into the monsoon, the arrival of the which monitors flood estimates, the duration of rainfall, Data from and other useful information. stations and the DHM’s nine hydrological along the Mohana six metrological stations are incorporated River and its tributaries the EWSs. into the operation of An EWS design and management commit Name of the Case Study/Practice Establishing Community Based Early Warning Systems in Nepal Theme/Disaster/Disaster Phase Enhance Early Warning/Flood/Pre-disaster Geographic Location Chitwan and Nawalparasi Chapter 4

Good Practice Detail Description managed and independent of outside There was no formal system of watching the support. Construction of the tower and river during periods of high water. Water provision of siren systems were managed by ingress was not observable in many places, Practical Action while site identification, land due to the lie of the land and dense purchase, community mobilization, vegetation during the monsoon period. Flood awareness raising and establishing a user waters often entered houses before people committee were the responsibility of the were even aware that there was a threat, community. making it impossible to save anything. In In expanding its program, Practical Action addition, as due to the prevalent rainfall chose to remain in the same geographical patterns, floods tended to come at night, area extending downstream, west, to the many people lost sleep during the high water communities of Piple, Jagatpur and Meghauli periods, due to stress and worry. on the Rapti river in Chitwan, and then to This made the communities very much keen Pithauli, Kolhuwa and Parsauni on the on the project being carried out by Practical Narayani river, in Nawalparasi. Within these Action towards strengthening the capacity communities approximately 34,500 of communities to manage early warning individuals now benefit from the setting up systems to reduce the impacts of floods. The of the EWS and other project activities, with project components such as; Setting up of the latter including the distribution of 70 life Formal “watch and warn” rotas, or full time jackets and other life saving equipment, watchmen paid during the critical flood construction of 15 boats, 6 bridges, 9 spurs periods to watch on behalf of everyone; and dykes, and 6 shelters, as well as a broad Identifying the Sites giving the best view of range of public awareness and education both the river and the community and activities including poster and leaflet establishing the form of warning which distributions, FM broadcasts, street theatre, everyone could understand were highly song and dance competitions and schools convincing and agreeable for the community. activities. In 2002 as a part of its pilot project, Practical Chitwan and Nawalparasi are among the Action erected an observation tower and most flood prone districts in Nepal, appearing siren system in Bhandara, Chitwan. The high on the lists of loss and damage each project was implemented to assess the year. Towers were erected in 5 out of the 6 potential and opportunity for purely local communities targeted, incorporating design level observation and warning of flood with improvements influenced both by previous its objectives set very much within the learning and ideas generated within the new operational and security environment project area. Experience suggested reliance prevalent in 2002. Specifically as government on mains electricity was unwise, so alternative institution were finding it increasingly difficult sources of warning were discussed. Study to operate in many rural locations, the revealed no existing ‘indigenous’ warning deteriorating security environment further systems - which was not unexpected given made it imperative that whatever systems that most communities were made up of were established they be community migrants and flood was a recent phenomena

122 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 4 | 123 , Local resident icient social Figure 4.6: Local resident practicing on the siren Figure of the 4.5: One Installed tower informing on the gauge reading which put users firstwhich put and at their centre principal be based on the Systems should “supply of” of “demand for”, not information effective person to person eff communication and technologies networks. Communication these merely complement system and not technology the • • EWS are the product of Successful • should dictate the technology Systems Replication Potential partners believe that Practical Action and its their activities in piloting EWS in Nepal have highlighted the applicability, cost effectiveness, utility and its high replication potential in other areas. Publication Saving Lives Early Warning Implementing Agency Practical Action ive locations. The “watch” Investment in EWS is a cost effective use of limited resources where risk can be anticipated and measured High tech/high cost systems are not only of inappropriate but unsustainable. Use local resources both cuts costs and ensures greater ownership Systems should provide information, not warnings per se. Making information intelligible and user friendly are fundamental to any system participants in systems, not beneficiaries of them. Systems must be established - nor that any locally manufactured hand locally manufactured - nor that any available. As systems were sirens or warning opt for ‘stand alone’ such it was agreed to electrical siren systems. systems were By the monsoon of 2007, completed in all f component was managed differently in each component was managed warning system community, but a common the area, as a result was agreed throughout exchange program. of an inter-community The first that sounding of a siren indicated prepare, while the communities should they should evacuate. second one meant that transmittedSo far sirens were only so the communities established relay systems reliant on on volunteers going door to door to pass warnings received. Evacuation in all locations was further assisted by other components of of the program such as the improvement bridges and provision of boats. Genuine intra-community warning systems were established to which the siren was only a trigger. There is now additional time for people to gather members, valuable assets, live stock and stored food. The system has proved robust when external sources and information has failed. Communities have felt empowered and increasingly there is now less fatalism about floods and inevitability of the destruction that they bring. Objective strengthen the capacity of communities To to manage early warning systems to reduce the impacts of floods Beneficiary Population Residents of Chitwan and Nawalparasi district Lessons Learnt • • • • of information should be active Users Name of the Case Study/Practice Promoting Safer Construction Practice- Training the masons in Nepal Theme/Disaster/Disaster Phase Knowledge Management-Technology Transfer/Earthquake/ Pre Disaster Geographic Location Throughout Nepal under various programs Chapter 4

Good Practice Detail Description integral part of the school safety program. However, the coverage – was Construction of residential buildings in a very small as there were only few schools developing country like Nepal is primarily in SESP. Realizing the vital role of masons carried out by the informal sector, mostly in earthquake resistant construction the owner/builders. The prevailing Mason Training evolved as an construction practice does not independent activity during 2003 as a incorporate earthquake resistant part of Municipal program being components and the existing housing implemented by NSET. stock is highly vulnerable to earthquakes. This shows a clear need of producing At present, the 5 day mason training more trained masons by skill upgrading program of NSET, which combines class- of the practicing masons as well as the room training with hands-on field newcomers in the construction sector. exercises, has become very popular in Nepal and abroad. Masons are the key actors who translate designs into reality, especially in The positive impact of the Mason Training developing countries where more than can be clearly observed at three major 90% of the buildings are non-engineered, levels; in the community, in the attitude and the masons are commonly serving of the masons trained and the most as the “best technical hands” available important is in the construction quality for building construction. Therefore, and safety level of the buildings masons need to be aware of the reconstructed. The community members technology they are working with in have now a better understanding and order to ensure optimum, efficient and faith on the construction technology effective use of the building materials introduced. This acceptance on the and the construction processes. technology and availability of the skilled human resources will certainly result in NSET in its quest of promoting safer better sustainability of the technology. construction practice began training masons several years ago with the The masons, who were initially confused objective of making them aware of the and reluctant to the technology, are now techniques used for risk-reduction with confident on their work. Their a full understanding of “why” and “how”. performance has been much better. The trained Masons have also been trying to NSET started providing On-the-job implement earthquake resistant training and classroom lectures for the construction techniques in their masons during the School Earthquake communities. The organized efforts of Safety Program (SESP) in 1999. As it was masons have led to the creation of observed that the Mason training was masons group and the group are now very effective and the impact was advocating for safer construction remarkable with high replication practice. potential, Mason training became the

124 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 4 | 125 ield Figure 4.8: Participants involved in group work Figure 4.7: Practical demonstration in the f icient with high replication of Building Curriculum for Mason of Building Curriculum for Training (Guidelines Training Instructors), 2005 Replication Potential Replication impact is effective and Mason training methodology is was remarkable. The cost-eff potential. The procedures developed by potential. The procedures and used by NSET has been adapted organizations government and other risk reduction. working in earthquake Publication • Earthquake Resistant Construction Implementing Agency National Society for Earthquake Municipalities, Department Technology, and Building Development of Urban Construction (DUDBC) quality construction and develop skillful working human resources in earthquake resistant construction through training and awareness at community level ter wages than those who are not than those who are ter wages trained and have a good reputation in trained and have a good people’s attitudessociety suggests that changed toward safety have considerably. awareness It is obvious that increased of masons help and enhanced capacity code effectively implementing building decision at the and practically. Making sufficient,top level alone is not there should be sufficient capable number of fieldprofessionals in the for the as well of concept. successful implementation Meanwhile, bottom-up is approach powerful for effective building code implementation. But at the same time, strong policy support and environment is indispensable for such activities. With multi dimensional efforts, it is not too far to achieve the goal of earthquake safe constructions even in weak economy like Nepal. Objective • upgrade local craftsmen’s skill in To • Start mitigation and preparedness Beneficiary Population All the potential house- owners, community Any Lesson manpower required for Trained earthquake resistant construction technology Increased awareness and enhanced capacity of masons help implementing building code effectively and practically Making decision at the top level alone is not sufficient for the challenge of implementation Bottom-up approach is powerful for effective building code implementation The fact that trained masons are paid trained masons The fact that bet Name of the Case Study/Practice Building Code Implementation in Dharan Municipality Theme/Disaster/Disaster Phase Risk Reduction/ Earthquake/Pre-disaster Geographic Location Dharan, Sunsari Chapter 4 Good Practice Detail Description on submission of detailing rather than calculations and main emphasis was given on Dharan is one of the municipalities which the implementation of Category C (MRT) of have effectively implemented the building the Code. The second year of implementation code in recent years. of building code was focused on field It took almost a decade for Dharan to recover implementation. The municipalities made from the effect of the devastation caused by several requests and appeals to the people the 1988 earthquake of 6.5 Magnitude. The for constructing safer buildings. Several mobile quake left behind questions like: what are clinics were also conducted. the major problems in the current To speed up the process, municipality brought construction practice? How can this poor about the Licensing system to the local builders construction practice be changed into a good and masons in the third year of implementation construction practice? of building code. Receiving a 4 days earthquake Further the study carried out under the resistant construction training conducted by Dharan Earthquake Risk Management Project the municipality was a pre-requisite for the (DERMP) implemented by NSET outlined the local builders and masons to be qualified for aftermath of the probable earthquake and the professional license issued by the the vulnerability scenario of the municipality. municipality. It showed that almost 60% of the municipal In order to make a check on the system the area is expected to bear a damage of MMI municipality enforced punishment system to IX scale and almost 40% of the area is those local builders and masons who tend to expected to bear a damage of MMI VIII scale. ignore the provisions of building code. The It also showed that 40% of the total building punishment system was divided into 4 levels. stock could be damaged and severe effect in critical lifeline facilities. 1. Warning if found ignoring the provisions of building code deliberately for the first This made Dharan Municipality to come up time. with the strategies towards minimizing the 2. Suspending for a period of 2 months if the existing risk in the municipality such as; same person is found ignoring the conduct series of trainings and awareness provisions of building code deliberately programs and Implement building code as for the second time soon as possible. 3. Blacklisting and making it public if the same On the occasion of Earthquake Awareness person is found guilty of ignoring the Day on August 22, 2007 (Bhadra 5, 2064 B.S.), provisions of building code deliberately Dharan municipality in the presence of for the third time government officials and all the stakeholders 4. Delisting from the municipal list and announced its plan to implement NBC in all cancelling the license if the same person of its building permit process. is found guilty of ignoring the provisions The first year of implementation of building of building code deliberately for the fourth code was mainly focused on the and final time. improvement of municipal drawings Further to motivate those local builders and submitted by the client for building permit masons who are doing well and following the purpose. The municipality was mainly focused building code a provision of reward was made.

