ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

The 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges

18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Contents

Welcome Messages ...... 2

Committee Members ...... 5

Our Partners and Sponsors ...... 17

Speakers ...... 18

ICAFEE 2019 Programme ...... 26

Venue ...... 36

Journals Special Issues ...... 37

Conference and Hotels...... 38

Airport and Transfer Information ...... 39

List of Submissions ...... 41

Abstract ...... 61

Plenary speaker ...... 61

Keynote speaker ...... 63

Invited speaker ...... 70

Oral and Poster papers ...... 86

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Welcome Messages

Welcome Message from ICAFEE 2019 chairs

The International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE series) is a leading international forum established in 2016 and aims to provide a good platform for scholars, researchers and industry representatives to discuss the latest developments, trends and achievements in Alternative Fuels and Energy and Environmental Protection.

I am deeply indebted to Feng Chia University for supporting the 4th ICAFEE (ICAFEE 2019). On behalf of the ICAFEE series and honorary chairs, it is our pleasure to welcome all delegates, participants and visitors to attend this event. We are honored to have twenty-six distinguished researchers/practitioners from internationally renowned institutions as our plenary, keynote and invited speakers, to share with us state-of-art research and development, innovative advances and other related issues surrounding the main topics. An interactive scientific writing and skill development workshop will be conducted for MS and PhD researchers attending ICAFEE 2019 to provide a high-level training of key writing/re-writing, data interpretation, peer-reviewing and other soft skills required for publishing articles in SCI journals.

To date, we have accepted a total of more than 300 technical papers and posters from participants from Algeria, Australia, Bangladesh, China, Columbia, Egypt, Finland, Hungary, India, Israel, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, UK, USA and Vietnam. Accepted full papers are to be selected for submission to one of the special issues of our journal partners available at: Bioresource Technology, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Biotechnology Reports, Fuel, Waste and Biomass Valorization, Journal of Environmental Management and International Journal of Energy Research.

Finally, we would like to thank all ICAFEE 2019 participants and sponsors (GWon green supply Ltd, Shang-Jhan Laboratory Containers, Ta Fong Plastic Co., LTD and Today’s Instruments Co., LTD) for contributing to this year’s conference. We hope that the conference will grow to become one of the globally well-known events in the field of alternative fuels, energy and environment. We welcome you to our conference and wish you a rewarding and enjoyable time.

Prof. Dr. Chiu-Yue LIN Conference Chair of ICAFEE 2019 Chair of Green Energy and Biotechnology Industry Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taiwan

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Welcome Message from ICAFEE series chairs

Respected honorary chairs, series chairs, chairs, co-chairs, organizing committee, scientific committee, speakers, participants, colleagues and students; Welcome to ICAFEE 2019!

The International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE series) is a leading international forum established in 2016. ICAFEE series aims to provide a good platform for scholars, researchers and industry representatives to discuss the latest developments, trends and achievements in Alternative Fuels and Energy, Water Treatment and Environmental Protection. This promising event was established in 2016 and known as ICAF (International Conference on Alternative Fuels). Our successful journey continued then in 2017 in South Korea and expanded to ICAFE (International Conference on Alternative Fuels and Energy) followed by further expansion in 2018 in China as ICAFEE (International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment). All of which towards being a world-class event in the near future.

On behalf of ICAFEE 2019 series chairs, it is our honor and pleasure to welcome all delegates, participants and visitors to The 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels: Futures and Challenges (ICAFEE 2019), to be held at Feng Chia University (FCU) in the beautiful city of Taichung, Taiwan (October 18-21, 2019). This event is organized by Green Energy and Biotechnology Industry Research Center (GEBC) of Feng Chia University (Taiwan) in collaboration with Alternative Fuels Research Laboratory (AFRL) of Erciyes University (Turkey), Environmental Bio-Technology/Engineering Laboratory of University of Stavanger (Norway), Yonsei University (South Korea) and BrainKorea 21PLUS program (South Korea). With kindest regards, Prof. Dr. Chiu-Yue Lin (Feng Chia University), Asst. Prof. Dr. Abdulaziz Atabani (Erciyes University), Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gopalakrishnan Kumar (University of Stavanger), Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chyi-How Lay (Feng Chia University) and all co-chairs are pleased to have you all in ICAFEE 2019.

Our conference embraces a diverse program for Plenary Speeches, Keynote Speeches, Invited Speeches, Oral Sessions, Posters Presentations, Virtual Sessions. P2P (Peer to Peer meetings), B2B (Business to Business meetings), Industry Booths. Besides, a one-day workshop on 'Scientific Writing and Skill Development' to be conducted by our co-chair; Dr. Eldon R Rene of IHE Delft Institute for Water Education (Netherlands) and mini symposiums on “Future Challenges: Artificial intelligence with big data applications” by VIT University (India) and “2nd International Symposium on Resilient Water, Energy and Infrastructure” by Yonsei University (South Korea) will be part of our rich program.

With this, we hope that such enriched and interesting program will be of great benefits to all participants.

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Finally, we hope that your experience with ICAFEE 2019 will be diverse, enjoyable, and rewarding.

Again, welcome!

Sincerely yours,

Asst. Prof. Dr. Abdulaziz ATABANI Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gopalakrishnan KUMAR

ICAFEE Series Chair and Founder ICAFEE Series Chair and Co-founder Head; Alternative Fuels Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and (AFRL) Environmental Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Science and Technology Faculty of Engineering University of Stavanger, Norway Erciyes University, Turkey

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Committee Members

ICAFEE Series Honorary Chairs

Prof. Dr. Ashok PANDEY CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, India

Prof. Dr. Sebahattin ÜNALAN Erciyes University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Gro JOHNSEN University of Stavanger, Norway

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

ICAFEE Series Chairs

Founder Asst. Prof. Dr. Abdulaziz ATABANI Head, Alternative Fuels Research Laboratory (AFRL) Erciyes University, Turkey

Co-Founder Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gopalakrishnan KUMAR University of Stavanger, Norway

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

ICAFEE 2019 Chair

Prof. Dr. Chiu-Yue LIN Director, Green Energy and Biotechnology Industry Research Center (GEBC) Feng Chia University, Taiwan

ICAFEE 2019 Co-chairs

Prof. Dr. Shu-Yii WU Dean, College of Engineering and Science Feng Chia University, Taiwan

Prof. Dr. Beng-Ray JAI Dean, College of Humanities and Social Sciences Feng Chia University, Taiwan

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Prof. Dr. Jo-Shu CHANG National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan

Prof. Dr. Wei-Hsin CHEN National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chyi-How LAY Feng Chia University, Taiwan

Dr. Eldon R RENE UN-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sang-Hyoun KIM Yonsei University, Republic of Korea

Asst. Prof. Dr. Muhammad ASLAM COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore, Pakistan

Asst. Prof. Dr. Rahul BHOSALE Qatar University, Qatar

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fares A. ALMOMANI Qatar University, Qatar

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

ICAFEE19 International Scientific Committee

Dr. Aino-Maija Dr. Marika KOKKO Dr. Francesco DI CAPUA LAKANIEMI Tampere University, Finland Federico II" University of Tampere University, Napoli, Italy Finland

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Raul MUÑOZ Dr. Péter BAKONYI Dr. Takurou KOBAYASHI Universidad de Vallodolid, University of Pannonia, National Insitute for Spain Hungary Environmental Studies, Japan

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ala'a H. Asst. Prof. Dr. Arulazhgan Dr. Ackmez MUDHOO AL-MUHTASEB PUGAZENDHI University of Maurtitius, Sultan Qaboos University, King Abdulaziz University, Mauritius Sultanate of Oman Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Dr. Eric TRABLY Dr. Karla María MUÑOZ-PÁEZ Asst. Prof. Dr. Rajesh BANU INRA, France Universidad Nacional Anna university, India Autónoma de México, Mexico

Prof. Dr. Shaliza Binti Dr. Peer MOHAMED Prof. Dr. Shih-Hsin HO IBRAHIM Universiti Kebangsaan Harbin Institute of University of Malaya, Malaysia, Malaysia Technology, China Malaysia

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Biswarup Dr. Piet LENS Dr. Hassnain Abbas KHAN SEN UN-IHE, Delft, The King Abdullah University of Tianjin University, China Netherlands Science and Technology (KAUST) Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Asst. Prof. Dr. B. ASHOK Assoc. Prof. Dr. Roald Asst. Prof. Thiyagarajan Vellore Institute of KOMMEDAL SUBRAMAINAM Technology, India University of Stavangar, SRM University, India Norway

Engr. Dr. Awais BOKHARI Asst. Prof. Dr. Ganesh Assoc. Prof. Dr. COMSATS University Dattatraya SARATALE Hussameldin IBRAHIM Islamabad, Lahore, Pakistan Donggukk University, University of Regina, Republic of Korea Canada

Asst. Prof. Dr. Amornchai Assoc. Prof. Dr. Changsoo Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kyu-Jung ARPORNWICHANOP LEE CHAE Chulalongkorn University, Ulsan National Institute of Korea Maritime and Ocean Thailand Science and Technology University, Republic of (UNIST), Republic of Korea Korea

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Dr. A. Jagadeesh KUMAR Assoc. Prof. Dr. Umer RASHID Assoc. Prof. Dr. Aqeel School of Chemistry and Institute of Advanced Ahmed BAZMI Chemical Engineering, Technology, Universiti Putra COMSATS University Jiangsu University, China Malaysia, Malaysia Islamabad, Pakistan

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

ICAFEE19 Local Organizing Committee

Prof. Dr. Chin-Tsan WANG Prof. Dr. Chung-Hsiung Prof. Dr. Kung-Yuh CHIANG National Ilan University, HUNG National Central University, Taiwan National Chung Hsing Taiwan University, Taiwan

Prof. Dr. Yun-Peng CHAO Prof. Dr. John Chi-Wei LAN Prof. Dr. Yu-Ching WENG Feng Chia University, Yuan Ze University, Taiwan Feng Chia University, Taiwan Taiwan

Prof. Dr. Shen-Ho CHANG Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wei-Kuang Assoc. Prof. Dr. Huang-Chih Feng Chia University, WANG LU Taiwan Feng Chia University, Feng Chia University, Taiwan Taiwan

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chun-Te LIN Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chieh-Ying Dr. Shing-Der CHEN Feng Chia University, CHEN Industrial Technology Taiwan Feng Chia University, Research Insititue, Taiwan Taiwan

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Po-Ting Assoc. Prof. Dr. Andrew C. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jane-Yii WU CHEN CHIEN Da-Yeh University, Taiwan Southern Taiwan University Feng Chia University, of Science and Technology, Taiwan Taiwan

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chin-Chao Asst. Prof. Dr. Alex C.-C. Asst. Prof. Dr. Chen-Yeon CHEN CHANG CHU Chung Chou University of Feng Chia University, Feng Chia University, Science and Technology, Taiwan Taiwan Taiwan

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Asst. Prof. Dr. Hao WANG Feng Chia University, Taiwan

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Our Partners and Sponsors

Today’s Instruments Co., LTD

G-Won green supply Ltd

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Speakers

Plenary Speakers

Prof. Dr. Ashok PANDEY CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, India

Topic Waste to Wealth: Resource Recovery & Sustainability

Biography

Prof. Dr. Ashok Pandey is a Distinguished Scientist at CSIR-Indian Institute for Toxicology Research and former Chief Scientist & Head of Biotechnology Division at CSIR’s National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology at Trivandrum, India. He has over 40 years of experience in the field of Biotechnology and Research. His major research interests are in the areas of microbial, enzyme and bioprocess technology, which span over various programs, including biomass to fuels & chemicals, probiotics & nutraceuticals, industrial enzymes, solid-state fermentation, etc. He has published more than 1185 publications/communications, which include 16 patents, 51 books, 130 book chapters, 460 original and review papers, etc with h-index of 83 and more than 27,500 citations. He has transferred several technologies to industries and has done industrial consultancy for about a dozen projects for Indian/international industries. He is the Founder President of the Biotech Research Society, India (www.brsi.in); International Coordinator of International Forum on Industrial Bioprocesses, France (www.ifibiop.org), Chairman of the International Society for Energy, Environment & amp; Sustainability (www.isees.in) and Vice-President of All India Biotech Association (www.aibaonline.com). Prof. Dr. Pandey is the Editor-in-Chief of Bioresource Technology, Honorary Executive Advisors of Journal of Water Sustainability, Journal of Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Subject Editor of Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences (India), and Editorial Board Member of several international and Indian journals. He is the Editor-in-Chief of book series on Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, comprising nine books published by Elsevier.

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Prof. Dr. Ibrahim DINÇER University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT), Canada

Topic New Dimensions and Directions in Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment

Biography

Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Dincer is a tenured full professor of Mechanical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science at UOIT, Canada. He is Vice President for Strategy in International Association for Hydrogen Energy (IAHE) and Vice-President for World Society of Sustainable Energy Technologies (WSSET). Renowned for his pioneering works in the area of sustainable energy technologies he has authored and co-authored many books and book chapters, refereed journal and conference papers and technical reports. He has chaired many national and international conferences, symposia, workshops and technical meetings. He has delivered many keynote and invited lectures. He is an active member of various international scientific organizations and societies, and serves as Editor-in-Chief, Associate Editor, Regional Editor, and Editorial Board Member on various prestigious international journals. He is a recipient of several research, teaching and service awards, including the Premier’s research excellence award in Ontario, Canada in 2004. He has made innovative contributions to the understanding and development of sustainable energy technologies and their implementation. He is an advocate for integrated energy systems for multigeneration applications. Prof. Dr. Dincer has recently been named as one of 2014’s Most Influential Scientific Minds in Engineering. This honour, presented by Thomson Reuters, is given to researchers who rank among the top 1% most cited for their subject field and year of publication, earning the mark of exceptional impact.

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Prof. Dr. Bill NIMMO Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Sheffield, UK

Topic Waste to Energy Outlook

Biography

Prof. Dr. Bill Nimmo is Professor of Energy Engineering and Sustainability in the Energy Engineering Group of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Sheffield, UK. He is part of the team developing academic and industrial projects for the Energy 2050 initiative and is Director of PGR studies for the department. He has published 150 papers including 76 refereed journal articles, 2 book chapters and 1 patent. He is an active member of the Fuel and Energy Research Forum, Executive Committee, Chair of the Environmental interest group; Member of the Energy Institute Yorkshire branch committee; Member of the EPSRC Peer Review College and is an Associate Principal Editor of the Elsevier journal FUEL. His background is in chemical and combustion engineering having gained his PhD in Fluidized Bed Waste Gasification Processes at Leeds University in the mid 1980’s. He is a Fellow of the Energy Institute and the Royal Society of Chemistry. Recently, his research activities have been closely related to the development of the UK national UKCCSRC PACT facilities focused on carbon capture processes and in particular to pilot scale oxy-fuel combustion projects. He is also associated with the Translational Energy research Centre (TERC) based at Sheffield University. He has also worked in industry and particularly on full scale gasifier development (350 tpd) for British Gas, as part of the British Gas SNG program in partnership with Lurgi GmbH. Areas of Research Interest- Biomass combustion, Biomass gasification, Anaerobic digestion, Waste to Energy, Corrosion studies.

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Keynote Speakers

Dr. Niven HUANG KPMG Sustainability Services in Asia Pacific, Taiwan

Topic The New Equation for Our Low Carbon Future

Prof. Dr. Gro JOHNSEN University of Stavanger, Norway

Topic Sustainable recovery and upgrading of organic waste in the Stavanger Region, Norway

Prof. Dr. Jo-Shu CHANG National Cheng Kung University, Tunghui University, Taiwan

Topic New aspects of microalgae-based wastewater treatment

Dr. Sudhir P. SINGH CIAB, Mohali, India

Topic Bioprocessing of agro-industrial residues into value-added functional andenergybiomolecules

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Dr. Corey LIEN DOMI Earth, Taiwan

Topic Building Systematic Climate Action?

Prof. Dr. Wei-Hsin CHEN National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan

Topic Development of thermochemical conversion of microalgal biomass for biofuel production

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sang-Hyoun KIM Yonsei University, Republic of Korea

Topic Recent Perspective of organic waste treatment and anaerobic digestion in Korea

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Invited Speakers

Asst. Prof. Dr. Aino-Maija LAKANIEMI Tampere University, Finland

Topic Nutrient recovery from wastewaters with microalgae

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ala’a H. AL-MUHTASEB Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman

Topic Optimization of biodiesel production from waste Date pits

Dr. Peter BAKONYI University of Pannonia, Hungary

Topic Trends and perspectives in membrane separator engineering for microbial fuel cells

Dr. Cansu ULUŞEKER University of Stavanger, Norway

Topic Antimicrobial resistance gene transfer in wastewater treatment models.

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Prof. Dr. Rajendra Prasad SINGH South East University, China

Topic Mercury remediation in contaminated water runoff systems

Asst. Prof. Dr. Lamya AL-HAJ Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman

Topic Exploring Local Natural Resources for the Production of Second Generation Biofuels

Prof. Dr. Majeda KHRAISHEH Qatar universtiy, Qatar

Topic LNG trace CO2 removal via new generation of advanced physisorbents.

Dr. Senthil NAGAPPAN Sri Venkateswara College of Engg., Sriperumpudur, India

Topic Technoeconomic assessment of attached cultivation on recycled wastewater for microalgal biodiesel production Dr. Michael RANCK Toi Toi Hong Kong Ltd, Hong Kong

Topic Human Waste Water Treatment employing practical and efficient biological processes

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Prof. Dr. Edwin Geo VARUVEL SRM University, India

Topic Investigations to reduce CO2 emission using low carbon biofuels in a CRDI engine

Prof. Dr. Jui-Jen CHANG China Medical University, Taiwan

Topic Biomimetic strategy for constructing Clostridium thermocellum cellulosomal operons in Bacillus subtilis

Dr. Yi-Hsing LIN ITRI, Taiwan

Topic Characteristics and biogas production potential of livestock wastewater with various anaerobic reactors

Asst. Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar PONNUSAMY Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan

Topic Rapid microextraction techniques coupled with LC-MS/MS for environmental samples analysis

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

ICAFEE 2019 Programme

Date Friday, 18th October 10:00-16:00 Interactive Scientific Writing Workshop (Venue: Room B07 Science Building, FCU) 16:00-17:30 Future Challenges: Artificial Intelligence (Venue: Room B07 Science Building, FCU) 18:00-19:00 Early Registration (Venue: Room 711-1, 7F, Xue-Si Building, FCU) 19:00-20:00 Reception Dinner (Invited only) (Venue: Sciarpa pasta-Feng Chia branch) Date Saturday, 19th October 8:30-9:30 Registration (Venue: 1F, Xue Si Building, FCU) Opening Ceremony of The 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, 9:30-10:10 Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges (Venue: 9th International Conference Hall, 2F, Xue Si Building) 10:10-10:20 Group photo 10:20-10:40 Coffee Break Plenary Speakers Session I 10:40-11:40 (Venue: 9th International Conference Hall, 2F, Xue Si Building) 11:40-13:20 Lunch Parallel sessions 9th International Presentation Conference Hall, Room 104, Room 105, Room 103, Venue 2F, Xue Si Building 1F, Xue Si Building 1F, Xue Si Building 1F, Xue Si Building Session I: Session III: Session V: Biomass/Waste Biomass/Waste Biomass/Waste 13:20-15:15 Keynote Speakers Valorization to Valorization to Valorization to Session I (115 min) Materials, Fuels Materials, Fuels Materials, Fuels and and Chemicals I and Chemicals II Chemicals III 15:15-15:40 Coffee Break Session VI: Session II: Session IV: Biomass/Waste 15:40-17:30 Keynote Speakers Industrial Process Alternative/New Valorization to Session II (110 min) and Treatment Energies Materials, Fuels and Chemicals IV Date Sunday, 20th October Plenary Speakers Session II 09:30-10:30 (Venue: 9th International Conference Hall, 2F, Xue Si Building) 10:30-10:50 Coffee Break 9th International Presentation Conference Hall, Room 104, Room 105, Breezeway, Room 2F, Xue Si Building 1F, Xue Si Building 1F, Xue Si Building 1F, Xue Si Building Session VII: Session IX: Session XI: 10:50-11:50 Biomass/Waste Biomass/Waste Biomass/Waste Posters and Virtual Valorization to Valorization to Valorization to Session (65 min) Materials, Fuels and Materials, Fuels Materials, Fuels 10:30 19th Oct- Chemicals V and Chemicals VI and Chemicals VII 12:00 20th Oct 11:55-13:30 Lunch

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Session XII: Session X: Session VIII: Biomass/Waste 13:30-15:20 Environmental Sustainability and Valorization to Remediation and (110 min) Circular Economy Materials, Fuels Protection and Chemicals VIII 18:30-20:30 Closing Ceremony & Gala Dinner (Venue: In Sky Hotel) Date Monday, 21st October 8:00-17:00 Bioenergy on-site Visiting

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

The 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges Date: 18 – 21, October 2019 Venue: Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Date Friday, 18th October

10:00-16:00 Interactive Scientific Writing Workshop (Venue: Room B07 Science Building, FCU)

16:00-17:30 Future Challenges: Artificial Intelligence (Venue: Room B07 Science Building, FCU)

18:00-19:00 Early Registration (Venue: Room 711-1, 7F, Xue-Si Building, FCU)

19:00-20:00 Reception Dinner (Invited only) (Venue: Sciarpa pasta-Feng Chia branch)

Date Saturday, 19th October

8:30-9:30 Registration (Venue: 1F, Xue Si Building, FCU) Opening Ceremony of The 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, 9:30-10:10 Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges (Venue: 9th International Conference Hall, 2F, Xue Si Building) Group Photo 10:10-10:20 (Venue: Outside stairs, 2F, Xue Si Building) 10:20-10:40 Coffee Break (Venue: 2F, Xue Si Building) Plenary Speakers Session I (Venue: 9th International Conference Hall, 2F, Xue Si 10:40-11:40 Building) Chairperson: Asst. Prof. Dr. Abdulaziz ATABANI Prof. Dr. Ibrahim DINÇER, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Canada 10:40-11:10 New dimensions and directions in alternative fuels, energy and environment (Plenary speaker) Dr. Niven HUANG, KPMG Sustainability Services in Asia Pacific 11:10-11:40 The new equation for our low carbon future (Keynote speaker) 11:40-13:20 Lunch (Venue: Room 104/Room 105, 1F, Xue Si Building) Keynote Speakers Session I (Venue: 9th International Conference Hall, 2F, Xue Si Building) Chairperson: Prof. Dr. Jo-Shu CHANG Prof. Dr. Gro JOHNSEN, University of Stavanger, Norway Sustainable recovery and upgrading of organic waste in the Stavanger Region, 13:20-13:50 Norway (Keynote speaker) Prof. Dr. Jo-Shu CHANG, Tunghui University, Taiwan 13:50-14:20 New aspects of microalgae-based wastewater treatment (Keynote speaker) Dr. Sudhir P. SINGH, CIAB, Mohali, India 14:20-14:50 Bioprocessing of agro-industrial residues into value-added functional and energy biomolecules (Keynote speaker) Asst. Prof. Dr. Aino-Maija LAKANIEMI, Tampere University, Finland 14:50-15:10 Nutrient recovery from wastewaters with microalgae (Invited speaker)

15:10-15:40 Coffee Break (Venue: 1F, Xue Si Building)

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Keynote Speakers Session II (Venue: 9th International Conference Hall, 2F, Xue Si Building) Chairperson: Prof. Wei-Hsin CHEN

Dr. Corey LIEN, DOMI Earth, Taiwan 15:40-16:10 Building systematic climate action? (Keynote speaker) Prof. Dr. Wei-Hsin CHEN, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan 16:10-16:40 Development of thermochemical conversion of microalgal biomass for biofuel production (Keynote speaker) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sang-Hyoun KIM, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea 16:40-17:10 Recent perspective of organic waste treatment and anaerobic digestion in Korea (Keynote speaker) Asst. Prof. Dr. Lamya AL-HAJ, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman 17:10-17:30 Exploring local natural resources for the production of second generation biofuels (Invited speaker) Session I: Biomass/Waste Valorization to Materials, Fuels and Chemicals I (Venue: Room 104, 1F, Xue Si Building) Chairperson: Dr. Peter BAKONYI Dr. Peter BAKONYI, University of Pannonia, Hungary Trends and perspectives in membrane separator engineering for microbial fuel 13:20-13:40 cells (Invited speaker) Dr. Cansu ULUŞEKER, University of Stavanger, Norway 13:40-14:00 Antimicrobial resistance gene transfer in wastewater treatment models (Invited speaker) Dr. Paskalis Sahaya Murphin KUMAR, Sultan Qaboos university, Sultanate of Oman 14:00-14:15 A single step green conversion of Glycolipid mediated Fe3O4/Fe- porous carbon composites derived from Crescentia cujete fruit shells for ultra supercapacitor and an effective adsorbent (No. 7) Prof. Dong-Jin KIM, Hallym University, Republic of Korea Mg/Al co-impregnated biochar for the adsorption and desorption of phosphates 14:15-14:30 and nitrate (No. 54) Dr. Paskalis Sahaya Murphin KUMAR, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Omam 14:30-14:45 Facile synthesis of Fe2O3/C composites from pistachio waste through simultaneous process for ciprofloxacin adsorption (No. 177) Dr. Paskalis Sahaya Murphin KUMAR, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman 14:45-15:00 Seawater-templated porous ash via direct pyrolysis of peanut biomass as an abundant reusable adsorbent for the abatement of lead species (No. 181) 15:15-15:40 Coffee Break (Venue: 1F, Xue Si Building)

Session II: Industrial Process and Treatment (Venue: Room 104, 1F, Xue Si Building) Chairperson: Prof. Dr. Rajendra Prasad SINGH

Prof. Dr. Dr. Rajendra Prasad SINGH, South East University, China 15:40-16:00 Mercury remediation in contaminated water runoff systems (Invited speaker) Dr. Goraskanth TALLAKAR, Qatar University, Qatar 16:00-16:15 Thermochemical Splitting of CO2 using solution combustion synthesized La-Sr-Mn- based Perovskite (No.21) Ms. Birgitta Narindri Rara WINAYU, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan 16:15-16:30 The Biomass and Lipid Productivity of Thermosynechococcus sp. CL-1 Cultivation in the Swine Wastewater during CO2 Fixation Process (No. 73)

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Prof. Justin Chun-Te LIN, Feng Chia University, Taiwan 16:30-16:45 A full-scale study of whiskey distillery wastewater treatment with metagenomic analysis of anaerobic sludge (No. 121) Prof. Yu-Hong HOU, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan 16:45-17:00 Modified graphitic carbon nitride prepared by a microwave-assisted-hydrothermal method for high pressure photoreduction of CO2 (No. 128) Ms. Raymond Chong Ong TANG, National Ilan University, Taiwan 17:00-17:15 Utilization of hydraulic shear stress in microbial fuel cell as self-buffer regulation mechanism (No. 176) Prof. Wontae LEE, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Republic of Korea Microbial fuel cell as a promising technology for bioelectricity generation through 17:15-17:30 the reduction of hexavalent chromium in wastewater: A review (No. 249)

Session III: Biomass/Waste Valorization to Materials, Fuels and Chemicals II (Venue: Room 105, 1F, Xue Si Building) Chairperson: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ala’a H. AL-MUHTASEB Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ala’a H. AL-MUHTASEB, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of 13:20-13:40 Oman Optimization of biodiesel production from waste Date pits (Invited speaker) Dr. Mohanasundaram RANGANATHAN, VIT University, India 13:40-14:00 Hybrid swarm intelligence in environmental Science (Invited speaker) Ms. Anongnart WANAPOKIN, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan 14:00-14:15 Potential of bio-hydrogen production from dark fermentation of nanoparticles with C. pasteurianum using a co-immobilization technique (No. 98) Mr. Bo-Jhih LIN, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan Thermal decomposition characteristics of Actinobacillus succinogenes for energy 14:15-14:30 use (No. 61) Mr. Chia-Yang CHEN, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan 14:30-14:45 Synergistic effect of co-torrefaction between intermediate waste epoxy resins and fir (No. 62) Mr. Yi-Kai CHIH, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan 14:45-15:00 A new application of liquid products from biomass torrefaction for methanol partial oxidation (No. 65)

Ms. Ngo Thi Ngoc Lan THAO, National Central University, Taiwan 15:00-15:15 Enhancement of hydrogen production by hot gas cleaning system combined with prepared Ni based catalyst in biomass gasification (No. 83)

15:15-15:40 Coffee Break (Venue: 1F, Xue Si Building)

Session IV: Alternative/New Energies (Venue: Room 105, 1F, Xue Si Building) Chairperson: Prof. Dr. Majeda KHRAISHEH Prof. Dr. Majeda KHRAISHEH, Qatar University, Qatar 15:40-16:00 LNG trace CO2 removal via new generation of advanced physisorbents (Invited speaker) Dr. Mohanakrishna GUNDA, Qatar University, Qatar 16:00-16:15 Bioanodic activity stimulation by simple organics (sewage and acetate) addition in soil microenvironment for recalcitrant pollutants degradation (Invited speaker)

Dr. Paskalis Sahaya Murphin KUMAR, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of 16:15-16:30 Oman One pot synthesis of Molybdenum nanoparticles supported Nickel sulfide

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

microspheres for the ultra stable remarkable energy storage anodes on Li-ion batteries (No. 6)

Prof. Dr. Yu-Wei SU, Feng Chia University, Taiwan 16:30-16:45 Optimization and characterization of Gallium and Carbon doped Indium Cadmium Sulfur-based photocatalysts (No. 76) Ms. Ye-Seung SON, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Republic of Korea 16:45-17:00 Hydrogen production by metabolically engineered Clostridium acetobutylicum based on CRISPR/Cas9 system (No. 131) Ms. Do-Hyung KIM, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Republic of Korea 17:00-17:15 Investigation of the effect of iron-based catalyst to expand of biomass utilization in bio-hydrogen production by Clostridium butyricum DSM 10702 (No. 163) Mr. Chia-Min CHANG, Feng Chia University, Taiwan 17:00-17:15 Adsorption capability of mango-tree branch biochars (No. 271) Session V: Biomass/Waste Valorization to Materials, Fuels and Chemicals III (Venue: Room 103, 1F, Xue Si Building) Chairperson: Dr. Mohanakrishna GUNDA Dr. Mohanakrishna GUNDA, Qatar University, Qatar 13:20-13:40 Bioelectrochemical cells (BES) for Electrogenesis and Bioelectrochemical Treatment of Petroleum Based Hydrocarbons Contaminated Soils (Invited speaker) Prof. Dr. Chung-Hsing CHAO, Ta Hwa University of Science and Technology, Taiwan 13:40-13:55 Testing human urine's electricity generation versus relationship with diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and gout (No. 67) Ms. Chaeyoung RHEE, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea 13:55-14:10 Development of integrated control system for real-time monitoring of liquid level and density in anaerobic digesters using nonlinear regression model (No. 86) Mr. Seungyeob HAN, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea 14:10-14:25 Novel permeable cathode for the enhanced methane production in microbial electrosynthesis system (No. 125) Prof. Majeda KHRAISHEH, Qatar University, Qatar 14:25-14:40 Isotherm studies and mechanisms for the removal of humics using granular activated carbon, alumina and ferric adsorbents (No. 174) Dr. Jeong-Hoon PARK, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Republic of Korea 14:40-14:55 Shift of microbial community structure by substrate level in dynamic membrane bioreactor (DMBR) (No. 183) 15:20-15:40 Coffee Break (Venue: 1F, Xue Si Building) Session VI: Biomass/Waste Valorization to Materials, Fuels and Chemicals IV (Venue: Room 103, 1F, Xue Si Building) Chairperson: Dr. Michael RANCK Dr. Michael RANCK, Toi Toi Hong Kong Ltd, Hong Kong 15:40-16:00 Human Wastewater Treatment employing practical and efficient biological processes (Invited speaker) Ms. Laurensia IRMAYANI, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan 16:00-16:15 Effect of different pretreatment technologies and solid concentrations on biogas yield in anaerobic fermentation system of pig manure (No. 57)

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Mr. Roent Dune CAYETANO, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea 16:15-16:30 Sludge treatment in an AnDMBR for biomethane recovery (No. 96) Dr. Shashi Kant BHATIA, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea 16:30-16:45 Bioconversion of waste cooking oil into biodiesel using heterogeneous catalyst derived from wine bottle cork (No. 147) Prof. Dr. Ki Young PARK, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea 16:45-17:00 Enhancing the digestion efficiency of leather fleshing waste through co-digestion and the response of microbial communities (No. 179) Prof. Dr. Arivalagan PUGAZHENDHI, Ton Duc Thang University, Vietnam 17:00-17:15 Advanced genome engineering strategies in energy-based marine biomass for biofuel production (No. 185)

Mr. Tae-Guen LIM, Korea University, Republic of Korea Molecular evidence for the metabolic contribution of microbial communities on 17:15-17:30 methanogenesis by direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) via conductive materials (No. 211)

Date Sunday, 20th October

Plenary Speakers Session II (Venue: 9th International Conference Hall, 2F, Xue Si 09:30-10:30 Building) Chairperson: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gopalakrishnan KUMAR Prof. Dr. Bill NIMMO, University of Sheffield, UK 09:30-10:00 Waste to energy outlook (Plenary speaker)

Prof. Dr. Ashok PANDEY, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, India 10:00-10:30 Waste to wealth: resource recovery & sustainability (Plenary speaker)

10:30-10:50 Coffee Break (Venue: 2F, Xue Si Building)

Session VII: Biomass/Waste Valorization to Materials, Fuels and Chemicals V (Venue: 9th International Conference Hall, 2F, Xue Si Building) Chairperson: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Edwin Geo VARUVEL Assoc. Prof. Dr. Edwin Geo VARUVEL, SRM University, India 10:50-11:10 Investigations to reduce CO2 emission using low carbon biofuels in a CRDI engine (Invited speaker)

Mr. Jong-Hun PARK, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea 11:10-11:25 Effect of shear velocity on dark fermentative hydrogen production (No. 75) Mr. Ju-Hyeong JUNG, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea 11:25-11:40 Effect of substrate concentration on dark fermentative hydrogen production (No. 102) Prof. Dr. Jyh-Cherng CHEN, Feng Chia University, Taiwan 11:40-11:55 Recycling and reuse of waste solar panels for the synthesis of porous material (No. 127) 11:55-13:30 Lunch (Venue: 1F, Xue Si Building)

Session VIII: Sustainability and Circular Economy (Venue: 9th International Conference Hall, 2F, Xue Si Building) Chairperson: Dr. Eldon R RENE

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Dr. Eldon R RENE, UN-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands 13:30-13:50 Bioprocesses for air pollution control (Invited speaker)

Prof. Dr. Wei WU, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan 13:50-14:05 Life cycle assessment of pig farming systems using microalgae-based piggery wastewater treatment (No. 37) Mr. Yeadam JO, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Republic of Korea 14:05-14:20 Treatment of low-strength ammonia wastewater by single-stage partial nitritation and anammox using gel-immobilized biomass (No. 56) Prof. Dr. Lida SIMASATITKUL, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Thailand 14:20-14:35 Process intensification approach for design and optimization of biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate (No. 64) Ms. Meng-Fen SHIH, Feng Chia University, Taiwan 14:35-14:50 Life cycle assessment of using natural gas fuel for textile setting unit (No. 112)

Ms. Kunlanan WIRANARONGKORN, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand 14:50-15:05 Hydrogen and power generation via integrated bio-oil sorption enhanced steam reforming and solid oxide fuel cell systems: Economic feasibility analysis (No. 130)

Ms. Nithin KUMAR, National Institute of Technology Warangal, India 15:05-15:20 Application of sewage sludge as fertiliser-review (No. 234)

Mr. Mostafa Saad SAYED, Yeungnam University, Republic of Korea 15:20-15:35 Three-dimensional WO3/Bi2MoO6/Co-Pi heterostructure for enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting (No. 254) Session IX: Biomass/Waste Valorization to Materials, Fuels and Chemicals VI (Venue: Room 104, 1F, Xue Si Building) Chairperson: Prof. Dr. Jui-Jen CHANG Prof. Dr. Jui-Jen CHANG, China Medical University, Taiwan 10:50-11:10 Biomimetic strategy for constructing Clostridium thermocellum cellulosomal operons in Bacillus subtilis (Invited speaker) Ms. Charlotte WEAVER, University of Leeds, United Kingdom 11:10-11:25 Impacts of large-scale bioenergy expansion on land use change and biodiversity (No. 124) Ms. Chong Yen YEE, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Malaysia 11:25-11:40 Kinetic study on catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose with oxides (No. 221) Prof. Dr. Raji ATCHUDAN, Yeungnam University, Republic of Korea 11:40-11:55 Hydrophilic nitrogen-doped carbon dots from biowaste using dwarf banana peel for fluorometric sensor and bioimaging (No. 263)

11:55-13:30 Lunch (Venue: 1F, Xue Si Building)

Session X: Environmental Remediation and Protection (Venue: Room 104, 1F, Xue Si Building) Chairperson: Prof. Dr. Chien-Ping WANG Dr. Yi-Hsing LIN, ITRI, Taiwan 13:30-13:50 Characteristics and biogas production potential of livestock wastewater with various anaerobic reactors (Invited speaker) Dr. Goraskanth TALLAKAR, Qatar University, Qatar, 13:50-14:05 Synthesis and applications of Ceria-Zirconia-silver oxides for solar thermochemical conversion of CO2 (No. 9)

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Prof. Dr. Majeda KHRAISHEH, Qatar University, Qatar 14:05-14:20 Environmentally friendly biodegradable membranes for heavy metal recovery using direct contact membrane distillation (No. 35) Dr. Yongsun JANG, Korea University, Republic of Korea 14:20-14:35 Investigation of critical sludge characteristics for membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor process (No. 203) Prof. Dr. Hidetoshi KURAMOCHI, Ibaraki University, Japan 14:35-14:50 Understanding of the distribution behavior of organic pollutants in an anaerobic digestion of food waste (No. 212) Prof. Dr. Thomas Nesakumar Jebakumar Immanuel EDISON, Yeungnam University, Republic of Korea 14:50-15:05 A novel binder free electro-synthesis of hierarchical nickel sulfide nanostructures on nickel foam as a battery type electrode for hybrid-capacitors (No.175) Session XI: Biomass/Waste Valorization to Materials, Fuels and Chemicals VII (Venue: Room 104, 1F, Xue Si Building) Chairperson: Prof. Dr. Arivalagan PUGAZHENDHI Prof. Dr. Arivalagan PUGAZHENDHI, Ton Duc Thang University, Vietnam 10:50-11:10 Nanotechnology for biofuel generation and bioremediation (Invited speaker)

Prof. Dr. Sureshkumar NAGARAJAN, VIT University, India 11:10-11:25 Monitoring inland water quality using sensors (Invited speaker)

Mr. Wei-Cheng LAI, Feng Chia University, Taiwan 11:25-11:40 Biomethane production from pretreated kitchen waste using aerobic fermentation (No. 261) Mr. Feng-Jen CHU, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Taiwan 11:40-11:55 Effects of magnetic field on electricity generation in a photosynthetic ceramic microbial fuel cell (No. 138) 11:55-13:30 Lunch (Venue: 1F, Xue Si Building) Session XII: Biomass/Waste Valorization to Materials, Fuels and Chemicals VIII (Venue: Room 104, 1F, Xue Si Building) Chairperson: Asst. Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar PONNUSAMY Asst. Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar PONNUSAMY, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan 13:30-13:50 Rapid microextraction techniques coupled with LC-MS/MS for environmental samples analysis (Invited speaker) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gopinath, VIT University, India 13:50-14:05 Role of Data Science in resource management (invited speaker)

Dr. Hanwoong KIM, Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology, Republic of 14:05-14:20 Korea Potential of human urine as a solvent for biogas upgrading (No. 51) Ms. Nathada NGAMSIDHIPHONGSA, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand 14:20-14:35 Optimization of an Imbert downdraft biomass gasifier for low-tar gas production using CFD modeling (No. 132)

Dr. Tamás RÓZSENBERSZKI, University of Pannonia, Hungary 14:35-14:50 Itaconic acid separation by bipolar membrane electrodialysis (No. 81)

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Dr. Santi CHUETOR, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Thailand 14:50-15:05 Assessment on energy efficiency and waste generation of combined semi-humid chemo-mechanical pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse (No. 184) Dr. Yaakov ANKER, Ariel University, Israel 15:05-15:20 New approach in indigenous charcoal production and in lignocellulose waste processing (No. 139)

19th Oct 10:30 Posters and Virtual session - E-posters will be presented in TV screams and displayed in sequence 20th Oct (Venue: Breezeway, 1F, Xue Si Building) 12:00

18:30-20:30 Closing Ceremony & Gala Dinner (Venue: In Sky Hotel, 9F)

Date Monday, 21st October Bioenergy on-site Visiting (NTD1,500 per person, register and complete your payment online via: 8:00-17:00 https://payment.icaf-e.com/visit.php or on-site before local time 12 noon on October 19th, 2019)

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Venue

Main Campus of Feng Chia University (FCU)

Main Venue: Xue Si Building (學思樓)

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Journals Special Issues

Bioresource Technology International Journal of Biotechnology Reports (ELSEVIER) Hydrogen Energy (ELSEVIER) (IF: 6.669) (ELSEVIER) (CiteScore: 4.57) (IF: 4.084)

Fuel Waste and Biomass Journal of Environmental (ELSEVIER) Valorization Management (IF: 5.128) (SPRINGER) (ELSEVIER) (IF: 2.358) (IF: 4.865)

International Journal of Energy Research (WILEY) (IF: 3.343)

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Conference and Hotels

In Sky Hotel → Main Venue (Xue Si Building)

In One City Inn Hotel → Main Venue (Xue Si Building)

In One City Inn Hotel 台中 逢甲 文華道會館

Main Venue: Xue Si Building (學思樓)

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Airport and Transfer Information

From Taoyuan Airport to Feng Chia University (FCU)

(1) Option 1: By High Speed Railway

(2) Option 2: By Bus Express 客運

Company No. of Destination Notes Bus 統聯客運 (1) It takes around 1 hour (Ubus Bus Express) ‘Chao Ma’ 30 minutes or 2 hours; 1623 「朝馬轉運站 it depends on the traffic. 大約 1 小時 (台中商旅)」 30 分鐘或 2 小時抵 Recommended 達台中朝馬 (2) Your destination ‘Chao Ma’ (Chao Ma) will be the 1860 國光客運 「秋紅谷(朝馬)站」 first stop. 請第一站下車 朝馬 (Kuo Kuang Ebus) - 站 ‘Chao Ma’ 建明客運 (Free go) 5503 「秋紅谷(朝馬)站」

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

From Taichung Airport

Bus: Please go to A3 bus, “Feng Chia University 逢甲大學” get off. 公車：請至 A3 快線公車，「逢甲大學」下車。

Taxi: Go to “Feng Chia University” about 30 minutes, NT $350~450. 計程車：經國道 4 號或台 10 線至逢甲大學約 30 分鐘，金額約 $350~450。

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

List of Submissions

No Authors/Title Type C. Kavitha, Ghanta Ram Sai Avinash, Vaibhav venkat, B. Ashok, V. Karthickeyan Spray split positional modelling of macroscopic high-pressure mineral diesel with 3 Poster a diagnosis on structural characterization using shadowgraph technique at multiple injection M.R. Atelge, A.E. Atabani, Muhammad Aslam, Rajesh Banu, David Krisa, Dinh Duc Nguyen, Gopalakrishnan Kumar, Cigdem Eskicioglu, Y.Ş. Yildiz, M. Kaya, S. 4 Unalan, F. Duman, R. Mohanasundaram Poster A critical review on pretreatment technologies of waste towards to enhance anaerobic digestion and energy efficiency MD. Tasrif Masruf Khan 5 Typical energy output from an optimized biogas facility for organic household Poster waste Paskalis Sahaya Murphin Kumar, Ajayan Vinu, Wangsoo Cha, Lamya Al-Haj, Mohammed Al Abri, Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb, Vinothkumar Ponnusamy 6 One pot synthesis of Molybdenum nanoparticles supported Nickel sulfide Oral microspheres for the ultra stable remarkable energy storage anodes on Li-ion batteries Ganesan Sivarasan, Paskalis Sahaya Murphin Kumar, Ajayan Vinu, Lamya Al-Haj, Rashid Al-Hajri, Ala’a H.Al-Muhtaseb 7 A single step green conversion of Glycolipid mediated Fe3O4/Fe- porous carbon Oral composites derived from Crescentia cujete fruit shells for ultra supercapcitor and an effective adsorbent N. Beloufa, Y. Chercheb, S. Fasla 8 Poster Structural and electronic properties of SnO2 under pressure: An ab-initio study Gorakshnath Takalkar, Rahul Bhosale 9 Synthesis and application of Ceria-Zirconia-Silver oxides for solar thermochemical Oral conversion of CO2 Gorakshnath Takalkar, Rahul Bhosale 10 Poster Thermochemical H2O/CO2 splitting using novel LaxMg1-xMnO2-δ perovskites Gorakshnath Takalkar, Rahul Bhosale 11 Thermochemical CO2 splitting cycle using co-precipitation synthesized alkaline Poster earth metal doped ceria Gorakshnath Takalkar, Rahul Bhosale 12 Development of catalytic La-Sr-Fe-based perovskites via solution combustion Poster synthesis for solar thermochemical conversion of CO2 Gorakshnath Takalkar, Rahul Bhosale 13 Poster Sol-gel synthesized Ni-Zn-Ferrite for thermochemical conversion of H2O/CO2 Rahul Bhosale 14 Poster Solar driven tungsten oxide based thermochemical water splitting cycle Rahul Bhosale 15 Solar driven iron oxide based thermochemical methane reforming and water Poster splitting for H2 and syngas production Rahul Bhosale 16 Solar reactor efficiency analysis of the mg-ferrite based thermochemical H2O Poster splitting cycle Rahul Bhosale 17 A novel two-step indium oxide based solar driven thermochemical water splitting Poster cycle: a thermodynamic feasibility

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Rahul Bhosale 18 Syngas and H2 production via solar thermochemical methane reforming and water Poster splitting cycle using vanadium-based oxide materials Rahul Bhosale Hydrogen production via chromium oxide based solar thermochemical water 19 Poster splitting cycle: Effect of operating parameters on the solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency Rahul Bhosale 20 Cu-ferrite based solar thermochemical water splitting cycle for hydrogen Poster production Gorakshnath Takalkar, Rahul Bhosale 21 Thermochemical splitting of CO2 using solution combustion synthesized La-Sr-Mn- Oral based perovskite Rahul Bhosale 22 MgSO4-MgO based solar driven thermochemical water splitting cycle for H2 Poster production Gorakshnath Takalkar, Rahul Bhosale 23 A mixed metal oxide based thermochemical H2O/CO2 splitting cycle for production Poster of solar fuels Jennifer Spragg*, Tariq Mahmud, Valerie Dupont 24 An evaluation of advanced steam reforming processes for conversion of bio-oil to Poster low carbon hydrogen Ganesh Lamichhane, Niranjan Parajuli 25 Poster Physicochemical analysis and production of biofuel from lignocellulosic biomass Hsu-Hsi Tsai, Wei-Hsaing Wang, Tzyy-Leng Allen Horng, Justin Chun-Te Lin 26 Diafiltration of 2,3-butanediol by dense membranes for harvesting bioresource Poster and downstream separation process simulations Fares Almomani 27 Poster Electrochemical conversion of CO2: catalytic activity and process optimization Fares Almomani 28 Optimising nutrient removal of moving bed biofilm reactor process using response Poster surface methodology Fares Almomani 29 Poster CO2 capture with simultaneous iron and CaO recycling Fares Almomani 30 Poster Nickel/cobalt nanoparticles for electrochemical production of hydrogen Sajeda Alsaydeh, Fares Almomani, Rahul Bhosale, Majeda Khraisheh 31 Poster Use of algae for removing heavy metal ions from Qatari industrial wastewater Fares Almomani 32 Improving production of bio-methane from plant waste through anaerobic co- Poster digestion Fares Almomani 33 Poster Sustainable and eco-friendly algae-based produced water treatment Fares Almomani, Majeda Khraisheh 34 Extraction of phenolic compounds from wastewater using ionic liquids and deep Poster eutectic compounds Majeda Khraisheh, Fares Almomani 35 Environmentally friendly biodegradable membranes for heavy metal recovery Oral using direct contact membrane distillation Tamer. M.M. Abdellatief, M.A. Еrshov, V.M. Kapustin 36 Poster Using isooctene as a novel gasoline additive in comparison with MTBE and TAME Wei Wu. Liang-Chiung Cheng 37 Life cycle assessment of pig farming systems using microalgae-based piggery Oral wastewater treatment