126 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 4 | 127 Figure 4.10: Constructing Sill and Lintel bands has become popular in Dharan Figure 4.9: Concerned Stakeholders jointly announcing the building code implementation tention to Retrofittingtention to be should given along with the new constructions given along with the for old cities like Dharan in Nepal is Building Code Implementation factors. not so easy due to various accomplished and as However, it could be is a good well replicated if there the implementing coordination between as in the agencies and the stakeholders case of Dharan Municipality. computer aided designing trainings like SAP aided designing trainings computer • Due at Replication Potential • High Replication Potential • Implementing Agency Dharan Municipality To effectively implement the building code effectively To in Dharan municipality Municipality extended to other cases Thumb (MRT) in the least should be confirmed by Ministry of Local Development (MoLD) by introducing it in Minimum Conditions Performance Measures (MCPM) bodies is necessary to sustain the program prior giving trainings to local masons Promotional scheme to local masons and contractors should be introduced Submission of Design Calculations should be made compulsory for Category BB Buildings calculation should be made compulsory for Category CC Buildings the consultants should be increased giving wareness Day they were rewarded with a they were rewarded wareness Day Annually on the occasion of the Earthquake the occasion of the Annually on A cash prize, certificateand their names are made public. establishment of These efforts led to the code and Separate unit for Building the organizational Earthquake Safety within Drastic positive framework of the municipality. has been seen change in building drawings in one or the other which has been replicated way in the field Almost all the new as well. been constructed houses (nearly 75%) have criteria of NBC. following most of the and technicians in Involvement of masons has increased due to building construction their involvement in building permit system and licensing system. Follow-up even after the issuing the permit has made the house- owners stick to the drawings to the drawings. Professional Associations of masons, contractors and consultant technicians have been formed. Objective/Methodology • • reduce the earthquake risk in Dharan To Beneficiary Population Residents of Dharan Municipality and the surrounding area Lessons Learnt • elaborated and MRT should be more • Mandatory Rule of Implementation of • Support from government and other • Screening and selection should be done • • • Submission of Stress and Eccentricity • Competency in structural designing for Name of the Case Study/Practice Child Centered Disaster Risk Reduction Theme/Disaster/Disaster Phase Risk Reduction/ Multihazard/Predisaster Geographic Location Sunsari District / July 2010 – October 2011 Chapter 4 Good Practice Detail Description potential risks, including damage to school infrastructure, furniture, and learning The flooding of the Koshi River in 2008 material and time lost due to closure. Each devastated Sunsari District in Nepal plan adhered to the principle of 'DRR through displacing 7000 families and creating a great schools' not 'DRR in schools' so that they humanitarian crisis. The fact that so many could accommodate a wide variety of issues, children saw their rights to survival, all of which put children at their centre. education and protection compromised Schools have started to implement these underscored an important point: to secure contingency plans, renovating toilets and the wellbeing of children before, during, clearing, leveling, and fencing school grounds and after a disaster, more needs to be done to reduce the risk of snake bites, accidents, than simply provide humanitarian aid after and incursions by domestic and wild animals. a natural hazard wreaks havoc on a community ill-prepared to cope. Plan Nepal At the community level, the project assumed the role of one of the lead conducted initiatives to make sure that the agencies in the response effort. knowledge and skills people acquired during trainings could be translated into action and Embracing the principles of the Hyogo to increase people’s confidence in their Framework of Action and the Nepal capacity to manage disasters; in addition to Government’s Disaster Management the six street drama performances, there Strategy, Plan launched its Child-Centred were three showings of the project’s DRR Disaster Risk Reduction (CCDRR) Project in documentary, and six drills in earthquake, 2010 supported by Irish Aid in fire and flood procedures. Mahendranagar, Harinagara and Barahachhetra village development The drills and simulations helped to fill gaps committees (VDCs) in Sunsari District in in people’s knowledge about DRR and to partnership with Human Development and translate skills and knowledge into practice Environment Protection Forum (HUDEP). at the individual, family and community The wards and VDCs were selected with levels. input from the district’s development and Even though this project was of short nature disaster relief committees and with due and a pilot initiative, it has generated many consideration to their exposure and interesting findings and learning. vulnerability to hazards. Objective/Methodology With the participation of both child and adult stakeholders, each of the three The objectives of the project were; to schools in the project area—Harinagara increase the capacity of local governments Higher Secondary School in Harinagara, and the Sunsari District Disaster Relief Basanta Ritu Secondary School in Committee (DDRC) to prepare for and Mahendranagar, and Kausika Lower respond to disasters using a CCDRR Secondary School in Barachhetra— approach, and to increase the capacity of developed a contingency plan after children, youth and local communities to conducting a Hazard-Vulnerability-and- prepare for, respond to, and militate against Capacity Analysis (HVCA) which assessed potential disasters.

128 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 4 | 129 Figure 4.12: Students permforming Duck, Cover & Hold on Figure: 4.11: Practice on the flood response technique Replication Potential Replication that and its partner believe Plan Nepal be replicated with any CCDRR approach can specially, the CCDRR CBDRM initiative. More under Flagship 1 approach can be applied School Safety Program Publication and Learning document A project evaluation Nepal - available from Plan Implementing Agency Plan Nepal Kathmandu ited 30,892 people ited 30,892 of the project. This project’s DRR activities of the project. This project’s with local were conducted in partnership was actively people, and local ownership members encouraged. Local community were given significantroles such as DRM general were ambassadors, and in DRM cycle. Often, involved in the entire for the success they bore full responsibility or failure of activities. to contribute efforts towards better governance systems, both locally and nationally. Local disaster management committees (LDMCs) have been established to institutionalize government systems at local village level. Furthermore LDMC involvement also increased during the implementation phase of the project. Investing in building local school capacity should be prioritised in future projects as schools are excellent conduits for knowledge sharing and dissemination. The programme has highlighted a ground- level willingness to address school safety, and it could be effective to implement a 'right-to-safe-schools’ campaign, advocating in coordination with local health posts and parents teachers associations for first aid boxes and fire extinguishers in each school, as well as repairing of unsafe structures and prioritise earthquake resistant construction. increases the value of trainings. Providing essential equipment not only increased participants’ interest but also enhanced their confidence and self-esteem. For example conducting real life search and rescue simulations using life jackets and ropes caught the imagination of participants, and encouraged more people to get involved in training. centered disaster risk management, the inclusion of vulnerable groups should be prioritized. Beneficiary Population directly benef The project of 6121 households Lessons Learnt • Local participation is vital to the success • of this project was An important aspect • • • equipment The provision of life-saving • For scaling-up local capacity on child Name of the Case Study/Practice DRR Income Generation Program (IGP)/Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction Program Theme/Disaster/Disaster Phase Underlying Risk Factors/Multihazard/Pre-Post Disaster Geographic Location Illam, Jhapa and Panchtar districts Chapter 4

Good Practice Detail Description to addressing disaster. The DRR unit encouraged the community to come to Nepal Red Cross has been working with 25 gatherings and through these meetings, communities in Illam, Jhapa and Panchtar they became aware that if they worked districts in eastern region of Nepal to together, they could do a lot to solve their reduce the risk of disasters since 2006. The problems. program, which is supported by the British Red Cross, trains community members in As part of the DRR program, the Red Cross disaster management. This involves setting also provided the committees with up teams to prepare communities for NRs.15,000 each for increasing the economic disasters, such as floods and landslides. It capacity within the community. The also includes training people in first aid, as emergency funds were used to provide well as establishing emergency funds for income generation loans for people affected responding when a disaster strikes. As a by disasters who lost their means of making result, all 25 participating communities a living. have received relevant training and set up The loan was very helpful for the needy DRR units, implemented mitigation people as the bank didn’t lend loan without projects, established emergency funds and a guarantor and others overcharge on trained DM groups. interest. The loan under DRR Income The communities the Red Cross is working Generation Program was affordable for with in eastern Nepal are poor and repayment and thus was beneficial for the therefore particularly vulnerable to a people. number of disasters including river floods, The Red Cross further equipped the fires and snakebites. They have faced these community with essential skills as they were disasters for many years as they did not provided with various trainings such as First have any knowledge or skills on disaster Aid and Disaster Management. From these preparedness or disaster mitigation, trainings, the communities have received rescue, relief or even basic pre warning knowledge and skills on Disaster systems. There was no social cohesion in Preparedness and Mitigation, Basic First Aid, their community, which made coordination Emergency Coordination and very difficult. The situation changed when Communication. The DRR program has thus the community was selected by NRCS for increased awareness of the community the Community Based Disaster Risk about disasters and social harmony in their Reduction program. Before the program community. started in the community, the community preferred to wait for others to try and solve Objective their problems. The arrival of the DRR • To increase the awareness level of the program introduced a different approach community towards DRR

130 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 4 | 131 Replication Potential Replication high replication The program has a very replicated to other potential and is being to increase the communities in order the communities disaster resilience of Implementing Agency (NRCS), British Red Nepal Red Cross Society Cross Figure and her husband 4.14: Murdirmaya Tumbapo with their buffalos, which they were able to buy with a helping hand from the DRR program Figure 4.13: Kitchen Gardening in one of the in one of Figure 4.13: Kitchen Gardening DRR implemented communities, Panchthar T skills on DRR the community to uplift their support To income livelihood through various generation program • withessential o equipthecommunity • Beneficiary Population of the three More than 15,000 Communities districts Name of the Case Study/Practice Developing and Implementing Emergency Response Plan of a Bheri Zonal Hospital in Nepal Theme/Disaster/Disaster Phase Risk Reduction/Earthquake/Pre-disaster Geographic Location Banke district Chapter 4

Good Practice Detail Description on awareness and capacity building in making the hospital safer and enabling it to cope with Hospitals would be among the first the pending disaster. institutions to be affected after a disaster, natural or human induced. Because of the The project conducted a detail vulnerability heavy demand placed on their services at the assessment of structural and non-structural time of a disaster, hospitals need to be safety of Bheri Zonal Hospital in early 2010. prepared to handle overwhelming huge The project was implemented by NSET with workloads. funding support from European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid Department (ECHO) Despite the very critical role in disaster, through Action-Aid Nepal (AAN) under hospitals in Nepal are not prepared to DIPECHO V together with Bheri Zonal Hospital respond to the predicted disaster situation. (BZH). Based on the assessment report, Seismic vulnerability assessments of 19 major preparation of comprehensive emergency hospitals showed 80% of the hospitals will be response plan of the hospital and out of function in a major earthquake. Bheri implementation of key activities to support Zonal Hospital located in Nepalgunj, Banke the plan together with non-structural district, the largest referral government mitigations was chosen by the hospital hospital in the mid western region providing management in consultation with Action Aid services to more than 100,000 people of the and NSET. With support from Handicap mid and far western region of Nepal per year, International (HI), the issues of accessibility is amongst those most vulnerable to were also included while preparing the earthquakes. The cause of non-functionality emergency response plan as well as during of the hospital is not only attributable to implementation of activities to support the structural components, but also non- plan as far as possible. structural and functional Towards making the Bheri Zonal Hospital components. prepared for emergencies various activities Realizing this, a were implemented such as; Assessment for comprehensive functionality of the hospital (Structural, Non- emergency Structural and Functional) was carried out, response plan of the orientation and interaction program was hospital was organized on disaster preparedness planning, developed, followed Emergency Response Plan with Spatial Map by implementation was prepared and as suggested by the of key activities assessment report, non-structural mitigation under the project measures were also carried out in the hospital. Developing and In addition, works listed as Priority I such as Implementing putting sirens in four key locations around Disaster the hospital complex, construction of two Preparedness Plan in emergency exit gates, two channel gates to Figure 4.15: Spatial Plan for Bheri Zonal Hospital. guide the patient flow, clearing and planting Emergency Response Scenario The project broadly -1, Bheri Zonal Hospital covered and focused

132| Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 4 | 133 riage is important Figure 4.16: Nonstructural Mitigation work at the hospital Integration with other programs was Cost with other programs Integration effective Regular practice of T Continuous training for the staff needed Continuous training for with Emergency Store Linkage of Disaster Store is necessary is not all technical Mass Casualty Management for nursing Drill was a learning experience students on regular basis Drill should to be conducted Replication Potential primarily developed to This was a pilot project model that can design and build a replicable safety-related be used in future hospital programs, whilst also demonstrating and advocating for a higher level of hospital safety in the country as per the first Flagship Program (a consortium developed by the donors and GON for Disaster Risk endorsed by Management in Nepal). As gleaned from the works of BZH and the lessons learnt, all approaches and methodologies were found to be highly effective and can be replicated with project- specific alterations in other health institutions in Nepal in future Implementing Agency Action-Aid Nepal (AAN) and Bheri Zonal Hospital (BZH), under the DIPECHO V, National Society for Earthquake Technology-Nepal (NSET), Handicap International (HI). ixing of sign boards for quarters ixing of sign boards for of grass in the garden area to maintain as a the garden area to maintain of grass in of patients, an overflow lawn for allocating making and f and the main entrance gates of the hospital, and the main entrance were carried out. critical life line facilities, For Strengthening of assessment, as suggested by the vulnerability the generator and lifeline facilities including by pump house, were strengthened one and demolishing the existing and providing reconstructing the housing They were shelter for the generator. earthquake constructed incorporating ensure they remain resistant elements, to functional during post-disaster. Development of hospital disaster response plan is not an end in itself and it is imperative to test the plan, therefore orientation training and Hospital Disaster Preparedness Drill program was developed as a continuing effort to help Bheri Zonal Hospital undertake effective and efficient drills specifically for emergency preparedness and response. Objective/Methodology The overall goal of the project was to strengthen the mass casualty management system in BZH to ensure the prompt and sufficient a performance of the hospital after disaster building an effective, efficient and inclusive response mechanism Methodology The various methodologies carried out in BZH to improve its functionality during a disaster, are as follows; Coordination and Interactions with Various Stakeholders Reference of Relevant Documents Application of Hospital Incident Command System (HICS) Beneficiary Population More than 100,000 people of the Mid and Far Region of Nepal Western Lessons Learnt Planning is possible, even in busy operating hospital Involvement of Hospital Staff in Planning and Implementation was effective Application of new concept is challenging and requires patience Name of the Case Study/Practice School Earthquake Safety Program (SESP) Theme/Disaster/Disaster Phase Disaster Preparedness/Multi-hazards/Preparedness Geographic Location Throughout Nepal Chapter 4 Good Practice Detail Description SESP is necessary. Despite the high risk of earthquakes, school NSET pioneered the School Earthquake Safety construction in Nepal has largely ignored Program (SESP) in 1997 when it was included issues of structural safety and they are built as a direct component of Kathmandu Valley very informally just like common residential Earthquake Risk Management Program buildings. Over 66 percent of the valley’s (KVERMP) with the initiative of making public schools are likely to collapse if they schools safer against earthquakes that not were to experience intensity IX shaking. only protects school children, but educates Estimated casualty figures for a scenario communities to protect themselves earthquake of MMI IX shaking during school Schools are source of education (awareness) hours in Kathmandu Valley are: 29,000 deaths and also a tool to make people aware about (students, teachers and administrative staff- safety from hazards. Students, teachers, 12%), 43,000 seriously injured (18%), total parents and the members of the management collapse of school buildings (66%), partial committee are the active agents who help collapse (11%), and 23% of the buildings will widen the outreach of the earthquake safety suffer from minor to moderate damage. measures. The earthquake resistant school The findings led NSET to advocate for School building stands there as stimulator to change Earthquake Safety Program (SESP) in Nepal, the current construction practice. School which has been very successful in terms of students are good conveyers of information developing appropriate technical from school to individual households. In this methodologies and a procedure for sense, school could be considered as ignition community-based implementation. The effort point to change traditional practices to has demonstrated technical, economical, seismically safer construction practice of political and socio-cultural feasibilities of society. Apart from its educational usage, enhancing earthquake performance of about schools are also used as community meeting 300 public schools in Nepal located within places and emergency shelters during the Kathmandu Valley and in districts located disasters. The importance of making school at various buildings earthquake resistant is obvious. In physiographic the early years SESP was limited to seismic regions of Nepal retrofit design and involvement of the from the high concerned communities in the Himalayan implementation of the school building seismic settlements to the reconstruction or seismic strengthening. plains of Terai in the Later, SESP gradually developed into a social south. However, movement as the centre of earthquake risk there are more than management. 32,000 public and In the School Earthquake Safety Program, private schools in NSET encourages the local community to Nepal, and the establish a School Earthquake Safety challenge is to scale Committee (SESC), with several sub- up the process of committees, at each SESP site. Because of enhancing the involvement of a very wide section of earthquake safety of communities and institutions, SESP has Figure 4.17: Students observing schools for which proven to be a strong awareness raising the retrofitting work in one of institutionalization activity. of the concept of the selected school The School Earthquake Safety Program

134 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 4 | 135 Figure 4.18: Students participating in the earthquake drill program T -based programs of the process. transfer is replication for mason is an essential program Training School Earthquake part for a successful Safety Program Nepalese Schools • plays vitalroleincommunity ransparency • Best indicator of success of technology • • Retrofitting for is an affordable solution Replication Potential Program is a School Earthquake Safety make schools safer and complete program to with the message of also reach communities SESP earthquake safety promotion. established and approaches are well approved. Despite concept being widely accepted and even replicated at various levels, there is a huge potential to scale up the effort with extensive replication so as to cover thousands of schools in Nepal and the region. Additionally, the masons trained during the program are now spreading the technology of earthquake-resistant construction in their communities and replicating the technology while constructing new buildings. They are also training other masons. Thus the process of replication (replicating the construction methods employed in school building to construct their private houses) would multiply in in future to set a new technological culture construction. Publication Hand-Book for Seismic Resistant Construction and RetrofittingNepal of School Buildings in Manual for School Based Earthquake Training Preparedness Program Implementing Agency National Society for Earthquake Technology- Nepal (NSET) in partnership with many Agencies/ Organizations raining of masons, To assess the structural and non structural assess To vulnerability of public school buildings reduce the identified vulnerabilities awareness of earthquake risks and raise To preparedness School Earthquake Preparedness Plan propagating disaster risk reduction at community level complete program appropriate technology Management model in SESP can be used in any community development work as a model for community- based initiatives consists of three closely inter-knit sub- three closely inter-knit consists of namely, (1) T components, (2) Training of teachers, parents and students of teachers, parents (2) Training and preparedness on earthquake preparedness retrofitplanning, and (3) seismic or earthquake- of public school resistant reconstruction out survey, design and buildings. NSET carries committeeassists the construction to the local Usually, implement the construction. in the construction; masons are engaged contractors are avoided. supervision. NSET also provides construction the masons and During construction, with the Hands-on technicians are provided resistant construction. training on earthquake students and the Further the school teachers, are oriented on surrounding community Plan earthquake safety. Emergency Response of of the school is developed including training teachers, parents, children and the community for the drill to be performed based on the plan. in Thus the program has been very successful promoting community participation in all raise components of program activities and to earthquake awareness significantly. Objective/Methodology The main goal of the project is to gradually ensure that school children in seismic regions go to earthquake-safe schools and that local with communities build their capacities to cope achieve the goal, the earthquake disasters. To SESP program has the following principal objectives: • • identify and implement measures to To • • and implement Help schools develop Beneficiary Population Students, teachers and the surrounding community of the selected schools Lessons Learnt • Schools are the best point of entry for • School Earthquake Safety Program is a • SESP is a platform to produce/develop • Name of the Case Study/Practice Disaster Preparedness for Safer Schools (DPSS) Theme/Disaster/Disaster Phase Preparedness/Earthquake-Multi-hazard / Pre-disaster Geographic Location Nuwakot, Bhaktapur Chapter 4 Good Practice Detail Description Formation of Student Disaster Safety Clubs, Strengthening of Junior/Youth Red Cross Schools in Nepal and the region are highly (J/YRC), Preparation and implemention of vulnerable to different kinds of disasters. School Disaster Preparedness and Response Disaster awareness and preparedness at the Plan, Support for Students’ Summits in schools is very low. There is urgent need of districts, School Disaster Preparedness Drill, disaster preparedness in vulnerable schools in in 20 Schools, Developing Handbook on School Nepal. Realizing this need, Nepal Red Cross Disaster Preparedness, and etc. Society (NRCS) and NSET with the funding support from American Red Cross (ARC) Secondly, with the objective to increase implemented the program “Disaster disaster awareness of communities, various Preparedness for Safer Schools in Nepal Awareness Campaigns were carried on, like (DPSS)” to increase disaster awareness and the orientation sessions to parents, improve the disaster safety of schools and community people and the leaders on communities through awareness, training and concepts of hazards, disasters, preparedness capacity building activities. The program was and mitigation; Disaster Safety Rallies and also implemented in 50 schools from two districts production and dissemination of relevant ( Bhaktapur and Nuwakot) of Nepal during the publications. period of Nov 2009 to Oct 2010. DPSS is further Third area of activities under this program envisioned as a regional program to be focused on assisting institutionalization of implemented in few disaster prone countries disaster safety concepts through Involvement of Asia on the basis of experiences & lessons of key government and non-government learnt during first phase. institutions of education sector in the The program included development and program; Program Advisory Committee at adaptation of training curricula on school Central Level; District and local level based disaster preparedness, delivery of stakeholder meetings; Preparation of draft training courses, preparation and National Strategy for institutionalization of implementation of school earthquake Disaster Preparedness in Schools as well as preparedness plans, disaster preparedness Dissemination and Advocacy. drills, community awareness and A total of 8,402 people got benefitted through establishment of links between city/community numbers of disaster preparedness and risk preparedness plan and school preparedness reduction activities implemented in the DPSS plan. Various activities such as 5-day course program. 93 trainings on Disaster on School Based Disaster Preparedness Preparedness and Disaster Risk Reduction Training of Trainers (SBDPTOT), 3-day course were conducted and 20 communities and 50 on Basic Disaster Management Training schools of the program district were benefited (BDMT), 4-day course on Basic First Aid through risk reduction and preparedness Training (FA), 4-day course on -Light Search activities. As an outcome of the training and Rescue Training (LSAR) and 3-day course activities five different training curricula on on Disaster Preparedness disaster preparedness was developed. Planning/Vulnerability & Capacity Assessment Now the program partners are implementing Training (DPP/VCA) were conducted. Also, second phase of the program “DPSS2” in both various activities were implemented on the districts Nuwakot & Bhaktapur and also Disaster Risk Reduction and Preparedness such expanding to Rasuwa district. as Vulnerability and Risk Assessment,

136| Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 4 | 137 oT (SBDToT, 5 Days), oT (SBDToT, Figure 4.20: Students demonstrating and practicing Duck Cover and Hold during school earthquake drill Figure 4.19: School Emergency Evacuation Plan painted on walls of school building of its continuation and replicability. of its continuation Publication Based Disaster Curricula for - School Preparedness T Basic Disaster Management training (BDMT, Basic Disaster Management 3 Days) (LSAR, 4 Training Light Search and Rescue Days), Disaster Capacity Assessment/ Vulnerability (VCA/DP, 3 Days), Preparedness Plan training Guidelines for DPSS Program Operation Implementing Agency (NRCS), National Nepal Red Cross Society (NSET), Society for Earthquake Technology American Red Cross (ARC) iciary Population Mobilization of JYRC, Red Cross Volunteer seems very effective to aware community committee of Schools can take lead role to implement the preparedness activity make smooth coordination with community involve community for preparedness activity local government staff for sustainability of program smooth implementation procedure and built up the technical capacity of NRCS Improve disaster safety of public schools safety of public Improve disaster awareness; through increased hazard skills improved disaster management teachers and among school children, proper parents; and by establishing and response disaster preparedness systems of Increase disaster awareness disaster awareness communities through and campaigns and training programs point using schools as entry disaster safety Assist to institutionalize education system concepts into regular in by developing and assisting implementation of national strategies for wide-spread application of concepts, approaches and methodologies to enhance disaster safety of entire education system throughout the country. The communities, students, teachers and Red Cross volunteers of the program area Lessons Leant • • JYRC, School teacher and Management • Involvement of security forces help to • Some more intervention required to • Capacity building activities required for • Involvement of NSET reinforced the Replication Potential Wide local stakeholder, incorporation of government partners during implementation of the initiation demonstrated the model as a sustainable and replicable one to other schools and community. Further high level of community acceptance of the conducted activities has showed that it has a high replication potential. Second phase of the program “DPSS2” now being implemented in 3 districts is an example Objective • • • Benef Name of the Case Study/Practice Community Based Disaster Risk Management in Nepal (CBDRM-N) Theme/Disaster/Disaster Phase Disaster Preparedness/Multi-hazards/Preparedness Geographic Location Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Alapot VDC Chapter 4 Good Practice Detail Description The three DMCs with technical assistance from Realizing that neighborhoods and communities NSET, organized a 3 day training program on are the first ones to help each other during any Participatory Hazard, Risk, Vulnerability and major disaster situation, NSET has implemented Capacity Assessment (PHRVCA) for 30 local community based earthquake/disaster risk volunteers in each of the program management programs in different communities. The trained volunteers along communities of Nepal. Community Based with other members of the community carried Disaster Risk Management in Nepal (CBDRM- out the participatory Hazard, Risk, Vulnerability N) is one of those interventions. With the and Capacity Assessment of their locality. On funding support from Lutheran World Relief that basis, the Disaster Risk Management (LWR), NSET implemented program in Alapot Master Plan has been developed for each Ward Village Development Committee, Ward No.12 or VDC. The prepared master plan was shared of Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City (LSMC12) and and endorsed by the community stakeholders Ward No.18 of Kathmandu Metropolitan City in presence of the local government officials. (KMC18) during 2010-2011. Pilot activities were implemented in schools The program implementation begun with the and health centers. An orientation program number of multi-stakeholders meetings in on DRR was conducted in each selected school program communities separately to formulate and the School Based Community Disaster Ward/VDC level Disaster Risk Management Preparedness Plan was prepared. In addition, Committees (DMC). The concept was to pilot Disaster Response Plan was developed in each institutionalization of DRM efforts at the program community. Non structural lowermost administrative units in line with vulnerability reduction works were carried out Local Self-Governance Act (LSGA) 1999 and as in the selected schools and primary health envisioned in National Strategy for Disaster centers. Risk Management (NSDRM)-2009. With the Further, to upgrade the skill of the practicing participation of multiple sectors, DMC was masons of their community a five day training formed in each of the three program program for masons on Earthquake Resistant communities to be led by Head of Ward or VDC. Construction Technology was organized by The program was initiated with a 5-day training each DMCs. program on Community Based Disaster Risk In this program concept, all the activities have Management conducted for the been designed so as to enhance disaster representatives of the three Disaster resiliency through local initiatives on right Management Committees (DMC) and the based approach. Also, stress is on networking concerned authorities. The idea was to impart among CBOs and other civil society knowledge and skills in community frontiers organizations on policy development and and also enhance quality of DRM activities in sharing best practices in disaster risk the community to carry on. The trained persons management framework. are now capable of planning and implementing The concerned authority has endorsed the Community Based Disaster Risk Management DMCs as an entity within formal structure of initiatives. the Metropolitan City and Village Development Disaster Risk Management Committees (DMCs) Committees. planned for series of community level orientation programs to raise the public awareness on DRR/DRM.

138| Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 4 | 139 illage Figure 4.22: Participants performing practical exercise during the LSAR training Figure 4.21: Communities attending orientation lecture on earthquake safety The procedures developed by NSET has been developed by NSET The procedures used by other organizations adapted and reduction. It is very working in disaster risk 4000 V much clear that all the Development Committees should be facilitated to form Village level Disaster Risk Management Committeesimplement the Disaster Risk and in each village to make Reduction Activities resilient to disasters. the Nepali community Source / Publication Reports by NSET Implementing Agency Technology- National Society for Earthquake Relief (LWR) World Nepal (NSET), Lutheran iciary Population mainstreaming community based disaster mainstreaming community risk management schools which management plan in targeted community/CBOs interconnect with nearby and health institutions plan as hubs for disaster management and emergency health emergency response local level preparedness at the structural and community by implementing non-structural vulnerability reduction activities in all 3 communities the networking among CBOs, and other civil society organizations on policy development and best practices sharing in disaster risk management framework Management (DRM) initiative at 3 local government and social institutions by prepositioning of emergency rescue supplies very much essential risk reduction in a simple language pays Combination of Local wisdom and modern knowledge in Disaster Risk Management is a must for Effective Risk Assessment and Reduction and ownership Initiatives should be “Community Paced” Developing and improving risk assessment tools are very important Objectives • Enhance community capacities in • Build and facilitate school based disaster • Establish 3 local health institution based • Enhance the disaster safety of the • based approach and Enhance skill on right • Disaster Risk Institutionalize the Benef Communities of KMC Ward No 18, LSMC Ward Communities of KMC Ward No 12 and Alapot VDC More than 3,500 persons actively participated in the CBDRM-N project activities and gained direct benefit with enhanced access to knowledge, skill and hands on experience. Lessons learnt • campaign is Continuous mass awareness • of disaster Explaining complex concepts • • brings interest, involvement Transparency • Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction • Replication Potential The methodology is cost-efficient and replicable. Name of the Case Study/Practice Local level Disaster Management Committees – Effective Vehicles for reducing disaster risk (Community Based Disaster Risk Management) Theme/Disaster/Disaster Phase Preparedness/Multihazard/Pre-disaster Geographic Location Chapter 4 Banke, Makwanpur,Rasuwa and Kathmandu

Good Practice Detail Description and responsibilities. The fact that DMCs were In the previous years, DRR efforts did not socially inclusive helped to ensure the equal occur at the local level; decisions were made participation of men, women and marginalized higher up and were imposed on local groups in reducing the risks of hazards, communities, ignoring the fact that these eliminating social vulnerability and building decisions might be inappropriate for the local disaster-resilient communities. Women, who context. The misconception that dealing with were once largely absent from development disaster is the duty of the government and endeavors, are now in the forefront and are that locals can do nothing on their own to well represented in decision-making process. manage disaster prevailed, because there The establishment of DMCs has made it easier were no organized DMCs, discussions about to provide services to those groups of affected disaster risks and ways to cope with them people who were previously left unaided were limited. during disasters. DMCs also make communities The Project Disaster Risk Reduction through more responsive because with the Schools (DRRSP) implemented by Action Aid transparency of their actions they establish Nepal facilitated PVAs (Participatory upstream and downstream linkages and, Vulnerability Assessment) and interactions at increase the willingness of every family to the school and community level revealed that participate in DRR. Because DMCs have made there were many gaps in the DRR knowledge local-level resource mobilization possible, and practices of local people. One of those communities can now respond to disaster risks gaps was the lack of an institution responsible immediately. DMCs mobilize local resources for disaster-related activities. To address this and create awareness about people’s ability gap, socially inclusive Disaster Management to act on their own, thereby empowering Committees (DMCs) were formed at the them. Since it is almost impossible to respond school and community levels in the project effectively without funds, all the DMCs have implemented districts of Banke, Makwanpur, established emergency funds which can be Rasuwa and Kathmandu. DMC members drawn on in times of need to provide learned many life-saving skills through immediate relief before external support trainings in first aid, search and rescue, fire arrives. Not only have DMCs promoted local- fighting and other issues in an effort to build level DRR, but they have also empowered their capacities to respond to disaster. communities. Getting involved with a DMC Emphasis was given to the institutional helps people overcome their shyness and lack development of these DMCs, grooming them of confidence. Communities with DMCs have to assume the role of ‘risk minimisers’. Under a positive self-image and are able to project the leadership of DMCs, communities drafted that image publicly. For example, under the community-based disaster preparedness and leadership of its DMC, Bageshwori VDC, Banke, contingency plans in order to promote for constructed a safe shelter which it rents out sustainable DRR at the local level. to others to conduct meetings and other programmes. The income is deposited in the Once local-level DMCs had been established community’s emergency fund. and strengthened, it was easy for various disaster actors to realize their respective roles DMCs provide good coordination, whether of resources or ideas and therefore maximize a

140 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 4 | 141 icials working Figure 4.24: DMC member orienting the community Figure 4.23: DMC Meeting based on the will of all stakeholders and will of all stakeholders based on the harmony and unity promote a culture of and which fosters the collective of disaster risks comprehensive handling Replication Potential different Different hazards require integrated, multi- interventions, but an is the basis of this stakeholder approach be successfully applied initiative, and this can and contexts. As such, in different communities other hazard prone areas it can be replicated in This requires raised and at national level. of disaster risk awareness and understanding parties and reduction among political government, and government off • is ensure that decision-making DMCs also in different line offices. Implementing Agency Action Aid Nepal/ DIPECHO tees (SMCs), Community To promote disaster resilient communities promote To mainstreaming community based disaster risk management stakeholders will be represented in all DRR endeavors as they are socially inclusive stakeholders, they increase the effectiveness of DRR efforts Since the plans and programs of DMCs are transparent, they find it easy to generate resources both internally and externally, even small contributions can help communities respond to disasters immediately after they occur DMCs should be further equipped with the skills and knowledge they need to mobilize resources for DRR disaster affected, particularly the most vulnerable among them community’s ability to respond to disasters ability to respond community’s coordinate disaster risks. They and to reduce agencies, NGOs, School among governmental Management Commit leaders and Parent Teacher Association (PTAs) leaders and Parent Teacher are collective to insure that DRR activities able to secure and efforts. They are also easily. For example, mobilize external support Banke, working in the DMC in Matehiya, Red Cross, Matehiya coordination with the VDC, Banke DDC, the District Disaster Relief Group, was able to raise Committee,BEE and NRs. 260,000 for 25 fire-affected families. This the district level DMC is also linked with Affected People. DMCs Network for Disaster have also served as a platform to promote interactions and discussions among students, teachers and guardians about new DRR issues as they arise and to share the good practices adopted by communities other than the six project communities with a view towards replicating them. DMCs also prepare contingency plans for disaster preparedness, and their knowledge about resource generation is strong. Objective/Methodology • • capacities in Enhancing community Beneficiary Population Communities of Banke, Makwanpur,Rasuwa and Kathmandu Lessons Learnt • local-level DMCs ensure that all • accountability among As DMCs promote • • • DMCs advocate and lobby in favor of the Name of the Case Study/Practice Pre-Monsoon Workshops: Effective Tool to Enhance National as well as Local Preparedness Planning for Flood Response Theme/Disaster/Disaster Phase Disaster Preparedness/Flood/Pre-disaster Geographic Location Throughout Nepal Chapter 4