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

V. Karthickeyan, K. Nanthagopal, B. Ashok, B. Saravanan, R. Vignesh, Kedar Khanolkar, Ninad Raje, Arun Raj 38 Poster Multi-functional fuel additive as a combustion catalyst for diesel and biodiesel in CI engine characteristics V. Karthickeyan, B. Ashok, K. Nanthagopal, A. Tamilvanan 39 Comprehensive study on engine characteristics of ceramic coated engine 43ueled Poster with curry leaf (Murraya koenigii) oil biodiesel V. Karthickeyan, B. Ashok, K. Nanthagopal 41 Experimental investigation of waste fish oil ethyl ester in di diesel engine with and Poster without preheating to attain emission norms Ashwin Jacob, B. Ashok 42 Comprehensive review on electronically controlled engine management system Poster calibration and its strategies for diverse fuels Pajarla Saiteja, B. Ashok 43 An insight review on emission perceptive of biofuels powered homogeneous Poster charge compression ignition engine M. Tamilvanan, K. Balamurugan, B. Ashok, P. Selvakumar, S. Dhamodharan, M. Bharathiraja, V. Karthickeyan, K. Nanthagopal 44 Poster Effect of ethanol and diethyl ether as an oxygenated additives on calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel in ci engine Pandiyarajan Anand, Dhayanantha Prabu Jaihindh, Yen-Pei Fu 45 Porous Ca-doped BiFeO3 composites as an efficient bifunctional photocatalysts for Poster water splitting and heavy metal pollutant removal Wen-Jiao Sang, Dong Li, Yi-Jie Feng 47 Returned sludge loaded by electromagnetic wave in anaerobic-anoxic-oxic reactor: Poster in-suit sludge reduction, pollutants removal and microbial community Chiu-Yue Lin, Chyi-How Lay, Chin-Chao Chen, Tan-Phat Vo, Rui-Lin Gu, Shen-Ho 48 Chang Poster Biogas production from beverage factory wastewater in a mobile bioenergy station Jane-Yii Wu, Po-Chun Cheng, Chyi-How Lay, Chiu-Yue Lin, Chin-Chao Chen 49 Electricity generation in microbial fuel cell using anodic sulfate-reducing bacteira Poster and cathodic microalgae: pH and temperature effects Chiu-Yue Lin, Chyi-How Lay, Chin-Chao Chen, Tan-Phat Vo, Chun-Yi Lee 50 Optimization of hydrolysis and acidogenesis stage of pig manure in a two-phase Poster anaerobic digestion Hanwoong Kim, Hyungmin Choi, Changsoo Lee 51 Oral Potential of human urine as a solvent for biogas upgrading Yin-Huan Hsu, Chiu-Yue Lin, Feng-Yuan Chang 52 Poster Up-grading Biohydrogen and Biomethane via Microbubble Method Karittha Im-orb, Phanicha Tippawan, Amornchai Arpornwichanop 53 Analysis of the two-step ethanol steam reforming for carbon-free hydrogen Poster production Dong-Jin Kim, Moh Moh Thant Zin, Hyuna Shin 54 Mg/Al co-impregnated biochar for the adsorption and desorption of phosphates Oral and nitrate Moh Moh Thant Zin, Dong-Jin Kim 55 Economical struvite production pathway by optimal nutrient recovery from food Poster wastewater and sewage sludge ash with rational Mg dose Yeadam Jo, Hyungmin Choi, Changsoo Lee 56 Treatment of low-strength ammonia wastewater by single-stage partial nitritation Oral and anammox using gel-immobilized biomass Laurensia Irmayani, Wun-Jie Huang, Jia-Jun Tee, Shing-Der Chen 57 Effect of different pretreatment technologies and solid concentrations on biogas Oral yield in anaerobic fermentation system of pig manure

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

K. Nanthagopal, M.Senthil Kumar, A.Ramesha, B. Ashok, V. Karthickeyan, Naveen Murali Kumar, Sanju John Joseph 58 Poster Development of biofuel from nigella sativa feedstock and its suitability for CRDI engine application S. Sathishkumar, M. Mohamed Ibrahim 59 Investigation on the effect of injection schedule and egr in hydrogen energy share Poster using common rail direct injection dual fuel engine Chaoyang Lu, Yanyan Jing, Quanguo Zhang, Zhiping Zhang, Danping Jiang, Jianjun Hu, Peng Jin 60 Poster Novel path of energy conversion for alfalfa Biohydrogen production through photo- fermentation Bo-Jhih Lin, Wei-Hsin Chen, Yu-Ying Lin, Jo-Shu Chang, Abid Farooq, Yashvir Singh, Khanh-Quang Tran 61 Oral Thermal decomposition characteristics of Actinobacillus succinogenes for energy use Chia-Yang Chen, Wei-Hsin Chen 62 Synergistic effect of co-torrefaction between intermediate waste epoxy resins and Oral fir Yu-Ying Lin, Wei-Hsin Chen, Hsuan-Cheng Liu 63 Poster A study of hydrothermal liquefaction bio-oil ageing and emulsification with diesel Lida Simasatitkul, Karittha Im-orb, Amornchai Arpornwichanop 64 Process intensification approach for design and optimization of biodiesel Oral production from palm fatty acid distillate Yi-kai Chih, Wei-Hsin Chen 65 A new application of liquid products from biomass torrefaction for methanol Oral partial oxidation Jeongmin Hong, Seungwoo Lee, Yuhoon Hwang 66 Enhanced heavy metal adsorption by the surface grafted polypropylene filter Poster media using oxygen plasma and acrylic acid Chung-Hsing Chao 67 Testing human urine’s electricity generation versus relationship with diseases such Oral as diabetes, cancer, and gout Yong Hu, Chen Shi, Haiyuan Ma, Takuro Kobayashi, Kai-Qin Xu 68 Biofilm formation enhancement in anaerobic treatment of high salinity Poster wastewater: Effect of ferric polymer addition Haiyuan Ma, Yong Hu, Chen Shi, Takuro Kobayashi, Kai-Qin Xu 69 Poster The role of biochar addition in sorghum anaerobic digestion M. Kaya, M.R. Atelge, M. Bekirogullari, A. E. Atabani, Gopalakrishnan Kumar, Y. 70 S. Yilmaz, Cigdem Eskicioglu, Fatih Duman, S. Unalan Poster The role of biochar addition in sorghum anaerobic digestion A. Naresh Kumar, Parthiban Anburajan, Ju-Hyeong Jung, Young-Bo Sim, Gopalakrishnan Kumar, Jeong-Jun Yoon, Sang-Hyoun Kim 71 Poster Sustainable Multistage Process for Biohydrogen and Biopolymers Production: Closed Loop Biorefinery Approach Jane-Yii Wu, Chyi-How Lay, Chin-Chao Chen, Shin-Yan Wu, Dandan Zhou 72 Bioremediation of textile wastewater by immobilized Chlorella sp. Wu-G23 with Poster continuous culture Birgitta Narindri, Ko Tung Lai, Hsin Ta Hsueh, Hsin Chu 73 The biomass and lipid productivity of Thermosynechococcus sp. CL-1 cultivation in Oral the swine wastewater during CO2 fixation process Abdulfatah A. Yusuf and Freddie L. Inambao 74 Pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of Ugandan biomass waste as potential Poster source of bioenergy Young-Bo Sim, Ju-Hyeong Jung, Jong-Hun Park, Sang-Hyoun Kim 75 Oral Effect of shear velocity on dark fermentative hydrogen production

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Yu-Wei Su*, Yu-Ching Weng, Ke-Jhih Ciou 76 Optimization and characterization of gallium and carbon doped indium cadmium Oral sulfur-based photocatalysts Johannes Raatz 77 The german upcycling consumer: understanding factors influencing the purchase Poster of upcycling fashion Chung-Hsing Chao 78 Poster Reaction of minerals hydride with water to produce hydrogen-saturated water Jong-Hun Park, Jeong-Hoon Park, Jeong-Jun Yoon, Sang-Hyoun Kim, Hee-Deung Park 79 Poster Metabolic flux on a dynamic membrane layer: hydrogen production, microbial community, and putative metabolic pathways Yi-Hsuan Peng, Shu-Yii Wu 80 Fabrication of O/W separation membrane from bio-cellulose modified with Poster titanium dioxide and PTES Tamás Rózsenberszki, Péter Komáromy, Péter Bakonyi, Nándor Nemestóthy, 81 Katalin Bélafi-Bakó Oral Itaconic acid separation by bipolar membrane electrodialysis Gyucheol Choi, Hanwoong Kim, Changsoo Lee 82 One-year monitoring of full-scale anaerobic digesters treating a mixture of high- Poster strength organic wastes: performance and microbial community structure Ngo Thi Ngoc Lan Thao, Kung-Yuh Chiang, Hou-Peng Wan, Wei-Chun Hung, Chiung-Fang Liu 83 Oral Enhancement of hydrogen production by hot gas cleaning system combined with prepared Ni based catalyst in biomass gasification Hidenori Matsukami, Takuro Kobayashi, Hidetoshi Kuramochi 84 Concentrations and distribution of persistent organic chemicals at a commercial- Poster scale food waste biogas plant Narid Promsricha, Dang Saebea, Yaneeporn Patcharavorachot, Amornchai Arpornwichanop 85 Poster Sustainable synthesis gas production from municipal solid waste via waste-to- energy chemical looping gasification: Thermodynamic analysis Chaeyoung Rhee, Juhee Shin, Hun Su Park, Seong Yeob Jeong, Hyun Woong Cho, Seung Gu Shin 86 Oral Development of integrated control system for real-time monitoring of liquid level and density in anaerobic digesters using nonlinear regression model Jung Su Park, Gopalakrishnan Kumar, Sang-Hyoun Kim 87 Poster Biogas upgrading using microalgal CO2 fixation Ruei-Yuan Lan, Hsin-Jen Wang, Yu-Ching Weng 88 Optimization of the Gex(In0.2Cd0.8)1-xS photocatalysts for efficient Poster photoelectrochemical water splitting Cheng-Jen Ho, Hsin-Jen Wang, Yu-Ching Weng, Chen-Hao Wang 89 Evaluation of Pt-M/C (M=Ni, Co) as cathodic electrocatalysts for oxygen sensors Poster and PEMFCs Jeong-Hoon Park, Jong-Hun Park, Gi-Beom Kim, Sang-Hyoun Kim 90 Enhancing anaerobic digestion via direct interspecies electron transfer under low- Poster temperature conditions Lukitawesa, Bahriye Eryildiz, Ilona Sárvári Horváth, Ria Millati, Mohammad J Taherzadeh 91 Poster Enhancement of volatile fatty acid production from citrus waste by aeration pretreatment Chen Shi, Yong Hu, Haiyuan Ma, Takuro Kobayashi*, Hidetoshi Kuramochi, Zhenya Zhang, Kai-Qin Xu 92 Poster Effects of temperature on the anaerobic degradation of the deca-bromodiphenyl ether

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Daoud Boukria 93 Poster Syrphidae for a pesticide-free garden Daoud boukria 94 Poster The influence of altitude on the distribution of family of syrphids Amit Kumar Chaurasia, Prasenjit Mondal 95 Biogas production through anaerobic digestion of fruit, food and vegetable waste Poster (FFVW) using mesophilic microorganisms: Effect of pre-treatment methods Roent Dune A. Cayetano, Jong-Hun Park, Sang-Hyoun Kim 96 Oral Sludge treatment in an AnDMBR for biomethane recovery Min-Chang Wu, Min-Jhen Chen, Chi-Yuan Lu 97 Using microwave-assisted polyol method to prepare tridimensional porous Poster photocatalyst for photoreduction CO2 into methanol Anongnart Wannapokin, Cheng Yu-Tzu, Wu Sheng-Zhe, Hsieh Ping-Heng, Hung Chun-Hsiung 98 Oral Potential of bio-hydrogen production from dark fermentation of nanoparticles with C. pasteurianum using a co-immobilization technique Alex C.-C. Chang, Yu-Shuan Lin, Morrison M. Rei 99 Reproduction of polyurethane by waste polyurethane glycolysis with Poster heterogeneous catalysts S. Suganya, P. Senthil Kumar 100 Evaluation of environmental aspects of brew waste-based carbon production and Poster its disposal scenario Xuan Cuong Nguyen, Soon Woong Chang, Seok Joo Chung, Woo Jin Chung, Dinh Duc Nguyen 101 Poster Use of biochar and constructed wetland in a rapid infiltration system for treating dormitory sewage Ju-Hyeong Jung, Young-Bo Sim, Jong-Hun Park, Sang-Hyoun Kim 102 Oral Effect of substrate concentration on dark fermentative hydrogen production Albert D. Lai, Brian Y. Liao, Nicole C. Yeh, Willy Y. Chen, Andrew C. Chien 103 Design of a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) for electric power generation from Poster biomass Eric Y. Lin, Brian Y. Liao, Nicole C. Yeh, Willy Y. Chen, Andrew C. Chien 104 Poster Surface modification of anode for conversion of biogas by direct methane fuel cell Madhu Sudan Reddy Dandu, Nanthagopal Kasianantham, B. Ashok 105 Effect of karanja oil methyl ester on lubricating oil degradation in a compression Poster ignition engine K. Bhaskar, S. Sendilvelan, E. Sheeba Percis, A. Nalini, K. Gomathi, M. Kiani Deh Kiani 106 Poster The performance and emission characteristics of jatropha and fish oil methyl esters and diesel blends in a partially premixed charge compression ignition engine Gomathy Kannayiram, G. Niranjana, D. Nish, D. Priyadhrshini, S. Sendilvelan Pretreatment of waste cooking oil with anisomeles malabarica oil before 107 Poster conversion to biodiesel: a control strategy to prevent toxic emission during combustion Sibashish Baksi,Ujjaini Sarkar, Sudeshna Saha 108 Poster Enzyme based hydrolysis of a fibrous and a woody biomass: A novel protocol Pabitra Kumar Baidya, Niwesh Ojha, Ujjaini Sarkar 109 Selective hydrogenation of succinic acid to 1,4-butanediol using palladium-alumina Poster bimetallic catalyst: Effects of calcination temperature, pressure and reaction time Ariadna Segundo-Aguilar, Linda V. González-Gutiérrez, Víctor Climent Payá, Juan Feliu, Germán Buitrónc, Bibiana Cercado 110 Energy and economic advantages of simultaneous hydrogen and biogas production Poster in microbial electrolysis cells as function of the applied voltage and biomass content

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Wiphawee Nuthong, Amornchai Arpornwichanop, Yaneeporn Patcharavorachot 111 Thermodynamics analysis of hydrogen production from different renewable fuels Poster for a proton conducting SOFC application Meng-Fen Shih, Chyi-How Lay, Chiu-Yue Lin, Kou-Bing Cheng, Justin Chun-Te Li 112 Life cycle assessment of replacing from heavy fuel oil to natural gas in the boiler of Oral the textile factory Sunday O. Oyedepo, Emmanuel G. Anifowose, Elizabeth O. Obembe, Joseph O. Dirisu, Shoaib Khanmohamadi 113 Poster Assessment of economic and environmental impacts of energy conservation strategies in a university campus Moreno-Sader K., Alarcón-Suesca C., González-Delgado A.D. 114 Application of environmental and hazard assessment methodologies towards the Poster sustainable production of crude palm oil Moreno-Sader, Meramo-Hurtado, Gonzalez-Delgado, A. 115 Measuring sustainability of chitosan microbeads production via computer-aided Poster simulation, WAR and TRACI assessments Fatma Allam, Mohamed Elnouby 116 Power generation, wastewater treatment and desalination in bioelectrochemical Poster systems using P. aeruginosa fa17 local strain Oyedepo SO, Fakeye BA, Mabinuori B, Babalola PO, Leramo RO, Kilanko O, Dirisu JO, Udo M, Efemwenkiekie UK, Oyebanji JA 117 Poster Thermodynamics analysis and performance optimization of a reheat’s regenerative steam turbine power plant with feed water heaters Ming-Zhi Cai, Shu-Yun Cheng, Po-Ting Chen 118 Production of keratinase in Bacillus subtilis using the piggy wastewater as nutrient Poster source Gyuseong Han, Jungsoo Mun, Hyoungyoung Ye, Do-hyeong Kim, Seokhwan Hwang 119 Poster Increase of protein removal efficiency during acidogenesis of food waste recycling wastewater using crude extracts from pineapple wastes Juan Huang, Yixuan Ma, Rajendra Prasad Singh, Chunni Yan, Chong Cao, Jun Xiao, Jialiang Liu, Qian Hu, Wenzhu Guan 120 Poster The inhibition of low temperature and long-term Ag NPs exposure on performance and microbial community in constructed wetland for advanced wastewater Wei-Kuang Wang, Chen-Hua Ni, Yu-Chung Lin, Justin Chun-Te Lin 121 A full-scale study of whiskey distillery wastewater treatment with metagenomic Oral analysis of anaerobic Sludge Takuro Kobayashi, Hidetoshi Kuramochi 122 Behavior of 134Cs and 137Cs in anaerobic digestion of radioactive contaminated Poster crops E. Sheeba Percis, A. Nalini, T. Jenish, J. Jayarajan, S. Sendilvelan 123 Design and supervisory control of photo voltaic, wind and energy storage hybrid Poster system C.M. Weaver, P.M. Forster 124 Oral Impacts of large-scale bioenergy expansion on land use change and biodiversity Seungyeob Han, Guryun Jung, Jungwan Kang, Seoktae Kang 125 Novel permeable cathode for the enhanced methane production in microbial Oral electrosynthesis system Muñoz-Páez Karla M., Quijano Guillermo, Buitrón Germán 126 Biomethane production from gas effluents of dark fermentation in a biotrickling Poster filter Pei-Yin Liu, Jyh-Cherng Chen, Yi-Jie Lin 127 Oral Recycling and reuse of waste solar panels for the synthesis of porous material

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

I-Ting Chen, Yu-Hong Hou, Wan-Yu Wen, Yu-Ting Lin, Shou-Heng Liu 128 Modified graphitic carbon nitride prepared by a microwave-assisted-hydrothermal Oral method for high pressure photoreduction of CO2 Hung-Chih Kuo, Yu-Hong Hou, Wan-Yu Wen, Yu-Ting Lin, Shou-Heng Liu 129 Non-noble-metal biochars derived from lignocellulose biomass for oxygen Poster reduction reaction in fuel cell Kunlanan Wiranarongkorn, Amornchai Arpornwichanop 130 Hydrogen and power generation via integrated bio-oil sorption enhanced steam Oral reforming and solid oxide fuel cell systems: Economic feasibility analysis Ye-Seung Son, Jong-Min Jeon, Yong-Su Jin, Byung-Kwan Jo, Yung-hun Yang, Jeong- Jun Yoon 131 Oral Hydrogen production by metabolically engineered Clostridium acetobutylicum based on CRISPR/Cas9 system Nathada Ngamsidhiphongsa, Pimporn Ponpesh, Amornchai Arpornwichanop 132 Optimization of an Imbert downdraft biomass gasifier for low-tar gas production Oral using CFD modeling Susaimanickam Anto, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi, Thangavel Mathimani 133 Poster Recent advancement in biofuel production using biochar and nanocatalyst Arivalagan Pugazhendhi, Thangavel Mathimani 134 Comparative assessment of microalgae and cyanobacteria for sustainable biodiesel Poster production Tharifkhan Shan Ahamed, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi, Thangavel Mathimani 135 Production of bio-oil from algal biomass and its upgrading processes to substitute Poster petro-crude Susaimanickam Anto, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi, Thangavel Mathimani 136 Poster Sponge cities: recent developments, challenges and opportunities Wasif Farooq, M. U. Qureshi, S.R. Naqvi, M. T. Mehran, U. Sikandar, M. Naqvi 137 Poster Biowaste gasification feasibility in captive power plants-a South-Asian case study Feng-Jen Chu, Chia-Ying Sie, Po-Min Kao, Terng-Jou Wan 138 Effects of magnetic field on electricity generation in a photosynthetic ceramic Oral microbial fuel cell Etty Anakona, Miriam Billig, Yaakov Anker 139 New approach in indigenous charcoal production and in lignocellulose waste Oral processing Minh Canh Vu, Hai Vothi, Dinh Duc Nguyen, Quang-Vu Bach 140 Poster Torrefaction kinetics for sewage sludge pretreatment Minh Canh Vu, Dinh Duc Nguyen, Quang-Vu Bach 141 Poster Wet torrefaction of biomass in different environments Joonyeob Lee, Taewoan Koo, Arma Yulisa, Suin Kim, Eunji Kim, Sangmin Kim, Seokhwan Hwang 142 Poster Effect of seed microbial communities on inhibition of methanogenesis from + acetate by NH3 and Na Eunji Kim, Arma Yulisa, Sangmin Kim, Su In Kim, Seokhwan Hwang 143 Monitoring microbial community structure and variations in a full-scale petroleum Poster refinery wastewater treatment plant Sangmin Kim, Eunji Kim, Su In Kim, Seokhwan Hwang 144 Poster Variations in bacterial community of activated sludge during anaerobic digestion Su In Kim, Eunji Kim, Aghasa Aghasa, Sangmin Kim, Md Abu Hanifa Jannat, Seokhwan Hwang 145 Poster Effect of Microbial Communities originated from Various Anaerobic Digestion on Protein Degradation Zeeshan Haider, Haewon Lee, Hyoung-il Kim 146 Poster Development of carbon electrode for electrochemical H2O2 production efficiently

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Shashi Kant Bhatia, Ranjit Gurav, Tae-Rim Choi, Yung-Hun Yang 147 Bioconversion of waste cooking oil into biodiesel using heterogenous catalyst Oral derived from wine bottle cork Minh Dang Pham, Huong Thi Pham, Van Thi Thanh Ho 148 A study in Vietnam: treatment of domestic wastewater using constructed wetland Poster combined with adsorption Hau Quoc Pham, Tai Thien Huynh, Phu Trong Tran, Van Thi Thanh Ho Superior CO-tolerance and stability toward alcohol electro-oxidation reaction of 149 Poster bimetallic platinum-cobalt nanowires on tungsten-modified anatase TiO2 ¬nanostructure Israel Diaz Traceability of organic contaminants in a WWTP sludge line: A comparison study 150 Poster among schemes incoporating thermal hydrolysis pre-treatment and the conventional anaerobic digestion Gunda Mohanakrishna, Riyadh I. Al-Raoush, Ibrahim M. Abu-Reesh 151 Microbial fuel cells for bioelectrogenesis and bioelectrochemical treatment of Poster petroleum based hydrocarbons contaminated soils Vinod S Amar, Anuradha Shende, Bharath K Maddipudi and Rajesh V Shende 152 Poster Hydrothermal liquefaction of bagasse for H2, bio-oil and high value products Vinod S Amar, Bharath K Maddipudi, Anuradha Shende and Rajesh V Shende 153 Comparative assessment of HTL derived biochar and graphene for biosensor Poster application Rajesh Shende 154 Poster Mixed-phase perovskite materials for H2 generation and charge storage Dhinesh B, Inbanaathan P V 155 Effects of diesel/PODE/ methanol fuel blends on performance, combustion and Poster emission characteristics of a D.I. diesel engine M. Parthasarathy, S. Ramkumar, B. Dhinesh, V. Karthickeyan, S. Thiyagarajan 156 Performance analysis of HCCI engine powered by calophyllum inophyllum with Poster various inlet air temperature and exhaust gas recirculation ratios S. Ramkumar, M. Parthasarathy, S. Devendiran, B. Dhinesh 157 Pooled effect of injection pressure and intake air temperature on HCCI engine Poster powered with pyrolysis oil from waste plastics J. Nagarajan, N. Bose, and B. Dhinesh 158 Effect of moringa oleifera antioxidant additive on the performance, emission and Poster combustion characteristics of biodiesel in CI engine J. Nagarajan, N. Bose, and B. Dhinesh 159 Effect of natural antioxidant additives on the performance, emission and Poster combustion characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with jack fruit seed biodiesel R. Krishnamoorthy, B. Dhinesh, J. Paul James Thadhani, P. Jagan, G. Nataraj 160 An assessment on production and engine characterization of a novel environment Poster friendly fuel S Jenoris Muthiya, V Nadanakumar, B Dhinesh 161 Production and analysis of silkworm methyl ester as a fuel for diesel engine and Poster simultaneous control of HC, CO and NOx emission using diesel oxidation catalyst Krupakaran. R.L., Dhinesh. B, Hariprasad. T, Gopalakrishna. A, Manikandan. N Experimental investigations on the performance, combustion, and emission 162 Poster characteristics of low heat rejection diesel engine by using M.Elangi methyl ester with TiO2 nanoadditive as a fuel Do-Hyung Kim, Jeong-Hoon Park, Gopalakrishnan Kumar, Sang-Hyoun Kim, Jeong-Jun Yoon 163 Oral Investigation of the effect of iron-based catalyst to expand of biomass utilization in bio-hydrogen production by Clostridium butyricum DSM 10702

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

René Cardeña, K.M. Muñoz Páez, Germán Buitrón 164 Biohydrogen production from cheese whey in a UASB reactor: Comparison of gas Poster and liquid recirculation Peter K Joseph, D Elangovan, G Arunkumar 165 Future challenges of electrification of vehicles in developing countries: A case Poster study D Elangovan, G Arunkumar, Peter K Joseph 166 Renewable energy powered plugged-in hybrid vehicle charging system for Poster sustainable transportation Peter K Joseph, Sangit Saha, D Elangovan, G Arunkumar 167 Design of a renewable energy powered DC microgrid for sustainable rural Poster electrification M. Priyadharshini, Alagarasan Jagadeesh Kumar, Tangavel Pazhanivel 168 Designing datura fruit like hierarchical nickel zinc selenide complex structures as Poster cathode for high performance supercapacitor M. Priyadharshini, Alagarasan Jagadeesh Kumar, Tangavel Pazhanivel 169 In-situ grown binder free NiP2O7/Co P2O7 nanoneedles on Ni foam for hybrid Poster supercapacitor Sujatha Rajkumar, Sivakumar Subramaniam, Velvizhi, Sujatha Rajkumar 170 Intelligent LoRA enabled sensor fusion technology for underground Leachate flow Poster detection and prediction Sung-Gwan Park, Rajesh P P, Jieun Lee, Kyu-Jung Chae 172 Long-term effects of anti-biofouling proton exchange membrane using silver Poster nanoparticle and polydopamine on performance of microbial Han-Shin Kim, Yong-Sun Jang, Hyun-Jin Kang, So-Young Ham, Hwa-Soo Ryoo, Jeong-Hoon Park, Hee-Deung Park 173 Poster Broad spectrum biofilm inhibitor raffinose, a plant galactoside, inhibits co-culture biofilm on the microfiltration membrane Majeda Khraisheh, Cecile Andre, Fares Al Momani, Ahmad B. Albadarin, Gavin M. Walker, Mohammad A. Al Ghouti 174 Oral Isotherm studies and mechanisms for the removal of humics using granular activated carbon, alumina and ferric adsorbents Thomas Nesakumar Jebakumar Immanuel Edison, Raji Atchudan, Yong Rok Lee 175 A novel binder-free electro-synthesis of hierarchical nickel sulfide nanostructures Oral on nickel foam as a battery-type electrode for hybrid-capacitors Raymond Chong Ong Tang, Chin-Tsan Wang, Men-Wei Wu, Feng Zhao, Wen-Ton Chong, Hwai-Chyuan Ong, Akhil Garg 176 Oral Utilization of hydraulic shear stress in microbial fuel cell as self-buffer regulation mechanism Paskalis Sahaya Murphin Kumar, Ganesan Sivarasan, Myo Tay Zar Myint, Farrukh Jamil, Rashid Al-Hajri, Lamya Al-Haj, Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb 177 Oral Facile synthesis of Fe2O3/C composites from pistachio waste through simultaneous process for ciprofloxacin adsorption Sabarathinam Shanmugam, Fan Yang, Yi-Rui Wu 178 Direct conversion of marine biomass into biofuels using metabolically engineered Poster Clostridium sp. strain WST: A novel consolidated bioprocessing strategy Jongkeun Lee, Jeongseop Hong, Seulki Jeong, Deokjin Jang, Ki Young Park 179 Facile synthesis of Fe2O3/C composites from pistachio waste through simultaneous Oral process for ciprofloxacin adsorption Mohan Annamalai, Kalaichelvan Gurumurthy 180 Optimization studies on bioleaching of metals from waste printed circuit boards Poster using artificial neural networks and genetic algorithm

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Paskalis Sahaya Murphin Kumar, Ganesan Sivarasan, Myo Tay Zar Myint, Farrukh Jamil, Rashid Al-Hajri, Lamya Al-Haj, Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb 181 Oral Seawater-templated porous ash via direct pyrolysis of Peanut biomass as an abundant reusable adsorbent for the abatement of lead species Do-Hyung Kim, Jeong-Jun Yoon, Sang-Hyoun Kim, Hee-Deung Park, Jeong-Hoon Park 182 Poster Investigation on characteristics of the hydrogen production according to the different conductive carriers and inoculum Jeong-Hoon Park, Do-Hyung Kim, Sang-Hyoun Kim, Jeong-Jun Yoon 183 Shift of microbial community structure by substrate level in dynamic membrane Poster bioreactor (DMBR) Santi Chuetor, Verawat Champreda, Navadol Laosiripojana 184 Assessment on energy efficiency and waste generation of combined semi-humid Oral chemo-mechanical pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse Shanmugam Sabarathinam, Anjana Hari, Sivakumar Easkimuthu, Swaminathan Krishnaswamy, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi 185 Oral Advanced genome engineering strategies in energy-based marine biomass for biofuel production Gaurav Dwivedi, Puneet Verma, Arun Kumar Behura, Devendra Kumar Patil, Tikendra Nath Verma, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi 186 Poster Experimental investigation of diesel engine fuelled with different alkyl esters of Karanja oil Balasubramanian Cibichakravarthy, Shanmugam Sabarathinam, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi 187 Poster Bioprospecting of hydrolytic enzymes from insect gut for sustainable biofuel production Pankaj Shrivastava, Tikendra Nath Verma, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi 188 An experimental investigation of the performance and emission characteristics of Poster CI engine using Roselle biodiesel and its blends Upendra Rajak, Prerana Nashine, Tikendra Nath Verma, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi 189 Prediction of the engine characteristics blends of jatropha, tyre pyrolysis oil and Poster microalgae biodiesel using in diesel engine Shanmugam Sabarathinam, Anjana Hari, Swaminathan Krishnaswamy, 190 Arivalagan Pugazhendhi Poster Ascomycetes laccase: untapped resource for specific biotechnological applications Upendra Rajak, Prerana Nashine, Tikendra Nath Verma, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi 191 Emission and engine performance analysis of a diesel engine using hydrogen Poster enriched n-butanol, diethyl ester and microalgae spirulina Upendra Rajak, Prerana Nashine, Tikendra Nath Verma, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi 192 Prediction of the engine characteristics of mixed first, second and third generation Poster biodiesel blend in diesel engine Arivalagan Pugazhendhi, Sabarathinam Shanmugam, Thangavel Mathimani 193 Recent trends and advancements in producing alternative biofuel: Biobutanol Poster using third generation substrates Palaniappan Sivasankar, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi 194 Poster A comprehensive review on biohydrogen production; waste-to-energy concept Van Thi Thanh Ho, Hau Quoc Pham, Huyen Duong Thi Thanh 195 Study on evaluation and built distribution maps of CO2 emission from population, Poster industry, transportation, and vegetation in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Riyadh I. Al-Raoush, Gunda Mohanakrishna, Ibrahim M. Abu-Reesh 196 Integrating electrochemical and bioelectrochemical systems for an energetically Poster sustainable treatment of produced water (PW)

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Gunda Mohanakrishna, Ibrahim M. Abu-Reesh, Riyadh I. Al-Raoush, Sanath Kondaveeti 197 Poster Wastewater and pollutants generating from petroleum industries for value addition through bioelectrochemical systems (BES) Riyadh I. Al-Raoush, Gunda Mohanakrishna, Ibrahim M. Abu-Reesh 198 Bioanodic activity stimulation by simple organics (sewage and acetate) addition in Poster soil microenvironment for recalcitrant pollutants degradation Numchok Manmai, Yuwalee Unpaprom, Rameshprabu Ramaraj Bioethanol production from the comparison between optimization of sorghum 199 Poster stalk and sugarcane leaf for sugar production by chemical pretreatment and enzymatic degradation Boonyawee Saengsawang, Numchok Manmai, Yuwalee Unpaprom, Rameshprabu Ramaraj 200 Poster The optimization of oil extraction from macroalgae, Rhizoclonium sp. by chemical methods for conversion into biodiesel Nadia M. Eshra 201 Poster An approach to save evaporation and regulate AHD power station discharge Sabarathinam Shanmugam, Fan Yang, Yi-Rui Wu, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi 202 Implementation of genome engineering tools in clean bioenergy production via Poster enhanced biomass utilization Yongsun Jang, Han-shin Kim, So-Young Ham, Jeong-Hoon Park, Hee-Deung Park 203 Investigation of critical sludge characteristics for membrane fouling in a Oral submerged membrane bioreactor process Hyun-Jin Kang, Jeong-Hoon Park, Tae-Geun Lim, Hee-Deung Park 204 Implementation of genome engineering tools in clean bioenergy production via Poster enhanced biomass utilization Hyun-Jin Kang, Tae-Geun Lim, Sang-Hoon Lee, Jeong-Hoon Park, Hee-Deung Park 205 Effect of conductive materials property on anaerobic digestion via direct Poster interspecies electron transfer (DIET) Yongsun Jang, Han-shin Kim, Jeong-Hoon Lee, Jeong-Hoon Park, Hee-Deung Park 206 Analysis of critical flux mechanisms and engineering reliability in a membrane Poster bioreactor (MBR) process Balasubramanian Muthusamy, Swaminathan Krishnaswamy, Priyadharshini Ulaganathan, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi, Sabarathinam Shanmugam 207 Enhanced production of Trametes sanguinea laccase through co-cultivation of Poster Alternaria alternata: Characterization and application in degradation of dyes and phenolic compounds Anjana Hari, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi, Swaminathan Krishnaswamy, Shanmugam Sabarathinam 208 Poster Biocatalytic and chemo-catalytic upgradation of ABE fermentation for high value biofuels production S. Dhileepan, V. Gnanamoorthi, V. Karthickeyan, B. Ashok 209 Impact of ethanol blended diesel enriched with hho gas on engine characteristics Poster in dual-fuelled engine M.P. Sudhakar, R. Ranjith kumar, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi, Thangavel Mathimani* 210 Poster Biohythane production from organic waste: Recent advancements, technical bottlenecks and prospects Sang-Hoon Lee, Hyun-Jin Kang, Tae-Guen Lim, and Hee-Deung Park Molecular evidence for the metabolic contribution of microbial communities on 211 Oral methanogenesis by direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) via conductive materials Hidetoshi Kuramochia, Takuro Kobayashi, Hidenori Matsukamia 212 Understanding of the distribution behavior of organic pollutants in an anaerobic Oral digestion of food waste

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Kouji Maedaa, Hidetoshi Kuramochi, Takuro Kobayashi 213 Development of a method for measuring Henry’s law constants of organic Oral pollutants using a quartz crystal microbalance Afnan Eid Al-Mutairi, Arulazhagan Pugazhendi, Mamdoh T Jamal, Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar 214 Poster Treatment of sea food industrial wastewater coupled with electricity production using air cathode microbial fuel cells (ACMFC) under saline condition Yong-Ming Dai, Yan-Yun Li, I-Hsiang Kao, Chang-Yan Liu, Chiing-Chang Chen 215 Poster Applications of M2ZrO3 (M=Li, Na, K) composite as catalyst for biodiesel production Yan-Yun Li, Yong-Ming Dai, Ya-FenWang, Chiing-Chang Chen 216 A simply synthesis method for property control of Li/Nb, Li/W oxide and its effect Poster on catalysis for biodiesel production Alagarasan Jagadeesh Kumar, Chinnaiya Namasivayam, Jimin Xie, Yuanguo Xu 217 Preparation and characterization of biodiesel waste derived biomass for the Poster removal of DY12 from contaminated water Gunda Mohanakrishna, S Venkata Mohan Influence of change in redox loading condition and reactor configuration 218 Poster on biohydrogen production: Evaluation with semi-pilot scale reactor using real- field wastewater Sanath Kondaveeti, Gunda Mohanakrishna, Jung Kul Lee 219 Impact of electric and magnetic fields on power generation in microbial fuel cells Poster treating food waste leachate Mohan Annamalai, Kalaichelvan Gurumurthy 220 Statistical optimization for selective recovery of copper from waste printed circuit Poster boards with response surface methodology Yen Yee Chong, Suchithra Thangalazhy-Gopakumar, Hoon Kiat Ng, Lai Yee Lee, 221 Suyin Gan Oral Kinetic study on catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose with oxides Jun Xiao, Minjie Huang, Mingyu Wang, Juan Huang 222 Systematic evaluation of PDA/PAM/MAH-modified basalt fiber as biofilm carrier Poster for wastewater treatment Xuan Cuong Nguyen, Soon Woong Chang, Dinh Duc Nguyen 223 Sewage treatment and reuse by a two-step system of developed vertical flow and Poster free water surface constructed wetland Shibam Saha, Surjo Kanta Pal, Debashis Panda 224 Poster Molecular electronics: Logic operations using nanodot Aditya 225 Poster The production of Ethyl levulinate (biofuel) from furfural Peng-Hao Huang, Yong-Ming Dai, Ya-FenWang, Jia-Xun Qiu, Yi-Tong Chen, Jun- Jie Chen, Chiing-Chang Chen 226 Poster Optimization of biodiesel production using the transition metal as a solid base catalyst-1 Mohd Belal Haider, MataMani Tripathi, Rakesh Kumar 227 Non-catalytic route for biodiesel production from low quality feed-stock neem Poster (Azadirachta indica) oil using deep eutectic solvents Swaraj Kaushal 228 Poster Single step catalytic synthesis of styrene from straight run kerosene of refinery Swarnalatha Mailaram, Sunil K. Maity 229 Process design and economic analysis for the production of butylenes and Poster gasoline-range hydrocarbons from biomass using pinch analysis approach Piyaphong Yongphet, Junfeng Wang, Rameshprabu Ramaraj, Chanez Maouche, Dongbao Wang, Wei Zhang 230 Poster Heterogeneous catalyzed transesterification of cottonseed oil accelerated by electric field

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Vivek Ruhil 231 Kinetic modelling for the dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether over silica Poster doped Al2O3 Muhammad Maaz, Mubbsher Idrees, Muhammad Aslam 232 Macroalgal biochars and membrane biofouling mitigation in fluidized bed Poster membrane bioreactor for domestic wastewater Gro Johnsen and Torleiv Ugland Keynote 233 Sustainable recovery and upgrading of organic waste in the Stavanger Region, speaker Norway M. Chandra Sekhar, A. Nithin Kumar 234 Oral Application of sewage sludge as fertilizer: review Mohan Varkolu, Srinivas Aswini K. Jinnala, Alekhya Kunamalla, Sunil K. Maity, Debaprasad Shee 235 Poster Mesoporous Ni-CeO2-ZrO2-SiO2 composite catalyst for steam reforming of n- butanol: Role of CeO2/ZrO2 mole ratio and nickel loading Suwimon Kanchanasuta, Apirak Bumyut, Veerawat Champreda 236 Process operation of bio-succinic fermentation from crude glycerol by Pure Strain Poster Actinobacillus succinogenes Reem Mohammed Bahatheq, Huda A Qari, Arulazhagan Pugazhendi 237 Biodegradation of industrial wastewater hydrocarbons under acidic condition by Poster acidophilic bacterial consortium enriched from volcano ash soil sample Yu-Shen Cheng, Po-Kai Hsu, Pau Loke Show, Cheng-Hsuan Hsu, Hong-Kai Huang 238 Preparation and evaluation of particleboard from insect rearing residues using Poster starch/citric acid mixture as a natural binder Chi-Jung Chang, Ci-You Huang, Chieh-Lin Huang 240 ZnO@ZnS nanorods decorated Ni foam as an immobilized photocatalyst with Poster superior H2 production activity M.A. Zaidan, M.E. Ali, Hazir Farouk, A. Bakhiet 241 Poster Biodiesel production from waste vegetable oil Thomas Nesakumar Jebakumar Immanuel Edison, Raji Atchudan, Yong Rok Lee 242 Catalytic degradation of organic dyes using green synthesized N-doped carbon Poster supported silver nanoparticles Duong Duc La, Chinh Van Tran, Hoai Phuong Nguyen Thi, Soon Woong Chang, Dinh Duc Nguyen 243 Poster Highly photocatalytic performance toward organic dyes under simulated sunlight irradiation by a novel magnetic CuFe2O4@porphyrin nanofibers hybrid material Nguyen Tan Trung, Chen-Yeon Chu Pretreatment study on biohydrogen and biomethane productions in a continuous 244 Poster two-stage co-digestion process from mixed of swine manure and pineapple waste Hidetoshi Kuramochia, KazukoYuia, Takuro Kobayashi, Mikako Nakagawaa, 245 Hirofumi Sakanakuraa, Masahiro Osakoa Poster Behavior of alkali metals in two different woody biomass power facilities Sang-Hyoun Kim Keynote 246 Recent Perspective of organic waste treatment and anaerobic digestion in Korea speaker Raji Atchudan, Thomas Nesakumar Jebakumar Immanuel Edison, Yong Rok Lee 247 One-pot synthesis of Fe3O4@graphite sheets as electrocatalyst for water Poster electrolysis Ren-You Huang, Yong-Ming Dai 248 Preparation of Cr-titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiNT) composite photocatalyst in Poster visible light photocatalytic application Md. Jamal Uddin, Seong-Beom Kim, Joo-Eun Han, Tae-Hyeong Lee, Yeon-Koo Jeong, Wontae Lee 249 Oral Microbial fuel cell as a promising technology for bioelectricity generation through the reduction of hexavalent chromium in wastewater: A review

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Seong-Beom Kim, Soo-hyung Park, Tae-hyeong Lee, Joo-Eun Han, Wan-Tae Lee 250 Poster Water treatment process for removing the cesium dissolved into the water So-Young Ham, Han-Shin Kim, Yongsun Jang, Hwa-Soo Ryoo, Jeong-Hoon Park, Jeong-Hoon Lee, Hee-Deung Park 251 Poster Synergistic control of membrane biofouling using linoleic acid and sodium hypochlorite Arun Ranganathan, Balamurugan Rangaswamy Enhanced artificial bee colony group node selection for distributed energy 252 Poster efficient clustering algorithm in heterogeneous precision agriculture using wireless sensor network M. Pasawan, Shiao-Shing Chen, Chang-Tang Chang 253 Poster Treatment of drilling effluent using electrocoagulation followed by microfiltration Mostafa Saad Sayed, Jae-Jin Shim 254 Three-dimensional WO3/Bi2MoO6/Co-Pi heterostructure for enhanced Oral photoelectrochemical water splitting Muhammad Olvianas, Debananda Mohapatra, Ganesh Dhakal, Jae-Jin Shim 255 Capacitive properties and cycling stability enhancement of MnCo2O4 electrode by Poster onion-like carbon addition for supercapacitor application Prathap R, Mohanasundaram M, Mohanasundaram M 256 Poster Managing environmental challenges in cloud framework perspective Saurabh Tiwary, Nehil Shreyash 257 Mitigating polymer absorption in porous silica formations with surfactants & silica Poster nanofluids: A viscosity, temperature and rheology study investigation Manigandan Sekar, Praveen Kumar 258 Poster Evaluation of fine particulate matter and ambient air quality in Chennai S. Manigandan, M. Sangeetha 259 Comparative study of ZnO, TiO2 and MWCNT with water in enhancing the Poster photovoltaic thermal system Balakrishnan P, Kowsalya G, Umadevi K S 260 Poster Anomaly detection for oil and gas production cyber physical system Wei-Cheng Lai, Yi-Jung Yeh, Chia-Min Chang, Chiu-Yue Lin, Chyi-How Lay 261 Biomethane production from pretreated kitchen waste using aerobic Oral fermentation S. Manigandan, P. Gunasekar 262 Bio-hydrogen production using horizontal continuous stirred-tank and vertical Poster continuous stirred-tank reactor: A numerical optimization Raji Atchudan, Thomas Nesakumar Jebakumar Immanuel Edison, Yong Rok Lee 263 Hydrophilic nitrogen-doped carbon dots from biowaste using dwarf banana peel Oral for fluorometric sensor and bioimaging M. M. Samy, Shimaa Barakat 264 A hybrid fire-fly/harmony search optimization for PV/windturbine /fuel cell/grid Poster integrated energy system considering unreliable electric utility M. M. Samy, Shimaa Barakat 265 Hybrid renewable energy system based on biomass and fuel cells (Bio/FC) without Poster batteries S. Manigandan, P. Gunasekar 266 Bio-hydrogen production using horizontal continuous stirred-tank and vertical Poster continuous stirred-tank reactor: A numerical optimization Tamer. M.M. Abdellatief, M.A. Еrshov, V.M. Kapustin 268 Maximizing the quality and quantity of gasoline produced from natural gas Poster condensate Mukesh Saini, Chung-Jen Chiang, Yun-Peng Chao 269 Production of n-butanol by the microbial co-culture system based on the glucose- Poster xylose mixture

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Cansu ULUŞEKER Invited 270 Antimicrobial resistance gene transfer in wastewater treatment models speaker Chia-Min Chang, Yu-Chun Chen, Xin-Yu Zeng, Sheng-Nan Tsai, Chyi-How Lay, 271 Chiu-Yue Lin Oral Adsorption capability of mango-tree branch biochars Rajendra Prasad Singh, Zhenzhen Ma, Dafang Fu 272 Poster Implementation of bioretention for pollution mitigation in rural rivers Dafang Fu, Jiazheng Yu, Rajendra Prasad Singh 273 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation in paddy fields with different nitrogen Poster levels and its effects on the nitrogen loss Ikram Mehrez, Mohammed Djaafri, Manju Sapkota, Slimane Kalloum, Gopalakrishnan Kumar 274 Poster Biomethane production potential of mixed date palm waste from Adrar: evaluation of various pretreatment methods Mohammed Djaafri, Ikram Mehrez, Fethya Salem, Slimane Kalloum, Gopalakrishnan Kumar 275 Poster Bioenergy production potential of wastes of Algerian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.): A research review Sachin Chavan, Mohammed Djaafri, Ikram Mehrez, Gopalakrishnan Kumar 276 Chemical and structural characterization of raw and pretreated wastes of Algerian Poster date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Rajesh Banu J, Kavitha S, Preethi, Gunasekaran M, Gopalakrishnan Kumar 277 Chemical induced floc disruption of dairy waste activated sludge before biological Poster liquefaction for profitable biohydrogen production Rajesh Banu J, Kavitha S, Mohamed Usman T M, Yukesh Kannah R, Gopalakrishnan Kumar 278 Poster Application of chemo thermal coupled sonic homogenization of marine macroalgal biomass for energy efficient volatile fatty acid recovery Rajesh Banu J, Yukesh Kannah R, Kavitha S, Ashikvivek A, Gopalakrishnan Kumar 279 Cost effective biomethanation via surfactant coupled ultrasonic liquefaction of Poster mixed microalgal biomass harvested from open raceway pond Rajesh Banu J, M. Dinesh Kumar, Gopalakrishnan Kumar 280 Synergetic effect of thermo chemo fragmentation in enhancing biohydrogen Poster production from sea grass Syringodiumisoetifolium Rajesh banu J, Godvin Sharmila V, Kavitha S, Gunasekaran M, Angappane, Gopalakrishnan Kumar 281 Poster TiO2 - chitosan thin film induced solar photo catalytic deflocculation of sludge for profitable bacterial pretreatment and biofuel production Rajesh Banu J, Kavitha S, YukeshKannah R, Gopalakrishnan Kumar 282 Surfactant mediated cell wall weakening of macroalgal biomass for cost effective Poster biological disintegration and biomethane recovery Rajesh Banu J, Preethi, Kavitha S, Gunasekaran M, Gopalakrishnan Kumar 283 Alkali activated sodium peroxydisulfate mediated biological pretreatment for Poster energetically feasible biofuel production Rajesh Banu J, M. Dinesh Kumar, Gopalakrishnan Kumar 284 Surfactant induced sonic fission: an effective strategy for biohydrogen recovery Poster from sea grass Syringodiumisoetifoliu Yajun Wang, Rajendra Prasad Singh, Dafang Fu 285 Characteristics of surface adhesive layer under catalyzed iron coupled with Poster bioretention cell for wastewater treatment Yajun Wang, Rajendra Prasad Singh, Dafang Fu 286 Influence of biofilm variation on the permeability of bioretention system coupled Poster with microbial fuel cell

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Wold A.B., Mazarino J.K., Khan A., Kommedal R. 287 Nutrient characteristics and biomethane potential of co-digested fecal sludge Poster from land based Atlantic Salmon fish farming A. Naresh Kumar, P. S. Kishore, K. Brahma Raju, K. Nanthagopal, B. Ashok 288 Experimental study on engine parameters variation in CRDI engine fuelled with Poster palm biodiesel Sivarasan Ganesan, Sabarathinam Shanmugam, Jagadeesh Kumar Alagarasan, Arul Pragasan Lingassamy, Kirankumar Venkatesan, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 289 Poster African tulip fruit waste-derived biochar: An abundant feedstock and efficient adsorbent for the absence of psychoactive drug caffeine Sivarasan Ganesan, Muthusankar Eswaran, Arul Pragasan Lingusamy, Ragupathy Dhanusuraman, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 290 Poster Adsorption and supercapacitance performance of Lantana camara stem derived surface activated porous biocarbon Sivarasan Ganesan, Karthick Kumaravel, Kirankumar Venkatesan, Arul Pragasan Lingassamy, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 291 Poster Facile synthesis of V2O5/ZnO composite for the enhanced removal of lead pollutant from aqueous solution Muthusankar Eswaran, Sivarasan Ganesan, Arulpragasan lingusamy, Ragupathy Dhanusuraman, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 292 Poster Facile Synthesis of WO3/PdO2/DPA nanocomposite as an excellent catalyst for electro- methanol oxidation and photodegradation of dye Sivarasan Ganesan, Elancheziyan Mari, Senthil Kumar Sellappan, Sankar Ganesh Ramakrishnan, Murugesan Duraisamy, Sadha Sivam, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 293 Poster Facile synthesis of MoO3@keratinous sludge derived biocarbon composite for the simultaneous voltammetric determination of hydroquinone and catechol M. Suba Lakshmi, E. Muthusankar, D. Ragupath, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 294 One-step fabrication of PANI/PTA/TiO2 nanocomposite as high performance of the Poster photocatalytic activity and electro-oxidation of methanol C. Bavatharani, E. Muthusankar, D. Ragupathy, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 295 Fabrication of Poly(diphenylamine) based graphene grafted on silica nano- Poster network for energy storage and methanol oxidation applications Elancheziyan Mari, Senthilkumar Sellappan, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy Electrochemical preparation of boron carbon nitride/poly(3,4- 296 ethylenedioxythiphene)/palladium nanocomposite modified with screen Poster printed electrode for electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol Elancheziyan Mari, Duraisamy Murugesan, Senthilkumar Sellappan, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 297 Highly efficient single step preparation of two-dimensional graphitic carbon Poster nitride/ iron oxide/palladium nanocomposite for electro-oxidation ethylene glycol Elancheziyan Mari, Senthilkumar Sellappan, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 298 Facile electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol using MXene (Ti3C2)/PEDOT Poster nanocomposite Duraisamy Murugesan, Mari Elancheziyan, Viswanathan Chinnuswamy, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 299 Poster Ruthenium doped vanadium carbide nanocomposite for direct methanol oxidation and oxygen reduction reaction Mari Elancheziyan, Sivarasan Ganesan, Senthilkumar Sellappan, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 300 Bio-derived porous activated carbon coated iron oxide nanocomposite as a novel Poster electrochemical sensor material for the determination of rutin and methanol oxidation

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Mari Elancheziyan, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 301 Polymer/MXene (V2C) nanocomposite coated on glassy carbon electrode for Poster electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol V. S. Kirankuma, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 302 Structural, morphological, optical and photocatalytic performance of Ag-doped Poster TiO2 nanorods V. S. Kirankuma, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 303 Lignin nanorods/Boron carbon nitrides nanocomposite: photocatalytic synthesis Poster and application towards the degradation of pharmaceutical drugs V. S. Kirankuma, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 304 High surface area of Cu and Ce Co-doped FeBi2O4 nanoplates: Synthesis, Poster characterization, photocalytic activity and electrochemical sensor V. S. Kirankuma, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 305 High photocatalytic performance of Lignin nanorod composites with Fe2O3 Poster nanocube, nanorod and nanoporous V. S. Kirankuma, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 306 Lignin nanorods/g-C3N4 nanosheets nanocomposite: Synthesis, properties and Poster waste water treatment Senthil Nagappan, Pei-Chien Tsai, Gopalakrishnan Kumar, Vinoth Kumar 308 Ponnusamy Poster Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass: A review Senthil Nagappan, Pei-Chien Tsai, Shakunthala Natarajan, Saravanan Devendran, Gopalakrishnan Kumar, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 309 Poster Review on potential techniques to reduce water footprint of microalgal biomass production for biofuel Yang-Ren Song (Andy), Pei-Chien Tsai, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 310 Graphitic carbon nitride nanoroads/nickel oxide hierarchical composite for the Poster effective removal of drugs from hospital wastewaters E. Muthusankar, D. Ragupathy, Pei-Chien Tsai, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 311 Heavy metal sensor development based Polymelamin/g-C3N4 nanohybrid network Poster for environmental safety E. Muthusankar, D. Ragupathy, Pei-Chien Tsai, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 312 Fabrication of Poly(diphenylamine-co-aniline)/Phosphotungstic acid nanohybrid Poster electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors Pei-Chien Tsai, Yang-Ren Song (Andy), Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 313 Rapid analysis and monitoring of triclosans and parabens in environmental water Poster samples using graphene nanosheets based pipette-tip micro-solid phase Numchok Manmai, Yuwalee Unpaprom, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy, Rameshprabu Ramaraj 314 Bioethanol production from the comparison between optimization of Sorghum Poster stalk and Sugarcane leaf for sugar production by chemical pretreatment and enzymatic degradation Boonyawee Saengsawang, Numchok Manmai, Yuwalee Unpaprom, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy, Rameshprabu Ramaraj 315 Poster Optimization of oil extraction from macroalgae, Rhizoclonium sp. by chemical methods for conversion into biodiesel Kantida Khunchit, Saoharit Nitayavardhana, Yuwalee Unpaprom, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy, Rameshprabu Ramaraj 316 Poster Waste valorization by biotechnological conversion of rain tree pods into biobutanol Thanaban Waidee, Yuwalee Unpaprom, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy, Rameshprabu Ramaraj 317 Poster Optimization of biodiesel production from castor plant oil for using in agricultural diesel engine

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Yuwalee Unpaprom, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusam, Rameshprabu Ramaraj 318 Study on the feasibility of biogas production by anaerobic co-digestion of water Poster hyacinth substrate with microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris Yuwalee Unpaprom, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy, Rameshprabu Ramaraj 319 Anaerobic co-digestion of fallen teak leaves and microalgae as a potent approach Poster for sustainable biogas production Rameshprabu Ramaraj, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy, Yuwalee Unpaprom 320 Poster Evaluation of weed mimosa seed germination on bioethanol production Yuwalee Unpaprom, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy, Rameshprabu Ramaraj 321 Biogas production from tiger grass with co-digestion of cow dung and methane Poster enhancement through biological purification Yuwalee Unpaprom, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy, Rameshprabu Ramaraj 322 Effect of storage temperature and storage duration of castor oil for biodiesel Poster properties Yuwalee Unpaprom, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy, Rameshprabu Ramaraj 323 Poster Biogas production from pineapple leaves using two-stage anaerobic fermentation Chien-Ping Wang, Chin-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Hsu 324 Poster Flow reactor design using UV-C LEDs for Escherichia coli sterilization in water Hathaithip Sinthuya, Chayanon Sawatdeenarunat 325 Anaerobic biorefinery of elephant dung: integrated anaerobic digestion and Poster thermochemical process Usama Mohamed, W. Nimmoa, Qun Yi 326 Modelling and techno-economic performance evaluation of biomass Poster chemical looping gasification for power generation Hai-Liang Song, Xiao-Li Yang, Yu-Xiang Lu, Han Xu, Kai-Xing Du, Rajendra Prasad Singh, Yu-Li Yang 327 Degradation of sulfamethoxazole in low C/N ratio wastewater by a novel Poster membrane bioelectrochemical reactor Xiao-Li Yang, Han Xu, Hai-Liang Song, Yan Wu, Yu-Li Yang, Rajendra Prasad Singh 328 Simultaneous electricity and pollutants removal of sediment microbial fuel Poster cell combined with submerged macrophyte Rajendra Prasad Singh Invited 329 Mercury contaminated urban runoff treatment through bio-treatment systems speaker Eldon R. Rene, Christian Kennes Invited 330 Bioprocesses for air pollution control speaker Olga A. Ramírez Calderón, Omar M. Abdeldayem, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi, Eldon R. Rene 331 Removal and downstream recovery of heavy metals from wastewater using Poster biosorption: overview on technological innovations Eldon R. Rene, Octavio García-Depraect, Elizabeth León-Becerril Insights into the microbial resource management behind a 2.5-year 332 refrigerated storage of a high-performance biohydrogen-producing Poster mixed culture Ailén M. F. Soto, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi, Eldon R. Rene 333 Reuse of wastewater in horticulture: benefits and control of negative Poster environmental and health impacts Hamidreza Mojab, Jules van Lier and Eldon R. Rene 334 Wastewater treatment using an expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) Poster anaerobic bioreactor Tengyi Zhu, Yuanyuan Gu, Rajendra Prasad Singh 335 Development and evaluation of pp-LFER and QSPR models for predicting Poster polyoxymethylene-water partition coefficients

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Chung-Yu Guan, Chang-Ping Yu 336 Plant Microbial Fuel Cells for Soil Remediation, Energy and Biorefinery Poster Pei-Rong Lin, Hoang-Jyh Leu, Kuo-Feng Chiu 337 Poster Application of artificial stone waste powder to lithium ion battery Chiung-Wen Hsu, Hoang-Jyh Leu, Chiu-Yue Lin, Yan-Ying Wong 338 Technology enhancement and forecasting of hydrogen production Poster technology from biomass

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Plenary speaker 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

New Dimensions and Directions in Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment

Ibrahim DINCER

Professor of Mechanical Engineering Vice President for Strategy, International Association for Hydrogen Energy Vice President, World Society of Sustainable Energy Technologies

Abstract The humanity has been facing critical challenges due to the increased energy and environmental problems and the need for sustainable future. Three key domains, such as clean (alternative) fuels, renewable energy and cleaner technologies for better environment and sustainable development, have been attracting the greatest attention worldwide. This presentation will make its focus on these three vital subjects and provide the dimensions and future directions in these subjects with specific features, ranging from hydrogen and ammonia technologies as carbon free solutions to renewable fuels such as synthetic methanol, ethanol and DME; renewable energy technologies, ranging from solar to geothermal energy options; and cleaner technologies for conventional fossil fuels-based systems and applications. Furthermore, this presentation will make a prime focus on newly-developed multi-purpose integrated energy generating systems and their performance assessments through energy and exergy efficiencies as well as other newly developed performance parameters and criteria. Moreover, novel system design, analysis, assessment and improvement options will be discussed. Various parametric studies will be presented to highlight the importance of new energy systems and mindset change when it comes to more efficient and effective and environmentally-benign operations. There will be some life cycle assessments studies presented for comparative evaluations of fuels and energy options. In closing, there will be a general discussion about carbon-free society and its complications as well as future directions in alternative fuels, energy and environment.

Bio- sketch Ibrahim Dincer is a full professor of Mechanical Engineering at University of Ontario and adjunct professor at Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of Yildiz Technical University. Renowned for his pioneering works in the area of sustainable energy technologies he has authored/co-authored numerous books and book chapters, and many refereed journal and conference papers. He has chaired many national and international conferences, symposia, workshops and technical meetings. He has delivered many keynote and invited lectures. He is an active member of various international scientific organizations and societies, and serves as editor-in-chief, associate editor, regional editor, and editorial board member on various prestigious international journals. He is a recipient of several research, teaching and service awards, including the Premier's research excellence award in Ontario, Canada. During the past five years he has been recognized by Thomson Reuters as one of The Most Influential Scientific Minds in Engineering and one of the most highly cited researchers.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Waste to Energy Outlook

Prof. Dr. Bill NIMMO

University of Sheffield, UK

Abstract As we consider the options available for the utilization of the large waste resources that surround most of our cities and towns, it is apparent that more can be done to encourage best practice in how waste is managed. Experience has shown that decarbonizing the energy industry should include policy on the use of waste and to obtain the most efficient utilization of waste to energy there should be a heat component alongside power. However, not all the waste that we generate can be thermally processed in a carbon neutral way and plastic that has been derived from fossil fuel comes into this category. Clearly, a degree of sorting is required so that different waste streams can be processed in different ways in the most environmentally friendly way possible. Similarly, energy is not the sole product that can be extracted from waste and high value chemicals can also be recovered. In this plenary lecture I will explore the technologies that are currently being used or developed to ensure that we manage waste in the most appropriate manner to provide part of our energy needs into the future from an ever increasing resource.

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Keynote speaker 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

The New Equation for Our Low Carbon Future

Niven Huang

KPMG Sustainability Services in Asia Pacific,Taipei, Taiwan

Abstract Five of the global top ten risks are exactly related to climate change, according to the World Economic Forum’s latest report. A must to transform our world to low carbon economy is a pressing challenge than ever. Dr. Niven Huang will highlight the vital sign of global low carbon transformation, followed by emerging driving force from sustainable finance. How to move forward with a global momentum for mainstreaming the new climate economy will be then addressed.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.233

Sustainable recovery and upgrading of organic waste in the Stavanger Region, Norway

Dr. Gro Johnsen and Dr. Torleiv Ugland

University of Stavanger, Norway

Abstract Norway is a small country with 5.3 million inhabitants located in Northern Europe, crossed by the Polar Circle. Stavanger is an attractive city in the South Western part of Norway. The city is the gateway to beautiful fjords and mountains. Around 350 000 inhabitants are living in the Stavanger region. The University of Stavanger has 12 000 students, enrolled at seven different Faculties. All the Master Studies at the Faculty of Science and Technology are international, lectured in English, with Students from all over the world.

Decreed by law, the Norwegian municipalities sort and to a high degree recycle all household solid waste. Glass, paper, metals and plastic are recycled; from residual waste is produced electricity and district heating. From organic waste is produced biogas, compost, soil or soil conditioner. Treatment of wastewater is according to standard regulations with specific requirements. The wastewater treatment plants produce biogas, composted or decontaminated sludge with stringent demands for contamination.

In the Stavanger-Region, a public company, IVAR, handles all treatment of water, wastewater and solid waste. Sludge from wastewater treatment together with organic household waste and fish industry waste undergoes anaerobic digestion with biogas production. After dewatering and decontamination by thermal drying, a fertilizer plant produces high quality organic fertilizers through addition of minerals and other organic supplements. The renewable-natural-resources-company HØ ST and IVAR has developed this unique process. The pelleted products, with defined nutrient content, goes mainly to Asia where the demand for mineral organic fertilizers is high and increasing.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

New aspects of microalgae-based wastewater treatment

Jo-Shu Chang1,2,3*, Chun-Yen Chen4, Yu-Han Chang1 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan 2 Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan 3 Research Center for Circular Economy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan 4 University Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: * Presenter’s email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Microalgae-based wastewater treatment has been an emerging technology that is well suited for the treatment of livestock wastewaters. In addition, some industrial wastewater can also be treated with microalgae-based system at a high efficiency. Specific mixotrophic microalgae are able to grow on varieties of wastewater with the capacity of COD reduction and nutrients (N and P) removal. The strength of using microalgae for wastewater treatment mainly relies on their excellent ability to remove N and P from wastewater even in the absence of COD. For the wastewaters containing high content of antibiotics or other micro-pollutants, microalgae-based treatment could be more effective than the conventional bacteria-based activated sludge systems. The microalgal biomass produced during wastewater treatment could be utilized as biofuels, fertilizers or animal/aquacultural feeds after appropriate pre-treatments to gain additional benefits through biorefinery and circular economy concepts. In this speech, the performance and characteristics of using microalgae to treat a variety of wastewaters will be presented. The feasibility and challenges of the microalgae-based wastewater treatment will be discussed. Finally, new aspects of using microalgae to treat wastewater will be addressed.

Keywords: Microalgae ; Wastewater treatment ; Mixotrophic growth ; Nutrient removal; Biorefinery

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Dr. Corey Ting-Kai Lien

Co-Founder & Chief Gardener, DOMI Earth Ltd Co-Chairman & Co-Founder, Asia-Pacific B-Corp Association (APBCA)

ABSTRACT A serial entrepreneur and investor turned social impact ecosystem builder, following a successful IPO of the medical B2B e-commerce company he had driven to a global top 50 e-business ranking, he bought, built, and sold companies in industries ranging from pharmaceuticals to fashion. As a father of three, Corey realized the need for individuals to take action to protect the environment and combat climate change. Corey started DOMI where he serves as “Chief Gardener.” Seeing the need for a deepening of social business in ASIA, Corey co-founded the Asia-Pacific B Corp Association (APBCA), B Academy ASIA and launched an official B Lab Taiwan. He is an adjunct assistant professor of Public Policy at Feng Chia University, social innovation at Fu Jen University and lectures at National Taiwan University, teaching social innovation in relation to public policy, the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Corey study Bioscience from the University of Alberta in Canada, Doctor of Chiropractic from Life University, Atlanta, US, Fashion Collection from Domus Academy of Design in Milan, Italy, and an Executive MBA from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Development of thermochemical conversion of microalgal biomass for biofuel production

Wei-Hsin Chen

Distinguished Professor Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics National Cheng Kung University Tainan 701, Taiwan

Abstract The development of renewable energy technology has attracted a great deal of attention and has a remarkable progress over the past several decades. The application of renewable energy can lessen the fossil fuel consumption, abate greenhouse gas emissions, and mitigating atmospheric greenhouse effect and climate change. Currently bioenergy accounts for the largest share among the renewable energies. Biofuels derived from biomass pertain to carbon-neutral fuels and can be used as alternatives to fossil fuels. Compared to terrestrial plants, microalgal biomass cultivation uses much less land to produce an equivalent amount of biomass. Microalgae are characterized by their rapid growth and high carbon fixing efficiency; accordingly, carbon capture and storage are achieved while they grow and are harvested. From the aspect of biofuels, microalgae can be converted in solid, liquid, and gas biofuels, depending on the thermochemical conversion processes. In this talk, the progress in microalgae torrefaction for biochar production, pyrolysis for bio-oil production, and gasification for syngas production will be addressed. The advanced kinetic models accounting for the thermal degradation of microalgae will also be underlined to show the potential of microalgae as feedstocks for biofuel production.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 246

Recent Perspective of organic waste treatment and anaerobic digestion in Korea

Sang-Hyoun Kim

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Carbon-free clean fuel bio-H2 via biochemical dark fermentation (DF) represents a promising alternative carrier of energy in the future which leads to sustainable energy systems, owing to its social, economic as well as environmental recommendations especially in the aspect of its ultimate by-products of combustion is water molecules only. Successful continuous hydrogen production has been reported with the energy productivity higher than other bioenergy production such as 2nd generation bioethanol and anaerobic digestion. This presentation introduces the current status and perspective of dark fermentation for hydrogen production.

Keywords: Biohydrogen; Immobilization; High-rate bioenergy production; Organic waste; Lignocellulosic biomass; Algal biomass

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Bioprocessing of agro-industrial residues into value-added functional andenergybiomolecules

Sudhir P. Singh

Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), An institute of the Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India, Sector-81 (Knowledge City), S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali-140306, India

Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected]

Abstract The agro-industrial activities generates residual biomass in huge quantity. This spare biomass not only generates environmental issues, but also results a loss in the bio-value present in the residual biomass. It is desirable to bioprocess this agri-waste to retrieve the maximum bio- valuein the abundant residual biomass. Our group has developed bioprocesses to generate a stream of value-added products by transforming the low-value sugars into high-value functional biomolecules. The fruit and vegetable wastes can be treated with the biocatalysts which can transform the sugars like D-fructose into functional sugar of rare abundance in nature, such as D-allulose. Likewise, cane molasses is a by-product obtained in huge quantity during the production of table sugar. Molasses is rich in sucrose, which is considered of low- value. We have treated molasses with dextransucrase to transform sugars into prebiotic malto- glucooligosaccharides, and dextran. The D-fructose released as a by-product during this process was transformed into D-fructose by employing D-allulose 3-epimerase. These strategies are useful in transforming the fermentable sugars obtained from the abundant plant biomass in dual production of bioethanol, and value-added functional biomolecules, such as D-allulose. Thus, techno-economical bioprocesses should be developed for co-production of functional and energy biomolecules.

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Invited speaker 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Nutrient recovery from wastewaters with microalgae

Aino-Maija Lakaniemi *, Marika Kokko, Jukka Rintal

Tampere University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, P.O. Box 541, FI- 33104, Tampere University, Finland

Corresponding Author (*): Aino-Maija Lakaniemi, Tampere University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, P.O. Box 541, FI- 33104, Tampere University, Finland (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Microalgae have significant potential for CO2 capture and wastewater treatment, because they can grow and fix CO2 faster than terrestrial plants due to their simpler structure and can utilize nutrients from wastewaters for their growth. The produced microalgal biomass has various potential uses as a feedstock for biofuels, fertilizers, biochar, bioplastics, animal feed, human nutrition, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. However, more energy-, resource-, and cost-efficient cultivation and harvesting systems are required to enable large-scale use of microalgae for nutrient recovery and production of high-volume, low-value commodities such as energy and fuels. It is also important to select suitable microalgal species for specific wastewater and environmental conditions to enable efficient nutrient removal.

Nutrient recovery with microalgae is especially potential from for example source-separated human urine and liquid digestates from anaerobic digestion of organic wastes and wastewater sludges due to the biodegradable nature and high content of nutrients in these waste streams. Green microalga Scenedesmus acuminatus has been demonstrated to grow efficiently in liquid digestates originating from pulp and paper industry biosludge digestion with final biomass concentrations in 21-day batch cultivations resulting in biomass concentrations of 7.8-10.8 g L-1 and over 97% nutrient removal efficiency. Growth of S. acuminatus in source-separated human urine has been successfully demonstrated in fed-batch and continuous operation modes in a 2000 L raceway pond at temperatures ranging from 30 °C to below 5 °C and to remove up to 50% of the nitrogen and 38% of the phosphorous present in the urine.

Keywords: Microalgae; Nutrient recovery; Liquid digestate; Source-separated urine.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Exploring Local Natural Resources for the Production of Second Generation Biofuels

Lamya Al-haj

Sultan Qaboos University, Oman

Abstract Oman, like other countries, needs to identify and exploit all available resources in the context of national sustainable development. Oman like other GCC & oil producing countries is heavily dependent on its oil and gas sector for the majority of its export revenues and government spending. Oman's complex geology makes exploration and production an expensive challenge. Also, the finite nature of fossil fuels, the high demand for energy and the environmentally damaging properties of fossil fuels are pushing research towards viable alternatives. Biofuels, such biodiesel, ethanol, butanol, and biogas, are considered to be the cleanest liquid fuel alternatives to diesel and gasoline. However, some of the major global challenges in biofuel production are finding the suitable renewable feedstock, optimizing the production process and the cost of scaling up for large-scale production. Current industrial scale production of biofuels still faces the problem of high production cost and low yields. In our research, we developed a potentially economic and competitive process for biofuel production using agricultural wastes in Oman, typically palm tree waste. These wastes accumulate in large amounts (around 62,000 metric tons of residues), and by using them; we not only produce biofuels but also eliminate waste materials that will otherwise pose an environmental and economic burden of disposal. The research presented provides technical and economical solutions on how to bio-convert waste materials into biofuels. The study also provides a solid bioprocess platform for the industry and for local investors to test their feedstock. The final results will demonstrate a conceptual design of biofuel production based on a bio-refinery concept. The presented research received several local & international awards including the “L’Oréal UNESCO award for woman in science – Middle East fellowship 2018”, “The Research Council Award, 2019” in the Innovation and Technology category and “Oman woman of the year award – 2019” for the Innovation and Technology category and is currently in second phase (Pilot scale production) funded by the Omani government.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Trends and perspectives in membrane separator engineering for microbial fuel cells

László Koóka, Tamás Rózsenberszkia, Gyula Dörgőb, János Abonyib, Péter Bakonyia*, Katalin a a Bélafi-Bakó , Nándor Nemestóthy aResearch Institute on Bioengineering, Membrane Technology and Energetics, University of Pannonia, Egyetem ut 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary bMTA-PE Lendulet Complex Systems Monitoring Research Group, Department of Process Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém, H-8200, Hungary

Corresponding Author (*): Péter Bakonyi (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract In the literature, there is wide consent that the performance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is significantly determined by the architecture. From this viewpoint, the separator, mostly a membrane placed between the electrodes and/or their compartments is to be considered of high importance among several other factors [1]. Regarding the deployment of membranes in MFCs, it can be pointed out that Nafion-type proton exchange membranes (PEM) are the most widespread. The Nafion material, however, is often criticized due to its weaknesses frequently observed during MFC operation, such as in terms of (bio)fouling, mass transport properties, etc. [2]. Therefore, to find alternatives of Nafion, the synthesis/development of novel/commercialized membrane separators demonstrating enhanced characteristics has been a hot topic recently. In this study, the goal was (i) to assess the results obtained with various membranes reported in the scientific literature relevant to MFCs, (ii) examine the current standing of research and (iii) reveal – based on the “big picture” – how MFCs installed with “new” membranes behave in comparison with those applying Nafion PEM. To our knowledge, such an evaluation has not been carried out so far and hence, the outcomes of this investigation could be helpful for the community dealing with the improvement of microbial electrochemical technologies, particularly MFCs.

Keywords: Microbial Fuel Cell; Microbial Electrochemical Technology; Membrane; Separator; Comparative Analysis

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 270

Antimicrobial resistance gene transfer in wastewater treatment models

Cansu ULUŞEKER

University of Stavanger, Norway

Abstract Multiresistant bacteria are a severe problem to modern healthcare. The problem is increasing and development of novel technologies to cope with this critical situation is a necessity. Solutions include novel antibiotic drugs as well as reducing the spread of resistance genes in the environment. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are nodal points where much of the contaminated material is passing. Wastewater treatment plants are producing large amounts of sludge. The processing of genes in the mixture is poorly known, constituting a serious limitation since microorganisms can carry resistance genes in the WWTP-process. Mathematic models for AMR transfer have successfully been developed for the fate and effect of AMR in wastewater systems. As far as we know, no attempts have been made to model the dynamics of AMR genes, and their release and uptake kinetics. Moreover, an AMR model formulated in terms of the wastewater (ASM models) and wastewater sludge treatment (the ADM model) regime and compatible to their structures is lacking. In this work, we present a simple model for AMR gene transfer compatible with the classical modeling regime, and use results from genetic tracer studies described for identification and initial analysis of a transport and fate model for genetic elements.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 329

Mercury remediation in contaminated water runoff systems.

Rajendra Prasad SINGH

South East University, China

Abstract Mercury (Hg) pollution is one of the significant global environmental problems. Hg concentration in water near amalgamation gold mines and mercury mines far exceeds the normal value of the natural water. There is a certain amount of Hg pollution even in the urban road runoff. Constructed wetland (CW) is a common water treatment technology, which can effectively remove many nutrients and heavy metals. In the current study, synthetic water with a total Hg (THg) concentration of 81.23±42.96 μg/L and a partition coefficient of 5.13±0.23 was prepared to simulate the urban road runoff and the gold mines surrounding water. The migration of THg, particulate mercury (PHg) and dissolved mercury (DHg) along the horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSF-CWs) were investigated. Current study was aimed to analyze the effect of operating conditions on the removal of different Hg species; establish a kinetic model for the transformation of different valence states of mercury; and investigate the correlation between Hg and other water quality parameters. The findings of the current work are as follows: (1) The removal effeciency of THg, PHg and DHg in HSSF CWs were 94.7%, 95.0% and 92.7%, respectively. The THg and PHg were mainly removed in the first quarter of the CWs, accounting for 88.6% and 97.8% of the total removal, respectively. (2) The removal of Hg was mainly affected by HRT, plants and temperature significantly. Findings reveal that no significant relationship was found between HRT and PHg removal, but affected the removal of DHg. Results also reveal that plants have no big role in PHg removal, whereas the removal rate of DHg in planted wetland was 20% higher than that in unplanted wetland. (3) The transformation of different valence states of Hg in CWs were found different. Results show that plants have no effect on the removal of THg and Hg2+, but have a noticiable effect on the removal of Hg0. (4) Finding reveal that there is no significant correlation between different Hg 2- species with TSS, but had significant linear correlation with sulfate (SO4 ) and pH. The current study provided an alternative for the ecological restoration of Hg contaminated water.

Keywords: Mercury; Constructed wetland; Eco-restoration

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Optimization of biodiesel production from waste Date pits

Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb, Farrukh Jamil, Lamya Al-Haj

Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.

Abstract: The current work present production of biodiesel from non-edible waste Date pits biomass feedstock. Biodiesel production was optimized based on several process parameters such as; temperature, reaction time and catalyst loading. The experimental plan was produced depending on the suitable ranges of process variables by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized biodiesel yield was 96.4% at a process temperature of 90 ºC, reaction time 4 h, and catalyst loading 3 wt%. Based on the quadratic model, predicted by RSM, process temperature was rendered as the most influencing parameter among other parameters studied. Moreover, the fuel properties determined for produced biodiesel showed a good agreement with the international standards of ASTM and EN.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

LNG trace CO2 removal via new generation of advanced physisorbents.

Majeda Khraishehi, Fares Al Momani

Dept of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

Abstract: Methane, CH4, as the main component of natural gas is critical to the dawning “Age of Gas” for which new technologies are being developed around the use of gases as fuels and feedstock chemicals. Natural gas (NG) can provide higher energy and less CO2 emission than other hydrocarbon fuels (i.e. coal and oil), and around 30% of global consumed energy is produced by NG today. Moreover, a large proportion of NG is transported globally in liquid form (LNG), and this is expected to grow to 10% of global crude production by 2020. However, before liquefaction of NG is possible, CO2, as a significant impurity (several thousand ppms to 8%), must be reduced to below 50 ppm according to industry standards. A cost and energy-effective technology for carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is prerequisite to meet this target. The roll-out of CCS has been hampered by high costs (50-100 US€/t CO2 captured), the techno-economic uncertainties of CCS technologies, and to date, the lack of suitable material alternatives to liquid amine based CCS technologies. Liquid amine based CCS technology has been in existence for over half a century, however, liquid amine chemical capture relies upon chemical reactions and is energy intensive, therefore reducing the overall efficiency of a power plant by up to 40%. Liquid amines are thus not economically viable for broad deployment and offer little room for innovation. These innovative CCS technologies must improve both the environmental footprint and cost effectiveness of CCS. This research addresses the need for innovative approaches to CCS through the development of a new generation of advanced physisorbents. Until recently, physisorbents such as metal-organic frameworks, (MOFs), and zeolites were handicapped by poor selectivity for CO2 over the other components of industrial gas mixtures, high cost and/or poor stability. The work focuses upon utilizing advanced physisorbent materials to efficiently remove trace levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) from methane (CH4). This application is especially relevant to natural gas purification (sweetening) prior to liquefaction, which requires CO2 levels to be less than 50 ppm. Liquid amines are used to capture CO2 in the conventional process for removing CO2 and they require a high-energy cost to be regenerated. Physisorbents are treated as an important alternative because of lower regeneration energy. Whereas existing classes of physisorbent materials, such as MOFs and zeolites, are generally selective towards CO2 over CH4, their selectivity is not high enough to remove trace levels (e.g. 1%) of CO2 from CH4. The project will focus upon a new class of physisorbents, Hybrid Ultramicroporous Materials (HUMs), recently developed by the PI’s research group. These HUMs have ultramicropores (<0.7 nm) that closely fit CO2, and interactions are further enhanced by strong electrostatics from the presence of inorganic anions. Certain families of HUMs exhibit extraordinary selectivity towards CO2 that is superior to existing physisorbents. Whereas selective capture of CO2 from gas mixtures in which CH4 or N2 are the major components has already been demonstrated, selective capture of trace levels of CO2 from CH4 relevant to natural gas sweetening has not yet been achieved by physisorbents. The successful implementation of this work will provide necessary insight into processing technologies required to bring HUMs from the laboratory bench-top into commercialization. 76

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Moreover, the insight of CO2 and CH4 binding site in the scientific part will provide the guideline for design and synthesis of more advanced physisorbents for this application. The low cost and robust sorbents designed and evaluated in this proposal will ultimately enable greatly reduced energy consumption for industrial scale CO2 removal from natural gas as a prerequisite to liquefaction.

Acknowledgment This research was made possible by a grant from the Qatar National Research Fund under its National Priorities Research Program award number NPRP 10-0107-170119. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Qatar National Research Fund.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Bioelectrochemical cells (BES) for Electrogenesis and Bioelectrochemical Treatment of Petroleum Based Hydrocarbons Contaminated Soils

Gunda Mohanakrishna

Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P O Box 2713 Doha, Qatar

Abstract: Petroleum hydrocarbons generating from the different activities of petroleum industry are contaminating the soil environment. Produced water (PW) and petroleum refinery wastewaters (PRW)producing in huge quantities, inadequate management of these wastewaters is exhibiting adverse effects on ecological and human health. Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) is lethal to beneficial soil organisms and human beings, which created serious concern among the research fraternity and governments. Environmental contamination and ecosystem deterioration is a global concern that demands innovative and cost-effective remediation technologies. In this direction, soilbased bioelectrochemical systems (BES)were evaluated for ecosystem restoration, bioelectrochemical treatment of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were evaluated for the treatment of petroleum hydrocarbons. MFCs facilitated bioelectricity generation along with the treatment of hydrocarbons in the soil matrix. The optimum TPH concentrations for degradation were identified by evaluating the different TPH loading rates in the soil matrix. MFC also facilitated for removal of sulfates. Further, a hybrid soil BES system embedded with bioanode and biocathode in soil matrix was operated through the external applied potential (microbial electrolysis cell mode, MEC). Hybrid soil BES facilitated bioanodic oxidation and biocathodic reduction in single system assisted for improved degradation rates by using minimal energy input. Both soil-based MFC and MEC were demonstrated as a sustainable process for the treatment of hydrocarbon contaminated soils.

Keywords: petroleum hydrocarbons, produced water (PW), petroleum refinery wastewater (PRW), microbial fuel cells, sulfate removal, TDS removal, biostimulation

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Investigations to reduce CO2 emission using low carbon biofuels in a CRDI engine

Guillaume Fol1, Fethi Aloui2, V. Edwin Geo3*, S. Thiyagarajan4, M. Jerome Stanley5 and M. Leenus Jesu Martin6

12Polytechnic University Hauts-de-France, ENSIAME, Valenciennes LAMIH CNRS UMR 8201, Building Gromaire 1 Campus Mont Houy, F-59313 Valenciennes Cedex 9 – France 3456Green Vehicle Technology Research Centre Department of Automobile Engineering SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India

*Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] Mob: 00-91-9840498667

Abstract: This research has been focused to quells the colossal demand of fossil fuels by extending the horizon towards the low carbon biofuels. This research uncovers the diesel engine performance, in-cylinder behaviour and emission aspects, when operated with four different low carbon biofuels, viz camphor oil (CMO), cedar wood oil (CWO), wintergreen oil (WGO) and lemon peel oil (LPO). These fuels are blended with diesel oil by 20% in volume and the respective blends are compared with the diesel oil’s qualities. The test engine was enabled with common rail direct injection (CRDi) system, allowing it to control the injection timing and the quantity of the fuel to be injected. The study unveils that low carbon biofuels blended with the diesel oil forms an efficient substitute fuel; starting with the improvement in the brake thermal efficiency, reduced CO2 emissions and reduction in other emissions. The NOx emission of the low carbon fuels seems predominately higher. Wintergreen oil as the one of the dense and comparatively less viscousfuel among the other chosen biofuels; exhibits 6% improvement in brake thermal efficiency, 3% hike in brake specific energy consumption,7% increase in peak pressure of 59 bar at 7̊ ATDC, 20% reduction in CO2 emissions, 17% in HC and 20% decrement in smoke has been observed in WGO20.

Keywords: CO2 emission, CRDI engine, low carbon biofuel, performance

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.330

Bioprocesses for air pollution control

Eldon R. Rene1,* and Christian Kennes2

1Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, P. O. Box 3015, 2601 DA, Delft, The Netherlands 2Chemical Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (CICA), University of Coruña, Rua da Fraga 10, E – 15008 A Coruña, Spain

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Bioprocesses have been developed as relatively recent alternatives to conventional, non‐biological technologies, for waste gas treatment and air pollution control in general. This paper reviews major biodegradation processes relevant in this field as well as both accepted and major innovative bioreactor configurations studied or used nowadays for the treatment of polluted air, i.e. biofilters, one‐ and two‐liquid phase biotrickling filters, bioscrubbers, membrane bioreactors, rotating biodiscs and biodrums, one‐ and two‐liquid phase suspended growth bioreactors, as well as hybrid reactor configurations. Some of these bioreactors are being used at full‐scale for solving air pollution problems, while others are still at the research and development stage at laboratory‐ or pilot‐scale. The presentation will also cover a few case-studies that are related to the conversion of waste gases to useful products, e.g. volatile fatty acids and alcohols.

Keywords: Biofilter; biotrickling filter; bioscrubber; waste gases; volatile fatty acids

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Biomimetic strategy for constructing Clostridium thermocellum cellulosomal operons in Bacillus subtilis

Jui-Jen Chang

Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh- Shih Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected]

Background Enzymatic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into soluble sugars is a major bottleneck in the plant biomass utilization. Several anaerobic organisms cope these issues via multiple‐ enzyme complex system so called ‘cellulosome’. Hence, we proposed a “biomimic operon” concept for making an artificial cellulosome which can be used as a promising tool for the expression of cellulosomal enzymes in Bacillus subtilis.

Results According to the proteomic analysis of Clostridium thermocellum ATCC27405 induced by Avicel or cellobi‐ ose, we selected eight highly expressed cellulosomal genes including a scaffoldin protein gene (cipA), a cell‐ surface anchor gene (sdbA), two exoglucanase genes (celK and celS), two endoglucanase genes (celA and celR), and two xylanase genes (xynC and xynZ). Arranging these eight genes in two different orders, we constructed two different polycistronic operons using the ordered gene assembly in Bacillus method. This is the first study to express the whole CipA along with cellulolytic enzymes in B. subtilis. Each operon was successfully expressed in B. subtilis RM125, and the protein complex assembly, cellulose‐ binding ability, thermostability, and cellulolytic activity were demonstrated. The operon with a higher xylanase activity showed greater saccharification on complex cellulosic substrates such as Napier grass than the other operon.

Conclusions In this study, a strategy for constructing an efficient cellulosome system was developed and two differ‐ ent artificial cellulosomal operons were constructed. Both operons could efficiently express the cellulosomal enzymes and exhibited cellulose saccharification. This strategy can be applied to different industries with cellulose‐ containing materials, such as papermaking, biofuel, agricultural compost, mushroom cultivation, and waste processing industries.

Keywords: Cellulosome, Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium thermocellum, Biomimetic strategy, Biomimetic operon

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Characteristics and biogas production potential of livestock wastewater with various anaerobic reactors

Yi-Hsing LIN

ITRI, Taiwan

Abstract Global energy demand for petroleum and natural gas has been growing up rapidly with population and economic growth. However, reserves of fossil fuels have been limited and the global warming crisis is increasing, so that the technology improvement for energy issues has become a trend nowadays, especially biomass energy. Biomass is a renewable energy source, which has the advantages of decentralization, small power generation, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Biogas is a type of biofuels, which can be produced via anaerobic digestion of wet organic feedstock in anoxic environments. Biogas is primarily composed of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), as well as s traces of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), moisture and some other gases. Animal manure, wastewater sludge, and food waste are the applicable sources of biogas, and swine manure is one of the major sources for generating biogas. The biogas collection from piggery farms is used as a fuel for power generation or direct combustion in Taiwan recently. However, Taiwan is located in the subtropical and tropical climate zones of Southeast Asia. Pigs are sensitive to extreme temperatures, so it is crucial to reducing heat stress. The traditional way of cleaning pig sheds with a lot of clean water not only wastes water resources but also dilutes the concentration of chemical oxygen demand that greatly affects the biogas production. This study investigated the biogas production potential of swine manure (SM) under various anaerobic reactors in Taiwan. Factors influencing biogas production, such as temperature, farm sizes, and COD concentration, were evaluated. Results show that differences in farm sizes had no significant effect on biogas production per unit of the pig. The biogas produced was approximately 0.04 m3/day/head. This work also investigated the daily average biogas production with various anaerobic reactors. Results from this study can be used as reference data for the development of biogas power generation and the rate of biogas production on pig farms in Taiwan.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Monitoring Inland Water Quality Using Sensors

SureshKumar Nagarajan

Associate Professor School of Computer Science and Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India

Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Objective To monitor the inland water quality physiochemical parameters of the study area : Chennai and Thiruvallur Districts, Tamilnadu, India.

Theme/Outline To process the raw remote sensed data to assess Chlorophyll, Cyano‐phycocyanin, cyano‐phycoerythrin, Coloured dissolved organic matter, Total suspended matter, non‐algal particulate matter, Vertical light attenuation, turbidity and Bathymetry. To design and implement the wireless sensor network to measure the ground values like Dissolved Oxygen, pH, Conductivity, TDS and temperature. To integrate remote sensed data and wireless sensed data to display the water quality parameters of the study area. Research Approach: Technology to achieve the objectives of the novelty, data retrieved from the Remote sensed image and Wireless sensor data are integrated.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Rapid Microextraction Techniques Coupled with LC-MS/MS for Environmental Samples Analysis

Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy1,2*

1Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan 2Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan

*Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]

Abstract In routine testing laboratories, sample processing and pretreatment are the most tedious and time- consuming aspects in the entire procedure of analyzing target analytes in complex samples. Therefore, the necessitate for simple, quick, sensitive, selective, low-cost and efficient sample preparation techniques coupled analytical methods for food and environmental analysis, grabbed much attention of researchers to focus on new sample preparation (microextraction) techniques which can overcome the disadvantages of traditional sample preparation methods. Our research group interests are mainly focused on the development of novel sample preparation techniques for the complex sample analysis prior to the mass spectrometric analysis. In this study, we present a rapid analytical methodology for the determination of pesticides in complex samples using a novel liquid phase microextraction technique coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry (LC- MS/MS). Specific universal pesticides were chosen as target analytes and determined by LC-MS/MS with electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Separation of target analytes was carried out using C18, 3 µm, 4.6×150 mm column with water and acetonitrile as mobile phase solvents and the column flow rate of 0.50 mL/min. Various experimental conditions including factors affecting the extraction efficiencies were thoroughly optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the method limit of quantifications are in the range between 0.05 ppb to 0.5 ppb. The linear coefficients found to be higher than 0.995 for all the target analytes. The developed method was applied to real samples analysis and found extraction recoveries were ranged from 80% to 120%. This presented method is proven to be a simple, highly selective, efficient, and sensitive analytical method and it can be used in routine food monitoring laboratories for pesticides analysis.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Role of Data Science in Resource Management

Dr. Gopinath M P Associate Professor

School of Computer Science and EngineeringVellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India

Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected]

Objective: To analysis data efficiently to provide inexpensive way to improve water management strategies and Water Efficiency reports.

Theme/Outline: Technological advancement are driving exponential growth in data, improving the efficiency of many sectors and disrupting others. Extracting meaningful information quickly from the modern-day deluge of data is now a requirement for being successful. However, generating decision-ready data or predicting future outcomes from environmental or operational data is challenging and requires specialized skills interdisciplinary backgrounds that include data analysis, statistics, data visualization, computer science, and mathematics. Though the applications of big data were confined to information technology before 21st technology, now it is of emerging area in almost all engineering specializations. But for water managers/engineers, big data is showing big promise in many water related applications such as planning optimum water systems, detecting ecosystem changes through big remote sensing and geographical information system, forecasting/predicting/detecting natural and manmade calamities, scheduling irrigations, mitigating environmental pollution, studying climate change impacts etc.

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ICAFEE 2019

18 – 21, October 2019, Taichung, Taiwan

Oral and Poster papers

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 003

Spray Split positional modelling of macroscopic high-pressure mineral diesel with a diagnosis on structural characterisation using shadowgraph technique at multiple injection

C. Kavitha a*,Ghanta Ram Sai Avinash b, Vaibhav venkat b, B.Ashok b*, V.Karthickeyan c aSreenivasa Institute of Technology and Management Studies, Chittoor, India bSchool of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore-632014, India. c Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore- 641 008. India.