Good Practice Detail Description responsibilities and make a coordinated plan in case of disaster. Nepal is prone to a number of disasters, but the most frequent and certain to occur is The Pre-Monsoon Workshops at Central and flood and landslides during the monsoon District Level in 2008 had positive impacts causing heavy loss every year. Such disasters during response in major floods-Koshi Flood results not only in loss of life but also retards and Western Nepal Flood in 2008. The the national development process. Both the preparedness planning enhanced the government and non government sectors coordination, communication and in Nepal are working jointly and in collaboration among government institutes, collaboration to reduce the risk of disasters local bodies and agencies. The Pre-Monsoon and provide effective response. Workshops were organized at Central Level and at District Level in 46 districts by Co- Pre-Monsoon Workshops, organized each coordinating with District Disaster Relief year in Nepal to measure the level of Committee (DDRC). The workshop also preparedness and also make organizations adopted Initial Rapid Assessment (IRA) prepared for response, is one good example tools, endorsed draft National Standard of DRR in Nepal which has a national impact. Response Kits (food, Hygiene, shelter and Nepal Center for Disaster Management education), formed Community Disaster (NCDM) with the support from I/NGOs and Tesponse Team and Cluster wise Pre UN Agencies initiated to organize Pre- Disaster Task Force in some districts and Monsoon Workshop in 2002 and continued communities along with mapping of till 2006. From 2007, DPNet-Nepal and resources and capacity of institutions. NCDM are jointly organizing the workshop. Following the workshop at national level, The wide appreciated coordinated response preparedness workshops are also being during the Koshi Flood in 2008, August can organized in districts and also in some be attributed as an outcome of regular pre communities. monsoon workshop at national level and likewise preparation in district level. Though These workshops have been instrumental the national as well as local preparation was for effective and coordinated response for regular types of flood and there was no during the disaster. Some part of plain land contingency scenarios set in a scale flood area in tarai is inundated every year during occurred in Koshi areas, the response the rainy season in Nepal putting the life remained quite effective. DDRC took the and livelihoods of poor and vulnerable lead for response coordination and UN communities living near the river banks at OCHA facilitated response and other relief stake. This kind of workshops has been able agencies supported the government in to map the resources and also prepare response. Cluster approach, spontaneously informal contingencies for the probable started to work in place, which made IASC response. It is equally helpful to share the to approve cluster approach at national

142| Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 4 | 143 orkshops. Figure 4.26: Participant of the workshop Figure 4.25: Distiguished guests at the dias during the workshop coordination and collaboration among the and collaboration coordination Further the various DRR stakeholders. has already endorsed Government of Nepal for District Disaster the ‘Guidance Note W Preparedness Planning Publication Disaster Guidance Note for District Workshops Preparedness Planning Implementing Agency NCDM, Ministry of Home Affairs/GON, DPNet-Nepal ools were used within firstools were used within 48 level. The district level preparedness level. The of DDRC ensured the planning in leadership during the lead role of local government Initial Rapid response also. Integrated Assessment T hrs and later on Cluster specifichrs and later on Cluster has been conducted to survey/assessment plan. Very design the Cluster response took the lead enthusiastically, government Even some of the role for each cluster. not the member of departments who are of education lead DDRC, like department The response, not the education cluster. outsiders, also in a view only from the eye of of the affected communities was very good. These increased coordination and predictable response in such crisis in Nepal, of in general is a result of continuous effort stakeholders for better cooperation and collaboration for DRR in Nepal and the workshops especially organized for this purpose like pre monsoon workshops are playing a vital role to boost the coordination and collaboration. Objective/Methodology share lessons learned from last year’s To disaster response activities and preparedness and make an effective district level plans for the better response and preparedness activities for the coming year’s monsoon disaster Beneficiary Population Communities of the flood prone area Any Lesson The preparation of common tools like Multi and Cluster Initial Assessment Tools Guidelines and acceptance of the tools through this kind of workshops among the stakeholders will help for better information and data management for effective and efficient response in future disasters. Replication Potential These workshops have been instrumental for effective and coordinated response during the disaster. Such practice needs to be replicated in order to boost the A drill simulation done in city core-area of Kathmandu Photo Courtesy: DPNet-Nepal 144 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 CHAPTER 5: THEMATIC DISCUSSION ON ECONOMICS OF DISASTERS

| 145 Flood Risk Reduction Activity in Nawalparasi Photo Courtesy: Practical Action

146 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 5 | 147 payments Chapter 5 Chapter and levels ofand levels Prices foreign reserves. official particularly where food be forced up, may staple shortages are exacerbated by disruptions in turn to the transport network, fuelling inflation and affecting poor households disproportionately. The sections of following this chapter discuss on economic impacts of disasters the years in had gonewhich through over general. Damage and Losses Human Lives The impact of disasters on human lives Based on the disaster year-by-year. varies an MoHA and DWIDP, data compiled by ofaverage due 797 people killed annually 2004, to disasters during 1983-2010 (MoHA 5.1 and Figure 5.1). 2010) (Table DWIDP, A total of all killed by 22,302 people were types of Significant proportion of disasters. to human casualty (around 52%) is due Landslides and floods are other epidemics. loss. major contributors in the total human The loss of due to landslides and floods lives 279 per year for the same period. alone was the DesInventar Another disaster database, captured NSET which Database compiled by the data related to disasters since 1971 shows of more number even deaths during the 5.2). The human death during period (Table the period of is 30,982 40 years (1971-2010) death of average an annual make which 775. it can be seen that the data also, this From significant proportion of death (more than Other major epidemics. 52%) is caused by causes of floods human casualty are and landslides (combined 27%). The low import requirements, with potential importrequirements, balance of implications for the Direct losses are the physical damage to Direct losses are the physical including buildings, capital assets, standing infrastructure, plants, industrial and social livestock grain stores, crops, infrastructure, of as loss as well human life and injury and estimated economic loss. the flow of goods and services stemming including, for from these direct losses, reduced output, loss ofinstance, earnings and job losses. short- and long-term broader socio- economic impacts of as such a disaster, those on GDP growth, fiscal and monetary performance, the balance of indebtedness foreign reserves, payments, and the scale and incidence of poverty. requently occurring medium and small, large disaster events in Nepallarge cause casualty disaster events of of thousands and destruction human lives of hundreds of assets worth physical millions of rupees indirect In addition, every year. due to human socio-economic impacts casualties and damages of infrastructures Thisare also enormous. has eventually impact on negative caused direct of and economy development the country. A significant proportion of GDP is also lost every year due to natural disasters. impacts of socio-economic The several disasters can be categorized as direct losses, indirect losses and secondary effects. • The the disasters is direct loss caused by and easy to determine.obvious However, the direct losses can lead to a wide array of indirect and secondary are effects which often intermingled and dare difficult to crop losses can instance, determine. For result in higher commercial and/or food aid Background F • Indirect effects relate to disruptions to • Secondary effects concern both the Thematic Discussion on Economics of Disasters on Economics Discussion Thematic Table 5.1: Loss of lives due to various disasters in Nepal from 1983 to 2010

Windstorm Year Flood & Fire Epidemics Hailstorm & Earthquake Avalanche Stampede Total Landslides Thunderbolts 1983 293 69 217 0 0 0 0 579 1984 363 57 521 0 0 0 0 941 1985 420 52 915 0 0 0 0 1387 1986 315 96 1101 0 0 0 0 1512 Chapter 5 1987 391 62 426 2 0 0 0 881 1988 328 23 427 0 721 14 71 1584 1989 680 109 879 28 0 20 0 1716 1990 307 46 503 57 0 0 0 913 1991 93 90 725 63 0 0 0 971 1992 71 97 128 20 2 0 0 318 1993 1336 43 100 45 0 0 0 1524 1994 49 43 626 47 0 0 0 765 1995 203 73 520 34 0 43 0 873 1996 258 61 494 75 3 4 0 895 1997 83 65 951 49 0 12 0 1160 1998 273 54 840 23 0 0 0 1190 1999 193 39 1207 22 0 5 0 1466 2000 173 37 141 26 0 0 0 377 2001 196 26 154 38 1 0 0 415 2002 441 11 0 6 0 0 0 458 2003 232 16 0 62 0 0 0 310 2004 131 10 41 10 0 0 0 192 2005 141 28 34 18 0 21 0 242 2006 114 3 0 15 - - - 132 2007 216 9 3 40 - 6 - 274 2008 134 11 10 16 - 0 - 171 2009 135 35 462 7 - 2 - 641 2010 240 69 36 70 - - - 415 Total 7,809 1,334 11,461 773 727 127 71 22,302 Average of 28 years 797

Source: MoHA, 2004; DWIDP 2010

148 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 5 | 149 5 173 6 304 6 289 6 512 8 1,097 - 683 - 998 17 311 17 122 15 162 12 640 10 492 14 258 25 471 22 1,091 47 229 38 214 28 263 28 352 1 38 1,812 7 25 7 282 9 388 6 42 4 151 11 158 11 349 11 34 Figureloss of life due to 5.1: Percentage of various types of disasters in Nepal during 1983-2010 Source: MoHA 2004, DWIDP 2010 ire and Other F metrological Table 5.2: Human death due to disasters during 1971-2010 5.2: Human death due to disasters Table e earthquake occurred; 3 206 8 12 454 5 94 21 2 31 23 51 891 8 85 21 13 144 125 27 423 8 86 12 17 160 - 149 15 93 41 71 24 14 13 383 - 2 507 17 57 13 13 47 31 130 33 26 104 15 19 32 15 29 10 52 522 10 39 37 35 25 4 14 104 72 106 15 23 23 22 16 92 52 35 22 38 30 5 45 27 46 23 948 34 68 37 Year Flood Landslide Hydro- forest fires Epidemics Earthquakes Others Total 1971 1972 1976 1973 1974 1975 1977 1978 1979 1982 1983 1980 1981 130 62 7 1990 1992 1993 1,169 256 70 25 253 1987 19881989 20 165 10 10 266 744 112 1,327 1986 19841985 167 89 15 23 775 1991 proportion of earthquake by human casualty that during is due to the fact (around 3%) this period, no larg only one major event ofonly one major event 1988 occurred. The segregatedfor period 1983-2010 from data more average database shows DesInventar casualty rate ofannual 950 deaths per year 5.3). (Table In terms of population, flood affected events 5.2). Around (Table are the major contributor 62% of total disaster affected population the Floods affect annually is due to floods. Annually, around 125 thousand people. around 150,000 - 200,000 people are affected 5.2 and 5.3). due to different disasters (Table Other Fire and Year Flood Landslide Hydro- forest fires Epidemics Earthquakes Others Total metrological 1994 7 57 58 52 985 - 16 1,175 1995 24 190 72 101 766 - 5 1,158 1996 73 215 58 117 665 19 1,147 1997 54 40 100 78 1,058 - 1 1,331 1998 131 197 51 20 748 7 1,154 1999 139 131 47 39 1,044 9 1,409 2000 79 118 50 40 403 18 708 Chapter 5 2001 49 270 90 57 1,400 2 34 1,902 2002 158 455 38 14 223 11 899 2003 64 223 173 37 462 1 11 971 2004 77 47 171 27 744 39 1,105 2005 14 17 83 16 134 69 333 2006 52 104 94 40 267 39 596 2007 45 88 129 20 227 127 636 2008 128 162 124 72 217 242 945 2009 808 111 155 97 446 329 1,946 2010 27 67 160 61 130 392 837 Total 3,899 4,327 2,559 1,355 1,6532 873 1,437 30,982 Average for 40 years 97 108 64 34 413 22 36 775 Total for 28 years (1983-2010) 26,573 Average for 28 years (1983-2010) 949 Source: DesInventar, 2011

Table 5.3: Summary of effects on human lives due to disasters during 1971-2010

Hazard Deaths Missing Injuries Affected Flood 3,899 663 461 3,665,104 Landslide 4,327 605 1,446 555,607 Other Hydro-metrological 2,559 887 3,514 910,073 Fire and forest fires 1,355 596 1,135 268,342 Epidemics 16,532 - 43,076 513,017 Earthquakes 873 - 6,840 4,539 Others 1,437 659 755 15,564 Total 30,982 3,410 57,227 5,932,246 Average of 40 years 775 85 1430 148,300