Corresponding Author: Dr.B.Ashok, School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore-632 014, India. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Injected spray split- positional characterisation along with fuel injection time durations is being performed on a multiple fuel spray injection with diesel as a working spray fluid. Further characterisation as a tip spray penetration along with the motion of the spray fuel injected is examined visually. A visualisation set called shadowgraph optical technique is implemented to capture the injected fluid spray inside the combustion chamber. A second generation common rail direct injector (CRDI system) is used in the current study with a single-hole injector type during the experimental operation. The injected diesel working spray fluid is operated with an injection pressure of 500bar and 20 bar being the ambient gas pressure in a constant volume combustion chamber. It was observed that dwell time and injection spray durations were recorded computationally through splitting the 2nd spray injection positions form the 1st spray and storing the values along in before processing the program. The fuel spray tip penetration was observed to be 50.6122mm and a sequential motion of the injected spray is clearly examined and visualised during the operation and has created an efficient impact in the determining the characteristics of the fuel spray injected throughout the multiple injection process. Keywords: Shadowgraph, CRDI system, multiple fuel spray injection, tip spray penetration length, diesel, spray split – positional characterisation, dwell time, Injection durations.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 004

A Critical review on pretreatment technologies of waste towards to enhance anaerobic digestion and energy efficiency

M.R. Atelge1, 2*, A.E. Atabani1*, Muhammad Aslam3, Rajesh Banu4, David Krisa5, Dinh Duc Nguyen6, Gopalakrishnan Kumar7, Cigdem Eskicioglu5, Y.Ş. Yildiz8, M. Kaya9, S. Unalan1, F. Duman10, R. Mohanasundaram11 1Alternative Fuels Research Laboratory (AFRL), Energy Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Siirt University, 56100 Siirt, Turkey 3Bioenergy & Environmental Sustainable Membrane Technology (BEST) Research Group, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan 4Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus - Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627007, India 5UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada 6Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, 94 San, Iui-dong, Youngtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16227, Republic of Korea 6Green Processing, Bioremediation and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 7Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Box 8600 Forus, 4036 Stavanger, Norway 8Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, TR-38039 Kayseri, Turkey 9Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Siirt University, 56100 Siirt, Turkey 10Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey 11School of Computer Science and Engineering, VIT University, India

*Corresponding authors: Mr. M.R. Atelge (E-mail: [email protected]); Dr. A.E. Atabani (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Between 2000 and 2017, annual world population increased between 1-2% reaching 7.53 billion in 2017 [1]. Both fossil fuels consumption and waste generation have increased following this population growth. The key contributor to global warming is the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) that is emitted from many combustion sources. Secondly, methane (CH4) generation from waste is another main contributor to climate change. The report represented that the extreme weather events related to global warming such as extreme heat and cold, precipitation, storms, winds, and drought cost 400 billion Euros between 1980 and 2013 [2]. Therefore, recycling of waste has recently become an important issue and anaerobic digestion (AD) from organic waste has gained worldwide attention in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, lowering fossil fuels combustion, demolishing pathogens and eliminating odors, and facilitating a sustainable renewable energy supply. AD process has been recognized globally as a well-developed technique to produce alternative and sustainable energy over the last two decades.

It has been agreed that biogas can play a key role to solve some problems at the beginning of the 21th century. Capturing CH4 in biogas can provide reductions in the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), production of renewable energy and efficient management of waste disposal. Using biogas disposal as an organic fertilizer closes the life cycle. Most of organic wastes such as agricultural, municipal solid, and food wastes can be used as substrates for AD. However, improving methane yield is still seriously studied as a research topic in both academic and industrial levels. Therefore, several pretreatment methods have been developed. Pretreatment techniques are divided into four main groups as physical, chemical, biological and combined.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Physical pretreatment basically increases the surface area of the substrate and improves contacts between the substrate and microorganisms. The small particle size of substrates positively causes a decreased viscosity of mixing and reduction of floating layers in the reactor. The floating layer resists escaping with the produced biogas in the reactor. This pretreatment provides cellulase with greater access to surface of substrates by increasing the surface area. Therefore, it improves hydrolysis and biogas yield. The main drawback of this method is its high energy consumption.

Different types of acids and alkaline are used for chemical pretreatment under various conditions to improve biodegradability. Lignocellulose structure materials have resistance for hydrolysis. Alkali pretreatment eliminates the acetate structure from feedstock, so that the material becomes easier for hydrolytic enzymes. Therefore, it increases biodegradability of the substrate and digestibility.

Biological pretreatment is basically a phase separation method. Hydrolysis and acidogenesis phases are running together in the same digester while acetogenesis and methanogenesis phases take place in other digesters. The temperature and pH value of digesters are different than each other, therefore, the pretreatment is also known as multi-phase fermentation or temperature phased anaerobic digestion. While the first digester runs at a pH of 4-6 and at a thermophilic temperature as a pre-acidification step, the second tank is operated under methanogenic phase conditions. The first process produces mostly CO2 and H2. Additionally, the pretreatment improves methane content of biogas because CO2 is present in three forms which are carbonate ions at high pH, HCO3 at a neutral pH and CO2 at a low pH.

Biogas production from waste still has limitation due to its complex and unpredictable structure. To improve methane yield and AD performance, various pretreatment methods have been produced. This paper reviewed the latest trends, progress, and research achievements in pretreatment technologies to improve AD efficiency. The effect of inhibitors formation during the pretreatment process is also discussed. Energy calculations, economics, and environmental assessment of these pretreatment technologies are revealed. The study concludes with emphasizing on the necessity of pretreatment methods.

Keywords: Pretreatment, Biogas, Anaerobic digestion, Recycling of waste, Bioenergy.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 005

Typical energy output from an optimized biogas facility for organic household waste

Tasrif Masruf Khan

Southern University Bangladesh Abstract Over the last 200 years, people have become more and more dependent on energy that they dig out of the ground. In the 1700’s, almost all our energy came from wind, water, firewood, or muscle power. The wind powered our windmills and sailing ships. Water powered our water wheels. Firewood did our cooking and heated our homes. Muscle power (human or animal) did just about everything else. All these energy sources came from the sun, since solar energy drove wind and rain, grew trees, and grew crops to nourish our animals and ourselves. All these energy sources were also renewable, since wind kept blowing, rivers kept flowing, and trees and crops kept growing. About 1800, we began to get much of our energy from coal dug out of the ground. About 1900 we began to drill for oil and natural gas. By 1950 these “fossil fuels” had mainly displaced the older energy sources except for water power. Fossil fuels come from the decayed remains of prehistoric plants and animals, so their energy also comes, originally, from the sun. In some parts of the world new fossil fuels are being formed even today. But we are using fossil fuels at a far greater rate than they are being created, using up energy stored over hundreds of millions of years in a few hundred years. After 1950, we began to use atomic energy from uranium dug from the ground. Uranium is not a fossil fuel, and its energy does not originate from the sun. But uranium, like fossil fuels, is non-renewable: once it’s used up, it’s gone forever. Over the past 25 years, use of older renewable energy sources has increased and we have begun to use new renewable energy sources as well. We have realized that our fossil and atomic fuels will not last forever, and that their use contributes to environmental pollution. Renewable energy – which basically comes from the sun in one way or another – provides opportunities for an unlimited, sustainable energy supply with low environmental. True renewable energy sources are energy supplies that are refilled by natural processes at least as fast as we use them. All renewable energy comes, ultimately, from the sun. We can use the sun directly (as in solar heating systems) or indirectly (as in hydroelectric power, wind power, and power from biomass fuels). Renewable energy supplies can become exhausted if we use them faster than they become replenished: most of England’s forests were cut down for fuel before the English started using coal. If used wisely, however, renewable energy supplies can last forever.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Bioenergy, Photovoltaic’s, Solar Energy, Geothermal, Energy, Hydropower, Wind Energy, Climate Change, Clean Energy Technologies, Learning Curve, Market Transformation Program, Energy Forecasts.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 006

One pot synthesis of Molybdenum nanoparticles supported Nickel sulfide microspheres for the ultra stable remarkable energy storage anodes on Li-ion batteries

Paskalis Sahaya Murphin Kumar1,2, Ajayan Vinu3, Wangsoo Cha3, Lamya Al-Haj4, Mohammed Al Abri1 Ala'a H.Al-Muhtaseb1,* Vinothkumar Ponnusamy2,5 1Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman. 2Research Centre for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. 3Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia. 4Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman. 5Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.

Corresponding Author: Ala'a H.Al-Muhtaseb, Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Herein, a facile one step green approach developed towards the preparation of NiS microshperes strongly coupled with molybdenum nanoparticles for remarkable energy storage on Li-ion batteries was reported. Solvothermal synthesis method has been adopted for the successful synthesis of Mo/NiS microspheres via green mediation. The morphological and physiological properties of the prepared Mo/NiS confirmed by the studied using SEM, TEM, XPS, pXRD, BET. The BET and TEM results showed that synthesized microspheres posses porous nature. Based on this, application in Li-ion battery results showed that, the prepared Mo/NiS served as an ultra stable anode material to compared pristine NiS. Additionally, it showed also excellent stability with remarkable reversible capacity around 1000 mAh-1. The molybdenum nanoparticles supported NiS microsphere anode has higher lithium intercalation kinetics than the as prepared NiS. The Mo/NiS retained 85% of its capacitance even after 150 cycles, which was relatively higher than the as prepared NiS reveals that can be used for long term in li-ion batteries and energy storage devices. Keywords: Anode material; Li-ion batteries; Molybdenum; Nickel sulfide; Nanoparticles; Piper longum.

Graphical Abstract

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 007

A single step green conversion of Glycolipid mediated Fe3O4/Fe- porous carbon composites derived from Crescentia cujete fruit shells for ultra supercapcitor and an effective adsorbent

Ganesan Sivarasan1, Paskalis Sahaya Murphin Kumar 2, *, Ajayan Vinu3, Lamya Al-Haj3, Rashid Al- Hajri2, Ala'a H.Al-Muhtaseb.2,* 1Department of Environmental Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. 2Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman. 3Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia. 4Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.

Corresponding Author: Paskalis Sahaya Murphin Kumar, Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman. (E-mail: [email protected]) Ala'a H.Al-Muhtaseb, Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract We report, A facile one step green approach to develop the porous carbon using the bio-surfactant, rhamnolipid (RL) bi-functional activated carbon (AC) prepared from a biowaste Crescentia cujete fruit shell, with potential capacities for charge storage and adsorption of pharmaceutical drugs, which is enabled by decorating with Fe3C/Fe3O4/AC composites. The in-situ growth of the unique composites on the carbon surface is achieved by a single-step carbonization activity of Crescentia cujete fruit shell simultaneously with FeCl3 and rhamnolipid mediants. Due to the high surface area and unique iron compounds-containing amorphous structures, the ACs exhibits outstanding electrochemical supercapacitance property as an supercapacitor anode, and an excellent adsorption capacity on pharmaceutical drugs such as diclofenac (DCF). This study provides a new angle for understanding the effects of surface designing on improving charge storage and antibiotic adsorption ability of biomass- derived PCs as well as for developing bi-functional ACs with novel magnetic properties. Keywords: activated carbon, adsorption, antibiotics, bio-surfactant, biomass, Diclofenac, Rhamnolipids, supercapacitor.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphical Abstract

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 008

Structural and electronic properties of SnO2 under pressure: An ab-initio study

N. Beloufa (1), Y. Chercheb (2), S. Fasla(3), (1)City Sidi Ameur sidi Mhamed Benali Relizane Algeria. 00213772474084 email [email protected] (2)(3) Laboratoire de Microphysique et de Nanophysique (LaMiN), ENP-Oran, BP 1523 El M'Naouer, Oran, 31000, Algeria

Introduction It's very interesting optical features make the Tin dioxide (SnO2) also called cassiterite whish is a wide- band-gap semiconductor has attracted increasing interests owing to its outstanding electrical, optical, and electrochemical properties and is attractive for potential applications such as catalytic support material, transparent electrodes for flat panel displays, solar cells, gas sensors, varistors, and optoelectronic devices [1–2]. In what follows, we present and discuss the results of our calculations on the structural, and electronic properties of the SnO2, and this by considering several phases: is rutile-type(P42/mnm),CaCl2-type (Pnnm),pyrite-type (pa_3),ZrO2 orthorhombic phase I (Pbca),cotunnite-type (Pnam). While Haines and Léger [3] in the framework of the DFT. Calculations were made using the code wien2k using the FPLAPW method with approximations: LDA, GGA. The input parameters required for the Wien2k code used, are grouped in Table 1.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 009

Synthesis and application of ceria-zirconia-silver oxides for solar thermochemical conversion of CO2

Gorakshnath Takalkar, Rahul Bhosale*

Department of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract Worldwide human development increase with rise in population, which essentially depends on the large amount of the energy and power supply. Currently power generation in many industries (chemical, steel, automobile, and cement) largely depends on supply of fossil fuels like coal, light diesel oil, petrol. These ultimately emits large of CO2 gas into the atmosphere and caused into upsurge into CO2 level and accordingly 64% increase in global house effect and related climate changes. Such global warming potential affects the living life on the earth and extremely important to research towards CO2 capture and conversion carbon neutral technology. In this paper, our focus was such carbon neutral and renewable technology to split captured CO2 into CO via two step thermochemical redox cycle. In overall as shown in Fig 1, firstly CO2 is captured by various methods and used for the two step (reduction and oxidation) thermochemical splitting of CO2 into CO by using metal oxide as a redox materials. The synthesis gas generated via such thermochemical redox reactions can be directly converted into liquid fuels via Fischer Tropsch process. In this study, investigation was focused to extend the thermochemical splitting capability of Zr-doped ceria with 5% silver (Ag) as the additional dopant. Sliver cation was selected due to wide as catalyst in chemical process. Also as compared to other noble metal, silver is available abundantly and cheaply. The ceria-zirconia-silver oxides were prepared by using co- precipitation with aqueous ammonia as percipients. Dervied materials were characterized by using various methods. Finally, the redox performance towards thermal reduction (TR) and CO2 splitting reactions (CS) was estimated by conducting consecutive thermochemical redox cycles in the thermogravimetric setup (TGA).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 010

Thermochemical H2O/CO2 splitting using novel LaxMg1-xMnO2-δ perovskites

Gorakshnath Takalkar, Rahul Bhosale*

Department of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract To be a favorable candidate for the thermochemical redox cycle, the essential properties the metal oxides should have contains higher and sustained levels of O2 evolution (formation of large number of O2 vacancies) and CO production in multiple cycles, faster reaction kinetics, highest solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency, and long term thermal stability. In pursuit of the best redox material, numerous volatile and non-volatile (both stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric) metal oxides such as ZnO, SnO2, ceria, ferrites, perovskites, and others have been investigated. Among these, ceria based redox materials are competent of producing consistent amounts of O2 and CO in successive cycles with a faster reaction kinetics. Alike ceria, perovskite based redox materials (ABO3) also displayed encouraging results towards splitting H2O/CO2 thermochemically. The redox reactions involved in perovskite based thermochemical cycle are as follows:

In this investigation, our emphasis was to assess the efficacy of the LaxMg1-xMnO2-δ perovskites towards thermochemical H2O/CO2 splitting reactions. The LaxMg1-xMnO2-δ perovskites were synthesized by means of the solution combustion synthesis (SCS) approach where glycine was utilized as the fuel. The effectiveness of each LaxMg1-xMnO2-δ perovskite towards thermochemical splitting of H2O/CO2 was determined by performing multiple cycles using a high-temperature thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 011

Thermochemical CO2 splitting Cycle Using Co-Precipitation synthesized alkaline earth metal doped ceria

Gorakshnath Takalkar, Rahul Bhosale*

Department of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract One of the most appealing option for the production of H2 or syngas is the metal oxide based solar thermochemical H2O/CO2 splitting cycle. In this redox process, the fuel production can be achieved at lower operating temperatures as compared to the direct thermolysis. This two-step process involves successive reduction and re-oxidation of the metal oxides in presence of concentrated solar power resulting into production of O2 and H2/syngas in separate steps. Among the various metal oxides investigated until now, ceria based redox materials are considered as a very good option due to their high thermal stability and faster kinetics. To improve its redox reactivity, ceria fluorite structure is doped with different metal cations and further investigated towards thermochemical water splitting reaction. The findings of these studies confirms improvement in the thermal reduction and water splitting ability of the doped ceria materials as compared to pure ceria. Although, alkaline earth metal doped ceria redox materials are already examined for thermochemical H2O splitting reactions, their ability to produce CO via CO2 splitting reaction is not much studied. In addition to H2, CO production is also important for the achievement of high quality syngas which can be further processed towards liquid transportation fuels. In this study, thermochemical CO2 splitting ability of the alkaline earth metal doped ceria (Ce0.9M0.102-δ) was investigated by performing multiple thermal reduction and CO2 splitting cycles. The derived Ce0.9M0.102-δ materials were analyzed using powder x-ray diffractometry (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and BET surface area analyzer (BET). The Ce0.9M0.102-δ materials were further tested towards thermochemical CO2 splitting reactions by using a high temperature thermogravimetric analyzer.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 012

Development of catalytic La-Sr-Fe-based perovskites via solution combustion synthesis for solar thermochemical conversion of CO2

Gorakshnath Takalkar, Rahul Bhosale*

Department of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract Fulfillment of the mounting demand of energy by using solar fuels such as solar H2 or solar syngas, produced via H2O (WS)/CO2 splitting (CS) reactions, is one of the maintainable and viable approaches for harnessing the renewable and plentifully available solar energy. This process exploits the concentrated solar power heat to drive the high temperature thermal reduction (TR) of metal oxides (MOs). The solar H2 can be used as a gaseous fuel, whereas; the solar syngas can be converted into multiple types of liquid fuels via Fischer Tropsch process. Effectively, by applying this solar fuel technology, the solar energy can be stored as a high grade chemical energy. This stowed chemical energy is more sustainable since it can be transported and stockpiled for a longtime without any degradation. Up to the present time, numerous MOs have been considered for both WS and CS reactions which includes volatile i.e., zinc oxide and tin oxide and non-volatile MOs i.e., iron oxide, ferrites, ceria and doped ceria, and hercynite. Among all the MOs investigated, ceria based oxides appears to be the superlative choice as these oxides possess most of the aforementioned attributes. As an alternative to the ceria based oxides, in recent years, perovskite based oxides were investigated for thermochemical WS/CS reactions. Among the various perovskite oxides, L - based perovskites were examined considerably for the production of both H2 and CO. Based on the literature review, we understood that the previous studies were focused mainly on LSM perovskites and the redox reactivity of these perovskites were estimated by performing only one or two WS/CS cycles. In this study, the thermal reduction and re-oxidation aptitude of La-Sr-Fe-based (LSF) perovskite was determined (as an alternative for LSM). An entire spectrum of LSF perovskites was tested by performing multiple CS cycles. The prime reason to conduct this study was to improve the understanding of the thermochemical community towards application of LSF perovskites for WS/CS reactions and to compare the obtained results with the state-of-the art CeO2 material.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 013

Sol-gel synthesized Ni-Zn-Ferrite for thermochemical conversion of H2O/CO2

Gorakshnath Takalkar, Rahul Bhosale*

Department of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract Owing to the detrimental consequences of CO2 driven global warming, plentiful research teams are focused towards converting CO2 into valuable chemicals. Amongst the numerous CO2 conversion processes, solar driven thermochemical splitting of H2O/CO2 is one of the capable means of transforming CO2 into liquid transportation fuels. This solar thermal process proceeds on the metal oxide (MO) based redox reactions. Researchers have examined several MOs for the solar thermochemical H2O/CO2 splitting cycle, and amid all these, Ni-based ferrites appears to be a striking option. From the preceding investigations, it was understood that the Ni-based ferrites was applied mainly in case of the WS reaction and its utilization towards CO2 splitting (CS) reaction was very limited. The systematic assessment of the performance of MOs towards multiple thermochemical cycles is vital in order to unveil their long- term redox reactivity and thermal stability. Thus, to make an appropriate comparison with the previously examined MOs, the sol-gel derived Ni-Zn-ferrites synthesized in this investigation were inspected in ten thermochemical CS cycles using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 014

Solar driven tungsten oxide based thermochemical water splitting cycle

Rahul Bhosale*

Department of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract H2 is considered as one of the promising future energy source due to its high energy density. To be a clean energy vector, it is essential to produce H2 via CO2 free processes. To achieve this, a metal oxide based solar thermochemical water splitting cycle is investigated heavily by several researchers. In this cycle, step 1 corresponds to the solar thermal reduction of the metal oxide releasing O2, whereas; step 2 yields into exothermic production of H2 via water splitting reaction (re-oxidizing the metal oxide). The metal oxide is not consumed and hence can be used for multiple cycles. Although, multiple studies are reported towards metal based solar thermochemical water splitting cycle, the detailed thermodynamic and efficiency analysis of the tungsten oxide based WS cycles is missing. Therefore, in this investigation, the thermodynamic analysis of the tungsten oxide based solar thermochemical water splitting cycle was carried out using HSC Chemistry software and its thermodynamic database. Effects of various operating parameters such as partial pressure of O2 ( 2) in the inert carrier gas, thermal reduction temperature ( ), water splitting temperature

( ) and heat recuperation ( ) on thermodynamic equilibrium composition, the net solar energy required, re-radiation losses, heat energy released, irreversibility associated and efficiency of the tungsten oxide based thermochemical water splitting cycle were studied and reported.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 015

Solar driven iron oxide based thermochemical methane reforming and water splitting for H2 and syngas production

Rahul Bhosale*

Department of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract Due to the continuous increase in the population of world and drastic depletion of the fossil fuel reservoirs, it is highly essential to invest towards renewable energy technologies such as solar energy (storage, conversion and utilization). A two-step solar thermochemical H2O and/or CO2 splitting process which utilizes metal oxide based redox reactions is one of the promising ways of producing solar fuels such as solar H2 or renewable precursors for fuels such as solar syngas (a mixture of H2 and CO). This process includes the endothermic reduction of metal oxides at elevated temperatures by releasing O2 and oxidation of the reduced metal oxide by H2O, by CO2, or by the mixture of the two producing H2, CO or syngas. One of the major limitations associated with the MO based cycles is the higher thermal reduction temperature. To solve this issue associated with the higher reduction temperatures, methane can be used as the reducing agent. In this investigation, thermodynamic analysis of the two-step iron oxide based solar thermochemical methane reforming and water-splitting process was investigated in two sections with the help of commercial thermodynamic software’s such as HSC Chemistry and FactSage. In the first section, the thermodynamic equilibrium compositions were determined as a function of temperature and other operating parameters at different experimental conditions. In the second section, the second law thermodynamic analysis of iron oxide based solar thermochemical methane reforming and water-splitting process was performed. Once the process flow diagram was set, effects of operating parameters on solar absorption efficiency of the solar reactor (ηabs), solar energy input to the solar reactor (Qsolar), rediation heat losses from the solar reactor (Qre-rad), net energy absorbed in the solar reactor (Qreactor-net), rates of entropy produced in the solar reactor (Irr,reactor) and cooling unit (Irr,cooling) were calculated and plotted. At the end, the solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency (ηsolar-to-fuel) for this process was estimated and compared with the other thermochemical fuel production cycles.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 016

Solar reactor efficiency analysis of the Mg-ferrite based thermochemical H2O splitting cycle

Rahul Bhosale*

Department of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract Ferrite based thermochemical splitting of H2O/CO2 is considered as one of the promising options for the production of H2. A variety of ferrites such as Ni-ferrite, Co-ferrite, Zn-ferrite, Mn-ferrite, Ni-Zn-ferrite, Ni-Mn-ferrite, and others are investigated heavily towards solar thermochemical H2 generation. Several researchers investigated the effects of synthesis methods, water splitting temperature, thermal reduction temperatures, different reactor arrangements, addition of grain growth inhibitors (mixing and coating approach) and others on ferrite based water-splitting cycle. In addition to the experimental investigations, to compare with other metal oxide based thermochemical cycles, it is highly essential to estimate the solar to fuel conversion efficiency of the ferrite based thermochemical H2O/CO2 splitting cycle. In this paper, a thorough thermodynamic scrutiny of solar H2/CO production via Mg-ferrite based H2O/CO2 splitting cycle is performed using HSC Chemistry 7.1. Effect of partial pressure of O2 in the inert gas (N2), thermal reduction temperature and H2O/CO2 splitting temperature on equilibrium compositions and thermodynamic efficiency of the Mg-ferrite based H2O/CO2 splitting cycle is investigated.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 017

A novel two-step indium oxide based solar driven thermochemical water splitting cycle: A thermodynamic feasibility

Rahul Bhosale*

Department of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract The conversion of solar energy into chemical energy in the form of an alternative fuel such as H2 provides a promising option for sustainable future energy pathway. Hydrogen can be produced with solar thermal energy via water splitting reactions. Hydrogen used in this manner is an energy carrier. Its advantages include a high energy density (on a mass basis) and non-polluting nature. The metal oxide (MO) based two-step solar thermochemical cycle is a potentially advantageous way to produce hydrogen via water splitting. In the past, several MO based redox systems were theoretically and experimentally studied as potential thermochemical water splitting reactions. These include zinc oxide cycles, iron oxide cycles, tin oxide cycles, terbium oxide cycle, mixed ferrite cycles, ceria cycles, and perovskite cycles. In case of zinc and tin oxide cycles, due to the volatile nature of the MOs involved, the loss of reactive material due to high temperature operation is inevitable. In case of the iron oxide, ferrite, ceria, and perovskite cycles, the complete reduction of the MOs is not possible and hence lower amount of H2 production is expected. Therefore, it is highly essential to investigate new thermochemical cycles for H2 production via thermochemical water splitting. In this paper, the thermodynamic feasibility of a novel Indium oxide based two-step solar thermochemical water splitting cycle was investigated in detail. Computational thermodynamic modeling of the this cycle is performed (in two sections) using commercial thermodynamic HSC Chemistry software and databases. In section one, the thermodynamic equilibrium compositions during the solar thermal reduction oxidation via water splitting were determined. In section two, an energy and exergy analysis of the indium oxide cycle was carried out. The solar reactor absorption efficiency, the required solar energy input, radiation heat losses, the rate of heat rejected by the quench unit and the water splitting reactor, and the solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency of the indium oxide cycle were determined via computational thermodynamic modeling and the results reported.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 018

Syngas and H2 production via solar thermochemical methane reforming and water splitting cycle using vanadium-based oxide Materials

Rahul Bhosale*

Department of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract In past, several metal oxide based water-splitting cycles are examined for H2 production, for instance zinc oxide/zinc cycle, tin oxide/tin cycle, iron oxide/iron cycle, ceria and doped ceria cycle, ferrite cycle, and perovskite cycle. Attempts are also made to use some of these cycles towards a combined H2O/CO2 splitting reaction for the production of syngas. To reduce the thermal reduction temperature of the metal oxides, CH4 is used as a reducing agent by several researchers. In this study, we propose a co-production of syngas, and H2 in a two-step combined methane reforming and water splitting process driven by solar energy using vanadium-based oxide materials. A thermodynamic analysis is carried out for a) syngas producing open process (VS) and b) syngas, and H2 producing semi-open process (VSH). Effects of CH4 as a reducing agent and water splitting temperature on thermal reduction of vanadium-based oxides, total solar energy required to run the cycle, efficiency values and other thermodynamics parameters needed for the process development are explored in detail. In addition to the thermodynamic modeling, the experimental investigation of production of H2 and syngas via methane reforming and H2O splitting cycle is investigated using a high temperature thermogravimetric analyzer.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 019

Hydrogen production via chromium oxide based solar thermochemical water splitting cycle: Effect of operating parameters on the solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency

Rahul Bhosale*

Department of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract The high energy density H2 can be produced via metal oxide based two-step solar thermochemical water splitting cycle. The first step of this cycle deals with solar thermal reduction of the metal oxide in inert atmosphere and the second step corresponds to the re-oxidation of the reduced metal oxide via water splitting reaction which results into the production of H2. Several non-volatile and volatile metal oxides have been explored towards solar thermochemical water splitting cycles which includes Fe3O4/FeO, ZnO/Zn, SnO2/SnO/Sn, ferrites, ceria and doped ceria, and perovskites. In this investigation the chromium oxide based solar H2 production via water splitting reaction is scrutinized thermodynamically. In this study, the effect of thermal reduction temperature ( ) on various thermodynamic modeling parameters required for the design of solar reactor system for the chromium oxide based WS cycle is investigated in detail. The results reported in this studies indicate that this cycle has the potential to produce hydrogen per mole of metal oxides used and the solar-to-fuel conversion effienciey ( − − ) is comparable to that of the previously investigated metal oxide based thermochemical cycles. To draw a final conclusion about the feasibility of this cycle towards solar H2 production via thermochemical water splitting reaction, in addition to the , it is essential to investigate the influence of water splitting temperature ( ) on solar reactor modeling parameters. Therefore, this study also reports a thermodynamic analysis of the chromium oxide based cycle as a function of change in the are also discussed.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 020

Cu-ferrite based solar thermochemical water splitting cycle for hydrogen production

Rahul Bhosale* Department of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract Solar H2 generation via thermochemical water splitting (WS) cycle was scrutinized by several research teams by employing zinc oxide, tin oxide, iron oxide, ceria and doped ceria, perovskites, and ferrites as the redox active materials. In case of ferrites, in addition to the Ni-based, Zn-based, and Co-based ferrites, Cu- based ferrites have also shown promising results. This study deals with the estimation of the − − of the Cu-ferrite based WS (CFWS) cycle by performing a detailed thermodynamic equilibrium and efficiency analysis. This analysis was conducted by utilizing the thermodynamic properties obtained from HSC Chemistry software. Various process parameters such as ̇ − , ̇ − , ̇ − , ̇ , and others were determined by drifting the 2 in the inert N2, TR temperature ( ) and WS temperature ( ). The obtained results were compared with the previously, thermodynamically, investigated Ni-ferrite based WS (NFWS) cycle. As per the literature review, the thermodynamic evaluation of the CFWS cycle was not yet conducted. The TR and WS reactions associated with the CFWS cycle are presented in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Cu-ferrite based thermochemical water splitting cycle.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 021

Thermochemical splitting of CO2 using solution combustion synthesized La-Sr-Mn- based perovskite

Gorakshnath Takalkar, Rahul Bhosale*

Department of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract Thermochemical conversion of thermodynamically stable H2O/CO2 into syngas (H2/CO mixture) by using redox materials and concentrated solar power has emerged as one of the effectual approaches for the generation of renewable liquid fuels. This process is beneficial as it aids to lessen the greenhouse effect by commendably upgrading the CO2 into synthetic fuels and provides a sustainable alternative for the consumption of fossil fuels. To be a favorable candidate for the thermochemical redox cycle, the essential properties the metal oxides should have contains higher and sustained levels of O2 evolution (formation of large number of O2 vacancies) and CO production in multiple cycles, faster reaction kinetics, highest solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency, and long term thermal stability. In pursuit of the best redox material, numerous volatile and non-volatile (both stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric) metal oxides such as ZnO, SnO2, ceria, ferrites, perovskites, and others have been investigated. Among these, ceria based redox materials are competent of producing consistent amounts of O2 and CO in successive cycles with a faster reaction kinetics. Alike ceria, perovskite based redox materials (ABO3) also displayed encouraging results towards splitting H2O/CO2 thermochemically. . In this study, the TR and RO aptitude of an entire spectrum of LSM perovskites i.e. La(1-x)SrxMnO3 (where, x = 0.1 to 0.9) was determined by performing multiple CS cycles. The prime reason to conduct this study was to improve the understanding of the thermochemical community towards application of LSM perovskites for WS/CS reactions and to compare the obtained results with the state-of-the art CeO2 material.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 022

MgSO4-MgO based Solar Driven Thermochemical Water Splitting Cycle for H2 Production

Rahul Bhosale*

Department of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract The sulfur-iodine cycle and its variation the hybrid sulfur cycle are considered as more promising towards H2 production via water splitting reaction as the temperatures required to run these cycles are considerably lower than other thermochemical water splitting cycles. Although these cycles are advantageous in terms of lower operating temperatures, the most challenging part is the decomposition of SO3. This step requires high operating temperatures and it is possible only under catalytic conditions. In past, various transition metal based catalysts such as nickel, manganese, etc. were tested towards the SO3 decomposition reaction. However, at higher temperatures, these metal catalysts are converted into metal sulfates and their catalytic activity is hindered due to the sulfation poisoning. Noble metal based catalysts (supported on different metal oxides) were also tested and observed to be attractive in terms of their catalytic activity towards decomposition of SO3. However, the extremely high cost of the noble metals pose limitations towards utilization of such catalysts for the commercial scale application. Converting the sulfur-iodine and the hybrid sulfur cycle into solar driven metal oxide – metal sulfate (MO-MS) thermochemical water splitting can be considered as an alternative for the production of H2 at lower operating temperatures. Therefore, in this study, MgSO4-MgO based thermochemical water splitting cycle is thermodynamically investigated. Detail results about the equilibrium analysis and solar reactor efficiency analysis will be presented in detail.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 023

A Mixed Metal Oxide Based Thermochemical H2O/CO2 Splitting Cycle for Production of Solar Fuels

Gorakshnath Takalkar, Rahul Bhosale*

Department of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract Currently, fossil fuels are the major energy source utilized for the fulfillment of the energy requirement. The continuous and excessive utilization of fossil fuels leads to increase in the greenhouse gas emissions and oil prices. The usage of fossil fuel affects the world both environmentally and economically. To solve this issue, production of carbon free renewable and sustainable fuels which can replace fossil fuels is essential. Therefore, we are currently investigating a metal oxide (MO) based two-step thermochemical H2O/CO2 splitting cycle powered by concentrated solar energy for the production of solar H2 (which can be used directly as a fuel) and solar syngas (which can be used to produce liquid transportation fuels via catalytic Fischer Tropsch process). In these cycles, the first step consists of the endothermic reduction of a metal oxide at elevated temperatures releasing O2. The second step corresponds to the slightly exothermic re-oxidation of the reduced metal oxide at lower temperatures by H2O, CO2, or a mixture of the two producing H2, CO or syngas. Among many metal oxides investigated for solar fuel production, in recent years, research has been focused towards non-volatile mixed metal oxides such as ferrites and doped ceria. In our laboratory, various doped ferrites and doped ceria materials (which are not yet investigated for H2O or CO2 splitting cycles) were synthesized via various synthesis approaches such as sol-gel method, combustion synthesis, co-precipitation method, and others. These materials were characterized by powder XRD, BET surface area analysis, SEM, TEM, XPS, ICP, EDX, and others. Furthermore, the solar fuels production ability of these derived materials was further examined by performing multiple thermochemical cycles using a thermogravimetric analyzer and a packed bed reactor set-up. Obtained results indicate that the mixed metal oxides derived in our laboratory are capable of producing constant and high amounts of solar fuel in multiple thermochemical cycles. The redox reactivity of the derived materials was observed to be unchanged during multiple cycles. Results associated with the synthesis, characterization, and thermochemical experiments will be presented in detail.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 024

An evaluation of advanced steam reforming processes for conversion of bio-oil to low carbon hydrogen

Jennifer Spragg*, Tariq Mahmud, Valerie Dupont

School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom

Corresponding Author: Jennifer Spragg, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract There is growing interest in the role of bioenergy in hydrogen production, as a method to reduce carbon emissions and dependence on fossil fuels, as well as to meet hydrogen demand within future biorefineries. One proposed pathway involves pyrolysis of biomass or waste to produce a bio-oil, followed by conversion to hydrogen via steam reforming. By taking advantage of the proven efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the steam reforming process, this route can recover energy and value from a range of low carbon feedstocks. A number of experimental and thermodynamic studies have examined the steam reforming of bio-oil or its constituent compounds. However, technology development could gain from a better understanding of whole process aspects, such as efficiency, yield, CO2 emissions, and cost. The aim of this work is to explore techno-economic aspects of hydrogen production from bio-oil, and to evaluate whether further benefits may be realised through advanced process techniques. Various studies have shown that sorption enhancement and chemical looping bring several benefits in the steam reforming of fossil fuels [1, 2]. Thus, a further area of interest is to consider the advantages of combining such techniques with bioenergy feedstocks. To evaluate bio-oil steam reforming in a conventional process, a medium-scale plant has been modelled in Aspen Plus. Bio-oil from around ten decentralised pyrolysis plants could generate around 3 10,000 Nm /h of hydrogen, at a cost of around $4 per kg of H2. Thermal efficiencies greater than 60% are achieved, rising to nearly 90% if excess heat is utilised. Direct CO2 emissions vary with operating regime, but can be minimised by operating at the optimum thermodynamic point. Over 50% of the direct CO2 emissions are biogenic, offering an opportunity for bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) in hydrogen production. The second stage of the study evaluates an advanced process, sorption-enhanced chemical looping steam reforming (SE-CLSR). A previous thermodynamic study has shown that SE-CLSR of bio-oil may achieve high purity hydrogen in an autothermal process with in situ carbon capture, thereby reducing separation requirements and eliminating the reforming furnace [3]. Further work evaluates the whole process aspects of SE-CLSR, in order to draw comparisons to conventional steam reforming. When these evaluations are drawn together, they provide insights into the SE-CLSR of bio- oil, laying the foundation for future research into aspects of process development.

Keywords: hydrogen; bio-oil; steam reforming; chemical looping; sorption enhancement

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 025

Physicochemical analysis and production of biofuel from lignocellulosic biomass

Ganesh Lamichhane 1, Prof .Dr. Niranjan Parajuli 1 *

1. Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal Presenting Author: Ganesh Lamichhane, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu Nepal,( email: [email protected]) Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr Niranjan Parajuli, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur Kathmandu Nepal. (email: [email protected])

Abstract Lignocellulosic biomass is composed of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose. Hemicellulose and cellulose will be the sources of bioethanol and lignin will be the sources of chemicals for energy. Principles involved in biofuel production are pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation and distillations. In this proposal, Organosolvent (ethanol) pretreatment method will be used and the enzyme(cellulose) will be used for the hydrolysis process. The research will be carried through simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation process (SSCF). This method is the best-renowned method for producing biofuel by using genetically engineered yeast/bacteria species( Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Paschysolen tannophilus) in the fermentation process. This produced biofuel will be characterized as various physicochemical properties like Density, Viscosity, Cetane No, Flashpoint, FTIR, total sugar content, SEM of ethanol pretreated sample, MS etc. and will be evaluated via the respective method. Lignocellulosic biofuel will reduce greenhouse gases and control carbon emission as well as eco- friendly. It will also help to decrease national fuel dependence and it will be the landmark steps in the research field for universities students and industries also. This research will help to save our environment and will utilize our waste to energy.

Keywords: Biomass, Biofuels, Green Chemistry, Renewable Energy, Simultaneous Saccharification and co-fermentation, Thermotole

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 026

Diafiltration of 2,3-butanediol by dense membranes for harvesting bioresource and downstream separation process simulations

Hsu-Hsi Tsaia, Wei-Hsaing Wangb, Tzyy-Leng Allen Horngb, Justin Chun-Te Lin a *

a Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung City 407, Taiwan. b Department of Applied Mathematics, Feng Chia University, Taichung City 407, Taiwan.

Corresponding Author: Justin Chun-Te Lin (林俊德), Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung City 407, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract 2,3-Butanediol (2,3-BDO) is an attractive renewable resources from microbiological fermentation process, which can be used as versatile raw materials in manufacturing of chemicals and food as well as being a fuel blend since its high heat capacity or further converted to other fuel additive solvent. In this study, we used three dense membranes (reverse osmosis and nanofiltration) to separate the targeting promising platform molecule (2,3-BDO) from salts and impurities presenting in the downstream of fermentation. Individual desalination performances of NF (ESNA1-K1) and RO (SWCS and PROC10) membranes were investigated by single salts (e.g. NaCl, MgSO4, MgCl2, Na2SO4) and mixture (recipe was simulating the effluent of fermentation process). A mathematical model, namely Donnan steric pore model with dielectric exclusion (DSPM-DE), based on MatLABTM software was applied to take an insight of mass transfer within these dense membranes during this application. Two diafiltration (DF) modes, i.e. constant volume diafiltration (CVD) and variable volume diafiltration (VVD), were experimentally tested the feasible range in efficiently harvesting this bioresource with limiting dilution and operation time. Moreover, various process designs via integrating NF and RO as a membrane cascade were simulated and prospects the potentials and benefits of downstream separation and resource recovery.

Keywords: downstream purification; 2,3-butanediol; membrane cascades; diafiltration; process simulations.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 027

Electrochemical conversion of co2: catalytic activity and process optimization

Fares Almomani  Department of Mechanical and industrial engineering, Qatar University, P O Box - 2713, Doha, Qatar [email protected]

Abstract The concentration of CO2, one of the major causes of global warming, increasing day by day due to excessive use of fossil fuels. During the last decay, different research works were focused on developing an efficient and cost effective technology for capturing and storage of CO2. The present work investigates the electro-chemical reduction of CO2 under batch and multi-compartment continuous reactors. Experiment were conducted under alkaline conditions using KOH as an electrolyte and sorbent to convert all CO2 into organic products (e.g methane, and methanol). Stainless steel and copper cathodes/anodes were tested for their potential in reducing CO2. A maximum catalytic conversion of CO2 of 23 and 18% was achived in batch and continuous processed. The study also focused on optimizing the key operating variables such as voltage, electrolysis time, electrolyte concentration and faradaic efficiency for high CO2 reduction. Both batch and continuous test showed promises in converting CO2 to valuable products. Formic acid was the many organic product produced in batch test with faradaic efficiency (FE) of 46.2% at optimum conditions. Continuous process produced methanol and methane as main products at FE of 33.1% and 19.1% respectively. Keywords: Electro conversion, faradaic efficiency, fuel products

*Corresponding author: Fares Almomani, Professor of Chemical Engineering College of Engineering, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar. Tel: +974 4403 4140 Fax: +974 4403 4131. E-mail: [email protected]

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 028

Optimising nutrient removal of moving bed biofilm reactor process using response surface methodology

Fares Almomani  Department of Mechanical and industrial engineering, Qatar University, P O Box - 2713, Doha, Qatar [email protected]

Abstract Wastewater effluents with high nutrient content (nitrogen and phosphorus) can cause several issues when discharged into the environment, such as oxygen consumption and eutrophication. Consequently, the removal of nutrient from the effluents of wastewater treatment plants is essential. Recently, the removal of nutrient using biological processes have been comprehensively studied. Most of the biological processes typically rely on different environmental redox conditions (anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic) for nutrient removals The present study evaluates the potential of moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) process for organic carbon and nutrient removal from effluent of municipal WWTP at different hydraulic retention time (HRT) and nitrate recycle ratio (R). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to t optimize the MBBR for high nutrient removals. Under optimized conditions (HRT=2 hr), the MBBR showed a removal efficiencies of 98.50%, 93.5%, 94.70% and 96.50% for COD, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and ammonium, respectively, with a nitrate recycle ratio of 2. The developed two quadratic response surface models for TN and TP removal displayed a satisfactory and statically significant the experimental and the predicted values.

*Corresponding author: Fares Almomani, Professor of Chemical Engineering College of Engineering, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar. Tel: +974 4403 4140 Fax: +974 4403 4131. E-mail: [email protected]

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 029

CO2 capture with simultaneous Iron and CaO recycling

Fares Almomani 

Department of Mechanical and industrial engineering, Qatar University, P O Box - 2713, Doha, Qatar

Abstract CO2 emissions from industry are increasing, having reached 13.14 Gt in 2010 and making up 40% of the total anthropogenic CO2 emissions worldwide. The emission of CO2 to the atmosphere resulted an increase in the global average temperature and created global warming problem. Thus, there is a big need to search for an effective technologies that can reduce the emission of CO2 to the atmosphere. The present study offers an efficient CO2 capture technology that can be used by different industries to reduce emissions. The process was developed by integrating calcium with steel industry waste. Within the proposed process, CO2 can be captured and while lime and steel waste recycled. The developed CaO- steel sorbent exhibited significantly faster carbonation rates than commercial CaO allowing high CO2 compared with commercial CaO. The CaO-steel sorbent was prepared via via acid extraction method using acetic acid. The as prepared sorbents exhibited an excellent CO2 reactivity and long service life. The As-prepared sorbent was successfully recycled for several times. The proposed integrated CO2 capture process using CaO-steel sorbent, appears to be cost-effective and promising for CO2 abatement from the iron and steel industry.

KEYWORDS: Global warming, CO2 uptake, Steel industry

*Corresponding author: Fares Almomani, Professor of Chemical Engineering College of Engineering, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar. Tel: +974 4403 4140 Fax: +974 4403 4131. E-mail: [email protected]

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 030

Nickel/Cobalt nanoparticles for electrochemical production of hydrogen

Fares Almomani

Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar

[email protected]

Abstract Hydrogen is considered one of the cleanest and source of energy in our life. In particular, hydrogen production from water splitting was considered as sustainable option. The production of hydrogen through the efficient electro-catalysts methods is limited due to the need for expensive catalyst, platinum-group metals.

Inspired by the abundant element Ni (90 ppm) in nature and detailed theoretical analyses, various research groups have used Ni-based materials to catalyze hydrogen production processes. Nevertheless, Ni-Based catalysts are always faced the problems of low yield, synthetic difficulties, and especially the unsatisfactory catalytic properties. Thus, the development of new catalytic material that can be used efficiently to produce hydrogen under low cost is highly necessary.

In the present study we report a simple solvothermal method to prepare Ni/Co nanocomposite that can be used subsequently as an excellent catalyst for the production of hydrogen in different medium.The work presents a new strategy for designing advanced non-noble metal catalysts by coupling multifunctional nanostructures together and can be extended for developing new composite catalysts in the future. The developed nanoparticles showed an excellent properties for the production of hydrogen combined with small cathodic potential of 0.03 V and a small Tafel slope of about 40 mV per decade. The polarization curves recorded on the Ni/CO catalyst show on set potential at about-0.03 V, beyond which the cathodic currents rise rapidly when the potential turns more negative, exhibiting superior activity than Pt-free catalysts (Figure 1) This is the first study reporting high hydrogen production using Pt-free electro catalysts . The obtained yield may be attributed to the compact configuration of the Ni/CO.