Source: DesInventar, 2011

150 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 5 | 151 properties during 1971-2010. - - 41,408 6,592 500,851 4,539 According to MoHA/DWIDP database, According to MoHA/DWIDP (different kinds oftotal livestock livestock) loss during the period of is 82,172 28 years loss of average 5.5) with an annual (Table the damage of2,935. Likewise, buildings is damage of average 417,002 with annual agricultural land Total 14,900 buildings. affected is 117,967 hectares with annual Total area affected 4,200 hectares. average of6,640 numbers public various infrastructures including health facilities, lost during the government were offices of average period with an annual 240. provides a comprehensive picture of a comprehensive provides damage and loss of 950 86 1,945 203,884 748 1,100 38 937 212,644 1,662 497 1,153 605,923 1,908 877 2,687 314,218 3,472 537 1,233 544,566 3,568 447 443 3,526,011 14,115 26,573 2,396 54,453 5,708,752 Deaths Missing Injuries Affected WIDP and databases (MoHA and DesInventar) Table 5.4: Summary of Effects of Human Lives due to Disasters during 1983-2010 to Disasters during of Human Lives due of Effects 5.4: Summary Table ire and forest fires Figure lives in Nepal due to disasters 1983-2010, as reported in two 5.2: Loss of human Flood Landslide Other Hydro-metrological F Hazard Epidemics Earthquakes Others Total of 28 years Average While comparing data from two major While data from two comparing databases (MoHA/D the same period (1983- for DesInventar) data under-reports 2010), the DesInventar till 1990, whereas after 1990, the DesInventar data reports oflevel higher damage and casualties (Figure 5.2). It is common to see that the reason behind this could be the ofgrowing awareness media in reporting small and medium size events. Damage of Properties a picture database provides MoHA/DWIDP of damage of and public properties private due to disasters during the period 1983- whereas, database, 2010. DesInventar Source: DesInventar, 2011 Table 5.5: Damage of properties and Estimated Economic Loss (Value in 2010) due to Disasters during 1983 – 2010 (Million NRs.)

Loss of Houses Land Damage in Public Estimated loss Value of losses Year Livestock Destroyed affected Infrastructures (Million NRs.) in 2010 (No.) (No.) (Ha.) (No.) 1983 248 12 240.00 1,974.38 1984 3,547 10,597 1,242 869 49.00 378.84 1985 3,399 7,166 1,355 436 23.00 167.49

Chapter 5 1986 6,566 3,370 1,315 436 23.00 147.35 1987 1,852 36,220 18,858 421 2,005.00 11,363.18 1988 2,788 108,801 4,365 6,099.00 30,833.49 1989 4,240 7,648 4,172.00 19,353.44 1990 867 6,352 1,132 139.00 619.56 1991 642 5,510 283 39 43.00 174.86 1992 1,586 13,997 135 66 52.00 175.20 1993 21,911 5,189.00 16,197.44 1994 1,329 3,234 392 184.00 542.90 1995 2,053 10,275 41,867 1,933.00 5,303.58 1996 2,480 30,014 6,063 1,579.00 3,955.40 1997 1,191 4,825 6,063 410.00 947.46 1998 1,179 15,082 327 1,230.00 2,620.03 1999 650 4,304 182 509.00 964.48 2000 1,017 6,886 889 1,141.50 2,092.54 2001 665 6,103 526.55 936.13 2002 2,126 19,856 10,078 525.56 907.32 2003 1,125 6,819 2,360 989.93 1,631.43 2004 888 4,818 341.09 545.09 2005 955 3,169 387.21 592.70 2006 10,098 3,765 3,397 392.31 553.03 2007 21,861 37,984 514 1,928.55 2,555.42 2008 7,066 13,864 21,315 1,633.28 2,008.53 2009 228 1,050 5 420.25 458.40 2010 1,526 23,370 200 3 1,398.19 1,398.19 Total 82,172 417,002 117,967 6,640 33,563.42 109,397.87 Average Annual Loss during the period (2010 Value) 3,907 Source: DesInventar, 2011 A more comprehensive data is provided by different disasters during 1971-2010 (Table DesInventar data for the evaluation of 5.6). Around 46% of the total damage of damage of properties (Table 5.6 and 5.7). buildings is due to floods, around 23% due Discussion on the damages are presented to earthquakes, 19% due to fires, and 8% in the following paragraphs: due to landslides. a) Housing/buildings Annual distribution of building damage is A total of 222,362 houses were completely presented in Table 5.7. Years 1980 and 1988 destroyed and 168,482 were damaged by show very high damage figures which are mainly due to two episodes of earthquakes:

152 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 5 | 153 (No.) Medical Facilities (No.) centers Education Public Infrastructures Roads meters) (affected in (No.) Livestock of numbers 754,288 Total different livestock vestock period due to lost during the 40 years were average Annual disaster events. various loss is around 19,000. Major livestock proportion of loss is due to livestock (around 71%). Another frequent flood events loss is fire for livestock major contributor 15% caused around which and forest fire, of loss. total livestock d) Roads A total of 710 km of different types of been damaged away or washed roads have different disasters during the past 40 year by of period. Landslides are the major cause damagesuch of around 51% of roads, total damage of Another roads is due to landslide. significant proportion is due to hydro- the primary hazards meteorological disasters, rainfall again storms, and heavy being floods, this contributes causing the land movements; for 46% of the total loss. e) facilities Education and medical A total of educational 2,881 numbers buildings were primarily school facilities, lost during the 40 years period. 24 numbers of also lost during the health facilities were period. These figures seem to be very low This is due to compared to the actual cases. public buildings are the fact that such generally reported under the classification of housing/building; most of they the time, are not separately reported. c) Li Land and Forest (Ha) Agricultural 5,312 - 2,215 - 2,461 1 (No.) Damaged Buildings 1,249 1,041 51,785 79,789 12,540 14 - (No.) 18,249 13,690 22,288 10,486 364,937 76 6 33,708 5 93,807 86,504 232,095 536,369 53,358 63 3 222,362 168,482 986,560 754,288 709,060 2,881 24 Destroyed yapur earthquake. Thereyapur earthquake. are several Hazard Table 5.6: Damage of Private and Public Properties due to disasters during 1971-2010 5.6: Damage of Private and Public Table Earthquake Flood Landslide Fire and Forest FireOther Hydro- 71,930 MeteorologicalOthers 1,834 3,419 10,789 115,532 10,101 669,604 3,025 9,897 72 275,200 195 8 6 Total the 1980 Bajhang earthquakethe 1980 and 1988 Uda other years, in which the number of number the in which other years, building damage is very high; particularly the high 1993 and 2008 are mainly figures in the years due to the flood of south-central Nepal and years All other floodKoshi respectively. comprise series of medium and few smaller, larger disaster events. b) Agriculturalforest land and Agricultural are damaged, land and forest various by away or washed destroyed disasters everyparticularly year floods by Earthquakes also cause and landslides. liquefaction and groundlandslide, ruptures ultimately result damagewhich to land. The damage includes such data and DesInventar loss of The agricultural land and forests. permanent losses of as the loss land as well of crops are considered. The agricultural due to flood is events away land washed however, few years, after generally recovered data. this has not been considered in the Accordingly to the data from DesInventar, a total of 986,560 hectares of land have been damaged lost during past 40 years 5.6). Major proportion(almost 94%) (Table of land loss is due to flood (24%), landslide (68%) (2%) and other hydro-meteorological In other hydro-meteorological disasters. which it is mainly drought events disasters, caused loss of agricultural crops during the period. Source: DesInventar, 2011 Table 5.7: Year-wise Damage of Private and Public Properties due to disasters during 1971-2010 Buildings Public Infrastructures Agricultural Hazard Destroyed Damaged Land and Livestock Roads Education Medical (No.) (No.) Forest (Ha) (No.) (affected in centers Facilities meters) (No.) (No.) 1971 131 142 500 1,335 - 2 - 1972 771 86 397 340 - 1 - 1973 1,957 160 1,404 709 500 - -

Chapter 5 1974 2,615 859 17,347 1,431 1,045 1 - 1975 2,051 36 1,292 723 - 4 - 1976 4,957 448 30,404 1,714 2,050 1 - 1977 1,347 462 12,877 299 - - - 1978 3,132 75 345 959 3,960 - - 1979 2,061 68 778 695 - - - 1980 14,348 13,650 16,818 10,881 - 68 1 1981 1,246 1,004 9,537 687 - 1 - 1982 1,039 37 1,614 6,894 - 1 - 1983 1,384 1,207 1,448 399 598 20 - 1984 2,568 485 5,429 2,892 16,040 6 - 1985 1,475 63 - 1,067 - 5 - 1986 1,160 21 223 392 - 1 - 1987 1,041 6,115 2,365 804 - 6 - 1988 23,202 41,182 1,003 1,446 2,000 2,388 - 1989 4,813 1,377 7,898 669 - 4 - 1990 1,209 1,366 1,791 91 - 2 - 1991 1,392 202 243 100 350 4 - 1992 6,225 79 77,993 442 450 1 - 1993 21,249 21,673 90,485 25,165 25,224 2 1 1994 3,175 517 157,688 766 160,000 15 - 1995 9,685 15,898 23,622 2,409 - - - 1996 19,638 13,923 6,849 2,995 - 6 - 1997 4,549 1,046 80,668 26,414 50 - - 1998 15,978 477 3,975 1,035 495 6 - 1999 4,046 697 3,022 1,101 - 4 - 2000 3,038 1,810 36,580 1,125 3,072 9 3 2001 6,308 2,350 51,920 28,672 200 12 - 2002 14,059 5,479 12,561 4,593 2,780 3 - 2003 1,974 761 72,634 2,395 271,062 27 2 2004 1,641 3,339 37,480 101,993 141,025 26 2 2005 1,449 539 15 1,484 44,320 20 2006 1,927 8,512 72,746 1,297 15 2007 9,456 1,466 5,696 499,566 80 31 1 2008 16,029 3,293 89,568 8,853 33,420 67 9 2009 3,761 9,125 38,902 7,782 24 104 4 2010 4,276 8,453 10,444 1,674 300 33 1 Total 222,362 168,482 986,560 754,288 709,060 2,881 24

Source: DesInventar, 2011

154 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 5 | 155 as around 6 as around economic losses during 1971-2010 due to different hazards in the total Figure 5.3: Proportion of economic losses Source: DesInventar, 2011 billion Nepali Rupees and the value of and the value billion Nepali Rupees the 30.83 billion. Thisloss in year 2010 is huge due to the mainly economic loss was the 6.5 magnitude caused by devastation earthquake of eastern as due Nepal, as well to a series of flooding in the same events The a hugealso shows year 1993 year. mainly due to this loss was economic loss, flooding ofthe severe the South-Central Nepal. this year is during The value loss and the Nepaliaround 5.2 billion Rupees ofvalue 16.2 this loss in year 2010 is around billion. The impact of loss during 1988 also veryearthquake large, the economic was around 6.83% ofloss was the GDP of the year; the GDP of 89.27 billion the year was with other years Likewise, Nepali Rupees. 1987, 1989 and significant GDP losses were 2.61%, 1993; in these years the losses were 4.03% and 2.61% respectively. highest economic loss occurredhighest economic the year in w loss during the year 1988; the alues ofdamage all and losses Economic values of values Economic damage and losses Economic v have been calculated (DesInventar, 2011). been calculated (DesInventar, have due to values economic loss Year-wise damage of properties different are presented are calculated 5.8. The loss values in Table prices offirst for the 2004 the properties to currentand then they are converted prices the Price Index for (2010 prices) using different years. the current value Based on the calculations, of damages to all types of properties is around 937,252.682 million Nepali Rupees. around 937 billion Nepali In other words, of worth Rupees properties lost during were the period of This an makes past 40 years. propertyaverage loss of 23,431.317 million The Gross Domestic every year. NRs. 1,183 Product (GDP) for the year 2010 is 2011). If (Economic Survey, billion NRs. find we compare this loss with the GDP, we around 2% of GDP is lost every year due to disasters. The years 1988, 1993 and 2008 again show a greater of value economic losses due to disasters during these the major intensive years. major contribution Losses due to floods have cause Floods to the total economic loss. around 70% of the total economic losses 5.9 and Figure 5.3). The second largest (Table cause contributing hazard is drought, which 9% of other hydro- Likewise, the total loss. meteorological disasters cause 8%, landslide 5%, fires 4% and earthquakes to the 2% total loss. database, According to the MoHA/DWIDP during 5.5, the economic loss values Table the period of that the 1983-2010 shows (NRs) (Million NRs.) Current value Current value Chapter 5 year 2004) - 284.895 455.286 0.862 20.657 475.943 Forests Table 5.8: Year-wise economic value of damages (in Million NRs.) 5.8: Year-wise Table houses houses Land and Livestock damage damage in the losses Value ofValue of Value of Loss on of Value value of Damages Current value Reported (2010) of (2010) of Total Economic Economic Economic Value Economic Economic Sum of Total Sum of Year Destroyed Damaged Agricultural loss of Road of (Value (2010) of loss (NRs) Reported loss losses 197119721973 17.558 1974 138.031 355.964 1975 653.058 1.317 1976 3.102 250.000 437.601 6.684 808.630 807.899 22.383 1,191.420 22,763.800 16.020 0.803 4.080 3,590.020 18.582 8.508 18,228.950 17.172 2.000 8.676 20.568 4.180 - 23,460.592 10.500 1,564.576 953.842 - 19,086.498 37,492.047 2,500.327 4,037.099 1,524.322 30,501.867 11.581 3.709 43.056 6,451.631 4.710 202.866 76.785 6.147 661.690 111.403 37,694.913 31,163.558 2,577.112 93.036 1,635.725 6,544.667 19771978 202.956 1979 830.041 501.126 10.313 3,365.605 2.084 655.500 1.369 3.588 1,420.060 11.508 8.340 - 21.916 3,582.462 1,521.049 - 5,725.083 2,430.767 1,930.894 2.807 13.380 3,085.736 17.632 41.489 178.277 226.507 2,609.044 5,766.572 3,312.242 19801981 3,458.884 1982 347.954 1983 231.756 7,520.220 217.392 162.830 27.763 130.572 6,097.095 0.376 29.298 1,418.214 2,454.320 8.244 - 82.728 11,457.630 4.788 - 18,310.279 2.301 - 6,364.857 10.495 2,653.536 1,718.710 10,171.590 4,240.579 124.006 2,746.647 6.552 30.644 52.640 18,434.285 68.524 252.094 497.594 10,240.114 4,492.673 3,244.241 19841985 457.469 1986 216.063 1987 189.348 1988 5.055 2,579.585 200.651 1989 2.246 5,375.194 1990 0.352 34.704 57.598 561.732 368.433 955.821 4,493.500 - 1,723.324 150.110 96.170 29.755 4.704 12,979.515 9.648 12.804 3,172.983 34.298 17.352 1,888.870 5,070.700 11.000 8.028 - - - 1.092 41.812 8,082.690 4,761.396 562.837 - 12,916.835 231.113 - 323.272 7,609.121 13,579.030 899.462 28.452 369.338 21,700.459 42.703 2,074.370 257.369 5,393.971 128.460 39.501 143.840 3,315.022 1,648.873 242.013 13,060.675 22.616 287.643 595.911 2,548.335 7,851.134 22,296.370 100.808 656.981 3,415.830

156 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011

Chapter 5

Source: DesInventar, 2011 DesInventar, Source:

vrg au fdmg nec er(t21 rc)23,431.317 price) 2010 (at year each in damage of value Average | 157

Total 9,5.7 3,0.1 937,252.682 39,700.811 897,551.871

Grand

004436 3.8 83070 008 .8 89690 ,4.6 17878 ,8.8 10,735.748 1,788.788 1,788.788 8,946.960 8,946.960 0.480 20.088 8,300.730 131.286 494.376 2010

095903 3.7 20935 334 .3 27478 ,4.7 9704 ,3.2 4,081.500 1,033.027 947.044 3,048.474 2,794.738 0.038 93.384 2,019.385 132.878 549.053 2009

0817857 964 37531 0.3 1.2 6,3.7 8,1.8 20919 ,0.3 83,219.015 2,507.631 2,039.139 80,711.385 65,632.371 12.523 106.236 63,705.381 59.664 1,748.567 2008

0723008 308 1.4 59472 .2 90626 19674 3.2 8894 12,825.657 838.924 633.128 11,986.734 9,046.276 0.128 5,994.792 718.240 33.018 2,300.098 2007

063456 0.6 48237 554 .2 54028 ,4.6 4732 8.1 8,327.877 687.010 487.352 7,640.867 5,420.288 0.024 15.564 4,832.387 207.767 364.546 2006

051782 175 .2 1.0 2110 5.0 6753 4.9 2823 915.806 218.263 142.590 697.543 455.700 231.160 17.808 7.125 11.795 187.812 2005

041546 722 63144 ,2.1 5902 83709 72288 ,0.2 22758 79,510.417 2,247.588 1,406.425 77,262.828 48,347.099 519.002 1,223.916 46,371.464 37.222 195.496 2004

032725 277 06657 870 4.3 4,9.3 6,5.6 5283 4.1 67,804.277 845.211 512.863 66,959.066 41,899.535 944.237 28.740 40,666.537 12.777 247.245 2003

0215492 825 22087 516 200 40120 83219 ,4.0 49640 43,278.529 4,906.420 2,842.002 38,372.109 24,011.290 12.090 55.116 22,280.897 78.265 1,584.922 2002

018647 603 19047 4.6 030 32720 31605 ,0.5 26324 55,799.249 2,683.244 1,509.258 53,116.005 33,237.260 0.320 344.064 31,990.417 46.023 856.437 2001

005219 244 75802 350 .0 2,4.1 4,7.8 7292 ,6.6 46,336.446 1,361.961 742.962 44,974.485 28,142.717 6.502 13.500 27,578.042 42.494 502.179 2000

997311 456 ,3.9 1.1 - ,0.2 78385 6.1 10064 8,904.479 1,070.624 565.016 7,833.855 4,902.023 - 13.212 4,131.095 14.576 743.141 1999

9837147 .8 47800 240 .6 85809 36260 8.6 8615 14,428.815 816.175 383.163 13,612.640 8,518.089 1.560 12.420 4,768.060 4.583 3,731.467 1998

9710605 454 48677 1.6 015 62449 60402 8.6 11065 27,154.657 1,130.625 489.260 26,024.032 16,284.499 0.195 316.968 14,896.797 24.514 1,046.025 1997

9649604 5.4 66035 590 1,0.0 1,8.0 3531 9.3 20,178.937 990.230 395.301 19,188.707 12,007.304 - 35.940 6,690.365 354.945 4,926.054 1996

9522173 0.1 4,1.3 2.0 - 50542 19263 ,3.9 58626 77,768.919 5,846.266 2,130.795 71,922.653 45,005.492 - 28.908 42,318.832 406.010 2,251.743 1995

946495 .8 2,5.9 912 0.0 2,2.0 4,1.5 9.0 2795 42,200.847 287.995 97.608 41,912.852 26,226.904 800.000 9.192 24,754.493 8.285 654.935 1994

9323657 8.0 7,9.0 3190 2.2 7,3.2 103102 ,3.0 35075 123,931.767 3,540.715 1,134.301 120,391.052 75,334.520 125.520 301.980 72,296.601 283.903 2,326.517 1993

926850 .8 1,0.1 534 .0 1,0.0 2,6.5 1129 4.8 25,104.540 644.389 191.259 24,460.151 15,305.903 2.400 5.304 14,607.915 1.784 688.500 1992

912819 .1 3120 .0 170 0.6 9239 812 5.3 1,330.815 358.436 88.142 972.379 608.464 1.750 1.200 381.260 6.116 218.139 1991

Forests year 2004) year

osshue adadLvsokdmg aaei h losses the in damage damage Livestock and Land houses houses (NRs) (Million NRs.) (Million (NRs)

erDsryd aae Arclua ls f od Vleo 21)o ls Ns eotdls losses loss Reported (NRs) loss of (2010) of (Value Road of loss Agricultural Damaged Destroyed Year

Value of Value of of Loss on Value of value of Damages Current value Reported (2010) of (2010) of Total of (2010) of (2010) Reported value Current Damages of value of Value on Loss of of Value of Value

Economic Economic Economic Value Economic Economic Sum of Total Sum of Sum Total of Sum Economic Economic Value Economic Economic Economic Current value Current value Current value Current Current value Current value Chapter 5 year 2004) - 26.580 - 9,539.947 15,245.490 22.834 72.771 15,318.261 Forests Table 5.9: Major Hazard-wise Economic Value of Damages (in Million NRs.) 5.9: Major Hazard-wise Economic Value Table - - 58,811.085 - - 58,811.085 89,322.240 11.700 18.280 89,340.521 188.135 23.800 8,582.977 957.468 48.864 9,801.244 15,574.590 52.765 92.346 15,666.936 houses houses Land and Livestock damage damage in the of losses (Million NRs) (Million NRs) (Million NRs.) Value ofValue of Value of Loss on of Value value of Damages Present value Reported of Reported losses of Total Economic Economic Economic Value Economic Economic Sum of Total Sum of Destroyed Damaged Agricultural loss of Road of (Value (2004 to 2010) loss loss 2010 in 2010 16,255.821 1,618.081 393,518.190 6,436.428 278.642 418,107.163 640,681.023 6,109.827 11,788.544 652,469.567 Year Flood Landslide 3,581.910 272.512 23,156.202 125.832 1,501.850 28,638.305 45,523.184 931.823 2,162.573 47,685.757 Other Hydro- Meteorological 758.315 185.118 42,383.762 118.764 971.800 44,417.758 69,779.367 2,833.148 4,739.511 74,518.878 Drought Earthquake 8,201.349 1,312.018 Fire and Forest FireOthers 11,797.375 43.525 660.866 1,386.384 4.840 13,892.990 21,425.977 9,329.426 20,826.785 42,252.762 Total 40,782.904 3,455.055 527,113.081 9,051.456 2,805.996 583,208.492 897,551.871 19,291.522 39,700.811 937,252.682 Source: DesInventar, 2011