Figure 1: Polarization curves for the hydrogen production on Ni/CO NPs

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO. 031

Use of algae for removing heavy metal ions from Qatari industrial wastewater

Sajeda Alsaydeh, Fares Almomani, Rahul Bhosale, Majeda Khraisheh,

Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar

Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract The contaminations of heavy metals from industrial wastewater into natural water resources affect life significantly. Heavy metal ions can accumulate in the environment and into the food chain. Therefore, an efficient process capable on removing heavy metal from wastewater is essential and very important. Old treatment technologies used for heavy metal removal have several disadvantages such as high cost, high chemical requirement and the production of large volumes of residual sludge. Bio-sorption processes are new alternatives that can be used effectively for heavy metal removal. Biological processes including algae as sorbent was proposed as an alternative for heavy metals removal from industrial wastewater due to its low cost, low sludge production, high efficiency, and it considered environmental friendly In the present study batch bio-sorption of Nickel, Copper, and Aluminum ions from Qatari industrial wastewater using Spirulina green blue green algae (cyanobacteria) was studied. The effect of initial metal ion concentrations, bio-sorbent dosage, temperature and pH on heavy metal removals efficiencies were reported. Moreover, the efficiency of heavy metal removal from synthesis wastewater compared to real industrial wastewater were investigated. Both live and dead algae were used in the study the performance of each were reported and compared.Figure 1 shows that algae can remove heavy metal ions from wastewater under all the studied concentration. The efficiency of heavy metal removal by bio-sorption increasing by increasing the heavy metal ion concentration in the wastewater suggesting high capacity for metals uptake. It was also observed that the number of binding sites available on microalgae for complexation of ions are extremely high suggesting high electrostatic interactions between the biomass and ions. For the studied heavy metals, the optimum biomass dosage and pH ranged from 0.5 to 1.2 g/L and 5-6.8, respectively. The maximum metal uptake by blue green algae was 19.82 mg/g of Aluminum, 3.24 mg/g of Nickel, and 13.08 mg/g of Copper. Results suggest that bio-sorption can be successfully employed as heavy metal removal technology.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Figure 1: Heavy metal uptake by microalgae under different initial concentration

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO. 032

Improving production of bio-methane from plant waste through anaerobic co-digestion

Fares Almomani 

Department of Mechanical and industrial engineering, Qatar University, P O Box - 2713, Doha, Qatar

Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract A huge amount of agricultural waste including, animal dung and crop residues is being produced in in Jordan every year. The accumulation of this waste set up a serious environmental problem that required fast and practical solution. Agricultural biomass has a potential of producing bio-fuel as a renewable energy source. With this respect, the present study evaluates the potential of using mixed subtract of plant waste (PW) and animal dung (AnD) for improving the production of biogas through anaerobic co- digestion. The experiments were conducted in AD at 37 °C for 30 days. Co-digestion process comprises of two stages, including optimization of the PW and AnD ratio and the most suitable operational conditions to maximize bio-methane production. Cumulative bio-methane production and the process kinetics were tested in the two digestion stages using the modified Gompertz and the Cone models. Results showed that maximum methane production of 241.2 NmL/gVS can be achieved at PW to AND ratio of 60:40. It was also observed that adjusting the solution pH by adding alkaline dosage of 0.8 g of NaHCO3/gVS improved the bio-methane production to 247.6 NmL/gVS. Anaerobic digestion process was successfully fitted to Gompertz model (R2> 0.98) with maximum specific methane production of 239 NmL/gVS and delay time np more than 0.33 days. The observed results show that banana plant waste is an effective agricultural biomass waste for production of bio-methane.

KEYWORDS: Plant waste, Anaerobic Co-digestion, Methane potential, Biomass,

*Corresponding author: Fares Almomani, Professor of Chemical Engineering College of Engineering, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar. Tel: +974 4403 4140 Fax: +974 4403 4131. E-mail: [email protected]

118

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO. 033

Sustainable and eco-friendly algae-based produced water treatment

Fares Almomani

Department of Mechanical and industrial engineering, Qatar University, P O Box - 2713, Doha, Qatar

Abstract Produced water (PW) is the largest waste stream generated in oil and gas industries, it contains a mixture of different organic and inorganic components. Qatar is considered one of the top ten oil and gas production countries, so a massive amount of produced water (PW) is expected. Discharging produced water without proper treatment will pollute surface and underground water and soil. One of the identified priority challenges for Qatar vision 2030 is the water security. The present work develop, for the first time, a sustainable and eco-friendly integrated algae-based treatment system. That algae system utilizes produced water, natural solar light, and CO2 in an engineered or closed system (photo-bioreactor), to produced treated water with a quality suitable for reuse in different applications such as cooling system (Figure 1). On other hand, the produced algae biomass can be used as a source of animal feed, bio-fertilizer, and alternative feedstock for biofuel. The work was carried out at pilot scale under natural conditions of temperature and solar irradiation.

Figure 1: Proposed integrated system

The results identified the types and concentrations of the potentially toxic compounds and micro and macro nutrients present in the produced water for proper algae growth. Key parameters of light, CO2 loading, and temperature for the selected microalgae species to establish optimal growth conditions were optimized. Chemical composition of the produced algal biomass were tested and the potential for value- added product development or as a source of animal feed, bio-fertilizer and alternative feedstock for biofuel was evaluated. Results showed that native algae species Mychonastes, Chlorella, Chlorophyta, Desmodesmus, and Scenedesmus can be used successfully for the treatment of PW, organic matter and nutrients removals in the range 88-93% and 80-89% were achieved. Pre-treatment process for the removal of suspended solids and oil content was essential to produce treated water that can be used as in cooling application. Algal feedstock showed high oil content and a potential as a sustainable and eco-friendly fuel source

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO. 034

Extraction of phenolic compounds from wastewater using ionic liquids and deep eutectic compounds.

Fares Almomani, Majeda Khraisheh

Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P.O box 2713, Doha, Qatar

Abstract Phenolic compounds are associated with harmful effects on humans and the environment. Such compounds are typically recovered from wastewaters using alkaline extraction followed by acidification. Alternative greener methods employ ionic liquids and deep eutectic compounds. In this study, the separation of phenolic compounds including 2-4-dichlorophenols, 3,5-dichlorophenol, and chlorophenols was conducted using imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic compounds (DEC). The impact of solution pH on the distribution ratios of the aqueous phase was studied. It was found the pH is a key parameter with the phenols extracted into the ILs when pH is around or <7. The selective hydrophobic interactions between the ILs and the phenols were considered and compared with those with DEC. Other experimental parameters tested included extraction time, aqueous phase- extractant volume ration, the structure of the phenolic compounds.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO. 035

Environmentally friendly biodegradable membranes for heavy metal recovery using direct contact membrane distillation

Majeda Khraisheh, Fares Almomani

Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P.O box 2713, Doha, Qatar

Abstract: Direct contact membrane distillation (MD) has gained considerable attention given its lower energy requirements, ease of use and high salute rejection rates. Variety of traditional membranes are used such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene difluride (PVDF). Such membranes are not biodegradable and may cause some environmental issues towards the end of the membrane life cycle. In this study, we compare the performance of commercially available PVDF and PTEE with electrospun styrene-butadiene styrene (SBS) for the treatment of industrial wastewater containing heavy metals using direct contact membrane distillation experimental set us. The performance of the membranes was studied with respect to their characteristics, mechanical strength, wettability, heavy metal rejection rates and water flux. The membrane distillation process with the SBS membrane achieved a higher heavy metal removal than that with the PTFE as a results of high surface hydrophobicity and roughness. The MD process showed a low effect of the temperature polarisation on the effect mass transfer coefficient (Km) with the SBS membrane compared to that with the PTFE membrane. SBS showed larger pore sizes and fiber diameters with comparable porosity compared to PTFE membrane. The thickness of the SBS was two folds higher than PTFE which was resulted in a lower water flux than PTFE membrane. However, the SBS membrane resulted in high metal removal with a superior mechanical strength over the reference PTFE membrane. The SBS was characterized with high surface hydrophobicity that prevented liquid intrusion and improved improving heavy metal recovery. The SBS showed stabile water flux and excellent metal recovery >99.97% throughout a long term MD operation. No evidence of membrane fouling or scaling was observed at the end of the experiments.

Key words: Membrane distillation (MD), Membrane synthesis , Electrospinning, industrial wastewater

*Corresponding author: Majeda Khraisheh, Professor, College of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar. Tel: +974 4403 4140 Fax: +974 4403 4131. E-mail: [email protected]

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO. 036

Using isooctene as a novel gasoline additive in comparison with MTBE and TAME

Tamer. M.M. Abdellatief ac, M.A. Еrshov *b, V.M. Kapustin a

a Department of Oil Processing Technologies, Faculty of chemical and environmental engineering, Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas, Moscow, 119296, Russia b Department of motor and aviation gasoline and additives, «All-Russia Research Institute of Oil Refining» Joint Stock Company (VNII NP JSC), Moscow, 111116, Russia c Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, EL-Minia, 61519, Egypt

Corresponding Author: M.A. Еrshov, Department of motor and aviation gasoline and additives, «All-Russia Research Institute of Oil Refining» Joint Stock Company (VNII NP JSC), Moscow, 111116, Russia (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Currently, one of the most important problems in Russian refineries is a lack in production of high- octane gasoline that meet current and future environmental requirements. Standard practice for solving this problem involves oxygenates into gasoline, for example, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and tert- amyl metyl ether (TAME). Each of these substances has its advantages and disadvantages. Prospects for obtaining other high-octane components alternative to MTBE and TAME may have good prospects. One of these is dimerization of isobutylene to produce di-isobutylene and the product consists mainly of isooctene isomers, which can be carried out in installation similar to the production of MTBE. So, this study presents the results of studies of the physico-chemical and operational properties of isooctene sample as component of motor gasoline in comparison with MTBE and TAME. The results have been shown that the introduction of isooctene, which has a low volatility, leads to a decrease in RVP (Reid Vapor Pressure) of base gasoline at the level of TAME. Furthermore, the antiknock properties of isooctene in various gasoline bases are established. The low value of the induction period of isooctene is one of the limiting factors of its use as a component of automotive gasoline. To ensure the possibility of storage and use of isooctene in automotive gasolines, the possibility of increasing its induction period by introducing an antioxidant additive Agidol-1 according to Technical specifications (TU) 38.5901237- 90 (4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol) was also investigated. The values of the isooctene blend octane numbers calculated in the ranges 108-150 by the research methods and 92-136 by the motor methods are calculated according to the obtained results. Moreover, isooctene has high antiknock detonation efficiency at the MTBE level. Finally, the using of isooctene as gasoline additives provides a great potential benefit to the refinery in view of minimizing operating costs, product quality improvement, safe and healthy living environments.

Keywords: Isooctene; MTBE; TAME; Automotive gasoline

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO. 037

Life cycle assessment of pig farming systems using microalgae-based piggery wastewater treatment

Wei Wu*, Liang-Chiung Cheng

Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701 Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Wei Wu, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701 Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract The pig manure produced by intensive pig farming is known to have significant impacts on the environment. The nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in the manure contaminate the soil and bodies of water. However, these nutrients can also become a good source to cultivate microalgae. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the environmental impact of microalgae-based pig production system using high-rate algal pond (HRAP) through mass balances, energy balances and life cycle assessment. The system involved simultaneous treatment of piggery wastewater using microalgae, co-anaerobic digestion of pig manure and microalgal biomass, biogas cogeneration, and substitution of pig feed. The organic residues after the anaerobic digestion could be applied as fertilizers to farmland and replace mineral fertilizers. The environmental performances of four scenarios including (1) conventional application; (2) anaerobic digestion (AD) only; (3) AD and HRAP; and (4) co-AD and HRAP were compared. As shown in the results of the analysis, the pig feed production contributed to the most environmental impact in all scenarios. For the overall system, the ReCiPe midpoint indicators of proposed systems (scenario 3 and 4) decreased in most of the categories and ReCiPe endpoint indicators were also saved by 40%, and 29% respectively compared to scenario 1. Although scenario 2 generated the most net energy, the nutrient footprint revealed that proposed systems significantly improved the nutrient recovery. Additionally, the sensitivity analysis was implemented in three aspects: feedstuff, anaerobic digestion, and HRAP for proposed systems. The results indicated that the feed conversion rate was the main factor in improving environmental performance. In summary, combining microalgae-based wastewater treatment into pig farming system has advantages of net energy production, better nutrient recovery and better performance with respect to environmental impacts.

Keywords: high rate algae pond; microalgae; wastewater treatment; life cycle assessment

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO. 038

Multi-functional fuel additive as a combustion catalyst for diesel and biodiesel in CI engine characteristics

V.Karthickeyan a, K.Nanthagopal b*, B.Ashok b*, B.Saravanan c R. Vignesh b, Kedar Khanolkar b, Ninad Raje b, Arun Raj b

a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore- 641 008. India. b School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore-632 014, India c Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hyderabad, India

Corresponding Author: Dr.B.Ashok, School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore-632 014, India. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract The present research work focus on the impacts of a multifunctional fuel additive with diesel and Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel (CIB). The examinations were done by adding a multifunctional fuel additive named as Thermol D (Product Name) in varying minute concentrations of 0.5ml to 2ml. Thermol-D. The multifunctional catalyst which comprises the ingredients of surfactant, demulsifier, lubricity enhancer, dispersant, cetane improver, antioxidant and combustion catalyst. Engine testing was carried at different operating conditions to observe the performance, combustion and emission characteristics. Addition of Thermol-D in fuels (diesel and biodiesel) with increasing concentration causes increase in thermal efficiency with reduction in fuel consumption due to homolytic fission or clevaging caused by the additive. Increase in efficiency of 21 % and 43 % is exhibited for the addition of 2 ml of Thermol-D with diesel and biodiesel respectively. The potential increase of oxidation stability results in significant decrease of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions which because of detergent-dispersant content in Thermol-D. Moreover, maximum reduction of oxides of nitrogen emission is attained for addition of 2ml in the range of 20.5 % and 18% for diesel and biodiesel respectively. Antioxidants and cetane improvers present in Thermol-D are the major contributors for this decreasing trend.

Keywords: Biodiesel; Calophyllum Inophyllum; fuel additives; multi-functional catalyst; Thermol-D

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO. 039

Comprehensive study on engine characteristics of ceramic coated engine fuelled with curry leaf (Murraya koenigii) oil biodiesel

V.Karthickeyan a, B.Ashok b*, K.Nanthagopal b, A.Tamilvanan c

a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore- 641 008. India. b Department of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India. c Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Erode, Tamil Nadu 638060, India

Corresponding Author: Dr.B.Ashok, Department of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract The present work provided the inclusive examination of engine characteristics of single cylinder, four- stroke diesel engine fuelled with diesel and Curry leaf Oil Methyl Ester (COME). The physical and chemical properties of COME were determined based on ASTM biodiesel standards. Further, the chemical compositions and behaviour were explored by using FTIR and GC-MS analysis. Based on volumetric condition, four different fuel blends namely B25, B50, B75 and B100 were prepared. To make use of the extremely accessible energy in the fuel, Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) was attempted. Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) coating on combustion chamber components leads to declined heat loss from engine and accumulated heat was transformed into beneficial piston work. In the present experimentation, a single cylinder, four stroke, direct injection water cooled diesel engine with eddy current dynamometer was used. On comparing with diesel, a rise of 0.49 % of thermal efficiency with reduction of 0.015 kg/kWh of fuel consumption were witnessed with B25 blend in YSZ coated engine. Except NOx emission, other emissions like CO, HC and smoke were declined with B25 in thermally coated engine. In YSZ coated engine, high in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate and mean gas temperature were perceived with B25. This increasing trend of combustion characteristics were due to short ignition delay period, high in-cylinder temperature, improved turbulence and presence of oxygen in the fuel. On the whole, the practice of using B25 blend in YSZ coated engine was considered as the promising approach for attaining improved engine characteristics.

Graphical abstract:

Keywords: Curry leaf oil methyl ester, Ceramic coating, Performance, Combustion and Emission. 125

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO. 041

Experimental investigation of waste fish oil ethyl ester in di diesel engine with and without preheating to attain emission norms

V.Karthickeyan a, B.Ashok b*, K.Nanthagopal b,

a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore- 641 008. India. b Department of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India

Corresponding Author: Dr.B.Ashok, Department of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract The present work investigated the prospective of using fish waste as an alternative fuel, with emphasis on waste management. Fish processing wastes were rich in fat content and may be used for biodiesel production, though blending with diesel might be needed to attain the biodiesel specification standards. Waste fish by-products were converted into Fish Oil Ethyl Ester (FOEE) using transesterification process under controlled operating parameters. Followed by, the physical and chemical properties of FOEE and its blends were determined based on ASTM biodiesel standards and compared with diesel. Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed to identify the fatty acid composition of the prepared ethyl ester. Kirloskar TV1 model computerized direct injection compression ignition engine with eddy current dynamometer was used for experimentation with diesel as baseline fuel. To attain better engine characteristics, a fuel preheater was designed and fabricated to operate at three temperatures like 60, 70, and 80 °C. The available heat energy in the engine exhaust was trapped and used in fuel preheating setup by means of shell and tube heat exchanger. High preheating temperature (80 °C) showed trivial fuel consumption and improved thermal efficiency with FOEE blends. Lower engine emission characteristics like carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and smoke were observed with FOEE blends than diesel except oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emission. In the present work, the obtained engine emission results were compared with ISO 8178 D2 (Reciprocating IC engines- Test bed measurement) testing procedure. The emission characteristics (except NOx) obtained with conventional and preheating were affirmed to the emission bounds formulated by Central Pollution Control Board of India for genset.

Graphical abstract:

Keywords: Fish oil ethyl ester, Preheating, Diesel engine and Emission norms. 126

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO. 042

Comprehensive review on electronically controlled engine management system calibration and its strategies for diverse fuels

Ashwin Jacob a, B. Ashok a*

a School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India

Corresponding Author: B. Ashok, School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India E-mail address: [email protected] ; Tel: +919865467729; Fax: +914162243092

Abstract: It is a well-known fact that a significant percentage of the greenhouse gases produced are given out by automobile engines from the transportation sector. Stringent emission norms are being established by the government to address this issue. Automotive industries are tackling these norms by implementing electronically controlled actuators which are efficient in eliminating mechanical errors. Electronic fuel injectors (EFI) and its control injection strategies play a distinctive role in emission control. An engine management system (EMS) regulates the operation of the EFI with the help of sensor data. Noteworthy benefits of EFI systems include greatly improved cold and hot starting performance and significant decrease in fuel consumption due to superior atomization during injection. The EMS facilitates the ability of the injection system to calculate the optimum air/fuel mixture based on the observed injection strategies with respect to the engine operation. In order to achieve designated levels of emission, calibration of the EMS for certain responsible parameters like injection pressure, injection timing, injection quantity, and injection duration for split or multi injection separately for pilot, main and post injections; ignition timing and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) are calibrated too. Calibration of an EMS is the process of developing an ultimate engine operation map which is arrived at by doing extensive tests on a test rig, chassis dynamometer and end-of-line (EOL) tests where these parameters are advanced or retarded at various speeds or loads by recreating real-time road conditions, which is unique for different fuels. Calibration is strictly fuel specific as predestined logged-in fuel properties are completely responsible for the engine performance, combustion and emission characteristics. Different approaches like measurement, model (online/offline) based calibration and design of experiments are employed to calibrate an EMS.

Currently vehicle technology is evolved to a point where it is becoming autonomous, therefore fuel specific EMS calibration plays a vital role in achieving efficient vehicle characteristics. Since a lot of research have been carried out in this field it is quiet hard to maintain a record for this wealth of information. Therefore to bridge the issue this study was undertaken to provide the reader a retrospective view of all the research which have been done in the calibration of EMS using different tuning techniques operating on several fuels. The objective of this study it to provide an illustrative easy-to- understand compilation of fuel specific EMS calibration techniques, which covers the basics and technical aspects of the content in detail. In addition, this review will provide a validated opinion on the best tuning technique which can be flexible for multiple fuel types.

Keywords: EMS, diverse fuel, calibration, optimization; engine tuning 127

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphical Abstract:

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO. 043

An insight review on emission perceptive of biofuels powered homogeneous charge compression ignition engine

Pajarla Saiteja a, B. Ashok a*

a School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India

Author: Pajarla Saiteja, School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India. E-Mail address: [email protected] ; Tel: +918008022448/ +918680870842

Corresponding Author: B. Ashok, School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India, E-mail address: [email protected] ; Tel: +919865467729; Fax: +914162243092

Abstract: Over the last two decades energy demand reaches higher altitudes which leads rapid depletion of conventional fossil fuels and destructive environmental effects laid path towards finding environmental friendly alternative fuels. In which biofuels grabbed the attention by their physicochemical properties and sustainable resources. Biofuels produce better performance characteristics under the compression ignition engines but unable to reach emission standards. And various techniques are used to attain lower emissions, which are In-cylinder emission control techniques and after treatment emission control techniques, in which after treatment technique contributes major part in the emission control. Emission standards are improving by day to day and it is challenging and difficult to meet future emission standards alone with after treatment technique and it is demanding to go along with in-cylinder techniques. Extensive research activities held up on In-cylinder emission control techniques and it deals with combustion modes of an engine, in which low temperature combustion (LTC), homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) and reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) modes are predominantly lower the emission. Comparatively HCCI mode of engines achieves lower nitrogen oxides and particulate matter emissions through its homogeneous A/F mixture preparation techniques and it attains by internal and external mixture preparation techniques. This paper reviews on emissions from biofuels powered homogeneous charge compression ignition engine with its charge attaining techniques and precisely explained about need of HCCI engine for biofuels, uncovered gaps and probable solutions of their significant challenges. Majority of the research and experimental works carried on HCCI engine with different fuels like fossil and biofuels, not much focused on emissions of biofuels powered HCCI engine with its charge attaining techniques. And finally here it provides expertise overview on HCCI engine techniques while adopting different biofuels and it is primarily helps to the scholars for their futuristic innovative research towards HCCI.

Keywords: Biofuels, HCCI, Emissions, HCCI Challenges.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Graphical Abstract:

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO. 044

Effect of ethanol and diethyl ether as an oxygenated additive on Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel in CI engine

A.Tamilvanan a, K.Balamurugan b, B.Ashok c*, P.Selvakumar a, S.Dhamodharan a, M.Bharathiraja d, V.Karthickeyan e, K.Nanthagopal c

a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Erode, Tamil Nadu 638060, India b Department of Mechanical Engineering, IRTT, Erode, Tamil Nadu 638316, India c School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India d Department of Mechanical Engineering, BIT, Sathyamangalam, Erode, Tamil Nadu 638401, India e Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore- 641 008. India.

Corresponding Author: B. Ashok, School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail address: [email protected] ; Tel: +919865467729; Fax: +914162243092

Abstract The present experimental investigation is conducted to study the performance, combustion and emissions characteristics of diesel engine using ethanol and diethyl ether as an additive to Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel blends. Experiments are carried on a water cooled single-cylinder constant speed Direct Injection (DI) diesel engine using seven fuel blends under same operating conditions. The fuels tested are indicated as 10BD (10% biodiesel and 90% diesel in vol.), 20BD, 10BDD (10% biodiesel 85% diesel and 5% diethyl ether in vol.), 20BDD, 10BDE (10% biodiesel, 85% diesel and 5% ethanol in vol.), 20BDE and diesel respectively. The results showed that the brake thermal efficiency is increased with an addition ethanol and DEE content in biodiesel blended fuels at overall operating conditions. This is due to the existence of higher oxygen content and volatile nature of the additives. The combustion characteristics like peak pressure and maximum heat release rate of BDD blended fuel are greater than other blends. This is mainly because of higher cetane number and high volatile nature of DEE which resulted in higher NOX emissions. But reduction in NOX emission is observed for BDE blends compared to all other blends. This is due to lower cetane number and higher latent heat of vaporization of ethanol which resulted in lower cylinder pressure and causes the more unburned HC and CO emissions at lower load. The HC emissions are higher for both BDD and BDE blends compared to corresponding biodiesel blends at all loads. Energy and exergy study is carried out to analyse the effect of using ethanol and DEE additive with biodiesel blends. The exergy efficiencies of BDD blended fuels rises considerably compared to other blends at all load conditions. This is due to the enhanced combustion characteristics of DEE which resulted in higher exergy efficiency compared to all other blends. Finally, ethanol and DEE is found to be suitable oxygenated additive for biodiesel blends in a diesel engine without any modifications.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphical abstract:

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO. 045

Porous Ca-doped BiFeO3 composites as an efficient bifunctional photocatalysts for water splitting and heavy metal pollutant removal

Pandiyarajan Anand, Dhayanantha Prabu Jaihindh, Yen-Pei Fu *

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Yen-Pei Fu, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Water splitting and wastewater treatment are driven by a sustainable solar energy source have been recognized as a promising route to produce clean energy and pollutant removal. However, in practical application is restricted by high cost, less abundant and poor stability of photocatalyst. Herein We report significant photoelectrochemical activity and heavy metal pollutant removal of Ca-doped BiFeO3 composites prepared by simple combustion and solvothermal method. The synthesized perovskite composite was characterized using various techniques. Surface morphology was analyzed using SEM and TEM, which shows a porous shaped uneven microstructure. The structural, optical properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis spectrophotometer, and Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy measurements. The Ca-BiFeO3@ g-C3N4 composites show a better degradation of chromium (VI) and cadmium heavy metal pollutant removal than pure BiFeO3 illuminated under a Xe arc lamp with 35 W and color temperature of 6000 K. Also, the significant enhancement of visible-light- driven photoelectrochemical water splitting. It was verified by electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). Keywords: Ca-doped BiFeO3; Heavy metal pollutant removal; Porous perovskite; Water splitting; Bifunctional photocatalysts.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO. 046

Pretreatment on BioH2/CH4 production in a continuous two-stage co-digestion process from mixed of swine manure and pineapple waste

Tan-Trung Nguyen a, Chen-Yeon Chua,b*

a Master’s Program of Green Energy Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, 40724, Taiwan b Institute of Green Products, Feng Chia University, 40724, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Chen-Yeon Chu, Master’s Program of Green Energy Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, 40724, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract This study attempted to directly two-stage continuous process consists of two continuously stirred anaerobic bioreactors reactor, first stage is the hydrogen production fermenter (HPF) and second stage is the methane production fermenter (MPF) at mesophilic condition. HPF was used to produce hydrogen from a 105 gCOD/L, pineapple waste water mixed with swine manure. The hydrogenogenic effluent from HPF was directly fed to MPF for methane production. The working volumes of HPF and MPF were 0.2 and 10 L, respectively. Optimization of hydraulic retention times (HRT) and heat pretreatment for two-stage hydrogen and methane production after an integration were examined. A maximum hydrogen production rate of 1488.62 mL/L/d and methane production rate of 991.57 mL/L/d were achieved at optimal HRTs of 4.5 h in the HPF and 9 d in the MPR with heat pretreatment on both swine manure and pineapple waste. The two-stage reactors performed well in producing hydrogen and methane over 110 d, high positive energy gained was converted from high COD influent, with low HRT 4 h can obtain the total energy of 196.47 kJ/L/d and 90% COD removal efficiency in the complete anaerobic digestion system.

Keywords: Two-stage continuous process; Hydrogen; Methane; Pretreatment.

Acknowledgement: The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the financial support by Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (grant numbers: MOST 106-2221-E-035 -086 -MY2).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO. 047

Returned sludge loaded by electromagnetic wave in anaerobic-anoxic-oxic reactor: in- suit sludge reduction, pollutants removal and microbial community

Wen-Jiao Sang *, Dong Li, Yi-Jie Feng

School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China

Corresponding Author: Wen-Jiao Sang, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A/A/O) process for removing carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus simultaneously in wastewater, is widely applied in wastewater treatment plants. To meet stricter regulations, some technologies were brought in the A/A/O process. The electromagnetic wave (EW) technology was widely used in sludge dewatering. EW and its hybrid treatment processes could bring about the solubilization of sludge and release of soluble organics. In essence, biological treatment technology of activated sludge is the growth and metabolism process of various microorganisms. Efficiency and stable operation of the process are determined by the microbial community composition of the activated sludge. Also, EW loading on sludge can change the microbial community in returned sludge with effect on species and quantity, activity because of its biological effect (Li et al., 2018; Sang et al., 2018; Sang et al., 2019). Hence, it is expected to achieve sludge reduction enhance the biological pollutants removal effect via loading on the returned sludge in A/A/O system by 2450 MHz electromagnetic wave, which may also have a profound impact on the microbial community structure. In our work, the returned sludge was loaded by electromagnetic wave to reduce excess sludge production in laboratory-scale A/A/O system. At the same time, pollutants removal performance and microbial community structure were also studied in the coupled system (EW-A/A/O). For the interaction of dissolution effect and biological effect of EW on returned sludge, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus were released, and relative abundance of slow-growing bacteria (Dechloromonas, Thauera, et al.), hydrolytic bacteria (Azospira, Arcobacter, et al.) and fermenting bacteria (Clostridium sensu stricto, Tolumonas, Terrimonas, Flavobacterium, et al.) increased by 2.75%, 1.87% and 8.17%, respectively. As a result, 27.0% sludge reduction was got with the sludge growth rate (Ysgr) of 9.56 g SS/day, and the effluent met the Grade 1A permissible discharge standard of Chinese wastewater treatment plants. By contrast, A/A/O and EW-A/A/O had equally removal effective of COD, with COD removal rates of 85.4% and 84.2%, respectively. The decrease in the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrosomonas and + Prosthecobacter) resulted in lower NH4 -N removal capacity in the EW-A/A/O system, showing 92.3% removal in EW-A/A/O, while 98.6% in A/A/O. The enrichment of denitrifying bacteria genera (Dechloromonas, Zoogloea, Azospira, et al.) allowed the EW-A/A/O system to achieve higher nitrogen removal efficiency, which increased from 63.4% to 68.5%. And the contradiction between the reduction of excess sludge and biological phosphorus removal was alleviated with the increase in the relative abundance of polyphosphate accumulating organisms (Arcobacter, Enterococcus, et al.), resulting in a phosphorus removal rate of 87.8%. These results suggested that EW-A/A/O achieved effective sludge reduction effect, and loading of EW on returned sludge had a positive impact on the pollutants removal effect of EW-A/A/O system. 135

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Graphical abstract:

Keywords: Sludge reduction; Anaerobic-anoxic-oxic; Electromagnetic wave; Returned sludge; Microbial community structure

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (51108360, 51208397); Science and Technology Infrastructure Program in Hubei (2015BCA304); and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (185206009, 195206006).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO. 048

Biogas production from beverage factory wastewater in a mobile bioenergy station

Chiu-Yue Lin a,b,c, Chyi-How Laya,b,d*, Chin-Chao Chene, Tan-Phat Vob, Rui-Lin Gub, Shen-Ho Changf

b Green Energy and Biotechnology Industry Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taiwan b Master's Program of Green Energy Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, Taiwan c Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taiwan d Professional Master’s Program for Intelligent Manufacturing and Engineering Management, Feng Chia 1. Department of Landscape Architecture, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Taiwan f Department of Accounting, Feng Chia University, Taiwan

Corresponding Author:

Chyi-How Lay, Green Energy and Biotechnology Industry Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Using anaerobic fermentation to treat organic wastewaters and simultaneously produce renewable biogases of hydrogen and methane is getting attraction. A mobile bioenergy generation station has been constructed based on a high-efficiency hydrogenesis & methanogensis technology (HyMeTek) that developed by Feng Chia University, Taiwan. In the present study, this mobile station was applied to treat two wastewaters from a beer factory and a beverage factory in Taiwan. This bioenergy station contained a feedstock tank (3.8 m3), a nutrient tank (0.8 m3), a hydrogen fermentation tank (2 m3), two methane fermentation tanks (4 m3 for each) and a generator.

In treating the beer factory wastewater, the feedstock concentration of 1,200 mg COD/L was introduced to the hydrogen fermentor which having a starting-up hydraulic retention time of 12 h. The operation results indicate that the methane concentration was 76% at the first day and the methane production rate was 0.14±0.03 L/L-d on the 7th day. This energy production rate was low due to the low wastewater concentration; the COD removal efficiency was 60%.

In treating the beverage factory, the COD concentration of the wastewater was about 20.7 g COD/L. But the beverage wastewater was storage in an equalization tank was biochemically changed to result in an ethanol concentration of 5628 mg COD/L in the wastewater stream. The operation results indicate that the energy production rate was low with a COD removal rate of only 40%, which might result from an ethanol inhibition. The energy balance analysis and cost-benefit analysis results show that the cost of the mobile anaerobic fermentation module was higher than the benefits. These experiences were used to evaluate the increase of biogas production to get the profits.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Keywords: biohydrogen, biomethane, HyMeTek, food industrial wastewater, cost analysis

NO.049

Electricity generation in microbial fuel cell using anodic sulfate-reducing bacteira and cathodic microalgae: pH and temperature effects

Jane-Yii Wua, Po-Chun Chengb, Chyi-How Layb,c,d*, Chiu-Yue Linb,c, Chin-Chao Chene

c Department of BioIndustry Technology, Da-Yeh University, Taiwan d Master's Program of Green Energy Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, Taiwan c Green Energy and Biotechnology Industry Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taiwan e Professional Master’s Program for Intelligent Manufacturing and Engineering Management, Feng Chia 2. Department of Landscape Architecture, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Taiwan

Corresponding Author:

Chyi-How Lay, Green Energy and Biotechnology Industry Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Anaerobic microorganisms could convert organic compounds to produce electrons during metabolisms. Microalgae could utilize wastewater organic carbons and biogas carbon dioxide to grow. It is interesting to apply these two microorganisms in a microbial fuel cell (MFC) for organic removal and bioenergy generation. In the present work, anaerobic fermentation and microalgae cultivation were integrated to develop anodic sulfate-reducing bacteria and catholic microalgae MFC technology to treat a wastewater (Hsieh et al., 2018). Moreover, a microbial immobilization technology was used to confine microorganisms into a fixed space to enhance the bioactivity of the MFC. Key environmental parameters of pH (6.5-8.5), temperature (25-45oC), and substrate concentration (pig manure) were tested to investigate the optimal operation conditions for obtaining high electricity generation and pollutant removal efficiency of the MFC. The results show that the peak bioelectricity generation efficiency of power density 105 mW/m2 and current density 1666 mA/m2 with the chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency 54.7% and columbic efficiency 32.8% were obtained at 35℃, pH 7.5 and exterior resistance100Ω.

Keywords: MFC, sulfate reducing bacteria, microalgae, temperature, pH

Acknowledgement: The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial supports from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 104-2221-E-035-007; MOST 105-2221-E-035-077-MY3).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO. 50

Optimization of hydrolysis and acidogenesis stage of pig manure in a two-phase anaerobic digestion

Chiu-Yue Lin a,b,c, Chyi-How Laya,b,d*, Chin-Chao Chene, Tan-Phat Vob, Chun-Yi Leeb

d Green Energy and Biotechonology Industry Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan b Master's Program of Green Energy Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, Taiwan e Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taiwan f Professional Master’s Program for Intelligent Manufacturing and Engineering Management, Feng Chia 3. Department of Landscape Architecture, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Changhwa, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Chyi-How Lay, Green Energy and Biotechonology Industry Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taichung (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract The traditional pig manure wastewater treatment in Taiwan has low in the efficiency of methane production due to unstable influent concentration, unstable wastewater volume or seasonal changes of wastewater quality. Two-phase systems, in contrast, have the advantage of buffering the organic loading rate (OLR) in the first hydrolysis and acidogenesis stage, allowing a more constant feeding rate to the methanogenic second stage. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) experimental design method was applied to optimize the cultivation period (0.5-2.0 d) and initial pH (4-10) for hydrolysis and acidogenesis the pig manure (total solid 4.5%) at 35oC in batch model cultivation. After the first stage, the treated manure was transferred into another fermentor for methanogenesis. The results indicate that peak methane production rate 0.3 L-CH4/L-d and methane production yield 103.0 mL-CH4/g-VSadd were obtained at the optimal hydrolysis and acidogenesis condition of pH 6.5 and 1.5 days in the first stage. The acidogenesis efficiency 23% with the total fatty acid 7 g COD/L including acetate 3.0 g COD/L, propionate 3.0 g COD/L, butyrate 0.7 g COD/L and valerate 0.3 g COD/L after the hydrolysis and optimal acidogenesis condition.

Keywords: two-phase anaerobic digestion, biomethane, pH, cultivation time, RSM

Acknowledgement: The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Taiwan’s Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 104-2221-E-035-007; MOST 105-2221-E-035-077-MY3; MOST 108-2221-E-035-056).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 051

Potential of human urine as a solvent for biogas upgrading

Hanwoong Kim a, Hyungmin Choi a, Changsoo Lee a* a School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Changsoo Lee, School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Biogas produced from anaerobic digestion (AD) contains approximately 60% (v/v) CH4 and 40% (v/v) CO2, with trace amounts of other gases including H2S (<1%, v/v). The relatively low CH4 content (i.e., low calorific value) limits the direct use of biogas as a transportation fuel or a natural gas replacement. It is necessary to remove CO2 and other impurities to improve the quality of biogas, and in the context of energy content, the heart of biogas upgrading is the removal of CO2. Aqueous ammonia is one of most commonly used solvents for biogas upgrading; however, it has a critical drawback in that the loss of solvent is inevitable due to its high saturated vapor pressure. This problem can be circumvented by using an inexpensive and sustainable source of ammonia such as human urine. Human urine contains approximately 2% (w/w) urea which, if fully hydrolyzed, can be converted to 4 g/L of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN). This study examined the potential of using human urine as a solvent for CO2 removal from biogas. Urine hydrolysis was first investigated with different urease doses (0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 mg/L) at 25℃. The pH of urine increased from 6.7 (in fresh urine) to above 9.0 within 20 h in all tests added with urease, whereas the urease-free test showed no pH increase during an experimental period of 68.5 h. However, the conductivity and TAN concentration indicated that complete ureolysis was not achieved at 5 mg/L urease, which means that pH is not a reliable indicator of ureolysis. Subsequently, urine hydrolysis tests were conducted with a 10 mg/L urease dose at different temperatures (4, 25, and 35℃). The hydrolysis rate was faster at higher temperatures, and daily monitoring of conductivity and pH confirmed that conductivity reflects the degree of ureolysis better than pH, with a linear correlation between conductivity and TAN (R2 = 0.99). Biogas upgrading tests were performed in batch mode using a synthetic gas mixture (60% CH4 and 40% CO2, v/v) and actual biogas (62% CH4, 38% CO2, and other impurities, v/v) produced from a lab-scale digester. Hydrolyzed urine (10 mg/L urease at o 25 C for 5 d) was effective in removing CO2 from biogas, and gas circulation rate (20, 50, and 80 mL/min) had no significant effect on the final CH4 content. The pH of hydrolyzed urine decreased to near neutral levels with the removal of CO2, and a significant linear relationship was identified between the pH and CO2 content. This means that the pH of urine can be used as a convenient indicator of the biogas upgrading process. In the experiment with 400 mL of hydrolyzed urine, the CH4 content of actual biogas (5 L) reached saturation at 80% in 4 h. In addition, 2700 ppmv of H2S present in the biogas was completely removed (<1 ppmv). The overall results suggest that hydrolyzed urine can be an effective alternative solvent for biogas upgrading and offer a new potential to valorize human urine. Ammonia in hydrolyzed urine can react with CO2 and form NH4HCO3, a fertilizer material. Optimizing the production and recovery of NH4HCO3 can help to further improve the economy of the urine-based biogas upgrading process.

Keywords: Ammonia; Biogas upgrading; Carbon dioxide; Urease; Urine hydrolysis 140

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 052

Up-grading biohydrogen and biomethane via microbubble method

a a,b c Yin-Huan Hsu , Chiu-Yue Lin *, Feng-Yuan Chang

a Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, Taiwan b Green Energy and Biotechnology Industry Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taiwan c Ningsing Technology Co., Ltd, Taiwan

Corresponding Author:

Chiu-Yue Lin, Green Energy and Biotechnology Industry Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Introduction Purification of biogas is important in gas utilization and there are many methods such as microbubble are used to reach this purpose. Microbubble method has been used to treat wastewater for separating solid from liquid (Rubio et al., 2002). This method is also used to solve some gases such as CO2 into liquid to increase liquid’s gas concentrations or to remove some gases from the influent gas flow. The present work is aimed to up-grade the concentrations of biohydrogen and biomethane gases produced from a real plant of two-stage dark fermentation.

Materials and Methods

The microbubble reactor was made of acrylic having a diameter of 35 cm and a height of 50 cm. The size and up-flow velocity of the microbubble were 50 µm and 0.05-0.1 m/s, respectively. NaOH was used as the absorbent. Various liquid heights (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m) and absorbent temperatures (15, 20 and 25oC) were tested to determine their effects on gas purification efficiency.

Results

The concentrations of the produced biogas from the individual hydrogen and methane reactors were hydrogen 35-40% and methane 65-70% with the rest compositions being CO2. The purification efficiencies for hydrogen and methane produced from these two reactors were obtained. The purification efficiencies were dependent on liquid temperature and height with increased values having high efficiencies. An observation on these efficiency values indicates that liquid height had more effectiveness in promoting purification efficiency because the microbubbles had longer retention time at 1.5 m. Moreover, at summer time having high liquid temperature, the purification efficiency would increase and is beneficial for result in higher concentrations of hydrogen and methane.

Keywords: Anaerobic digestion; Biogas, Hydrogen; Methane; Microbubble purification

Acknowledgement: The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial supports from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 104-2221-E-035-006-MY3; MOST 106-2221-E-035-007).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 053

Analysis of the two-step ethanol steam reforming for carbon-free hydrogen production

Karittha Im-orba, Phanicha Tippawanb, Amornchai Arpornwichanopb*

a Department of Food Process Engineering, Faculty of Agro-Industry, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand b Computational Process Engineering Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

Corresponding Author: Amornchai Arpornwichanop, Computational Process Engineering Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Clean hydrogen production processes with high H2 yield and limiting carbon formation has been being developed. In this study, the two-step ethanol reforming process in which acetaldehyde is a considered intermediate is analyzed for the production of carbon free-hydrogen. The parametric analysis based on the reformer model developed in Aspen Plus is performed to investigate the effect of dehydrogenation temperature, reforming temperature, and steam to ethanol ratio, on the product yield, the ethanol conversion, and the carbon formation. Ethanol can be completely consumed when the dehydrogenation temperature is in a range of 400-1200 K. The concentrations of hydrogen and carbon monoxide significantly increase when the dehydrogenation temperature increases whereas that of methane decreases. The overall energy consumption of the two-step reforming process is found to increase as the dehydrogenation temperature increases. Under the thermal self-sufficient operation, the product gas with the highest H2 yield of 0.054 and the lowest amount of generated carbon of 0.057 is achieved at the dehydrogenation temperature of 572 K. Comparing with the conventional reforming process, the production of carbon free-hydrogen can be achieved in two-step reforming process via acetaldehyde intermediate for all the steam to ethanol ratios and reforming temperatures; however, the carbon free region can also be achieved in the conventional reforming process by adjusting the reforming temperature and the steam to ethanol ratio.

Keywords: Two-step reforming; Hydrogen production; Ethanol; Carbon formation

Acknowledgement: Support from the Chulalongkorn Academic Advancement into Its 2nd Century Project is gratefully acknowledged.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 054

Mg/Al co-impregnated biochar for the adsorption and desorption of phosphates and nitrate

Dong-Jin KIM*, Moh Moh Thant Zin, Hyuna SHIN

Dept. of Environmental Science and Biotechnology & Institute of Energy and Environment, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Dong-Jin KIM, Department of Environmental Science and Biotechnology & Institute of Energy and Environment, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Phosphorus (P) is strictly controlled in many wastewater treatment plants because it causes eutrophication in water bodies. P is removed by biological and chemical methods in wastewater treatment plants and disposed. On the other hand, P is an irreplaceable essential element for all living organisms and its resource (phosphate rock) is estimated about 100 years of economical mining. Therefore, P recovery from waste and wastewater is a critical issue for sustainable human society. In addition, utilization of organic waste as a renewable energy source is also promising for sustainability and mitigation of climate change. Pyrolysis converts organic waste to gas, oil, and biochar by incomplete biomass combustion. Biochar is widely used as a soil conditioner (amelioration) and adsorbant. Biochar adsorbs/desorbs metals and ions depending on the soil environment and condition to act as a nutrient buffer in soils. Biochar is also regarded as a carbon storage by fixation of organic carbon. In this study, coffee waste is thermally treated to produce biochar and it was impregnated with Mg/Al to enhance phosphates adsorption/desorption and P bioavailability to increase its value as a fertilizer. Kinetics of phosphates adsorption/desorption and bioavailability analysis were carried out to estimate its potential as a P removal adsorbent in wasewater and a fertilizer in soil (Fig. 1). It showed promising adsorption and desorption characteristics and more detailed results will be discussed later.

Keywords: biochar, Mg/Al impregnation, phosphates, nitrates, adsorption, desorption Fig. 1. P adsorption kinetics of Mg-Al impregnated coffee waste biochar with 1 mM phosphate solution at and pH 7.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 055

Economical struvite production pathway by optimal nutrient recovery from food wastewater and sewage sludge ash with rational Mg dose

Moh Moh Thant Zin a, Dong-Jin KIM *

a Department of Environmental Science and Biotechnology & Institute of Energy and Environment, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Dong-Jin KIM, Department of Environmental Science and Biotechnology & Institute of Energy and Environment, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) are strictly control in wastewater treatment plant to prevent water body from eutrophication. However, P is also an essential element for all living organisms and its resource (phosphate rock) is estimated to be depleted within 100 years. Therefore, P and N recovery as struvite crystallization has been extensively studied from different waste resources, however, its economical production was not still feasible. Therefore, integrated approach of using two different nutrient rich sources with food wastewater (FW) and incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) as N and P source respectively, and addition of rational dosage of external Mg reagent were applied in this study to avoid usage of external P and N reagent and to avoid overuse of Mg reagent. Response surface methodology (RSM) modelling was successfully applied to search the optimal N, P and Mg recovery 2+ 3- + condition, and 98.7% Mg , 98.0% PO4 -P and 76.7% NH4 -N were recovered as struvite from mixed reaction solution at pH 9.63 with molar ratio of Mg:P 1.59:1 and N:P 0.6:1. The high P-bioavailability (94%) with very low heavy metal content and high struvite content (73%) proved the obtained product could be used as fertilizer. Moreover, economic analysis proved that the struvite production pathway used in this study could achieve $181/ton of FW to move forwards for economical struvite production.

Keywords: Food wastewater; sewage sludge ash; nitrogen and phosphorus recovery; struvite

Fig. 1. Struvite precipitation from food wastewater and incinerated sewage sludge ash.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 056

Treatment of low-strength ammonia wastewater by single-stage partial nitritation and anammox using gel-immobilized biomass

Yeadam Jo a, Hyungmin Choi a, Changsoo Lee a* a School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Changsoo Lee, School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Autotrophic nitrogen removal by partial nitritation and anammox (PNA) has been attracting increasing attention as a cost-effective alternative to conventional nitrification-denitrification processes due to the low energy consumption for aeration and no need for external carbon source. However, there are some practical challenges in operating a PNA process, particularly in relation to maintaining a high biomass of slow-growing anammox bacteria and suppressing the activity of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOBs). Cell immobilization by gel entrapment is an effective method to capture and retain microorganisms in a bioreactor, which helps to enhance the process stability. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) cryogels were used for cell immobilization in this study due to the enhanced gas permeability and structural stability. Two upflow dual-bed moving-bed reactors with a working volume of 1.1 L were operated to treat synthetic low-strength ammonia wastewater (no other nitrogen source) through single-stage PNA (S-PNA). The upper and lower beds of a reactor were each filled with 150 mL of an equal volume mixture of the gel carriers (4-mm cube) containing enriched anammox biomass in lab-scale reactors and those containing nitrifying-denitrifying sludge from a sewage treatment plant. The anammox enrichment cultures with + – NH4 - and NO2 -containing wastewater (50 and 60 mg N/L, respectively) developed anammox activity after more than 100 d and achieved complete removal of nitrogen. The S-PNA reactors were operated in duplicate at 35oC and 18-h hydraulic retention time with intermittent aeration. The nitrogen loading + rate (NLR) was initially set to 0.10 g N/L·d (80 mg NH4 -N/L) with an aeration cycle of 30 min on/90 min off at 0.1 L air/min (i.e., 1.5 L air/h on average). The reactors developed PNA activity rapidly and + achieved 100% removal of NH4 -N within 10 d after start-up, and the total nitrogen removal efficiency was near the theoretical value of S-PNA (89%) in both reactors (88.8% on average). With an increase + in NLR to 0.17 g N/L·d (140 mg NH4 -N/L), the average aeration rate was adjusted to 3.6 L air/h (30 min on/45 min off at 0.3 L air/min) to meet the increased oxygen demand for partial nitritation while avoiding excessive nitritation and further oxidation of nitrite to nitrate. The reactors showed complete + removal of NH4 -N (>99%), with their average total nitrogen removal efficiency at steady state being 82.3%. The overall results suggest that the reactor configuration and start-up strategy employed in this study can be effectively applied in treating low-strength ammonia wastewater by S-PNA. For a deeper understanding of the underlying microbial community structures, the reactors were sampled at the end of the experiment for high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. The sequencing results clearly showed that the reactor microbial community structures changed significantly during the experiment.