158 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 5 | 159 inal If consider both direct and indirect we seem the ex-ante investments expenses, to be extremely higher than the ex-post 841.806 million ex-ante investments: USD and ex-post 242.637 million USD. vestments, almost 50% of almost vestments, the total has Out of and indirect the total direct in been spent on mitigation, preparednessand response to the epidemics (health sector) Rest million USD. amounting to 566.200 This other remaining disasters. 50% covers result in Nepal since significant is an obvious proportion of the government budget is basic for providing spent in health sector health services preventing to the people and epidemiological diseases. various another major proportionAfter epidemics, and floods:is spent on landslides 158.200 million (total of flood alone is 34.453 and flood is 123.747). combined landslides, has A significant amount 332.717 million been spent on mitigation, preparedness to general relief response, the entire covering to hazards; not clearly identified as focused any specific hazard. This mainly includes (mostly cash for relief relief, the post-event and reconstruction), to the people through the District Administration Offices under Ministry of (MoHA), and Home Affairs programs with preparedness linked and mitigation under different ministries. Ex-ante and Ex-post investments: • purpose (i.e. prevention, mitigation, preparedness considered as ex-ante and rescue, relief, reconstruction, rehabilitation considered as ex- post). resources executed by agencies and programs ahead of disasters considered as ex-ante and those expenditures that happen after the disasters considered as ex-post) is a bit different than the investment data based on their f inal purpose vestments The total ex-ante and ex-post investment data on the basis of the origin of investments (i.e. the Assessment of Economics of Disaster Risk as the Ex-ante famously known Reduction, in DRR, Estimates and Ex-post Investment carriedwas National out in Nepal the by - Nepal Society for Earthquake Technology with the support(NSET) in 2009 from and for Disaster Reduction Global Facility of (GFDRR) Recovery Bank. the World The on investments study analysed the data different organizationsby during the period The 2011). study 1998-2008 (NSET, from mainly four considered investments types of namely the organizations, government donor agencies, organizations, UN system and few INGOs. that a total of The analysis revealed 1.1 Billion USD has been approximately spent in different stages of different hazards in Nepal – 2008); during last 11 years (1998 of around 60% (681.568 million USD) which and 40% (402.875 is direct investments Out million USD) is indirect investments. of the total 681.568 million USD direct 603.204 million has been spent investments, for response, on different planned activities reconstruction rehabilitation, and recovery, pre-disaster mitigation and preparedness; and 78.364 million for ad-hoc response activities. Ex-ante and ex-post investments The resources executed by agencies and programs ahead of disasters considered as ex- ante and those expenditures that happen after the disasters considered as ex-post. Ex-ante and ex-post investments by origin and by f Damage Vs. and loss In • In terms of direct expenses, total ex- ante investment is 466.799 million USD and total ex-post investment is 214.769 million USD. Out of the total direct expenses, 306.657 million USD is spent on epidemics alone. • Total ex-ante investments on all other hazards is 160.142 million USD and total ex-post investments is 214.769 million USD. This gives the realistic trend of the Chapter 5 ex-ante and ex-post investments. • Total government ex-ante investments based on origin is 237.387 million USD Figure 5.4: Trend of ex-ante and ex-post and ex-post is 117.536 million USD investments in Nepal whereas, based on final purpose these Source: DesInventar, 2011 investment figures are 145.943 and 208.980 million USD respectively. post-disaster financing grew more than two The trend shows that the ex-ante investments hundred percent between 2001 and 2002, has been more or less increasing every year and remained almost unaltered for the at an average rate of 12.63% whereas, the following two years. In contrast, the same of ex-post has been unevenly incremental changes experienced by ex-ante fluctuating with an average increase rate of investments over time make at least more 22.62% (Table 5.10 and Figure 5.4). The ex- predictable the amount of resources that ante investment is more predictable than could be earmarked for this purpose. the ex-post investments. Post-disaster expenses were moderate in Ex-ante investments increased at 7.4% per 2007 after five consecutive years of year for the last decade, and ex-post disaster expenditures above-the-average. And yet, spending grew more than twice as fast per last year’s floods and landslides led to the year at a rate of 18.4%. This later rate masks highest outlay for the entire period analyzed wide imbalances across years. For instance,

Table 5.10: Ex-ante and ex-post investments in Nepal during 1998-2008 (in million US Dollars)

Year 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Ex-ante (Direct Gov+ Other Agencies) 9.783 9.401 11.053 12.04 10.208 13.8 12.625 16.07 16.368 20.526 28.268 160.142 Ex-post (Direct Gov+ other Agencies) 23.886 10.474 6.746 6.802 21.211 24.067 21.638 27.607 25.376 14.425 32.537 214.769 Total Loss 137.027 86.902011 395.657721 448.2879 365.519851 566.7953 682.4565 9.165483 85.32359 161.435 872.0706 3810.641

Source: DesInventar, 2011

160 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 5 otal | 161 Grand (1998-2008) in millionUSD intensive in nature have caused verylarge in nature have intensive amount of One damage and losses. type ofexample for such large extent of disaster can be seen in flood of 1993. The of data on number infrastructure 1993 disaster is damages due to the July 5.13. in Table shown • Some par are which ticular events, (I- Investment, L- Losses) Figure 5.5: Total Disaster Losses and Ex ante Figure Disaster Losses and Ex 5.5: Total and ExPost Investments in disasters during Source: DesInventar, 2011 (1998-2008) in Million USD (1998-2008) 0 0 0 20.65975 0 0 0 0 0 9.8112 1.334784 112 125 122 130 134 132 135 171 190 175 1426 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 T 71944 53555 55345 59445 72305 77591 90067 106730 120169 142707 234585 1084443 3441.03 6783.253 4225.262 7866.113 45804.24 3852.713 42537.33 4766.448 9953.958 10303.4 14898.53 mally captured in the average deviation mally captured in the average here have been a number of been a number here have studies carried Table 5.11: Total disaster losses and ex-ante and ex-post investments in disasters during in disasters and ex-post investments losses and ex-ante disaster 5.11: Total Table out in the past to understand the economic impacts of disasters in Nepal. Following paragraphs capture some of findings the key of studies. such Past studies Past T of ex post expenditures: 8.78 million dollars, 2.23 more times the to is equivalent which from mean ex ante deviation average expenditures. The trend of on disasters has investments been compared with the occurrence of different natural disasters and the impacts 11 and Figure during the same period. Table summary5 provide of occurred the disasters during the period 1998-2008. The obvious in observation is that the investments different phases of management disaster risk as compared to the losses caused are very low disasters during the period. various by Source: DesInventar, 2011 (See Figure 3). These drastic shifts are more for Hazard /Disaster I. Water Induced Disaster 9966 10109 11337 14749 11117 11283 15234 22539 19108 23491 26881 175814 Induced 132699.5 79320.91 388838 431567.6 318237.1 558017.2 632421.6 4006.148 71692.8 139117 856129 L .Water I .Earthquake 122 128 802 225 163 553 287 1157 390 1387 3072 8286 L.Earthquake I.Epidemics 20100 27212 30518 32788 35322 32895 49690 53038 64093 76098 144446 566200 L.Epidemic 11.09808 54.9408 1910.373 4087.506 78.41856 303.7611 812.0969 16.24248 161.9557 407.872 253.9717 I. Fire L.Fire General - AllI. 41644 15981 12566 11553 25569 32728 24721 29996 36407 41541 60011 332717 Total L. GeneralL. 875.3872 742.9121 684.0779 4745.989 1400.079 4621.664 6685.526 143.7036 3514.88 10050.58 787.8016 Table 5.12: Infrastructure damage in July 1993 in Nepal

Roads (km) Bridges (No.) Dams (No.) FMIS (No.) Public Buildings (No.) 367 213 64 620 452

FMIS: Farmer-managed Irrigation System Source: Khanal, 1996 • Sedimentation - Nepal also suffers from 5 to 30 million rupees per kilometer that a different type of infrastructure damage is about 0.01 to 0.04 per cent of the Chapter 5 often caused by landslides and debris annual budget of the nation for every flows in filling up of reservoirs from kilometer of road. excessive sedimentation, thus rendering • Based on the data compiled by the the reservoirs less effective or reducing Ministry of Home Affairs, in the twenty the reservoir's life. The rivers of Nepal three years between 1983 and 2005, over are notorious for very high sediment 28 billion rupees were lost due to discharge particularly during the disasters; this is an average of nearly monsoon season. In fact, sediment 1,208 million rupees per year. In 2000 production in Nepalese watersheds has alone, the economic losses were been acknowledged to be the highest in estimated at 1.2 billion rupees; this is a the world (Carson 1985; Laban 1978). normal year, when no exceptional For example, the storage of Kulekhani disastrous events were reported (Chhetri, Reservoir was reduced from 12 million 2002). The estimated loss of property cubic meters to 7.6 million cubic meters by all types of disaster in the year 2005 as a result of sedimentation and siltation is about Rs. 388.21 million. Among them during landslide and flood disasters of the loss of property due to flood and 1993 alone (Galay et. al. 1995). landslides only is 131.56 million. Hence, In the absence of a systematic and the water-induced disasters have played detailed data on infrastructure damage a vital role in the loss of lives and in consolidated form, it is difficult to get property of the country in 2005. their rehabilitation/ reconstruction. • JICA (1993) has estimated the total • Roads - It has been estimated that the disaster loss from floods and landslides cost of reconstruction and rehabilitation in the year 1993 is nearly 5 billion of roads damaged by landslides and Nepalese rupees. In the same way, Khanal floods in Nepal between the periods (1996) has estimated the average annual 1979 to 1993 was NRs 2,250 million (i.e., infrastructure damage due to landslides equivalent to US$ 50 million). An and floods in terms of financial loss is estimated 10-25 per cent of the hill roads approximately US$ 20 million. passing through river valleys are • A study on hydro-climatic disaster and completely washed out every four to five its risk reduction in Nepal (Paudel, 2006) years by a combination of landslides and indicated that out of total financial floods. Road failures and washouts as a assistance of 8.8 million USD provided result of heavy monsoon rains during by different agencies during the period fifteen years (1979- 1993) resulted in the of 2000-2005, 9% (0.8 million USD) was rehabilitation works amounting to nearly spent of emergency management, 3.3% 2.5 billion NRs. The implication of the (0.29 million USD) on recovery, 68% (6 cost of roads requires investment of

162 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 Chapter 5 | 163 verall economic loss with economic loss verall the passage of year. each potential furtherThe direct losses have Not all indirect and secondary impacts. The measurable. the impacts are secondary is measurable which impact as evident in the is also quite significant proportionloss of A significant GDP. oflost every GDP is year due to natural An enormous amount is spent disasters. reconstructionfor rehabilitation and of infrastructures. damaged and destroyed effects of the indirect However, disasters as the reduction in agriculturalsuch due to erosion ofproductivity top soil, loss in efficiency of plants hydropower and damage to irrigation facilities and cost of siltation in canals and reservoirs, resettlement of people affected, loss of in industrywork-hours and service damages, environmental sectors, economic losses due to disruption in and disruption in traffic movement, agricultural due to loss of activities animals used for tilling farms, human impacts/ trauma psychological sufferings, to undergo after that the people have etc. as they are the disaster are not available This difficult to determine empirically. suggests that the socio-economic impacts of and hence disasters are far reaching, a more rigorous study on these aspects is required. If the country is likely this trend holds, o to face higher • ation and 2.4% ation and (0.21 million USD) on preparedness. (0.21 million USD) that NepalThe suffers data reveals and damageshuman casualties of infrastructures every year due to various there are some though disasters, in data. The economic loss variations 1988 such due to major disasters, earthquakes and the floods of 1993 in Nepal is phenomenal. The total direct losses due to property and infrastructure damages and destruction alone reach billions of rupees basis. on an annual losses to disaster are annual Average any standard in a poor quite high by country Nepal. like This is a substantial amount of basis to loss on annual warrant serious attention. The data of the impacts caused by that the estimated disasters also reveal economic loss is increasing with annual the increasing frequency of disasters. The of number natural disasters as well ofas the number corresponding injured and affected people, casualties, and economic loss is steadily on the rise. million USD) on prevention, 17% (1.5 on prevention, million USD) on mitig million USD) Summary Conclusions and on the tremendous impact Disasters have life of It has people in many aspects. the costing devastation, caused widespread thousands of of and billions lives rupees. • • Koshi Flood affected girl taking care of little sister while her parents queue up Photo Courtesy: everestuncensored.org 164 | Nepal Disaster Report 2011 References | 165 References vailable online: www.searo.who.int vailable 2009’, A 2009’, Available online: www.nep.searo.who.int 2009’, Available online: www.searo.who.int 2009’, Available www.bvsde.paho.org rainfall and floods heavy on in (Expert Team) InternationalNepal, Cooperation Agency Japan unpublished, 125 pp (JICA), JR1JDC/93-03, Database System’ in ‘The Study on Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in the Kathmandu valley, Kingdom of Nepal’. 2010 its Increasing Impacts in Nepal. 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