Keywords: Anammox; Moving-bed reactor; Nitrogen removal; Partial nitritation; PVA cryogel

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 057

Effect of different pretreatment technologies and solid concentrations on biogas yield in anaerobic fermentation system of pig manure

Laurensia Irmayani, Wun-Jie Huang, Jia-Jun Tee, Shing-Der Chen*

Department of Water System Development, Division of Water Technology Research, ITRI, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Shing-Der Chen, Department of Water System Development, Division of Water Technology Research, ITRI, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract This study investigated the characteristics of the pig manure (PM) and roles of hydrolysis technologies for improving biogas production. Furthermore, this study focused on high solid concentration (5% total solid of pig manure). In order to understand the characteristics of pig manure, batch experiments were conducted to assess the potential biogas production of 5% total solid (TS) concentration of PM. The results showed that in 20 days of anaerobic fermentation batch test, the biogas production had reached 65% of total biogas production. Three hydrolysis technologies: alkali treatment (pH 9 and pH 11), acid treatment (pH 3 and pH 5) and ultrasonic treatment (30 sec, 60 sec, and 120 sec) were then carried out to improve the utilization rate and biogas production of PM in the anaerobic fermentation batch test. The results showed the increase of biogas production of PM after pretreated by alkali treatment, acid treatment, and ultrasonic treatment. After 20 days of anaerobic fermentation batch test, the highest biogas yield of pretreated PM reached 0.18, 0.30, 0.33 m3-biogas/kg-VS, respectively, while biogas yield of control group was only 0.15 m3-biogas/kg-VS. These showed that pretreatment by hydrolysis technologies (alkali, acid, and ultrasonic) can increase biogas production of PM by 0.17, 1.0, 1.15 times, respectively. This study also evaluated conditions suitable for stable operations of the mesophilic anaerobic fermentation system, the temperature was controlled at 35°C. The experiments were conducted in single-stage and two-stage of continuous anaerobic fermentation system. Single-stage anaerobic fermentation system was conducted in 12 L of fermentation tank and was fed with pig manure with flow rate of 0.6 L, the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the fermentation tank was 20 days, and the pH was controlled at range pH 6.5 to pH 7.5. On the other hand, two-stage anaerobic fermentation system was conducted using 12 L of acidification tank and 12 L of methane fermentation tank. The acidification tank was fed with pig manure with flow rate of 3 L (HRT = 4 days) and the effluent of the acidification tank was fed into the fermentation tank with flow rate of 0.6 L (HRT = 20 days). The pH of the acidification tank was controlled at range pH 4.5 to pH 5.5, while for methane fermentation tank, it was controlled at range of pH 6.5 to pH 7.5. The results showed that the biogas yield of 5% TS concentration of PM in single-stage system was 0.27 m3-biogas/kg-VS, whereas in two-stage system, the biogas yield reached 0.39 m3-biogas/kg-VS. The increase in total solid concentration of feed PM from 5% to 7% TS concentration was also evaluated both in single- and two-stage anaerobic fermentation systems. The results showed that in two-stage system, 7% TS concentration of PM can reach 0.50 m3-biogas/kg-VS of the biogas yield, whereas in single-stage system, its biogas yield can only reach 0.23 m3-biogas/kg-VS. Apart from laboratory scale experiments, this study will also conduct pilot scale experiments using 200 m3 anaerobic fermentation tank. The construction of pilot scale biogas field was just finished this year and can be found in Yunlin, the center region of Taiwan. In the next following months, this study will evaluate biogas production of pig manure in the pilot scale experiments. In the future, this pilot scale biogas field will be part of 146

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan model sites to demonstrate biogas production from small and medium-sized pig farms in Taiwan, and it will also be part of real cases to be promoted to biogas markets in Southeast Asia.

Keywords: Pig manure; Anaerobic fermentation; Acid hydrolysis; Alkali hydrolysis; Ultrasonic hydrolysis

Acknowledgement: This research was supported and funded by Industrial Development Bureau, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Taiwan.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 058

Development of Biofuel from Nigella Sativa Feedstock and its Suitability for CRDI Engine Application

K. Nanthagopal a , M.Senthil Kumar a, A.Ramesha, B.Ashok a*, V. Karthickeyan b, Naveen Murali Kumar a, Sanju John Joseph a

a School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India b Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore ,India * Email id: [email protected], Contact Number: +919865467729

Abstract: Nigella sativa (N. sativa) is a plant species indigenous to Middle-east, Eastern Europe and Asian Subcontinent. N. sativa (Black cumin seed) is one of the identified biomasses for sustainable use in an unmodified compression ignition engine. The current study aims to evaluate the credibility of using Nigella Sativa Methyl Ester (NSME) as suitable blend alongside diesel in Common Rail Diesel Injection (CRDI) engine. To achieve a favorable outcome, pilot injection durations (ID) were increased and decreased respectively by 5%. At 5% ID-Pilot, B20 showcased 2.15 % increment in efficiency compared to standard conditions. Additionally, BSFC for B20 blend at 5% ID-pilot also decreased significantly. Among the tested fuels, 5% Pilot Injection for B20 blend portrayed least hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions of 0.38 g/kWh and 6.48 g/kWh respectively. At 5% and 10% ID-Pilot, NOx emissions in comparison to diesel were noted to increase by 5.23 g/kWh and 4.44 g/kWh for B20 blend at 1.72 kW brake power, however, by retarding the pilot injection to 15%, the NOx emissions decreased by 3.11 g/kWh and 2.32 g/kWh respectively. Introduction of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) by 10% and 20% to B20 blend reduces the NOx emissions by 0.5 g/kWh and 4.7 g/kWh respectively.

Keywords: Nigella Sativa; CRDI engine; Injection strategy; pilot injection; main injection; EGR

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphical Abstract:

149

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 059

Investigation on the Effect of Injection Schedule and EGR in Hydrogen Energy Share Using Common Rail Direct Injection Dual Fuel Engine

S. Sathishkumar a, M. Mohamed Ibrahim a* a Automotive Research Center, School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India Corresponding Author: M. Mohamed Ibrahim, Automotive Research Center, School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract The present research work investigates the influence of injection strategies on combustion performance and emission characteristics of hydrogen diesel dual fuel operation in a modern automotive common rail compression ignition engine. In addition, effect of EGR on hydrogen diesel dual fuel (HDDF) mode was studied in detail. In this dual fuel mode, Hydrogen was introduced in the intake manifold of an engine whereas diesel was injected directly into the engine cylinder using a high pressure common rail injection system. Experiments were done to determine the maximum possibilities of hydrogen energy share (HES) at low and mid load operations. Here, misfire (or) knock zone was limits the range of operation in low and mid load condition. The three different strategies namely injection schedule A and B and exhaust gas recirculation were adopted to extend the range of hydrogen energy share. Eventually, it was noticed that changes in injection schedule improved the performance and emission characteristics of hydrogen diesel dual mode as compared with neat diesel CI mode and there was considerable reduction in NO and smoke levels at maximum range of hydrogen energy share and EGR ratio.

Graphical abstract:

Keywords: Hydrogen; injection schedule; dual fuel; exhaust gas recirculation; emissions;

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 060

Novel path of energy conversion for alfalfa: Biohydrogen production through photo-fermentation

Chaoyang Lu, Yanyan Jing, Quanguo Zhang*, Zhiping Zhang, Danping Jiang, Jianjun Hu，Peng Jin

Henan Agricultural University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of Agricultural Ministry, Zhengzhou 450002, China

Corresponding Author: Quanguo Zhang, Henan Agricultural University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of Agricultural Ministry, Zhengzhou 450002, China (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract: Alfalfa is an important energy grass, and has been widely used in animal husbandry and bio-ethanol production. Alfalfa does not require additional nitrogen fertilizers derived from fossil fuel, because of its ability of establishing symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing rhizobial strains, which abates the dependence on the non-renewable resources and reduces the emission of greenhouse gases. Alfalfa is the largest artificial planting herbage in China, which also has a very high planting area in the world. It is a promising way to efficiently utilize alfalfa through photo-fermentation hydrogen production. However, in the limited literature in recent years, alfalfa was used for methane production and ethanol production. In the present study, the high-efficiency photo-fermentative hydrogen production consortium HAU-M1 was selected for hydrogen production using alfalfa as a carbon source. The biohydrogen production performance through active and passive saccharification photo-fermentation was compared in this study. The growth kinetics of photosynthetic bacteria HAU-M1 was studied. The effects of initial pH, substrate concentration, and cellulase loading on biohydrogen production from alfalfa were studied. Afterward, response surface methodology was used to study the interaction between initial pH, substrate concentration, and cellulase loading, and find the optimal conditions for biohydrogen production. It proved a new technical approach and theoretical basis for the energy utilization of alfalfa and biohydrogen production. It was found that the maximum hydrogen yield of 55.81 mL/g was achieved at initial pH of 6.90, substrate concentration of 31.23 g/mL, and cellulase loading of 0.13 g/g. Hydrogen yield of active saccharification photo-fermentation was much higher than that of passive saccharification photo-fermentation. Initial pH value showed a significant influence on photosynthetic bacteria compared with cellulose in active saccharification photo-fermentation biohydrogen production. Many holes were found in alfalfa granules after hydrogen production, and the structure changed greatly. Photo-fermentation hydrogen production from alfalfa provides a novel path for efficient utilization.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphical abstract:

Keywords: Alfalfa; Active saccharification; Photo-fermentation; Hydrogen production; Response surface methodology; Energy conversion

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51676065, U1504509) and Young Teachers Training Program in Henan Higher Education Institutions (2017GGJS033).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 061

Thermal decomposition characteristics of Actinobacillus succinogenes for energy use

Bo-Jhih Lin a, Wei-Hsin Chen a, b, *, Yu-Ying Lin a, Jo-Shu Chang b, c, Abid Farooq a, Yashvir Singh a, Khanh-Quang Tran d

a Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan b Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan c Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan d Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Kolbjørn Hejes vei 1B, Trondheim, Norway

Corresponding Author: Wei-Hsin Chen, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected])

Abstract Actinobacillus succinogenes (AS) is the most promising natural producer to produce succinic acid (C4H6O4, SA), which is considered as one of the most valuable bio-based chemicals with several applications in different areas [1]. Different studies have conducted on the production of succinic acid by AS. However, the use of AS as feedstock for the production of biofuels has not been reported yet. Torrefaction, pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion have been regarded as the most important techniques to convert biomass into valuable biofuels and green materials with a high efficiency [2]. The aim of this study is to evaluate the characteristics of AS thermal decomposition for energy use. To reach the target, the pyrolysis, torrefaction, and combustion of AS were performed by a thermogravimetric analyzer (TG) coupling with a Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The degradation of AS during pyrolysis can be classified into four stages. (1) dehydration between 100 and 200 °C; (2) the thermal decomposition of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipid between 200 and 400 °C; (3) mainly lipid thermal degradation between 400 and 500 °C; and (4) continuous and slow weight loss of carbonaceous matters (500-800 °C) [3]. The solid yields of AS are 85, 70, 50 wt% at the torrefaction temperatures of 200 °C, 250 °C, and 300 °C, respectively. Meanwhile, the fuel properties, such as ignition temperature (Ti), burnout temperature (Tb), combustibility characteristic index (S), are also determined to evaluate the performance of energy use from the microorganism. The results indicate that the AS combustibility index is 3.62 -9 which is higher than that of olive kernel (0.14 -9), peach kernel (0.31 -9), and sewage sludge (0.19 -9) [4-6]. Overall, the obtained results are conducive to the developments of microorganism for energy production.

Keywords: Actinobacillus succinogenes; Pyrolysis; Torrefaction; Combustion; Fuel properties

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Graphical abstract:

Acknowledgement: The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support (MOST 106-2923-E-006-002-MY3, and MOST 108-3116-F-006-007 -CC1) of the Ministry of Science and Technology in Taiwan, R.O.C.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 062

Synergistic effect of co-torrefaction between intermediate waste epoxy resins and fir

Chia-Yang Chen a, Wei-Hsin Chen a,b*

a Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan b Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Wei-Hsin Chen, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected])

Abstract This study aimed at using batch type reactor to investigate the co-torrefaction of intermediate waste epoxy resins and fir. The synergistic effect ratio was used to judge the interaction between the two materials and assisted by statical tools. The main interaction between them were catalytic reaction and blocking effect. Sodium, one of the catalyst in the epoxy resin production, was attended in the intermediate waste who has a pronounced catalytic effect on the liquid products of torrefaction. It literally enhanced the volatile matters emission and exhibited an antagonistic effect on solid yield. Different from the catalitic reaction occured during short retention time, the blocking effect was more noticeable with longer retention time, showing a synergistic effect on solid yield. The synergistic effect was also found by H/C and O/C ratios. All the oxygen content performed an antagonistic phenomenon while all the carbon content displayed a converse trend. That gave rise to a major antagonistic effect on O/C ratio which was closer to coal. On the contrary, the extent of hydrogen synergistic effect existed a big variation between WE1 and WE2, that cause important antagonistic effect on H/C ratio for WE2 but WE1. The other spotlight in this study was to reuse the tar as a heating value additive. After coating it onto the biochar, the HHV was significantly increased. Though tar is considered as an unwanted byproduct of torrefaction treatment, according to the data presented here, it has high potential to be an useful HHV enhancer. It also fulfills the scope of waste-to-energy in this study. Keywords: Intermediate waste epoxy resins; Fir; Co-Torrefaction; Synergistic effect; Tar.

Graphical abstract:

155

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 063

A study of hydrothermal liquefaction bio-oil ageing and emulsification with diesel

Yu-Ying Lin a, Wei-Hsin Chen a, b, *, Hsuan-Cheng Liu c

a Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan b Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan c Metal Industries Research & Development Centre, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Wei-Hsin Chen, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected];[email protected])

Abstract The bio-oil produced from hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass, that is considered as a promising alternative to fossil fuel, has been investigated widely. However, its complex composition and high oxygen content would trigger the further reaction (ageing) in the bio-oil, resulting in dislike changes in its properties. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the ageing of the bio-oils by measuring their acid value, moisture content, viscosity, and higher heating value along the time (1 day, 15 days, and 30 days). Two kinds of bio-oil were investigated, which were derived from sewage sludge and pig leather residue, respectively. Besides, the bio-oils from sewage sludge are divided into two types based on two different separation methods (extraction and condensation). Furthermore, the mixing tests of 10 wt% bio-oil with 90 wt% fossil fuels (heavy fuel oil and diesel) were analyzed by using the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to detect the distribution of the functional groups along the retention time (1 day, 7 days, and 30 days). The results showed that the acid value and moisture content of the bio-oil from pig leather residue had more vigorous change (97.47 to 139.49 mg KOH/g, and 6.76 to 11.01%) along the time than those from sewage sludge, which may be attributed to the hydrolysis or oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and water in the bio-oil. The viscosity of two types of bio-oil from sewage sludge increased along the retention time (from 661 to 879 cSt, and from 326 to 503 cSt). It indicated that the polymerization reaction between the active components in the bio-oil resulting in the increase of the viscosity in the oil. But the bio-oil from pig leather residue showed the opposite results of the viscosity change (258 to 136 cSt), which can be explained by the increase of the moisture content in the bio-oil. As for the changes of higher heating value, there is no obvious variation among three bio-oils. The results of mixing test suggested that most components of the bio-oils were not miscible with fossil fuels. Therefore, the further upgrading by using the emulsification was performed and showed promising results. Overall, the results of this study could provide practical information of the bio-oil for the industrial application.

Keywords: Ageing test; Hydrothermal liquefaction; Industrial waste; Emulsification.

156

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphical abstract:

Acknowledgement: The research funding support from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, R.O.C., with grant numbers MOST 106-2923-E-006-002-MY3 and MOST 108-3116-F-006-007 -CC1 are gratefully acknowledged.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 064

Process intensification approach for design and optimization of biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate

Lida Simasatitkul a*, Karittha Im-orb b, Amornchai Arpornwichanop c

a Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand b Department of Food Process Engineering Faculty of Agro-Industry, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand c Computational Process Engineering Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

Corresponding Author: Lida Simasatitkul, Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Biodiesel is generally produced from refined vegetable oils using transesterification in a conventional reactor. The byproduct from a palm oil refinery, palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) with high free fatty acid contents, is considered alternative feedstock for biodiesel production. However, the difficulty in the conventional biodiesel production involves many sub-process steps, including feedstock pre-treatment, reactions and purifications. The use of a process intensification concept which combines and minimize unit operations is preferred to overcome the limitation of mass and heat transfers in such processes. This work proposes a single-step catalyzed process and two-steps catalyzed process (hydrolysis-transesterification process) for biodiesel production from PFAD. A thermodynamic insight method is employed to select a suitable process intensification. The simulation results show that the binary ratio calculated from the vapor pressure of water and methyl esters in a reactive distillation is the highest value of 5.2 x 105. This analysis indicates that reactive distillation is the most suitable for process intensification. Then, an optimization approach is carried out for the retrofit design. Based on the minimization of a total annual cost, the suitable number of reactive stages is 4 and methanol is fed at the bottom of the column. The suitable number of stages of the purification column is 20. The economic analysis shows that the total production cost of the single-step catalyzed process (7.58 x 107 $/year) is lower than the two-steps catalyzed process (8.16 x 107 $/year). The payback year of the single-step catalyzed process and two-steps catalyzed process are 0.44 year and 0.52 year, respectively. Thus, the single-step catalyzed process for biodiesel production from PFAD offers more benefits than the two-steps catalyzed process in term of the economic evaluation.

Keywords: Process intensification; Optimization; Biodiesel production; Palm fatty acid distillate; Reactive distillation

158

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 065

A new application of liquid products from biomass torrefaction for methanol partial oxidation

Yi-kai Chih 1, Wei-hsin Chen 1,2,*

1Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan 2Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan

* Corresponding author; E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract Biomass can be converted to liquid products such as bio-oil and organic chemicals through torrefaction. The torrefied liquid products contain condensable components such as water, acetic acids, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones with either brown or black-color, depending on the torrefaction temperature [1]. The pH values of torrefied liquid products are in the range of 2.27 and 2.60 which can be applied to acid-catalyst in chemical reaction. In this study, torrefied liquid products are used in hydrolytic sol-gel synthesis of silica materials as catalysts for tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) [2-3]. After the TEOS reactions, the SiO2 are generated through annealing at 500 °C. SEM results indicate that SiO2 materials are very dense when torrefied liquid products are used as shown in Fig. 1 (a) and spherical-shaped when ammonium hydroxide is utilized as shown in Fig. 1 (b). The BET (Brunauere-Emmette-Teller) analyses show that the surface 2 area decreases from 325 to 250 m /g by the sol-gel reaction of TEOS on Al2O3 ball (SiO2@Al2O3) as shown in Fig. 2 (a). Then, the SiO2@Al2O3 and Al2O3 balls are loaded with platinum catalyst by reacting chloroplatinic acid hexahydrate and sodium borohydride (NaBH4) with poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (PVP) [4] as shown in Fig. 1 (c) and (d). The Pt loading content through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) show that the SiO2@Al2O3 spheres have higher platinum loading than the unmodified sphere, which is found to exhibit the same pattern as the commercial catalyst. In addition, the effects of Pt/SiO2@Al2O3, Pt/Al2O3 and h-BN Pt/Al2O3 (commercial catalysts) on the hydrogen production of the partial oxidation of methanol (POM) through sprays are investigated. The results are an improved methanol conversion rate of over 1.1 mol -1 (mol methanol) and an efficient H2 yield of over 90% as shown in Fig. 2 (b). This paves the way to a new application of torrefied liquid products in the sol-gel process for the hydrogen production of the partial oxidation of methanol (POM).

Keywords: Torrefaction; Partial oxidation of methanol (POM); sol-gel process; Pt/Al2O3 catalyst; and preheating Hydrogen and syngas production

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Graphical abstract:

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Fig. 1. The SEM images of SiO2 form TEOS reaction with torrefied liquid products (a) or ammonium hydroxide (b), Pt/SiO2@Al2O3 (c), and h-BN Pt/Al2O3 (commercial catalysts) (d).

(a) (b) 50 120 45 100 40 O 3 l 2

) 3

A ) O 2 t/ l 2 A P

m 1 - 35 A A t % - N ( p @ t P B 2 P - 80

p O i 4 h n ( S A t/ - o

t i

n 30 P P s

o 3 r

i -A t t e

O 3 P a l 2 v

r 25 A 60 n t t/ Pt/Al O

P 2 3

o

n c e Pt/SiO2@Al2O3

c 20

H Pt-A1

n O o Pt-A2

3 40 c

15 H

t Pt-A3 C P Pt-A4 10 h-BN Pt/Al O 20 2 3 5

0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Time (min) Fig. 2. The surface area analysis (a) and methanol convention result (b) from several catalysts.

Acknowledgement: The authors acknowledge the financial support received from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, ROC, under contract MOST 108-2221-E-006-127-MY3; MOST 108-2622-E-006-017-CC1 for this research.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.66

Enhanced heavy metal adsorption by the surface grafted polypropylene filter media using oxygen plasma and acrylic acid

Jeongmin Hong a, Seungwoo Lee b, Yuhoon Hwang a* a Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea b Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Yuhoon Hwang, Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract As the development of urbanization and industrialization accelerated land development, the area of impervious floors such as roads and parking lots increased. Subsequently, the water quality deterioration of rivers and lakes due to nonpoint pollution sources also increased. Contaminants that discharge along with rainfall from nonpoint sources are challenging to collect and process. Filtration devices are recently installed along with road in order to minimize the impact of non-point source pollution. However, it was found that the efficiency of removing the dissolved contaminants in existing non-point source pollution control device using filtration as the primary process is insufficient. In this light, this study aims to develop a nanocomposite material which can adsorb and remove trace contaminants from stormwater runoff. The materials used in existing nonpoint pollution abatement facilities are selected. The selected material was made of polypropylene (PP), and it is used as a granular filter media. The PP itself is very inert, so the adsorption affinity toward dissolved contaminants is limited. Surface modification technology is developed by using oxygen plasma and acrylic acid polymerization in order to enhance adsorption capacity. The oxygen plasma help to graft oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of PP filter media. Then, further grafting reaction using acrylic acid polymerization was taken place. The oxygen-containing functional groups formed by oxygen plasma was then used as reaction place for acrylic acid polymerization. FTIR and SEM analysis were performed in order to track the change in surface modification steps. Moreover, the heavy metal removal efficiency in different pH region was evaluated. The surface modified PP filter media is effective to remove organic compounds or heavy metals with high potential risk.

Keywords: Nonpoint source, Polypropylene, Oxygen plasma, Acrylic acid, Polymerization

161

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphical abstract:

Fig. 1 Surface modification mechanism

162

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.67

Testing human urine's electricity generation versus relationship with diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and gout

Chung-Hsing Chao * a Department of Electrical Engineering, Ta Hwa University of Science and Technology Hsinchu 30743, Taiwan R.O.C. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Objectives: This paper discusses the human urine’s electricity discharge characteristics with the state of the body. Human urine has at least 3,079 compounds, 72 come from bacteria, 1,453 from the body inside, and 2,282 of which are foreign chemicals includes diet, drug, cosmetics, and so on [1]. Because the cellular metabolism generates many by-products, there are rich in nitrogen waste, such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine from the blood. These by-products expelled from the body for excreting water-soluble chemicals from the body. The average daily urine output of healthy adults is about 1500~2500mL, and the pH is within the range of 5.5 to 7 and an average of about 6.5. Thus, human urine tests can detect nitrogenous wastes of the health concern. Daily we eat the dietary intake of food and fluid is the primary cause of variation in the urine composition and these variables of health condition considered if the electrochemical reaction rate, physical, and chemical composition of urine accurately predicted. Methods: Applying human urine’s electrochemical reaction holds great potential not only directly converts biomass into electricity but also as green power generation sources [2,3,4]. This study introduces a new renewable energy source of urine batteries, which is an electrochemical device that takes advantage of the metabolic processes of humans to directly convert organic matter into electricity with high efficiencies for long periods. Compared to other bioenergy conversion processes with the anaerobic digestion, gasification, and fermentation process, urine batteries have the benefit for reducing sludge production, simple, low cost, and operating under ambient environmental conditions [5]. Results: We compare gender, age, physical condition, and electrical properties; explore differences in electrical effects of diet, drinking habits, and shelf life. Also, the application of different urine storage conditions in room temperature and refrigerated environment and concentrations has discussed. The results indicated that the internal states of the human body include blood relationship, age, gender, vegetarian diet, water consumption, and health status, which significantly affect the experimental results of urine batteries, and make a comparison. The diseases of diabetes, cancer, and gout seem to dissimilate the power generation characteristics of urine and pH values from a health condition. Also, try to use cotton plugs to change the storage type of urine to test, the results are worth looking forward to more convenience for clinical applications. Conclusions: Human urine research is an evolving different field of biochemistry, medical science, energy, and electrochemistry that lacks well-established terminology and methods for the analysis of health and power generation conditions. In conclusion, electricity generation from human urine is shown to exhibit a great potential as a biosensor to detection and qualification of diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and gout.

163

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Keywords: Urine, bio-battery, bio-energy, bio-sensor, diabetes, cancer, gout.

Fig. 1

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.68

Biofilm formation enhancement in anaerobic treatment of high salinity wastewater: Effect of ferric polymer addition

Yong Hu a, Chen Shi a, b, Haiyuan Ma a, Takuro Kobayashi a*, Kai-Qin Xu a a Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan b Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan

Corresponding Author: Takuro Kobayashi, Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Biofilm-based processes such as up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) have been widely used for industrial wastewater treatment. However, application of UASB reactors for treatment of high salinity wastewater was only investigated in few studies. It was reported that the high content of salt could cause a dramatic increase in osmotic pressure which leads to cell plasmolysis and cell death (Kobayashi et al., 2018; Gagliano et al., 2017). Consequently, it is difficult to cultivate strong and healthy granules in anaerobic digestion at high salinity. In this study, the effect of polyferric sulfate (PFS) addition on biofilm formation was examined in anaerobic treatment of high salinity wastewater with two parallel lab-scale UASBs. The UASBs were operated at 35 °C and an organic loading rate of 10 g-COD/L/d. The concentration of sodium in the substrate was changed in the range of 3.5 to 14 g/L. The results indicated that average SS concentration of the granular sludge in the PFS added UASB system was higher than that in the non-PFS-added UASB one. It also showed that with the PFS addition the biofilm formation was improved from the volume median diameters (50%) and particle size distribution of the granular sludge, suggesting that the development of biofilm was enhanced.

Keywords: Polyferric sulfate; Biofilm formation; Anaerobic digestion; High salinity; UASB

165

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.69

The role of biochar addition in sorghum anaerobic digestion

Haiyuan Maa, Yong Hua, Chen Shia, b, Takuro Kobayashia*, Kai-Qin Xua a Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan b Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan

Corresponding Author: Takuro Kobayashi, Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Biochar is a carbon rich product made from the biomass pyrolysis process and is featured with its porous structure as well as its high cation exchange capacity. Recently, biochar addition in anaerobic digestion process has attracted attention for its possible functions to act as inhibitor adsorbent, microbial carrier, and interspecies electron transfer. In this study, the effects of chaff derived biochar addition with different levels of concentration in sorghum anaerobic digestion was investigated in batch tests. The results showed both biochar concentrations added in the reactor and F/M ratios had significant effects on the performance of sorghum anaerobic digestion. It was found that the specific methane production rate was increased by 13.62% with the 15g/L biochar addition under F/M ratio of 0.9 and the lag time was shorted by 17.42% at 20 g/L biochar addition. On the other hand, the effects of humic acid with different concentrations on sorghum anaerobic digestion, and the functions of biochar addition on mitigation of humic acid inhibition during the fermentation process were investigated. The findings of this study suggest that biochar plays an important role in the sorghum anaerobic digestion.

Key words: Sorghum; Anaerobic digestion; Biochar; F/M ratio

Acknowledgement: This work was partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP19F19099.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.70

Carbon molecular sieve production from defatted spent coffee ground using ZnCl2 for surface activation and benzene and LPG for pore size modification

M. Kaya 1*, M.R. Atelge 2,3, M. Bekirogullari1, A. E. Atabani 2, Gopalakrishnan Kumar 4, Y. S. Yilmaz5, Cigdem Eskicioglu6, Fatih Duman7, S. Unalan 2

1 Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Siirt University, 56100 Siirt, Turkey 2Alternative Fuels Research Laboratory (AFRL), Energy Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Siirt University, 56100 Siirt, Turkey 4Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Box 8600 Forus, 4036 Stavanger, Norway 5Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, TR-38039 Kayseri, Turkey 6UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada 7Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey

*Corresponding authors: Mr. M. Kaya (E-mail: [email protected]);

Abstract Purification of substances such as natural and biogas has significant importance regarding use of such energy solutions. One of the most important purification materials, carbon molecular sieve (CMS), plays a substantial role in gas purification processes. The aim of current study is to manufacture molecular sieve from spent coffee ground (SCG) and defatted spent coffee ground (DSCG). The SCG and DSCG for the specified particle size (100 μm) were chemically activated with different agents (ZnCl2, H3PO4, KOH) and then carbonized at different temperatures (400-1000 ⁰C). Their iodine numbers of SCG and DSCG were 919,23 and 1504,27, respectively. The DCSG was chosen for further investigation due to its high iodine number. To optimize the produced activated carbon, different burning times (30-120 min) and burning temperatures (400-800 ⁰C) were studied. A through characterization of the produced activated carbon has been carried out and activated carbons with the highest BET surface area were subsequently used to produce CMS. The surface modification was performed with benzene vapor at different temperatures (600-800 ⁰C) and different combustion times (30-60 min.). Afterward, a new BET analysis was undertaken to check porosity and surface area. In addition to the BET analysis, SEM and FT-IR analysis were also taken. The results obtained through characterizations showed that porosities varied from 2 to 4 ⁰A. The BET analysis revealed that the surface areas have not been significantly changed. To conclude, the results suggest that the fabricated CMS can be used for the removal of impurities such as CO2, NOx and other impurities in natural and biogas considering the porosity of the sieves. Gas chromatography experiment should be done in order to realize the selectivity of the produced CMS. Consequently, the activity of CMS in the purification process of the gases can be investigated.

Keywords: Defatted Spent Coffee Ground, Carbon Molecular Sieve, Gas Purification, Benzene Acknowledgement: Authors would like to acknowledge The Unit of Scientific Research Project Coordination of Erciyes University, for the financial support under the University Project: FOA-2018-8183 (Priority Research Project).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Graphical abstract:

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.71

Sustainable multistage process for biohydrogen and biopolymers production: closed loop biorefinery approach

A. Naresh Kumara, Parthiban Anburajana, Ju-Hyeong Junga, Young-Bo Sima, Gopalakrishnan Kumara, Jeong-Jun Yoonb, Sang-Hyoun Kima*

a School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea a Intelligent Sustainable Materials R&BD Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Chungnam 31056, Republic of Korea

Corresponding author: Sang-Hyoun Kim Associate Professor School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea Tel: +82-2-2123-2802 E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Day to day increment in the single-use fossil derived plastics has led the world to face a mountain of non-biodegradable plastics which are causing ecological imbalance and environmental pollution. Alternatively, the use of microbial derived bio-degradable plastics in integration with eco-friendly biohydrogen production could overcome the dilemmas we have encountered with non-degradable plastics while encouraging the biomanufacturing sector as well. However, the production cost of PHA has been a great barrier to extend its application to large scale. Raw material availability, use of pure culture and polymer extraction constitute the main reasons for its high production cost. In this context, the present study was designed and evaluated the PHA production by integrating with continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) biohydrogen process. Initially, organic solid waste will be fermented in the CSTR for the production of biohydrogen and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Subsequently, the resulting VFA’s will be used as a resource for PHA production with feast and famine strategy in sequencing batch reactors (SBR). The bioprocess performance was evaluated in two stages such as stage-I (culture enrichment: feast phase) and stage-II (PHA production: famine phase). Nutrient deficiency in famine phase (stage-II) accounts the good carbon storage and which results in high polymer yields than feast phase. The study delivers an integrated process for biohydrogen and biopolymers production, thus offers a new opportunity for large scale PHA production using organic waste as a renewable resource in the biorefinery framework. Keywords: Biohydrogen, Biopolymers, Acetic Acid, Feast and Famine, Biorefinery

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 072

Bioremediation of textile wastewater by immobilized Chlorella sp. Wu-G23 with continuous culture

Jane-Yii Wua, Chyi-How Layb,c,d*, Chin-Chao Chene, Shin-Yan Wua, Dandan Zhouf a Department of BioIndustry Technology, Da-Yeh University, Changhwa, Taiwan b General Education Center, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan c Green Energy and Biotechonology Industry Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan d Professional Master’s Program for Intelligent Manufacturing and Engineering Management, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan e Department of Landscape Architecture, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Changhwa, Taiwan f School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

Corresponding Author: Chyi-How Lay, Green Energy and Biotechonology Industry Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taichung (E- mail: [email protected])

Abstract Mixotrophic culture for immobilized microalgae Chlorella sp. Wu-G23 (G23) entrapped inside a polymer matrix or appended onto the surface of a strong solid support, alginates to form microalgae/polymeric matrix granule within the cross-linking solution. The wastewater treatment technology of mixotrophic culture using immobilized G23 in textile wastewater as culture medium effectively remove chemical + oxygen demand (COD), ammonium nitrogen (NH4 -N) and colour after 7days cultivation. Batch model results show that the optimal cultivation parameters for simultaneously removes textile wastewater pollutants and accumulates the lipids were initial pH 10 and adding extra urea 1 g/L and K2HPO4 8 mg/L without aeration. A bioreactor cultivated the immobilized G23 at HRT48 h in continuously feeding the + textile wastewater for 440 h has the peak removal efficiencies of NH4 - N 80.2%, COD 70.8% and colour 77.9% with the fatty acid methyl esters 10%. The colour removal was occurred through biosorption mechanism by nonviable suspended and immobilized microalgae biomass. On the other hand, the + NH4 --N and COD could be degraded in the cell-free and nonviable microalgae because the microorganism in the textile wastewater could utilize them as nutrient source.

Keywords: Chlorella sp.; Textile wastewater; Immobilization; Bioremediation; Continuous cultivation

Acknowledgement: The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Taiwan’s Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 104-2221-E-035-007; MOST 105-2221-E-035 -077 -MY3; MOST 108-2221-E-035 -036 -MY3).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 073

The biomass and lipid productivity of Thermosynechococcus sp. CL-1 cultivation in the swine wastewater during CO2 fixation process

Birgitta Narindri,a* Ko Tung Lai,a, Hsin Ta Hsueh,b Hsin Chu,a a Department of Environmental Engineering National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 701, Taiwan b Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 701, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Birgitta Narindri, Department of Environmental Engineering National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 701, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract The rapid growth of human activities extremely increases the concern on high level of atmospheric CO2 concentration and the generation of abundant waste. The cultivation of photosynthetic microorganisms, such as microalgae and cyanobacteria, is considered as the promising answer to manage both problems. Thermosynechococcus sp. CL-1 (TCL-1) is an isolated cyanobacterium from a hot spring in Chin Lun, Taiwan. Besides its high productivity in biomass and CO2 fixation, the ability in degrading estrogen and producing pigments as well as the carbohydrate as the biofuel source of material are being the advantages of cultivating TCL-1. Swine wastewater is one of the important agricultural wastewater to be managed due to its endocrine disrupting chemicals content as well as the common contaminant such as ammonia. In this study, the feasibility of TCL-1 cultivation in the swine wastewater was observed under various initial biomass concentration and light intensities. The feasibility of its cultivation in the anoxic treated swine wastewater was assessed along with the reduction of ammonia, and the productivity of biomass, lipid, and CO2 fixation. The highest biomass productivity was achieved by the cultivation under the 2 g/L initial biomass concentration and the light intensity of 1000 µE/m2s in the 5 dilution anaerobic treated swine wastewater which reached 1.864 g/L/day. Thus, the highest CO2 fixation (121.729 mg/L/h), and lipid productivity (61.883 g/L/day) were also reached by the same cultivation condition. The reducing ammonia concentration was found out insignificantly different for all experiment in this study.

Keywords: Thermosynechococcus, CO2 fixation, ammonia, lipid, phycocyanin, biomass

Acknowledgement: The authors acknowledge appreciatively the National Science Council, Taiwan, for the financial support on the research NS(102-2622-E-006-006-MY3)

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.74

Pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of Ugandan biomass waste as potential source of bioenergy

Abdulfatah A. Yusuf *, Freddie L. Inambao Green Energy Solution, Discipline of Mechanical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

Corresponding Author: Abdulfatah Abdu Yusuf, Green Energy Solution, Discipline of Mechanical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (Email: [email protected])

Abstract Nowadays, biomass has a significant role due to its novel behavior among potential sources towards bioenergy. This study aims to characterize unique biomass from variety of Matooke peel which is untreated Mbwazirume waste peels (UM-WPs). The characteristics of biomass was carried out using thermo-gravimetric analyzer, SEM, and EDXS. The UM-WPs exhibited of volatile matter 69.988 wt.%, moisture content 13.125 wt.%, fixed carbon 11.017 wt.%, ash content 5.957 wt.%, and HHV is 15.52 MJ-kg-1. The pyrolysis behavior obtained reveals the three distinct regions at elevated temperatures, which is related to elimination of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The micrographs showed irregular particles and starch granules with high cellulose content; these results might cause the oxygen to easily disperse inside the particles during combustion. During SEM-EDXS, white spots were observed which are elements from different categories. It was observed that the amount of Mg, K and P decreased with an increased in C and O after pretreatment. Besides, the percentage of O was found to be lesser compared to C. This trend is due to the fact that C forms the structural unit of cellulose and hemicelluloses. The total waste generated per capita per year can produce an electric power of 186.52 kWh which is enough for consideration as a source of bioenergy.

Keywords: Biomass; Combustion; Pyrolysis; Micrographs; and Bioenergy.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.75

Effect of shear velocity on dark fermentative hydrogen production

Young-Bo Sim a, Ju-Hyeong Jung a, Jong-Hun Park a , Sang-Hyoun Kim a* a Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Sang-Hyoun Kim, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract This study examined the effect of shear velocity on hydrogen production and dynamic membrane formation in continuous dark fermentation. 50-μm polyester screen mesh was used as support material for dynamic membrane. Shear velocity was changed from 0.43 to 2.11 m/h at a constant hydraulic retention time of 3h and feed glucose concentration of 15 g/L. Increase of shear velocity up to 1.22 m/h significantly enhanced hydrogen production performance and biomass retention. The maximum hydrogen production rate and hydrogen yield was 38.53 L/L-d and 2.58 mol H2/mol glucoseadded, respectively. Mixed liquor biomass and attached biomass also recorded the highest values of 5.9 g VSS/L and 0.058 g VSS/cm2, respectively, at the shear velocity of 1.22 m/h. According to qPCR analysis, Clostridium butyricum dominated more than 80% of total bacterial population. At the shear velocity higher than 1.22 m/h, biomass in dynamic membrane was washed-out severely and it resulted in the decrease of hydrogen production performance. Shear velocity would be an important operational criteria for continuous biohydrogen production using dynamic membrane.

Keywords: Shear velocity; biohydrogen; dark fermentation; Clostridium butyricum

Graphical abstract:

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.76

Optimization and characterization of gallium and carbon doped indium cadmium sulfur-based photocatalysts

Yu-Wei Su*, Yu-Ching Weng*, Ke-Jhih Ciou a Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, 40724, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Yu-Wei Su, Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, 40724, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Yu-Ching Weng, Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, 40724, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Due to global energy and environmental issues, the use of visible light catalyzed photocatalysts in solar energy to decompose water and produce hydrogen gas is an environmentally friendly method. Cadmium sulfide (CdS) is a visible light absorption photocatalyst with advantages of a small energy band gap and low-cost production process. Our previous research found that doping Indium precursor to form the In0.2Cd0.8S photocatalyst could perform better photocatalytic activity than CdS. In order to reduce cadmium content and enhance its photocatalytic activity, the piezoelectric injection system combined with scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) is used for screening of new material for the photocatalysts application. We prepared Mx(In0.2Cd0.8)1-xS (M = Y, La, Ga, Bi, Ce, Pr, Nd, Gd) photocatalyst arrays for being screened by SECM. The results show that Ga0.3(In0.2Cd0.8)0.7S has the best photocatalytic activity. The photocurrent of the Ga0.3(In0.2Cd0.8)0.7S is 4 times higher than that of the In0.2Cd0.8S, and also the carrier concentration of the Ga0.3(In0.2Cd0.8)0.7S is 2.3 times higher than that of the In0.2Cd0.8S, resulting in higher photocatalytic activity. The photoelectric conversion efficiency of the Ga0.3(In0.2Cd0.8)0.7S can reach 73% at 400 nm. We also doped graphene (G) or graphene oxide (GO) in In0.2Cd0.8S photocatalysts to lower the energy band gap due to the low resistance and high transmittance of Graphene and graphene oxide. Compared to the pure In0.2Cd0.8S, the photocurrents of the 0.05 wt% G-In0.2Cd0.8S and 0.1 wt% (GO)-In0.2Cd0.8S could be increased 2 times and 2.5 times, respectively. The addition of Ga and Carbon (G and GO) could increase the generation probability of electron hole pair for enhancing the photocatalytic activity of photocatalysts.

Keywords: Photocatalyst, Scanning electrochemical microscope, Graphene, Graphene Oxide

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.77

The german upcycling consumer: Understanding factors influencing the purchase of upcycled fashion

Johannes Raatz a*

a Graduate Institute of Management of Technology, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan (R.O.C.)

Corresponding Author: Johannes Raatz, Graduate Institute of Management of Technology, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan (R.O.C.) (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Upcycling as a more recent design concept aims to create circular business models by using waste and discarded materials in the manufacturing process of new and higher-valued products. In times of growing environmental issues created by our traditional linear models of consumption, consumers become more aware and concerned with these issues. Yet, green products and, as part thereof, upcycling products and fashion are still niche products, that are rarely purchased by the masses. This study analyzes the decision-making process leading towards purchasing upcycling fashion from the perspective of the theory of planned behavior. Different consumer characteristics based on consumer decision-making styles, uniqueness theory and environmental concern where investigated as antecedents of the attitude formation. The results of the online survey with 175 German respondents show that the upcycling fashion attitude and purchase intention are highly correlated. Furthermore, consumers’ environmental concern, perceived consumer effectiveness, need for uniqueness and brand consciousness all have significant influences on how the consumer evaluates upcycling fashion. The study gives insights on the beliefs about upcycling fashion that could act as moderators in the attitude formation process. For instance, it was found that brand conscious consumers are likely to have less favorable attitudes towards upcycling fashion. However, it might be possible to change this, once they are convinced of the environmental-friendliness, uniqueness and impressiveness of upcycling fashion. These product beliefs were all found to have moderating effects between brand consciousness and upcycling fashion attitude. The significance of this study consists in a better understanding of upcycling consumers and giving a starting point for targeting consumers and building strategies to increase adoption of more sustainable and circular products.

Keywords: Upcycling fashion attitude; Theory of planned behavior; Consumer decision-making styles; Environmental concern, Need for uniqueness

Acknowledgement: I would like to thank my supervisor, professor Wen-Hsiang Lai, for his guidance and ongoing patience through the process of writing this paper.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.078

Reaction of minerals hydride with water to produce hydrogen-saturated water

Chung-Hsing Chao *

a Department of Electrical Engineering, Ta Hwa University of Science and Technology Hsinchu 30743, Taiwan R.O.C. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract At room temperature, the concentration of hydrogen molecule dissolving in municipal water is only 8.65x10-7 mg/L. At such a low level of hydrogen, there is no therapeutic effect in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. The concentration of 1.6 milligram/Liter in hydrogen-saturated water is more than a million time of hydrogen concentration in municipal water. This value is considered the hydrogen dissolved in water at room temperature to it’s the maximum state. Hydrogen can exert its antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects in the human body-hydrogen quickly get across the cell membrane to balance in excess oxygen free radicals in cellular metabolism. It has accepted that hydrogen is safe in clinical therapeutic effect because it cannot directly interact with substances in the biological body, and that is why we get hydrogen from hydrogen dissolving in water by oral, injection with saturated hydrogen saline, and hydrogen gas by inhalation. Since 2007 till now, over 500 research papers have been published and proven its effectiveness in treating more than 200 diseases and even tumors.

Methods: Three primary producing hydrogen-rich water methods, distinguished by their historical development and mechanisms, were compared with the goal of the capacity of hydrogen-saturated, high purity, neutral in pH, safety, faster in producing hydrogen, et al. Indeed, all are relevant for real clinical application scenarios. As in many cases of the sold hydrogen-water on the market, the hydrogen will escape from the water surface of various sources whether or not is on site for use. The reaction of magnesium hydride with water to produce hydrogen-saturated water improves the two-fold of hydrogen-capacity of the conventional magnesium rods used in hospitals. Also, adding a small amount of citric acid as a chelating agent not only make the water more neutral but also the byproduct magnesium oxide dissoluble. The citric acid in the tricarboxylic acid cycle also occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms. We compared to three primary producing hydrogen water methods on the market and found that the reaction kinetics is extremely slow, for example, the reaction yield of magnesium rod at room temperature is below 1 % after half an hour.

Results: The result indicated the reaction of magnesium hydride with water to produce hydrogen-saturated water, increasing the theoretical hydrogen amount by more than two folds, solving the drawbacks of slow in reaction rate, the risk of internal explosion hidden of the hydrogen-oxygen electrolysis process itself, and the cost of pure water electrolysis by polymer membrane method is too high. The magnesium hydride hydrolysis belongs to alkaline water and makes them neutral by adding a small amount of citric acid. The hydrogen-water connected to a reverse osmosis system that only the hydrogen molecule with water can pass the nanometer-filter and transfer to the storage tank for keeping in the one atmospheric pressure state of on-demand hydrogen-saturated water.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Conclusions: In conclusion, the reaction of magnesium hydride with water to produce hydrogen-saturated water method exhibits a low cost and high-efficiency potential used in the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic on some types of infections.

Keywords: hydrogen-saturated water, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic effect.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.79

Metabolic flux on a dynamic membrane layer: hydrogen production, microbial community, and putative metabolic pathways

Jong-Hun Park a,e, Jeong-Hoon Park c, Jeong-Jun Yoon e, Sang-Hyoun Kim d, Hee-Deung Park a,b* a Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea b KU-KIST Green School, Graduate School of Energy and Environment, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea c Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA d School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea e Intelligent Sustainable Materials R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan-si 31056, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Hee-Deung Park, Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract The self-forming dynamic membrane bioreactor (DMBR) is a promising high-rate biohydrogen production technology based on the conventional membrane bioreactor with membrane material modification to a large pore size (>50 ㎛). This modification requires a dynamic layer formed by biofilm to provide effective filtration function for high-rate biohydrogen production. The properties of the dynamic layer are therefore important for reactor performance in DMBR. However, interaction between the structure of the dynamic layer and the performance of DMBR is little known but understandably complex. To elucidate the interaction, a lab-scale DMBR system coupled with presence/absence of calcium alginate to observe granulation effect. 16S rRNA tag sequencing and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt), were employed to visualise the effects of increasing extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) concentration on microbial community structure and metabolic pathways for hydrogen fermentation. The rate of hydrogen production on DMBR was significantly increase by dynamic membrane layer was formed. Overall, the results highlighted potential for metabolic pathway testing to be used together with PICRUSt, to estimate changes in microbial metabolism and to better understand microbial resilience in DMBR.

Keywords: Hydrogen fermentation, Dynamic membrane bioreactor, PICRUSt, Metabolic flux, microbial community

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (Ministry of Science and ICT, MSIT) (NRF-2017R1E1A1A01073690)

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 080

Fabrication of O/W separation membrane from bio-cellulose modified with titanium dioxide and PTES

Yi-Hsuan Penga, Shu-Yii Wua,b* aMaster’s Program of Green Energy Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724,Taiwan bDept. of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Shu-Yii Wu, (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is the largest producer and exporter of palm oil. Along with the increased in palm oil production, it will also result in concomitant with the production of waste. Therefore, how to effectively recover oil from palm oil plant wastewater is an important issue of ecological environment and resource recovery. In this study, biodegradable bio-cellulose (BC) was used as the base material, and the self- synthesized bio-cellulose-titanium dioxide (BC-TiO2) was modified with 1H,1H,2H,2H- perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (PTES) to prepare five modified ratios of BC-TiO2, which were 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 wt.% PTES modified solutions, respectively. It is an oil/water separation membrane that is both hydrophobic and lipophilic and environmentally friendly, and discusses the effect of different modified ratios on oil adsorption capacity. According to the analysis results, when added to 0.5 wt.% PTES, has the best dispersibility, uniform distribution, and maximum water contact angle and oil absorption ratio, respectively 152.70 ± 2.03° and 25.20 ± 0.32. Then, the recovery test was carried out. After 5 times of repeated use, the oil absorption rate averaged 24.97, and the effect was not significantly lowered, indicating that it was reusable.

Keywords: bio-cellulose, titanium dioxide, modified

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.81

Itaconic acid separation by bipolar membrane electrodialysis

Tamás Rózsenberszki*, Péter Komáromy, Péter Bakonyi, Nándor Nemestóthy, Katalin Bélafi-Bakó Research Institute on Bioengineering, Membrane Technology and Energetics, University of Pannonia, Veszprém 8200, Hungary

Corresponding Author: Tamás Rózsenberszki, Research Institute on Bioengineering, Membrane Technology and Energetics, University of Pannonia, Veszprém 8200, Hungary (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Itaconic acid is an unsaturated dicarbonic acid, which can be applied as a potential building block in chemical industries. For example it can be used as an additive in lubrication matter, as a raw material for production of surface active agents, polymers, synthetic materials and rubbers. It has been selected as one of the top 12 potential bio-based platform chemicals by the U.S. Department of Energy, because of chemical structure, huge annual production and reasonable price [1]. Itaconic acid is manufactured by biological way typically from glucose using Aspergillus terreus. The accumulation of product can inhibit the fermentation. Electrodialysis (ED) with bipolar membrane (EDBM) system may be a remarkable alternative to separate itaconic acid from the fermentation medium during continuous operation. In our study, a laboratory ED unit P EDR-Z/4x is multifunctional four-chamber equipment (MemBrain) was tested to separate itaconic acid model solutions under different operation conditions (flow rate, voltage, concentration, pH, etc.). First experiences showed that EDBM system was able to separate itaconic acid successfully with a high Coulombic efficiency (> 95 %).

Keywords: Itaconic acid; Product inhibition, Bipolar membrane electrodialysis; Optimization

Acknowledgement: The research work was supported by the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund Project K 119940 entitled “Study on electrochemical effects on bioproduct separation by electrodialysis” and EFOP-3.6.1-16-2016-00015.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.82

One-year monitoring of full-scale anaerobic digesters treating a mixture of high-strength organic wastes: performance and microbial community structure

Gyucheol Choi a, Hanwoong Kim a, Changsoo Lee a* a School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Changsoo Lee, School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Anaerobic digestion (AD) is an established technology to treat organic waste and produce bioenergy in the form of methane-rich biogas. However, there are still some critical concerns in AD, particularly for process stability. Co-digestion of two or more substrates with different physicochemical characteristics in a mixture can be an effective strategy to enhance the performance and stability of an AD process, as mixing different substrates helps to improve nutrient balance, buffering capacity, and biodegradability. Accordingly, an increasing numbers of AD plants are co-digesting different waste streams from urban and rural areas. This study monitored two full-scale digesters at a sewage treatment plant, in terms of performance as well as microbial community structure, during a one-year period after the start-up and test run for 12months, to assess whether long-term stable operation can be achieved under actual field conditions. The digesters are continuously stirred tank reactors with a capacity of 17,000 m3 treating a mixture of dewatered human feces, dewatered sewage sludge, and food wastewater (55:41:4, w/w) at mesophilic temperature (39oC). The waste mixture is pretreated by thermal hydrolysis (TH) at 170oC and 6 bar for 30 min before being fed to the digesters. TH is a pretreatment technology widely used to improve the hydrolysis of high-suspended-solid organic wastes such as sewage sludge and agricultural residues. The effectiveness of TH-AD process in enhancing the bioavailability of such wastes has been demonstrated in many large-scale applications, particularly in Europe and China. The digesters studied in this work are the first full-scale TH-AD processes in Korea (completed in September 2017). Given that the effects of TH on substrate hydrolysis and biogas production vary significantly according to the composition of substrates, careful long-term monitoring is needed for stable and efficient operation of a new TH-AD process, particularly when co-digesting different wastes in a mixture. During the study period of one year (April 2017–March 2018) the organic loading rate (OLR) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the digesters varied between 0.85 and 1.28 g volatile solids (VS)/L·d and between 25.4 and 38.8 d, respectively, with the variations in the volume and characteristics of waste streams. The dissolved to total VS ratio and the soluble to total chemical oxygen demand (COD) ratio of the waste mixture increased by 2.3- and 1.8-fold on average, respectively, by the TH pretreatment. The digesters maintained stable and comparable VS removal (58.8 ± 2.8% and 58.1 ± 3.2%), COD (67.6 ± 7.9% and 66.3 ± 6.0%) removal, and biogas production rate (8,345 ± 846.1 and 8,290 ± 1199.4 m3/d). The removal of organic substances, except protein, and biogas production rate showed positive correlations with substrate solids content, substrate COD, and OLR (Pearson, p < 0.1). Methanomicrobiales and Methanosaetaceae dominated the methanogenic community throughout the monitoring period in both digesters. Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination suggested that the factors related to protein and lipid had a significant influence on the changes in methanogenic community structures. Overall, the full-scale TH-AD processes studied demonstrated long-term stability and robustness.

Keywords: Co-digestion; Full-scale monitoring; Microbial community structure; Thermal hydrolysis

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.83

Enhancement of hydrogen production by hot gas cleaning system combined with prepared Ni based catalyst in biomass gasification

Ngo Thi Ngoc Lan Thao a, Kung-Yuh Chiang a,* Hou-Peng Wan b, Wei-Chun Hung b, Chiung-Fang Liu b

a Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Tao-Yuan, 32001, Taiwan b Industrial Technology Research Institute, Green Energy and Environment Research Laboratories, New Energy Technology Division, Hsin-Chu, 31040, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Prof. Kung-Yuh Chiang, Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Tao-Yuan, 32001, Taiwan (Email: [email protected])

Abstract This study investigated the effect of hot gas temperature on the enhancement of hydrogen yield and reduction of tar yield using zeolite and prepared Ni based catalyst in the gasification of rice straw. The experimental results indicate that the energy yield efficiency was enhanced by increasing hot gas temperature and applying catalysts. In the case of zeolite catalyst and hot gas temperature increased from 250 ℃ to 400 ℃, H2 and CO increased slightly from 7.31% and 14.57% to 8.03% and 17.34%, respectively. The tar removal efficiency varies between the range from 70% to 90%. When the zeolite was replaced by prepared Ni based catalysts and hot gas cleaning (HGC) system operated at 250 ℃, H2 contents were significantly increased from 6.63% to 12.24% resulted in the hydrocarbon (tar) and methane content decreased. This implied that NiO could promote water-gas shift reaction and CH4 reforming reaction. On the other hand, in the case of hot gas temperature of 400 ℃, deactivated effects on prepared Ni based catalyst was observed for inhibiting syngas and tar reduction in the HGC system. The prepared Ni based catalyst worked at 250 ℃ demonstrate higher catalytic activity, stability, and less coke decomposition in dry reforming. In summary, the optimum catalytic performance in term of syngas production and tar elimination was achieved when the catalytic temperature was 250 ℃ in the presence of prepared Ni based catalyst, with produced 5.92 MJ/kg of energy yield and 73.9% tar removal efficiency.

Keywords: prepared Ni based catalyst, zeolite, gasification, rice straw, hydrogen, tar.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.84

Concentrations and distribution of persistent organic chemicals at a commercial-scale food waste biogas plant

Hidenori Matsukami a*, Takuro Kobayashi a, Hidetoshi Kuramochi a

a Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan

Corresponding Author: Hidenori Matsukami, Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract: In biogas plants, biowaste is converted into methane gas by anaerobic digestion, and energy is recovered in the form of electricity or heat. The digestate of biogas plants can be converted into composts which are used as organic fertilizers or amendments to improve the soil structure. However, there are concerns about energy-recovery inhibition and digestate contamination by persistent organic chemicals derived from the biowaste feedstocks. For example, previous studies at biogas plants that use sewage sludge as a feedstock [1,2] have shown that volatile methyl siloxanes (VMSs) present in the biogas in the methane digester form silica that crystallizes in the heat exchanger or the gas-engine electricity generator, which shortens the lifespan of these pieces of equipment. In addition, Suominen et al. [3] reported contamination by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) flame retardants (FRs) in liquid and solid digestate fractions when sewage sludge and municipal biowaste are used as feedstocks, and they suggested that highly persistent organic chemicals might accumulate in agricultural soil treated repeatedly with composts produced from these digestate fractions. However, the relationships between persistent organic chemicals and the type of biowaste feedstocks or the anaerobic digestion technique remain unclear, and little information is available about the concentrations and distribution of such chemicals in each treatment process at biogas plants. The objectives of this study were to elucidate the concentrations and distribution of VMSs and FRs in various processes at a commercial-scale food waste biogas plant dealing with food waste from household and industrial sectors. In December 2017, we collected samples of mixing tank sludge, acidogenic tank sludge, methanogenic tank sludge, liquid and solid digestate fractions, compost, effluent water, and biogas from the plant. We analyzed six VMS congeners (D4, D5, D6, L3, L4, and L5) and 55 FRs (26 PBDEs, three hexabromocyclododecanes, and 26 organophosphorus FRs) in the samples. VMSs were detected in the biogas sample at a concentration of 0.21 mg/m3, which is more than two orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations in a previous study at a biogas plant that uses sewage sludge as a feedstock [2]. These results suggest that using food waste rather than sewage sludge as a feedstock would result in reducing loads of VMSs that would need to be removed from the biogas. PBDEs, hexabromocyclododecanes, and organophosphorus FRs were detected in the sludge and water samples at concentration ranges of 23–140, <1–6.0, and 130–520 ng/g-dry, respectively. The PBDE concentrations in the samples of methanogenic tank sludge, liquid and solid digestate fractions, and compost ranged from 87 to 140 ng/g-dry, which is more than one order of magnitude lower than the previously reported concentrations in digestates from biogas plants that use sewage sludge and municipal biowaste as feedstocks [3]. The type of biowaste feedstocks and the sieving process used to remove plastic food containers and other packaging after reserving of the feedstocks might have contributed to the lower VMS and FR concentrations in the biogas and digestates. 183

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan However, PBDEs have been detected at relatively high concentrations in the sludge and water samples. These results suggested that, despite consisting of food wastes mainly, the feedstocks might contain PBDE-added plastic materials. The plastic debris containing PBDEs might be formed by the sieving process, be entered the methanogenic tank, and cause the contamination by PBDEs in the digestate fractions.

Keywords: Food waste; Biogas; Digestate; Volatile methyl siloxanes; Plastic flame retardants.

Graphical abstract:

Food waste Biogas 0.3

Sieving process 0.21 ) 3 0.2

Mixing tank

(mg/m 0.1 Concentration Acidogenic tank <1.0 x 10-6 <1.0 x 10-6 <1.0 x 10-5 0 VMSs PBDEs HBCDs PFRs Methanogenic tank Compost Digestate 2500

2000 1900

dry) - 1500 Liquid fraction Biogas Solid fraction (ng/g

1000 Concentration 500 380 Water treater Dryer Gas engine 110 1.4 0 Effluent Compost Electricity VMSs PBDEs HBCDs PFRs

Acknowledgements: We gratefully acknowledge the sampling assistance of Dr. Zhenyi Zhang and the analytical assistance of Mr. Humiaki Kato of the National Institute for Environmental Studies. This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid (KAKENHI) for Scientific Research (B) (no. 17H01905) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.85

Sustainable synthesis gas production from municipal solid waste via waste-to-energy chemical looping gasification: Thermodynamic analysis

Narid Promsricha a, Dang Saebea b, Yaneeporn Patcharavorachot c, Amornchai Arpornwichanop a* a Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand b Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand

c Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand

Corresponding Author: Amornchai Arpornwichanop, Computational Process Engineering Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract The production of synthesis gas (syngas) from municipal solid waste through a waste-to-energy concept is considered a sustainable approach as it not only changes waste into valuable energy, but also handles with the increasing quantity of waste at the same time. In this study, the chemical looping gasification process is proposed to convert the municipal solid waste into syngas. Modeling of the chemical looping gasification based on thermodynamic approach is performed by using Aspen Plus simulator. The municipal solid waste is partially oxidized by oxygen carriers (nickel oxide, NiO) in a fuel reactor to produce syngas and the produced nickel is circulated to an air reactor for regeneration. The developed model is employed to predict the effect of key operating parameters, such as temperature of fuel reactor, operating pressure and NiO to carbon in the municipal solid waste molar ratio (O/C), on the process performance. The result shows that the increasing temperature of the fuel reactor enhances the yield of the syngas. However, the heating value of the product is slightly increased due to the decreasing concentration of methane. An increased O/C results in the concentration of carbon dioxide increased. The chemical looping gasification process can achieve the maximum thermal efficiency of 64.49% under a thermal self-sufficiency condition when the fuel temperature is run at 717 oC and O/C of 0.26. The produced syngas consists of hydrogen 34.31 mol%, carbon monoxide 43.12 mol%, carbon dioxide 14.44 mol% and methane 8.13 mol% with the heating value of 0.27 MJ mol-1.

Keywords: Chemical looping gasification; Synthesis gas; Waste-to-Energy; Municipal solid waste

Acknowledgement: Support from the Chulalongkorn Academic Advancement into Its 2nd Century Project is gratefully acknowledged.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.86

Development of integrated control system for real-time monitoring of liquid level and density in anaerobic digesters using nonlinear regression model

Chaeyoung Rhee a, Juhee Shin a, Hun Su Park b, Seong Yeob Jeong b, Hyun Woong Cho b, Seung Gu Shin a a Department of Energy Engineering, Future Convergence Technology Research Institute, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea b Environment N Energy O&M Inc., 684 Hyeondeok-ro, Pyeongtaek 17970, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Seung Gu Shin, Department of Energy Engineering, Future Convergence Technology Research Institute, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Globally, many types of high-strength wastewater are treated by the anaerobic digestion (AD) process where anaerobic microorganisms reduce the organic matters into biogas. Despite the great potential of this technology, stable operation is a major challenge in industrial-scale digesters due to difficulties in accurate and automated monitoring of the process. Especially, current technologies that are used to monitor the internal parameters mostly ignore the heterogeneity of the digestate, resulting in measurement errors. For instance, a typical pressure liquid level sensor assumes that the entire density is homogenous (i.e. average density) and it may result in overestimation of the level by 5 % or more. The ultrasonic or radar sensors were introduced to overcome this problem; however, the accuracy of their measurement significantly decreases when there are scums or foreign substances that disturb the sensing process. Traditional sampling-based measurement approaches have a critical drawback that frequent measurement of the density is not available. Therefore, this study aims to develop an integrated system that can precisely measure the digester level and predict the density using a nonlinear regression model. The pressure values are measured by the pressure sensors at multiple levels for the prediction of the digestate density at lower layers. The density for the top layer is predicted based on these data and the liquid level is estimated. Eventually, the derived relationship between liquid level and density will enable real-time data production, which can be further used to obtain appropriate retention time and control of stirring speed, thus, optimize the biogas production with reduced energy consumption. The integrated control system is being demonstrated in a pilot-scale (0.33 m3) digester and the results will be discussed at the conference.

Keywords: (3-5 words) anaerobic digestion (AD), nonlinear regression model, real-time monitoring, pressure, density

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Graphical abstract:

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning) (No. 2017R1C1B1011494) and the Technology Development Program (S2679334) funded by the Ministry of SMEs and Startups (MSS, Korea).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.87

Biogas upgrading using microalgal CO2 fixation

Jung Su Park, Gopalakrishnan Kumar, Sang-Hyoun Kim* School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Sang-Hyoun Kim, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract This research aimed to examine the feasibility of biogas upgrading using microalgae. CO2 fixation rate was investigated using various microalgae strains by purging CO2 in the range of 5 to 40% at a fixed gas flow rate of 0.2 vvm. The examined strains were Chlorella sp. (AG10133), Anabaena variabilis (AG10064), Chlamydomonas iyengarii (AG60455), Chlorella vulgaris (AG60089), Chlorella sorokiniana (AG20740) and mixed microalgae. Chlorella sp. (AG10133) showed the highest CO2 fixation ability as well as biomass growth. The biomass growth rates at the exponential phase were 3.076 d-1, 0.468 d-1, 1.82 d-1, 0.713 d-1, 0.695 d-1 and 0.970 d-1 for Chlorella sp. (AG10133), Anabaena variabilis (AG10064), Chlamydomonas iyengarii (AG60455), Chlorella vulgaris (AG60089), Chlorella sorokiniana (AG20740) and mixed microalgae, respectively, when CO2 concentration was 5%. The highest CO2 fixation rate was obtained as 1.785 g CO2/L-d at the CO2 concentration of 15% using Chlorella sp. (AG10133). Chlorella sp. (AG10133) dominated microalgae would be useful for biological biogas upgrading purpose.

Keywords: CO2 fixation; Biogas upgrading; Chlorella; CO2 concentration.

Acknowledgement: This research was supported by the International Research & Development Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science & ICT (Grant number: 2017K1A3A1A67015923).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.88

Optimization of the Gex(In0.2Cd0.8)1-xS photocatalysts for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting

Ruei-Yuan Lan, Hsin-Jen Wang, Yu-Ching Weng*

Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Yu-Ching Weng, Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Photoelectrochemical water splitting is one of the simple and clean ways for the conversion of solar energy into hydrogen energy [1-3]. Numerous photocatalysts including oxides, chalcogenide, carbonides, and nitrides have been proposed in the past few years, nevertheless, few effective photocatalysts responsive to visible-light irradiation have been reported [4-5]. In this study, the optimized composition of the Ge0.1(In0.2Cd0.8)0.9S photocatalyst is determined by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) with a optical fiber optic under visible light in an illumination-substrate collection mode. The photocurrent of the Ge0.1(In0.2Cd0.8)0.9S photoelectrode has 1.6 fold higher than that of the In0.2Cd0.8S under both the UV-Visible and visible light illumination at the applied potential of 0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The Ge0.1(In0.2Cd0.8)0.9S photoelectrode possesses hexagonal wurzite structure with a bandgap of 2.5 eV. The interfacial resistance of the Ge0.1(In0.2Cd0.8)0.9S photoelectrode is much smaller than that of the In0.2Cd0.8S photoelectrode. The maximum incident photo to current conversion efficiency (IPCE) value is about 69% on the Ge0.1(In0.2Cd0.8)0.9S photoelectrode at a wavelength of 460 nm, while that is only 50% on the In0.2Cd0.8S photoelectrode. The hydrogen production efficiency can be reach 0.263 ml/hr.

Keywords: photocatalyst; water splitting; hydrogen; SECM.

Acknowledgement: Support from the National Science Council of the Republic of China (MOST 107-2221-E-035-040 -) and Feng Chia University is gratefully appreciated.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.89

Evaluation of Pt-M/C (M=Ni, Co) as cathodic electrocatalysts for oxygen sensors and PEMFCs

Cheng-Jen Ho a, Hsin-Jen Wang a, Yu-Ching Weng a*, Chen-Hao Wang b a Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan b Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Yu-Ching Weng, Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract The purpose of this work is to compare the electrocatalytic activity of platinum-nickel and platinum-cobalt electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and evaluate their suitability as cathodic electrocatalysts for oxygen sensors and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The chemical reduction method was used to prepare the Pt-M/C (M=Ni, Co) electrocatalysts. The particle size, the amount of loading, elemental composition and crystalline of the binary platinum alloy electrocatalysts were by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDX) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The linear voltammetry scanning, polarization curves and the rotating electrode were used to determine the onset potential, optimal applied potential and electron transfer number of the binary platinum alloy electrocatalyst for ORR. The results show that all the binary platinum alloy electrocatalysts are face-centered cubic structures with an average particle size of 3-4 (nm). The Pt3Ni1/C and Pt3Co1/C electrocatalysts have higher electrochemical activity for ORR than the pure platinum electrocatalysts. The Pt3Ni1/C cathodic electrode shows the maximum power of 1097 mW/cm2 for PEMFCs. It also exhibits high sensitivity of 13.38 μA/ppmcm2 for oxygen sensing.

Keywords: ORR; Oxygen sensor; PEMFCs; Platinum-nickel; Platinum-cobalt.

Acknowledgement: Support from the National Science Council of the Republic of China (MOST 107-2221-E-035-040 -) and Feng Chia University is gratefully appreciated.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.90

Enhancing anaerobic digestion via direct interspecies electron transfer under low-temperature conditions

Jeong-Hoon Park a, Jong-Hun Park b, Gi-Beom Kim b, Sang-Hyoun Kim b a Clean Innovation Technology Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Jeju-si 63243, Republic of Korea b School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Sang-Hyoun Kim, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract In winter, low temperature makes the anaerobic digester less efficient and it caused a lot of heating costs are required to maintain the temperature. To solve this problem, the study was focused on a direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) process in anaerobic digestion under low-temperature. DIET is significantly faster and more efficient for electron transfer from e- donating to e- accepting microorganism compare to the conventional diffusion using formate and hydrogen. To perform the methane production, 180 mL of working volume in 250 mL of serum bottle was tested with 3 g COD/L of acetic acid, 6 g/L of GAC, 1.5 g COD/L of inoculum and media. There is no difference under mesophilic condition (35 oC). On the other hands, in test with GAC at 25 oC, 25 days was required to complete reaction, however control test took 35 days. Similarly, an experiment at the 15 oC showed a rapid methane production rate in the GAC injection experiment. Taken together, the conductive material can be increased anaerobic digestion efficient under low-temperature conditions via DIET.

Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, Direct interspecies electron transfer, Granular activated carbon, Exoelectrogen

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Korea government (MOTIE) (20188550000540)

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.91

Enhancement of volatile fatty acid production from citrus waste by aeration pretreatment

Lukitawesa a*, Bahriye Eryildizab, Ilona Sárvári Horváth a, Ria Millatic, and Mohammad J Taherzadeha aSwedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås 50190, Borås, Sweden bEnvironmental Engineering Department Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34467 /İstanbul, Turkey cDepartment of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Corresponding and PresentingAuthor: Lukitawesa, Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås 50190, Borås, Sweden (Email: [email protected])

Abstract Volatile fatty acid (VFA) has been found as effective carbon source in denitrification process in wastewater treatment. VFA can be produced in many ways such as petroleum, sugar, and organic waste. Citrus waste is one alternative of substrate which can be used for VFA production through anaerobic digestion process. However, it contains an antibacterial compound called D-Limonene. D-Limonene has been found as inhibitor in methane production in anaerobic digestion. Not only inhibit methanogenesis, D-Limonene also has been found to inhibit acidogenesis process in anaerobic digestion. There are many ways to remove D-Limonene from citrus waste. In this study, aeration has been applied to citrus waste slurry under mild condition in order to evaporate D-Limonene. The pretreatment was carried out by diluting the citrus waste with water (ratio 1:3), homogenized using blender, and then aeration under different conditions. Result shows that removal of D-Limonene at room temperature pretreatment are faster (2.5-3 days) than that of cold temperature (5.5 days). Airlift configuration are better than bubble column configuration because the air bubble was recirculated properly. The pretreatment with airlift aeration column successfully reduces the D-Limonene from 0.13% to 0 % (wb) in 2.5-3 days. While at lower pretreatment temperature 10 C, the time needed to achieve the same D-Limonene removal was 5 days. After pretreatment, the pretreated citrus waste slurry was fed into acidogenesis reactor to be converted into volatile fatty acid (VFA). The pH of the reactor was controlled at pH 6. Untreated citrus waste slurry was used as a control. The VFA from the reactor was extracted through cross-flow filtration using tubular membrane. The filtration was done conveniently without major problem such as fouling and clogging. The pretreated citrus waste slurry gives higher VFA yield (0.21 g Total VFA/VS added) compare to untreated one (0.53 g Total VFA/VS added) at OLR 8 g VS/L.d.

Keywords: Airlift aeration pretreatment, citrus waste, anaerobic digestion, volatile fatty acid, tubular membrane filtration

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Graphical abstract: It can be added upon authors’ desire.

Acknowledgement: The authors are grateful for the technical help received from Päivi Yltervo during the analyses of D-Limonene using GC-MS.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.92

Effects of Temperature on the Anaerobic Degradation of the Deca-bromodiphenyl Ether

Chen Shi a,b, Yong Hua, Haiyuan Maa, Takuro Kobayashi a*, Hidetoshi Kuramochia, Zhenya Zhangb, Kai-Qin Xua

a Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan b Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan

Corresponding Author: Takuro Kobayashi, Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan. (E-mail: [email protected] )

Abstract As the most representative poly-brominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) among the 209 congers, deca-bromodiphenyl ether (DBDE, BDE-209) showed excellent physical and chemical properties due to its full-brominated structure. Therefore, DBDE is set as necessary anthropogenic chemicals, widely used in the textile, plastics industry to improve the fire resistance ability of the corresponding products. Considering the contact frequency and potential toxicity of nerve inhibition, endocrine disruption and carcinogenicity, it is of significance to degrade the DBDE (Papke et al., 2004). Taking advantage of strong degradation ability in anaerobic conditions, researchers reported the DBDE could be degraded through reductive debromination by anaerobic microorganisms under thermophilic and mesophilic conditions (Gerecke et al., 2005). However, the difference of specific degradation characteristics in both conditions are not examined. In this research, we investigated the effects of temperature on DBDE anaerobic degradation. Two continuously-stirred anaerobic digesters were carried out for 150 days under thermophilic (55 degree) and mesophilic (35 degree) conditions, respectively. The experimental results showed that the debrominationrate at thermophilic condition was higher than that at mesophilic condition, reaching 0.4 μg/d. In addition, it was found that the thermophilic condition could improve the removal of para- and meta- bromines. It suggests that DBDE degradation in thermopherlic condtion is more effective than that in the mesophilic one.

Keywords: Deca-bromodiphenyl ether; Anaerobic degradation; Thermophilic condition; mesophilc condition

Acknowledgement: This study was financially supported by the KAKENHI of the Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS, Grant No. 17H01905).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.93

Syrphidae for a pesticide-free garden

Daoud BOUKRIAa* aMaster in Biodiversity

Introduction The (syrphidae, diptera) are natural enemies of the aphids which are harmful for the cultivation of the gardens and all the fields.Often confused with wasps, bees and bumble bees, (syrphidae, diptera) are flies capable of a very light flight and very fast or otherwise completely stationary, These flies are one of the largest families with 200 kinds and more of 5000 species described in the world.The agricultural sector is an essential sector of Algerian agriculture. It contributes not only to the supply of the domestic market, but also to the development of exports and the improvement of the country's trade balance. This is why the use of hoverflies helps to increase market gardening yields in a sustainable way by reducing the risks that affect their production.

Why study hoverflies?

This family plays a major ecological role in the ecosystems used as a bioindicator, at different stages of the life cycle. The adults are floricoles. They feed on pollen and nectar and are considered good pollinators. Larvae feed on aphids are valuable control agents in pest control, a single larva can swallow 400 to 900 aphids.

Photo 1 : hoverflies are pollinators par excellence Photo 2 : syrphid larvae ravaging aphids

Classification and identification

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

This fly is of the order Diptera (2 wings), its size varies from a few millimeters to 20 mm, to distinguish hoverflies from other Diptera namely a false vein or vena spuria and a false edge (false margin) exists in the wings (photo03).

Photo 03 : hoverfly wing Objective To establish an inventory of the most interesting and useful species in the agricultural field. Propose conservation measures. Photo 04 : (Episyrphus balteatus)

Syrphid capture method and identification

The hoverflies can be caught sighted by the entomological net (photo 5) or in a passive way Photo 05 Photo 06 Photo 07

by using malaise traps: similar to a tent used to collect insects (photo 6).

Species identification requires a determination key and a binocular loupe (photo 7)

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.94

The influence of altitude on the distribution of family of syrphids

Daoud boukria a a Department of Environmental Engineering, larbi tebessi University, Tebessa 12000, Algeria

Corresponding Author: Daoud boukria, Department of biodiversity, larbi tebessi University, Tebessa 12000, Algeria (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract The present study was conducted in three stations along Oued Bouakous (950 m, 1060 m and 1200 m altitude) in theregion of EL-Hammamet -Tébessa- from 30 October 2015 to 29 April 2016. Unlike other Diptera families, Syrphids are relatively best studied for: - The large number of silvicultural species, including saproxylophagous larvae, live in cavities flooded with old trees,which make it possible to use this group as an indicator of old high natural heritage forests.- Syrphids are used as bio accumulators of pollutants;Syrphids are the best foragers of Diptera. They are the only ones able to feed on both pollen and nectar because of the structure of their well adapted sucking and harvesting tubes. They are important pollinators of fruit trees. They are more active and more numerous than bees during the summer. For example, Eristalis pertinax, Eristalis arbustorum and Syritta pipiens were used as greenhouse cucumber pollinators.- The large number of species whose larvae are aphidiphages (predators of aphids), whichmakes this family an ally in the context of biological control if appropriate arrangements are put in place (for example, flowering grass strips to attract adults).- There are many phytophagous larvae used as biocontrol agents for weeds, such as Cheilosia grossa for the control of Carduus nutans and Carduus pycnocephalus- they make it possible, among other things, to judge the degree of "naturalness" of forests , the good health and the diversity of niches of this environment Using a butterfly net, the Hoverfly were sampled weekly on a regular basis. Some ecological parameters have been determined, such as species richness, relative abundance, constancy, indices of diversity and similarity. The results have identified 1000 individuals attached to 21 species divided into three subfamilies: Syrphinae, Milesiinae and Eristalinae, with the predominance of Syrphinae.The months of January, February, March and April are the best months for the flight of Hoverfly.The species Eristalis arbustorum was more abundant in the 1st and 2nd station and species Metasyrphus corollae in the 3rd. The 1st and 2nd station are diversified and balanced; the study noted the presence of Eristalis aeneus species and Scaeva selentica for the first time in the region of Hammamet. Altitude affecting mainly the temperature; seems to influence the distribution of syrphid along Oued Bouakous.

Keywords: Hoverfly, Hammamet, Oued Bouakous, altitude, biodiversity.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.95

Biogas production through anaerobic digestion of fruit, food and vegetable waste (FFVW) using mesophilic microorganisms: Effect of pre-treatment methods

Amit Kumar Chaurasia, Prasenjit Mondal* Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667, India

Corresponding Author: Tel: +91-1332-285181; E-mail:[email protected] Presenting Author. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: The gradual increase in the discharge of fruit, food and vegetable waste (FFVW) have lethal impact on environment in many developing countries due to their biodegradability and slow rate of digestion reaction. FFVW is a kind of bio-degradable municipal waste and has potential for biogas production through mesophilic anaerobic digestion (AD) with reduction of waste and greenhouse gases. In the present study, FFVW with cow dung as inoculum for biogas production and economic analysis of this process has been investigated in a laboratory scale 1L batch reactor operated under mesophilic (40 oC) condition for 30 days. FFVW waste was evaluated in terms of biogas and methane yield, volatile solids (VS) removal rate. The biogas production was enhanced by 54 % with ultrasonication treatment as compared untreated FFVW waste. The average cumulative biogas and methane yield in this condition was 71.32 ml biogas/gVS and 27.8 % methane content, respectively.

Keywords: Mesophilic anaerobic digestion; Fruit, food and vegetable waste (FFVW); Ultrasonication pre-treatment; Biogas and Cow Dung;

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.96

Sludge treatment in an AnDMBR for biomethane recovery

Roent Dune A. Cayetanoa, Jong-Hun Parka,b, Sang-Hyoun Kima* a School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea b Green Process Material Research Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Chungnam 31056, Republic of Korea

Corresponding author: Sang-Hyoun Kim, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Sludge contains high amount of nutrients and organic matter, which makes it suitable for nutrient and energy extraction. However, due to several limitations, the resource recovery potential from sludge is hard to access. Sludge digestibility remains unclear and it has been related to its recalcitrant nature attributed to large molecular weight flocs or insoluble components. This study aims to compare the biomethane recovery and treatment of sludge in an AnDMBR and CSTR systems without prior pretreatment. Sludge concentration was fixed at 50-g COD/L and was fed intermittently into the reactors having 25-d of hydraulic retention time. Our findings showed that AnDMBR comparatively gave a 29.5% higher COD conversion and 23.2% more efficient in methane productivity rate compared to its CSTR counterpart. It is then hypothesized that sufficient solid retention time provided by the DM module in the AnDMBR’s system is vital to improve the sludge’s digestibility and methane recovery.

Keywords: anaerobic digestion, sludge, CSTR, AnDMBR

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.97

Using microwave-assisted polyol method to prepare tridimensional porous photocatalyst for photoreduction CO2 into methanol

Min-Chang Wu, Min-Jhen Chen, Chi-Yuan Lu* Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, ROC

Corresponding Author: Chi-Yuan Lu, Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, ROC (E-mail : [email protected])

Abstract In recent year, reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the most important issue that have received whole world. Traditional methods to solve this problem including reducing emissions, storage, and capture. In present, more and more research focus on conversion CO2 into different types of renewable energy such as methane, methanol and ethanol. According to the earlier researches, photoreduction of CO2 have been study widely. As we know the ability of the CO2 conversion was affected by the efficiencies of photons induced and the separation time of electron-hole pairs. Besides, the kind of the + product is also influenced by the band gap and concentration of H . Today TiO2 is widely use as photocatalyst, it still has some disadvantages such as width band gap, acting under UV light, long irradiation time of light, low specific surface area, and so on. In this study, a tridimensional porous titanium-based photocatalyst synthesized and modified with metal through microwave-assisted polyol method to promote the photocatalytic reduction performance. Moreover, the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L9 was employed to study the parameters of preparation, the array including four factors and three levels. Methanol yields was chosen as the indicator for activity test under visible light irradiation. After the activity test, the experimental results were analyzed by Statistical Analysis Software including variance analysis (ANOVA) and S/N ratio. Photocatalyst type, metal loading, space velocity, and reaction dose were chosen as four factor to study the optimum parameters for photoreduction of photocatalyst preparation. Moreover, the experimental results were studied by photocatalytic kinetics models (Pseudo first-order mode, Pseudo second-order mode, etc.).

Keywords: Carbon dioxide, Photoreduction, Taguchi method, Methonal, Tridimensional porous materials

Acknowledgement: This work was performed under the auspices of the Ministry of Science and Technology, ROC, under Contract MOST 108-2221-E-040-009-MY2, to which the authors wish to express their thanks.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.98

Potential of bio-hydrogen production from dark fermentation of nanoparticles with C. pasteurianum using a co-immobilization technique

Anongnart Wannapokina, Cheng, Yu-Tzu a, Wu, Sheng-Zhe a, Hsieh, Ping-Heng a and Hung, Chun-Hsiunga* a Department of environmental engineering, Faculty of engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan 40227

Corresponding Author: Hung, Chun-Hsiung, Department of environmental engineering, Faculty of engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan, 40227 (E-mail: badger@nchu,eda.tw)

Abstract In the present day, green energy has gained interest as an emerging social as well as economic issue. Compared to other alternative energy sources, hydrogen has significant potential. Nowadays, one of the most extensively studied technology applications is biohydrogen production using dark fermentation. Microorganisms that possess superior environmental tolerance and augmented hydrogen production are some of the benefits for the use of immobilized microbial technology. In terms of the influence of nano-metals, it is apparent that the production of hydrogen can be boosted when added into dark fermentation with co-immobilization. The transfer rate between electrons can be enhanced because of their surface properties, quantum size and method of co-immobilization. As recommended in this research, a novel approach to hydrogen production could result if co-immobilized nano-metals and hydrogen-producing microorganisms would work together. In terms of co-immobilization with nano-metals, the bacteria dark fermentation C.pasteurianum has been studied. Co-immobilization with nano-metal comprising nickel (NP-Ni) and iron (NP-Fe) showed better results than control as shown by the accumulative and percentage gas composition of hydrogen production. When adding NP-Ni 400 and Np-Fe 200 ml/L, could enhance hydrogen gas composition percentage at 46.90 and 42.03 % respectively. The granules started to crack in about 14 days during the immobilization granules tolerance test, though some split into two halves at 22 days. However, hydrogen production remained consistent. Thus, the recycling of granules is possible. Higher environmental tolerance and increased hydrogen production potential are benefits of the bacterial microorganisms.

Keywords: Bio-hydrogen; Clostridium pasteurianum; immobilization technique; Nano-metal

Acknowledgement: In this study is supported by the R.O.C Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) (MOST 107-2221-E005-001-MY3).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 099

Reproduction of Polyurethane by Waste Polyurethane Glycolysis with Heterogeneous Catalysts

Alex C.-C. Chang*, 1, 2, Yu-Shuan Lin 1, Morrison M. Rei 3

1 Chemical Engineering Department, 2Green Energy and Biotechnology Industry Research Center 100 Wenhua Road, Taichung, Taiwan 3 Foam Devision, Chiao Fu Enterprise Co. Ltd. 1, 26th, Taichung Industrial Park Rd., Taichung, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Prof. Alex C.-C. Chang, Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, Tel: +886-4-2451-7250Ext3676, Fax: +886-4-2451-0890; E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Polyurethane (PU) was originally synthetized by Otto Bayer in 1937 in Germany. This material is very stable on a lot of different applications, such as, transportation, packaging, footwear, paint, and insulation component for refrigerators and buildings. In 2016, approximately 18 million tons of PU will be produced and 3/4 of them were in foam format. Asian countries used most of them. A new study on polyurethane degradation, catalyzed by the different catalyst was reported. NaOH, KOH, sodium acetate and an alkaline metal oxide catalyst were used under the presence of ethyl glycol at the designated reaction condition was proposed. The resulting glycolysate was analyzed to determine the physical and chemical properties. The will be used as the source to reproduce polyurethane for recycling purpose. With the addition of sodium hydroxide and sodium acetate as the catalyst in the glycolysis, more wasted PU can be dissolved than that without the presence of the catalyst. The reaction time to reach the equilibrium condition is almost the same. More waste PU can be dissolved into the glycolysate with a shorter reaction time if the reaction was catalyzed by the proposed heterogeneous catalyst. The spent catalyst can be removed from the mother glycolysate solution easily upon the completion of the reaction. The glycolysate of the by different catalysts were also re-synthesized to form the recycled polyurethane. The thermalgrametric analysis of the recycled polyurethane from the heterogeneous catalyst showed very similar to the original waste PU. The results showed a potential route to reproduced the polyurethane from the recycled method. The PU foam as also reproduced in this reaction process.

Keyword: polyurethane, waste valorization, glycolysis, circular economy

Acknowledgement: Financial support: Ministry of Science and Technology in Taiwan, ROC (MOST 107-2218-E-035-017 –, MOST 106-2221-E-035-079 – and MOST 108-2622-E-035-006-CC2).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.100

Evaluation of environmental aspects of brew waste-based carbon production and its disposal scenario

S. Suganyaa,*, P. Senthil Kumarb

aAnalytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSMCRI), Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002 bSSN College of Engineering, Chennai-603110, India

Corresponding Author: Dr. S. Suganya, Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002 Email: [email protected]; Mobile: +91 9159690215

Abstract Present study demonstrates the quantification of environmental impacts associated with the production of activated carbon (AC) from exhausted brew waste at lab scale in India. The production chart of a quality adsorbent from 2.14 kg feedstock was designed. The surface characteristics of AC was enriched through chemical treatment (acid bath) and ultrasonication to implement carbonization, activation as well oxidization. Based on the lab scale investigation, the functional unit of life cycle assessment of AC production was set 1.28 kg from by-product of brew waste. The process of drying and impregnation of H2SO4 attribute to major impact categories: carcinogens, respiration organics, respiration inorganics, climate change, radiation, ozone layer, ecotoxicity, acidification, land use, minerals and fossil fuels. The disposal of produced AC and untreated brew waste showed no or positive and negative impacts to environment respectively. In contrast, the use of electricity, heat, natural gases, resources in the production of AC were the main factors causing emission to air, water and soil. The predicted emission values do not exceed the environmental permissible limit. Beneficially, no societal and economic issues were found. Recycling seems not favorable for the produced AC but can directly landfill without impacts to human and aquatic health system.

Keywords: Activated carbon; ultrasonication; disposal; life cycle inventory; landfill; transport.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.101

Use of biochar and constructed wetland in a rapid infiltration system for treating dormitory sewage

Xuan Cuong Nguyena, Soon Woong Changb, Seok Joo Chungb, Woo Jin Chungb, Dinh Duc Nguyenb,,* a Center for Advanced Chemistry, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang, Vietnam b Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: [email protected] (D. Duc Nguyen)

Abstract A novel sewage treatment system that combined constructed rapid infiltration (CRI), which included biochar, and a constructed wetland (CW) was investigated for the dual purposes of sewage treatment and reuse. The CRI included four layers (biochar, sand, gravel, and sandy soil), and the CW, which was used as a polishing tank, was installed after the CRI. Local plants (Colocasia esculenta and Canna indica) were planted in CRI and CW, respectively. The system operated for ~6 months, and the experimental period was categorized into four stages that corresponded to changes in hydraulic loading rate (HLR; 0.02 to 0.12 m/d). The removal efficiencies for total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), ammonia (NH4-N), and total coliforms (Tcol) were 71 ± 11%, 73 ± 13%, 79 ± 11%, 91 ± 3%, and 70 ± 20%, respectively. At HLRs of 0.04–0.06 m/d, the COD and BOD5 levels satisfied Vietnam’s irrigation standards, with removable rates of 64 and 88%, respectively, whereas TSS and Tcol satisfied Vietnam’s standards for potable water. Furthermore, NO3- N levels satisfied the reuse limits, whereas NH4-N levels exceeded the reuse standards. At high HLRs (e.g., 0.12 m/d), all the effluent parameters, except Tcol and NO3-N, exceeded the standards.

Key words: rapid infiltration; dormitory sewage; constructed wetland; reuse; combined treatment system.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.102

Effect of substrate concentration on continuous dark fermentative hydrogen production

Ju-Hyeong Jung a, Young-Bo Sim a, Jong-Hun Park a , Sang-Hyoun Kim a*

a Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Sang-Hyoun Kim, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of substrate concentration on continuous production of bio-hydrogen through dark fermentation. A DYMR (dynamic membrane reactor) was equipped with 50-μm polyester screen mesh as support material and operated at the constant shear velocity, flux and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 0.43 m/h, 325.93 L/hr-m2. and 3 hr, respectively. Glucose was used as a model substrate. Influent glucose concentration of 15, 20 and 25 g/L resulted in the average hydrogen production rates (HPR) at 16.07, 44.99 L/L-d and 29.50 L/L-d, respectively. The average hydrogen yields (HYs) were 1.08, 2.26 and 1.19 mol H2/mol glucoseadded at the evaluated substrate concentrations. Increasing the substrate concentration from 15 g/L to 20 g/L facilitated the formation of biofilm and granule, thereby increased the SRT from 6.55 d to 10.66 d. However, further increase of substrate to 25 g/L reduced HPR and HY. SRT was also decreased below 6 d. Organic acids analysis revealed that butyric and acetic acid were the major metabolite at substrate concentration of 15 and 20 g/L with effective glucose consumption. Acetic and butyric acid were 2.34 g COD/L, 6.65 g COD/L at 15 g/L and 3.85 g COD/L, 8.24 g COD/L at 20 g/L. VFA production and glucose consumption were lowered at 25 g glucose/L along with hydrogen production. Transmembrane pressure was maintained below 2.0 kPa in the whole operational period. 20 g/L would be an optimal sugar concentration for continuous dark hydrogen production at HRT 3 hr.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphical abstract:

Keywords: biohydrogen; dark fermentation; Transmembrane pressure; substrate concentration

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.103

Design of a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) for electric power generation from biomass

Albert D. Lai a, Brian Y. Liao a, Nicole C. Yeh a, Willy Y. Chen a, Andrew C. Chien a*

a Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Seatwen, Taichung, Taiwan 40724, R.O.C. b Green Energy Development Center, Feng Chia University, Seatwen, Taichung, Taiwan 40724, R.O.C.

Corresponding Author: Andrew C. Chien, Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Seatwen, Taichung, Taiwan 40724, R.O.C. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) is a high -temperature Fuel Cell that uses alkaline metal carbonates as electrolytes for energy conversion. Because of operation at high temperature, fast kinetics allows hydrocarbons directly used as fuel in a MCFC without gas conversion. Solid carbon including coal and biomass has been reported as fuel in a MCFC too [1]. In this study, our objective is to design a MCFC and characterize this design for oxidation of carbon from bomass. High anode polarization is a major challenge to oxidize carbon in a high temperature fuel cell [2]. Our preliminary study show that the polarization can be allieviated in a MCFC, compared with that in a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC). This was resulted from molten carbonate, which wets carbon, brings solid fuel from electrolyte to anode, and probably extends electrochemical reaction sites. Type of solid carbon and performance of gaseous fuel (e.g., H2 and CH4) compared with solid carbon in this MCFC are also investigated.

Keywords: Molten carbonate fuel cell ; Polarization; Solid Oxide Fuel Cell; Triple-phase boundary

Acknowledgement: MOST 106-2218-E-035-009-MY2

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.104

Surface Modification of Anode for Conversion of Biogas by Direct Methane Fuel Cell

Eric Y. Lin a, Brian Y. Liao a, Nicole C. Yeh a, Willy Y. Chen a, Andrew C. Chien a*

a Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Seatwen, Taichung, Taiwan 40724, R.O.C. b Green Energy Development Center, Feng Chia University, Seatwen, Taichung, Taiwan 40724, R.O.C.

Corresponding Author: Andrew C. Chien, Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Seatwen, Taichung, Taiwan 40724, R.O.C. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Direct Methane Fuel Cell is a promising technology for conversion of biogas (major component is methane) to produce electrical power. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) is such a kind of Fuel Cell, which operates at high temperature and allows methane directly used as fuel without noble metal as catalysts. When methane is used, however, coking (i.e. carbon deposition) on state of the art anode, nickel/yttrium stabilized zirconia (Ni/YSZ), causes a problem to develop this technology. In this study, we modify nickel cermet anode by addition of boron, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, lanthanum strontium titanate (LST) and coating of copper, respectively, to investigate their effect on reduction of coking. Our preliminary results shows that the anode containing boron powder and LST is resistant to carbon deposition, and the one with magnesium oxide is stable in methane atmosphere although deposition of carbon occurs. The effect is evaluated by electrical performance on each cell and characterized by in situ infrared coupled with mass spectroscopy.

Keywords: Solid Oxide Fuel Cell; Coking; Ni/YSZ; Magnesium Oxide; Lanthanum Strontium Titanate; In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy

Acknowledgement: MOST 106-2218-E-035-009-MY2

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.105

Effect of Karanja oil Methyl Ester on Lubricating oil Degradation in a Compression Ignition Engine

Madhu Sudan Reddy Dandu a, Nanthagopal Kasianantham a*, B.Ashok

a School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India

Author: Madhu Sudan Reddy Dandu, School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India, E-Mail address: [email protected] ; Tel: +919949067209 Corresponding Author: Nanthagopal Kasianantham, School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India, E-mail address: [email protected] ; Tel: +919943928066; Fax: +914162243092

Abstract The present day trend of increasing the usage of automobiles focusing on the depletion of fossil fuels and also environmental degradation, hence there is a strict obligation to discover the other alternative resources to overcome the demand of energy crisis as per the present trend and also to constrain the emissions by the fossil fuels. At this instance, alternate fuels being the best possible solution to the automobile applications. Many of the investigations proved that short run duration of engine tests using biodiesel performed well, but the problem arises with long run duration tests resulting in engine failure due to lubricating oil degradation and higher amount of carbon deposition. The present work aims at a comparative study on lubricating oil degradation to assess the durability of a single cylinder diesel engine fuelled by 100% Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME) and diesel respectively. As per the IS 10000 standards, initially the engine is made to run with diesel for 256 hours, each cycle comprising of 16 hours. Then the same test cycle has been repeated on the engine which was later fuelled with KOME. Various tribological properties of lubricating oil are recorded at regular intervals in order to assess the lubricating oil performance and engine life and these parameters are kinematic viscosity, flash point, density, total base number, moisture content, ash content, pentane and benzene insolubles. The results showed that kinematic viscosity, flash point and total base number were observed to be lesser in KOME fuelled engine. Density, ash content, moisture content and insoluble were found to be higher in engine fuelled with KOME. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy was being used to monitor the wear debris concentrations in the lubricating oil samples drawn from both the engines. Higher wear metal concentrations were observed in the lubricating oil of KOME fuelled engine. Surface parameters of cylinder liners were investigated and compared to quantify the cylinder wear of both engines.

Keywords: Biodiesel, Tribology, Condition monitoring, Wear, Surface roughness.

209

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphical Abstract:

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.106

The performance and emission characteristics of jatropha and fish oil methyl esters and diesel blends in a partially premixed charge compression ignition engine

K.Bhaskar1, S.Sendilvelan2*, E. Sheeba Percis3, A.Nalini3, K.Gomathi4, M.Kiani Deh Kiani5,

1 Department of Automobile Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai 602105, India. 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, India. 3Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dr. M.G.R Educational and Research Institute,Chennai600095, India. 4Department of Biotechnology, Dr.M.G.R Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, India. 5Department of Biosystem Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.

Corresponding Author: S.Sendilvelan, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, India (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract In the present work, an attempt was made to reduce NOx and PM using partially premixed charge compression ignition (PPCCI) combustion of diesel fuel with external mixture formation technique. Two different biofuels were used; jatropha and fish oil methyl ester (JOME/FOME), blended with diesel and injected into the intake manifold as premix and into the cylinder as main fuel. Not much work had been done related to the usage of bio-diesel (Methyl esters of edible, non-edible oils, and animal fats) in the PPCCI combustion mode. Diesel fuel was injected to intake manifold that forms homogeneous pre-mixture beforehand and the pre-mixture is burnt in the cylinder with the balance quantity of fuel directly and injected into the cylinder by a conventional injection system. To obtain homogeneous mixture, diesel fuel was injected in the intake manifold using a solenoid-operated injector controlled by Electronic Control Unit (ECU). The pre-mixed charge is burnt in the cylinder along with the fuel that is directly injected into the cylinder by conventional injection system. At rated power output, the brake thermal efficiency in D-20J mode varies from 26.8% to 21.6% and in D-20F mode from 26.4% to 21.4% when premixed ratio is varied from 0.25 to 0.75 compared to 28.4% in CIDI mode. Specific energy consumption varies from 13,420 to 16,636kJ/kWh for D-20J mode and from 16,652 to 16,823kJ/kWh for D-20F for premixed ratios of 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 compared to 12,662kJ/kWh in CIDI mode at rated power output. Premixed ratio of 0.25 is observed to be optimum in both D-20J and D-20F as the decrease in brake thermal efficiency is only marginal when compared to CIDI mode and, the soot emission is lower than that of CIDI mode. D-20J mode is observed to be better than D-20F mode comparing performance, combustion and emission characteristics.

Keywords: Biofuels; Jatropha and Fish oil methyl ester; Partial premixed ignition; Soot emissions

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphical abstract:

Low Temperature Reactions, High Temperature Reactions and Interval between LTR and HTR with Various Premixed Ratios at Rated Power Output for Diesel and 20% Biodiesel Blend.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.107

Pretreatment of waste cooking oil with anisomeles malabarica oil before conversion tobiodiesel: a control strategy to prevent toxic emission during combustion

Gomathy Kannayiram*, G.Niranjana, D.Nish, D.Priyadhrshini, S.Sendilvelan

Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, India

Corresponding Author: Gomathi Kannayiram, Department of Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, India(E-mail:[email protected],)

Abstract Depletion of fossil fuels made the world to look for alternatives fuels from various sources. One such source is utilization of Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) as Biofuel. WCO is a source or enormous free radicals and more over during the combustion, when the temperature exceeds 500oC, carbon-hydrogen and carbon-carbon bond are broken to form free radicals. These radicals combine to form acetylene which further condenses with aromatic ring structures to form poly-aromatic hydrocarbons that are resistant to thermal degradation and are emitted through it stays in atmosphere. Vehicle emitted pollutants like greenhouse gases, like nitrous oxide and poly-aromatic hydrocarbons are found to play a major threat in causing metabolic disorders right from diabetes to cancer. To prevent the above process here, in this study we intend to follow a new strategy of pre-treatment of highly anti-oxidative herbal oil and blending with waste cooking oil before its conversion to biodiesel.

In the present work, Anisomeles malabarica oil was extracted from leaves. The extracted oil was studied for its anti-oxidative property and its active components were analysed by GCMS. WCO was pre-treated with Herbal oil and studied for the reduction of free radicals and dienes. Further pre- treated WCO was converted to Biodiesel. The main theme was to investigate the effect of various extraction conditions and kinetics of extraction of bio-oil from Anisomeles malabarica. The suitable solvent ratios for extraction were compared amongst diethyl ether: ethanol, chloroform: methanol, chloroform: ethanol, in the varied proportions such as 3:1, 2:2 and 1:3 respectively.

Experimental runs provided high herbal oil yield obtained were at 3:1 ratio of chloroform: methanol and temperature at 45°C and contact time of 30 min. The obtained oil was studied through GCMS for its active components. The extracted oil was pre-treated with WCO and analysed for the reduction of free radicals and dienes present in WCO. 0.6% of herbal oil blended WCO shows maximum reduction in free radicals and dienes. The pre-treated WCO was converted to biodiesel and was analysed for its performance, combustion property and the toxic emissions. From the results it was inferred that WCO biodiesel showed good combustion property with less toxic emission of greenhouse gases when compared with non-pre-treated WCO.

Keywords: Antioxidant; Biofuel; Dienes; DPPH; Waste cooking oil.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.108

Enzyme based hydrolysis of a fibrous and a woody biomass: A novel protocol

Sibashish Baksi1,Ujjaini Sarkar*,1, Sudeshna Saha1

1Chemical Engineering Department, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India

*Corresponding Author: Ujjaini Sarkar, Chemical Engineering Department, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India (Email: [email protected])

Abstract Generation of fermentable sugar from woody biomass is composed of several rate limiting steps like size reduction, delignification and enzymatic hydrolysis. In the present study, two types of biomass: fibre of Crotalaria juncea (Sunn hemp, a waste fibre based biomass) and wood powder from Pinus roxburghii (Pine) are first delignified using chemical assisted pretreatment procedure while maintaining minimum degradation of the hemicelluloses fraction. juncea fibre is delignified using three different pretreatment factors: solid to pretreatment liquor ratio (S/L: 1/20, 1/40, 1/60w/v), time (1, 5, 24 h) and temperature (30, 50, 100 °C).

A three-way ANOVA test is conducted considering two response variables: (a) residual lignin and (b) recovered hemicelluloses in order to understand the effects of various pretreatment factors [Figure 1]. The raw material contains 7.04% lignin and from Figure 1(a), it can be inferred that variations in the S/L ratio has a nominal effect on lignin removal in comparison to the effects of elevated temperature and time. Hemicellulose content of raw Sunn hemp (3.06%) is estimated using TAPPI method T223 [1]. Optimum hemicellulose recovery is observed under pretreatment conditions: 1/60 S/L ratio at 50°C for 24h [see Figure 2(b)]. On the other hand, pine wood powder is delignified using a novel combined protocol consisting of upstream autoclaving (1h) followed by probe sonication (1h) and with alkaline- peroxide assisted pretreatment (5h) in order to minimize degradation of hemicelluloses along with maximum removal of lignin from the wood sample [2]. While crude biomass is composed of 32.1% lignin, 44.8% glucan and 19.1% hemicelluloses, pretreated biomass contains 23.97 % lignin, 58.38% glucan and 17.65% hemicelluloses. Pretreated Sunn hemp and Pine wood powder are then subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using an enzyme cocktail consisting of a cellulase mix along with hemicellulase [H2125] and β-glucosidase [49290]. A specific ratio of cellulase mix: hemicellulase : β-glucosidase = 1:1:2 [unit basis], where, the cellulose mix is prepared using cellulase blend [SAE0020] and cellulase [C1184] in the ratio of 1:1.8 [unit basis]. The hydrolysis is conducted with a substrate loading of 50g/l along with four different concentrations of the enzyme cocktail (1.28 g/l, 6.66 g/l, 11.23 g/l and 17.8 g/l).

Keywords: Biomass, alkaline peroxide pretreatment, Enzymatic Hydrolysis

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Fig. 1: (a) Percentage of delignification from Sunn hemp and (b) hemicelluloses recovery from pretreatment liquor.

Fig.2: Profiles of Sugar generation (Glucose and Xylose) from pretreated (a) Sunn hemp and (b) Pine wood powder

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.109

Selective hydrogenation of succinic acid to 1,4-butanediol using palladium-alumina bimetallic catalyst: Effects of calcination temperature, pressure and reaction time

Pabitra Kumar Baidya a*, Niwesh Ojha b, Ujjaini Sarkar a,

a Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India. b Department of Chemical Engineering and Biochemical Engineering, IIT Patna, Block 6, Amahara Road, Bhita, Patna- 801106, India.

Corresponding Author: Pabitra Kumar Baidya, Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India. (E- mail: [email protected])

Abstract Development of a Crotalaria juncea based biorefinery produces large quantity of waste glycerol after trans-esterification of the juncea seeds. This glycerol is used as a substrate for producing succinic acid on a microbial route using Escherichia coli. Hydrogenation of this biorefined succinic acid is carried out under high pressure in order to produce 1,4-butanediol (BDO) using catalysts produced in-house. 1,4- butanediol (BDO) is found to be an important precursor for petrochemical industries. 1,4-Butanediol is used as a solvent in industry and in the manufacture of some types of plastics, elastic fibres and polyurethanes. It is also used for synthesis of γ-Butyrolactone and Tetrahydrofuran, both of which have got great medicinal and industrial values. As Palladium could lead to a complete reduction of both carboxyl and carbonyl groups during hydrogenation of succinic acid, it acts as a potential catalyst for the selective production of 1,4- Butanediol during hydrogenation of succinic acid. A series of 5% Pd-Al catalysts are prepared by a single-step sol–gel method. Pd-Al catalysts are then physically characterized using XRD, TGA, BET, FESEM and FTIR. These catalysts are then applied for hydrogenation of succinic acid, already bio-refined using microbial fermentation of waste glycerol, in order to produce 1,4-Butanediol under high pressure using a batch slurry reactor. The Pd content in alumina is fixed at 5 weight % and the calcination temperatures are varied from 450°C -850°C. Concentrations of various hydrogenation products are analyzed using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry. Statistical analysis of the overall hydrogenation process is carried out using a Box- Behnken Design (BBD) in order to optimize quantity of the primary hydrogenation product, 1,4- Butanediol, with respect to the relevant process parameters. Hydrogenation reactions are carried out at various operating temperatures and pressures along with changes in the mixing ratios of Palladium chloride and Aluminum sec-butoxide, primary precursors of the bimetallic catalysts synthesized. Palladium-Alumina catalysts prepared by sol-gel method are thus found very effective catalysts towards the formation of 1,4-butanediol by high pressure hydrogenation of succinic acid. With bio-refined succinic acid as the starting material, production of 1,4-Butanediol under high pressure has been found to be cost-effective. This has been particularly because the cost for downstream separation of succinic acid from the fermentation broth could be avoided. This could be so done since the hydrogenation reaction under high pressure could be carried out completely in gas phase under high pressure[1-4] and all sorts of diffusional resistances (both film and pore) encountered by the porous bimetallic could be minimized.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Keywords: Pd-Al bimetallic catalyst, sol–gel method, succinic acid, hydrogenation, 1,4-Butanediol.

Acknowledgement: The first author is particularly grateful to UGC, India for providing him with the Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship along with grants for consumables and chemicals. The authors also thank TCG Life sciences, Block BN, Plot 7, Salt-lake Electronics complex, Kolkata for giving permission to use their high pressure hydrogenation reactor for conducting hydrogenation experiments and Bose Institute, P 1/12, C.I.T. Road, Scheme-VIIM, Kolkata for conducting GCMS analysis.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.110

Energy and economic advantages of simultaneous hydrogen and biogas production in microbial electrolysis cells as function of the applied voltage and biomass content

Ariadna Segundo-Aguilar a, Linda V. González-Gutiérrez a, Víctor Climent Payá b, Juan Feliu b,Germán Buitrónc, Bibiana Cercado a*

a Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, Querétaro 76703, Mexico b Instituto Universitario de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante Apt. 99 E-03080, Spain c Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro 76230, Mexico

Corresponding Author: Bibiana Cercado, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, Querétaro 76703, Mexico (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Energy and economic data of gaseous biofuels production in microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) are a guide for its operation, reactor design, and viability for scaling.Hydrogen and methane production from wastes mainly depend on the biomass content and cell voltage which have been barely investigated in presence of a membrane. In the present work energy efficiencies and economic benefits were investigated for simultaneous dual production of hydrogen and biogas in a cation membrane two-chamber MEC. Combinations of biomass content (5-75 %) and cell voltage (0.30-1.20 V) were tested for anodic biogas and cathodic hydrogen production. Biogas and hydrogen reached 33 mL and 3.5 mL respectively within 13 days. The highest energy efficiency for hydrogen was 854 % which was obtained at 0.3 V and 40 % biomass whilst the highest methane production rate was 14.4 mL L-1 d-1 with 0.43V and 65% biomass. The comparison of economic benefits for the MECs with the maximum energy gain showed that the triple volumetric production of biogas compared to hydrogen increases the economic gain by ten-fold reaching 0.010 USD per kg COD removed. The data generated under comprehensive operation conditions will support decision-making about MEC architecture, operation, scaling and technical-economic studies.

Keywords: Applied voltage; Biogas; Biomass content Economic benefits; Energy efficiency; Hydrogen

Acknowledgement: This study was financially supported by the CONACYT-SENER-FSE (Project 247006) and SEP-CONACYT (project 177441).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphical abstract:

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.111

Thermodynamics analysis of hydrogen production from different renewable fuels for a proton conducting SOFC application

Wiphawee Nuthonga, Amornchai Arpornwichanopb, Yaneeporn Patcharavorachota,*

aDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand bComputational Process Engineering Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand

Corresponding author Yaneeporn Patcharavorachot, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Hydrogen becomes a potential fuel for power generation or chemical production. Hydrogen can be produced from various sources and methods. To produce a clean hydrogen, the renewable fuels that include ethanol, biogas and glycerol were focused in this work. The target of hydrogen production is to use for a proton conducting solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) application and thus, both quality and quantity of produced hydrogen should be considered. The steam reforming reaction was selected since it can be produced the highest hydrogen yield compared with other technologies. In this work, thermodynamics analysis of hydrogen production from different renewable fuels was performed through Aspen Plus simulator. The gas composition at equilibrium can be calculated by the method of minimizing Gibbs free energy. Firstly, the simulation was performed to determine the suitable fuel that can provide the highest hydrogen yield with lowest energy consumption. The effect of operating temperature and steam to carbon (S/C) molar ratio on hydrogen production with different renewable fuels was studied. The simulation results showed that the suitable operating conditions were temperature of 1,073 K, pressure of 1 bar and S/C molar ratio of 5. Under these operating conditions, ethanol can produce the highest hydrogen amount, followed by glycerol and biogas, respectively. However, the use of ethanol as fuel provides the highest carbon monoxide compared with biogas and glycerol. When a water gas-shift reactor is installed in the steam reforming process, it is found that glycerol can provide higher hydrogen yield than biogas whereas ethanol provides the lowest hydrogen yield. When the energy consumption of using each fuel was considered, the results indicated that ethanol requires the most energy, followed by biogas and glycerol, respectively. Then, the produced hydrogen from each renewable fuel was fed directly into a proton conducting SOFC to produce electricity. From the simulation results, it was found that the use of biogas as fuel can provide the highest SOFC electrical efficiency and system electrical efficiency, followed by ethanol and glycerol, respectively. The simulation results indicated that the SOFC optimal operating conditions of the three types of fuel are temperature of 973 K, pressure of 5 bar and current density of 12,000 A/m2. When the total energy consumption of integrated system is analyzed, the results revealed that glycerol requires the most energy, followed by ethanol and biogas, respectively. In addition, when biogas was used as fuel, it can provide the lowest carbon emission. Consequently, from the simulation results, it can be concluded that biogas was a suitable fuel for a proton conducting SOFC application.

Keywords: Renewable fuel; Hydrogen; Steam reforming; Solid oxide fuel cell; Proton-conducting

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.112

Life cycle assessment of replacing from heavy fuel oil to natural gas in the boiler of the textile factory

Meng-Fen Shih a, Chyi-How Lay b, Chiu-Yue Lin a,b, Kou-Bing Cheng c, Justin Chun-Te Lin a,*

a Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan; b Green Energy and Biotechnology Industry Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan; c Department of Fiber and Composite Materials, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan.

Corresponding Author: Justin Chun-Te Lin, Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract The textile industry has been developed in Taiwan for nearly a century and has a great impact on the economics of Taiwan and some other countries. In the process of pursuing economic upgrading all over the world, it is necessary to take responsibility for the environment and society. Textile industry has a large manufacturing process with many technologies, resource needs and energy consumption. The energy supply used in many textile factories in Taiwan still takes traditional approaches, such as boilers that require heavy-oil fuel. Due to the requirements of environmental protection, many factories have gradually changed the energy supply methods to obtain good production volume and also have better environmental benefits. This study is based on the case of a textile midstream plant that responds dyeing and setting in southern Taiwan, and it is expected to replace a heavy-oil fuel with natural gas as an energy-supply in the setting unit. This factory hopes that the energy-utilization transformation will reduce air pollution or other environmental impacts. Other than this, the factory also hopes not to increase the operation cost. This study used the Life Cycle Assessment method and the Materials Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA) method to evaluate the environmental impact and the cost of materials flow of the setting unit in the plant. The methods calculated the data before and after the energy-utilization transformation from heavy-oil fuel into natural gas, and compared for making effective evaluation, analysis and suggestions for the energy- utilization transformation of related industries. The results show that replacing heavy-oil fuel with natural gas for the setting unit in a textile factory may has less environmental impact, especially in carbon footprint and air pollution. The MFCA analysis results show that compared with heavy-oil, natural gas is not only cheaper but also stable in source; the price is not as heavy-oil that affected by fluctuations in international oil prices. Moreover, heavy-oil requires storage space and its related maintenance equipment. Natural gas could use pipelines to transport into the plant area; after decompression, it can be used on site, greatly reducing the storage space and its maintenance costs.

Keywords: Textile industry; Life cycle assessment; Materials flow cost accounting; Environmental impact; Energy-utilization transformation.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.113

Assessment of economic and environmental impacts of energy conservation strategies in a university campus

1*Sunday O. Oyedepo, 1Emmanuel G. Anifowose, 1Elizabeth O. Obembe, 1Joseph O. Dirisu, and 2Shoaib Khanmohamadi

1Depatment of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kermanshah University of Technology, Kermanshah, Iran

Corresponding and Presenting Author: Sunday O. Oyedepo ([email protected])

Abstract This study takes a look at the energy consumption in Covenant University with the aim of providing recommendations that would help to decrease energy consumption in the University. An energy audit of 18 selected buildings was conducted to determine the electrical appliances responsible for energy consumption in the selected buildings; building energy models were built for each of the buildings using Quick Energy Simulation Tool (eQuest) to run parametric simulations on the models generated; utility bills of the University for the past 5 years (2014 – 2018) were examined for seasonal variation of the energy consumption in the University. The study revealed that there are several ways in which energy is being wasted in the University and possible solutions of energy conservation to reduce energy consumption in the University were suggested. Areas of focus of the recommendations include use of solar photovoltaic installation on the roofs of the buildings, creation of Hebron Energy Club to increase energy awareness on campus, replacement of inefficient fluorescent tubes with light emitting diode (LED) bulbs and the use of automated control systems on the corridor lights to reduce energy wastage. A qualitative analysis of two of the recommendations showed that over N30 million ($81,000) can be saved annually with a payback time of less than 6 years. Also, about 500 tons of CO2 emissions annually can be eliminated if these recommendations are implemented.

Keywords: Energy efficiency, buildings, environmental impacts, energy consumption, energy audit

Acknowledgement: The authors acknowledge Management of Covenant University through CUCRID for continued publication support.

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Graphical abstract:

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.114

Application of environmental and hazard assessment methodologies towards the sustainable production of crude palm oil

Moreno-Sader K.1, Alarcón-Suesca C.2, 3, González-Delgado A.D.1, *

1Chemical Engineering Department, Nanomaterials and Computer Aided Process Engineering Research Group (NIPAC), University of Cartagena, Avenida del Consulado St. 30, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, 130015 2Laboratoire de Réactivité et Chimie des solides, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Chemin du Thil, 80025, France 3Department of physics, Physic of Novel Materials Research Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, St. 45 #26-85, Colombia

Corresponding Author: González-Delgado A.D., Chemical Engineering Department, Nanomaterials and Computer Aided Process Engineering Research Group (NIPAC), University of Cartagena, Avenida del Consulado St. 30, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, 130015 (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Palm oil processing is one of the most dynamic economic activities in Colombia due to its high productivity for crude oil extraction. The crude palm oil (CPO) extraction from fresh fruit bunches requires processing stages (e.g. sterilization, threshing, digestion, pressing, clarification and drying) that may generate by-products or wastes impacting negatively the environment. The emissions of these chemical substances to air, soil or water media can be quantified to determine the environmental impacts of CPO production. To this end, the Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and other Environmental Impacts (TRACI) was used for a better understanding of environment/human health related issues during oil extraction. In addition, potential hazards were determined through Hazard Identification and Ranking (HIRA) methodology in order to identify the most critical units and propose relevant safety corrections. The environmental assessment revealed highest impacts in the category of freshwater ecotoxicity for natural and agricultural soil emissions (0.2509 CTUeco/kg CPO). The human health particulate for air emissions reported value of 7.64x10-4 PM 2.5 eq/kg CPO indicating an environmentally friendly performance for the selected case study. Process safety assessment showed risks of fire and explosion due to emissions of combustible dust and handling flammable materials. For most of the studied units, FEDI achieved values above 400, which correspond to highly hazardous category. The novelty of this work lies in: i) detecting environmental and safety issues that need to be addressed, ii) providing insights for process improvements to move towards sustainable CPO production by incorporating safety and environmental aspects.

Keywords: sustainability; process safety; environment; CPO; CAPE

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.115

Measuring sustainability of chitosan microbeads production via computer-aided simulation, WAR and TRACI assessments

Moreno-Sader, K.1,+; Meramo-Hurtado, S.1,+; Gonzalez-Delgado, A.*

+These authors contribute equally to this work 1Chemical Engineering Department, Nanomaterials and Computer Aided Process Engineering Research Group (NIPAC), University of Cartagena, Avenida del Consulado St. 30, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, 130015

Corresponding Author: González-Delgado A.D., Chemical Engineering Department, Nanomaterials and Computer Aided Process Engineering Research Group (NIPAC), University of Cartagena, Avenida del Consulado St. 30, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, 130015 (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract In recent decades, pharmaceutical uses of chitosan microbeads have been identified owing to their low toxicity, biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, many contributions have limited such microbeads preparation to lab-scale and there are no works reported in literature about the scaling-up of chitosan microbeads production. To fill the knowledge gap, this research attempts to simulate and evaluate the environmental performance of large-scale production of chitosan microbeads under sustainability concept. The extended energy and mass balances were provided by process simulation using the commercial software Aspen Plus ®. The environmental assessment was performed through two computer-aided tools: waste reduction (WAR) algorithm and Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and other Environmental Impacts (TRACI). Results reported negatives values for total generation rate of PEI (-1.16×10+2, -9.25×10+1, -1.00×10+2 and 7.66×10+1 PEI/hr) and highest total output rate of PEI for cases 4 and 3 (considering energy flows contributions). For TRACI tool, potential environmental impacts were low, however, the freshwater ecotoxicity potential for freshwater emissions was higher (6.03E+02 CTUeco/hr) than for natural soil emissions (1.55E+02 CTUeco/hr). These results showed good environmental performance of the process and can be used as benchmark in the production of more environmental-friendly chitosan microbeads at large-scale.

Keywords: Chitosan; Pharmaceutical; Environmental assessment; CAPE

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.116

Power generation, wastewater treatment and desalination in bioelectrochemical systems using P. aeruginosa FA17 local strain

Fatma Allama*, Mohamed Elnoubyb

a Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. b Composite and Nanostructured Materials Research Department, Advanced Technology & New Materials Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria 21934, Egypt.

Corresponding Author: Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Department of Botany and Microbiology, Baghdad St., Qism Moharram Bek, Alexandria Governorate, Egypt (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract A P. aeruginosa strain was isolated and identified using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization– Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and 16S rDNA as P. aeruginosa FA17. Then a placket-Burnman 11-variable design was used for optimization of medium compositions for current generation in three-electrode set-up using cyclic voltammetry analyses. In A second experiment, effect of selected nutrients and compounds on the biofilm formation of our isolate was performed using microtiter plate and crystal violet. In another Plackett-Burman design, effect of different physical and chemical parameters was tested to optimize rhamnolipid production by the local strain FA17. After getting information from the optimization experiments, five BESs prototypes were investigated to evaluate their ability to produce bioelectricity, treat wastewater and desalinate saline (NaCl-containing) water. The BESs namely were Air Cathode Single Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell (ACSC-MFC), Double Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell (DC-MFC) with Carbon-paper as electrodes material, (DC-MFC) with water hyacinth biochar as electrodes material, Packed Bed Air Cathode Microbial Fuel Cell (PBAC- MFC) and Microbial Desalination Cell (MDC). Artificial Wastewater (AWW), Raw Wastewater (RWW), and bioaugmented-RWW were used as the fuel media in anode. bioaugmented-RWW contained RWW, and three optimized media for current production, biofilm formation and rhamnolipid production by P. aeruginosa FA17 strain. Bioaugmented-RWW showed the maximum power generation in all BESs followed by AWW and RWW. The maximum power was obtained when using DC-C-paper MFC; 736.5 mW/m3, followed by ACSC-MFC; 300.88 mW/m3, MDC; 185.3 mW/m3, DC-WHB-MFC; 60.8 mW/m3, and finally the PBAC-MFC; 10.84 mW/m3. Regarding COD removal percentage, ACSC-WHB-MFC showed the highest COD removal percentage among all prototypes in AWW (81.7%) and bioaugmented- RWW (85.4%), followed by DC-C-paper-MFC (48.2% in AWW, 57.9% in RWW, and 43.7% in bioaugmented-RWW), MDC (38.5% in AWW, 22.9% in RWW, and 49.5% in bioaugmented-RWW), and DC-WHB-MFC (33.7% in AWW, 24.1% in RWW, and 38.6% in bioaugmented-RWW) while PBAC-MFC showed the lowest percentage of COD removal with 2.7% in AWW, 2.0% in RWW, and 22.7% in bioaugmented-RWW (Fig 4.53). The desalination percentages obtained from MDC were 22.18% in AWW, 17.99% in RWW, and 21.8% in bioaugmented-RWW. This study presents a new, simple and effective method for enhancing power generation and wastewater treatment in different types of BESs. In addition, it involves the use of eco-friendly, cheap electrode based BESs construction for bioelectricity generation, wastewater treatment and desalination.

Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, bioelectrochemical systems, Microbial Fuel Cell, Microbial Desalnation Cell, Bioaugmentation, Wastewater treatment, Power generation. 226

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.117

Thermodynamics analysis and performance optimization of a reheat – Regenerative steam turbine power plant with feed water heaters

1*Oyedepo, S.O, 1Fakeye B. A, 1Mabinuori, B, 1Babalola, P.O, 1Leramo, R.O, 1Kilanko, O, 1Dirisu J,

O, 1Udo, M, 1Efemwenkiekie U. K, and 2Oyebanji J.A 1Depatment of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Nigeria

Corresponding and Presenting Author: Sunday O. Oyedepo ([email protected])

Abstract One of the ways to minimize fuel consumption and improve effectiveness of thermal power plant is by introducing feed water heaters (FWHs). In this study, thermodynamics performance analysis of a reheat- regenerative steam power plant was carried out using CyclePad version 2 software. The impact of the available feed water heaters on the functionality indices of the selected power was examined. Results of the study show that as the number of feed water heater increases from one to ten, the thermal efficiency and boiler efficiency improve from 42.17% to 45.97% and 79% to 96.4 %, respectively. While the fuel consumption, heat rejected to condenser, heat rate and heat input to the power cycle decreases from 9.697 kg/s to 4.686 kg/s, 209.32 kJ/kg to 129.68 kJ/kg, 8536.87 kJ/kWh to 8318.48 kJ/kWh and 361.11 kJ/kg to 237.98 kJ/kg, respectively. This implies decrease in operation cost of the plant and environmental impacts can be achieved by increasing the number of FWHs. Hence, the importance of FWH revamp performance of steam turbine power plant is established.

Graphical abstract:

Plot of Cycle Efficiency against Number of FWHs

Keywords: Thermal efficiency, feed water heater, performance optimization, specific steam consumption, thermodynamic analysis

Acknowledgement: The authors acknowledge Management of Covenant University through CUCRID for continued publication support.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.118

Production of keratinase in Bacillus subtilis using the piggy wastewater as nutrient source

Ming-Zhi Cai, Shu-Yun Cheng, Po-Ting Chen*

a Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Po-Ting Chen, Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected])

Abstract Taiwan's pig industry accounts for about 43% of animal husbandry, which is one of Taiwan's most important agricultural economic industries. However, piggy wastewater contain high concentrations of organic elements, which can seriously pollute rivers and water if it is discharged into rivers or oceans without pretreatment. In field of biorefinery, piggy wastewater has the potential as a kind of nutrient for bacterial fermentation. The keratinase has potential applied in animal feed additives, fertilizers, detergents, leather, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industries because it can degrade proteins and keratins. In this study, we constructed the recombinant Bacillus subtilis to improve produce keratinase using piggy wastewater as a fermentation nutrient. The results showed that the recombinant Bacillus subtilis could use the piggy wastewater as a nutrient for production of keratinase.

Keywords: piggy wastewater; keratinase, Bacillus subtilis

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (Grant No. MOST 107-2621-M-218-001-)

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.119

Increase of protein removal efficiency during acidogenesis of food waste recycling wastewater using crude extracts from pineapple wastes

Gyuseong Han a, Jungsoo Mun a, Hyoungyoung Ye a, Do-hyeong Kim a, and Seokhwan Hwang b*

a LOTTE Engineering & Construction, Research & Development Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea b Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Seokhwan Hwang, Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Despite improvement of anaerobic digestion, protein removal efficiency remained poor due to the slow hydrolysis of protein and existence or growth of microorganisms during anaerobic process. In this study, a novel approach was introduced that uses pineapple wastes as an additive to improve protein degradation and volatile fatty (VFA) acid production. The objectives were to (1) investigate the effects of addition of crude extracts from pineapple wastes (CEPW) on the protein degradation and VFA production, (2) find the optimal conditions where the protein removal efficiency and VFA production were maximized within the practical design boundary, and (3) examine the effect of CEPW addition on the bacterial community structure. The proteolytic activity of CEPW was clearly visualized using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the effective range of dosage was determined to be 1.63−6.53 casein digestion units (CDU)/mg protein. Response surface methodology was used to approximate the protein removal efficiency, with regard to the independent variables (1.63 ≤ [CPEW] ≤ 6.53 CDU/mg protein, 6 ≤ pH ≤ 8, 30 ≤ TOP ≤ 45 °C). The maximum protein removal efficiency was estimated to be 47.2% at 6.53 CDU/mg protein, pH = 6.9, and TOP = 36.6 °C. It was 6.4 times higher than in the control reactor operated without addition of CEPW. Analysis of variance suggested that TOP had a great influence on the protein degradation when adding CEPW. Ion Torrent analysis revealed that the families Porphyromonadaceae and Pseudomonadacea became dominant when CEPW was added; when it was not added, only the Pseudomonadacea proliferated, and protein removal was not significant. This difference in responses was likely due to the difference in quantity of substrate (i.e., hydrolyates of protein released by protease in CEPW).

Keywords: Pineapple wastes; Bromelain; Protein degradation; Acidogenesis; Response surface methodology

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.120

The inhibition of low temperature and long-term Ag NPs exposure on performance and microbial community in constructed wetland for advanced wastewater treatment

Juan Huanga*, Yixuan Maa, Rajendra Prasad Singha, Chunni Yana, Chong Caoa, Jun Xiaoa, Jialiang Liua, Qian Hua, Wenzhu Guana

a Dept. of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China

Corresponding Author: Juan Huang, Dept. of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract: The extensive exposure of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) could continually influence the treatment efficiency of constructed wetlands (CWs), especially in cold seasons. In this study, the influence of Ag NPs (20μg/L) exposure under low temperature on the performance and microbial community of CWs for tertiary treatment was evaluated. Although the results suggested that the effluent of the CW can still reach the first level A of China's Discharge standard of pollutants for municipal wastewater treatment plant (GB18918-2002), nitrogen and phosphorus removal capacities were affected by Ag NPs in cold + seasons. The average removal efficiencies of the system decreased by 24.0% and 17.7% for NH4 -N and TN from warm seasons to cold seasons respectively. The average TP removal efficiency of the soil layer dropped by 12.5% as well. Through linear regression relationship analysis between nutrient removal 2 2 + efficiencies and temperature, the squared multiple correlation coefficients (R (TN) = 0.463; R (NH4 -N) + = 0.692) and absolute value of slopes of TN (2.07)and NH4 -N (3.85) were higher than those of COD (R2(COD) = 0.390, p < 0.05, |slope| = 1.08) and TP (R2(TP) = 0.220, p < 0.05, |slope| = 1.14), revealing that the reduction of the nitrogen removal capacity was mainly due to the temperature. Finally, high- throughput sequencing showed that the variation of water quality in the CW probably resulted from various change trends of some specific microorganism species with the variation of seasons under long- term Ag NPs exposure, especially in the soil layer. In the case of the nitrogen removal, Candidatus Nitrososphaera, Sulfuritalea, Anaeromyxobacter, Candidatus Solibacter, Nitrospira and Zoogloea had different trends from warm seasons to cold seasons. In the case of the phosphate removal, Pseudomonas and Dechloromonas varied as well. Meantime, it indicated that the bacterial community structure in different soil layers were greatly varied from warm seasons to cold seasons as well.

Keywords: silver nanoparticles; constructed wetland; advanced wastewater treatment; low temperature; microbial community structure.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphical abstract:

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51479034 and No. 50909019) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2242019K40064).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.121

Metagenomic analysis of anaerobic sludge in full-scale wastewater treatment systems

Wei-Kuang Wang (王唯匡) a, Chen-Hua Ni a,b, Yu-Chung Lin c and Justin Chun-Te Lin (林俊德)a,*

a Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan (*corresponding author’s Email: [email protected]); b Eco-digital Technology Inc., Taipei city, 10483, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected]); c EigenGreen International Inc., Taipei city, 10483, Taiwan.

Abstract External circulation sludge bed (ECSB) is regarded as the third generation of anaerobic biological technology, which is subsequent following expanded granule sludge bed (EGSB) and upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB), with efficient performance for high strength industrial wastewater treatment. We have successfully established full-scale ECSB systems for various types of wastewater, such as malt whisky distillery [1], chemical fiber manufacturing [2] and food processing. In this study, an advanced molecular biological technique, i.e. next-generation sequencing (NGS) with ultrahigh-throughput DNA output [3], was applied to perform of microbial communities in anaerobic sludge beds. Understand the detailed composition of microbial populations in such bio-system will help to clarify the biological role of microorganisms and its possible function [4]. Through qualitative and quantitative analysis of microbial genomics and wastewater treatment performance, an insight can be taken to understand fundamental relationships between microbial communities and wastewater feed characteristics as well as operational parameters.

Keywords: External circulation sludge bed, anaerobic sludge, next-generation sequencing, industrial wastewater treatment, full-scale process

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.122

Behavior of 134Cs and 137Cs in anaerobic digestion of radioactive contaminated crops

Takuro Kobayashi a*, Hidetoshi Kuramochi a

a Center for material cycles and waste management research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan

Corresponding Author: Takuro Kobayashi, Center for material cycles and waste management research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract The 2011 nuclear accident spread radioactive substances over the coastal farmland in Fukushima. Although most of the main radionuclide 137Cs has been removed from the land-surface, farmers don’t intend to resume agriculture using the farmland. Cultivation of energy crops for biogas generation is a promising way for the effective use of such farmland without serious diffusion of radioactive substances during treatment. However, solubilization of the radioactive substances accumulated in crops and inappropriate processing of digested wastewater have the potential to spread radioactive pollution elsewhere. In this study, radioactive Cs-accumulated sorghum was cultivated by hydroponic culture and used for anaerobic digestion (AD) experiment. After an appropriate 200 days semi-continuous AD experiment using the sorghum diluted with water (134Cs + 137Cs: 32 Bq/kg) as a sole substrate, digestate was separated according to filtration and sequential extraction. In the digestate, 60% of radioactive Cs was in a water soluble form and another 31% was in an ion exchangeable form. These data suggest that AD can convert radioactive Cs in the sorghum to easily bioavailable forms and those fractions need to be removed from wastewater to minimize diffusion of radioactive pollution.

Graphical abstract:

overall water soluble ion exchangable residue

Substrate

Digestete

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 134 Cs +137 Cs (Bq/kg)

Keywords: Radioactive cesium; Energy crop; Anaerobic digestion; Partition

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.123

Design and supervisory control of photo voltaic, wind and energy storage hybrid system

E. Sheeba Percis1*, A.Nalini2, T.Jenish3, J.Jayarajan3, S.Sendilvelan4

1, 2, 3 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dr. M.G.R Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, India 4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, India

Corresponding Author: E.Sheeba Percis, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, India (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Advancement of energy exploitation, increase the demand of various alternative and efficient production and utilization systems which paved way for increase in renewable energy systems exploitation. Photovoltaic (PV) systems are affected by various conditions like position of the sun, change in temperature and irradiance due to passing clouds. In order to improve the intermittency of solar power a supplementary source of power is required. The foremost idea behind this article is to develop a battery model to suit the electric vehicle used in the solar power system which enhances the performance of the system by absorbing the variations in power produced. In this work the real field data from Centre for Wind Energy Technology is used to show the variation in temperature and irradiance along with a Ni- MH battery coordinating to regulate the intermittency. A coordinated control of a PV and Wind based microgrid incorporating the State-of-Charge (SOC) of the battery is incorporated for the EV to obtain desired outcome. The modeling is done in PSCAD/EMTDC and the results are verified through simulation. In the present work a charging infrastructure is also proposed for improvement in charging time and cost optimization of the same.

Keywords: Battery model, State-of-charge, Photovoltaic systems, PSCAD/EMTDC, Electric Vehicle, Microgrid, Power Quality

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphical abstract:

PV array output power due to the variation of temperature and irradiation Vehicle Power due to varying solar input

The supervisory control of a PV, Wind and Electric Vehicle combined microgrid can be carried out by a dedicated master controller which is capable of scheduling the resources, calculating the SOC and accordingly share power allowing for V2G and G2V transactions.

235

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.124

Impacts of large-scale bioenergy expansion on land use change and biodiversity

C. M. Weaver a*, P. M. Forster b

a School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom b School of Earth and Environment, Maths/Earth and Environment Building, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom

Corresponding Author: Charlotte M. Weaver, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (Email: [email protected] )

Abstract Second generation bioenergy deployment is expected to play a key role in the future energy mix outline d in the 1.5˚C and 2˚C transformation pathways. However, on a large-scale bioenergy production might have negative sustainability implications and thus may counteract aims to fulfil the Sustainability Development Goal (SDG) agenda. In particular, there are large uncertainties with regards to its impact on the land system and in turn how this could affect terrestrial ecosystems (SDG 15). This study uses future 1.5˚C -2˚C SSP (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways) scenarios to determine the impacts of large- scale second generation bioenergy expansion on land use change and the resulting potential biodiversity loss that could occur over the 21st century. In addition, the impacts of including either an REDD+ (reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) (SDG 13) or a water protection policy into the scenario are investigated (SDG 14). The study calculates the area of habitat loss (primary and secondary forest loss) that could occur in major biodiversity hotspots across the globe, and using the species-area relationship (SAR) model, the potential count of endemic species extinctions due to this loss. A further investigation uses spatial overlap analysis to calculate the direct impacts of cropland expansion on sites across the globe that contain endangered species. The results confirm that 2nd generation bioenergy expansion over the 21st century will have significant impacts on biodiversity loss. Using the SAR model, it is shown that the implementation of REDD+ globally is necessary for reducing the number of extinctions due to habitat loss, particularly in African, Asian and South American regions. However spatial overlap analysis shows that this could lead to impacts on endangered and critically endangered species due to cropland expansion onto other non-forested land. It is therefore important for future scenario research to incorporate these factors into their predictions.

Keywords: 2nd generation bioenergy, Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs), Environmental protection, Biodiversity loss, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Acknowledgement: I would like to offer my special thanks to the Land Use Management group (RD3) at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), for providing me with the future land use scenarios I used to carry out my analysis.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.125

Novel permeable cathode for the enhanced methane production in microbial electrosynthesis system

Seungyeob Han 1, Guryun Jung 1, Jungwan Kang1, Seoktae Kang 1,†

1 Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea, [email protected]

Corresponding Author: 1,† Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea, [email protected]

Abstract For the conversion of CO2 to renewable energy resources (e.g., methane, organic acids), microbial electro-synthesis (MES) has been highlighted due to the high selectivity and simple operation in ambient conditions without catalysts1. However, the slow conversion rate and low Faradaic efficiency due to the slow mass transfer of dissolved carbon dioxide on to the cathode surface have been considered as a major problem 2. To overcome the diffusive mass transfer limitation, a permeable hollow-fiber electrode was made with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), which enabled the convective flow of the dissolved carbon dioxide directly through the electrode. At the -0.9 V (Ag/AgCl) of electrical potential, the methane production rate was increased to 6.6± 2.0 L/m2/d (j=0.54±0.21 mA/cm2) with the novel convective flow operation, while it was only 3.1 L/m2/d (j=0.19±0.1 mA/cm2) at the conventional non- permeable electrode system. Moreover, the coulombic efficiency of methane was reached 96.1± 3.2% in the permeable electrode system. The results from the next generation sequencing analysis (NGS) exhibited that the major microbial species attached on the electrode surface were g_Methanobrevibactor (62.8%) and g_ Methanobacterium (33.9%), which converted carbon dioxide and hydrogen to methane. In conclusion, the methane production rate and coulombic efficiency were significantly improved in the permeable electrode system by overcoming the mass transfer limitation through the convective flow of dissolved CO2.

Keywords: microbial electrosynthesis, methane, carbon nanotubes, hollow-fiber, mass transfer

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.126

Biomethane production from gas effluents of dark fermentation in a biotrickling filter

Muñoz-Páez Karla M. a,b, Quijano Guillermoa, Buitrón Germána*

a Laboratory for Research on Advanced Processes for Water Treatment, Unidad Académica Juriquilla, Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, 76230 Querétaro, México b CONACYT - Instituto de Ingeniería, Unidad Académica Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.

Corresponding Author: Buitrón Germán, Laboratory for Research on Advanced Processes for Water Treatment, Unidad Académica Juriquilla, Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, 76230 Querétaro, México (E-mail: GbuitronM@ ii.unam.mx)

Abstract The dark fermentation of organic wastes produces a gas effluent mainly composed by H2 and CO2. This gas could be used as a substrate for biomethane production with the benefit of integrate it as part of a biorefinery, and as an alternative to mitigate global warming through CO2 sequestration. The biomethanation process has the bottleneck of the gas/liquid mass transfer. Therefore, the mass transfer characteristic of the reactor is a criteria to consider. The biotrickling filter (BTF) has been considered as good option due to its large contact area between microorganisms, gas, and liquid. Thus, the main goal of this study was to evaluate the methane production in a biotrickling filter using a synthetic gas mixture (simulating the composition of the gas effluent of dark fermentation process). The BTF was made of methacrylate with a working volume of 0.7 L. The BTF was operated at 35°C and pH 7.5. Mineral media was recirculated at a rate of 160 mL/min. Three empty bed residence time (EBRT) were tested: 12, 6 and 3 h. The changes of each EBRT were made when the CH4 concentration in the gas was stable (coefficient of variation lower than 10% at least 10 EBRTs). Anaerobic granular sludge previously acclimated to hydrogenotrophic production was used as inoculum. High-density polyethylene rings were used as the packing material. The composition of the fed gases was hydrogen and CO2 (60:40). The CH4, CO2 and H2 concentration was measured by gas chromatography. The BTF start-up was performed with the EBRT of 12 h, and methane was detected from the second day of operation. The average CH4 concentration observed was 54 ± 1.4 % with a H2 removal of 100%. No CO2 removal was observed during this stage. With the change to EBRT of 6 h, the methane concentration increased 1.3 fold, reaching 70 ± 2.4%. The H2 and CO2 removal was 100 and 24 ± 6%, respectively. The reduction of the EBRT to 3 h allowed a maximum methane concentration of 80% and CO2 removal of 51%, but instability into the system was observed probably related to pH changes. The impact of increasing the pH value on CH4 production will be further studied.

238

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphical abstract:

Keywords: Biomethane; CO2 sequestration; Dark fermentation

Acknowledgement: This research was supported by the Fondo de Sustentabilidad Energética- CONACYT through the CEMIE-Bio Cluster Biocombustibles Gaseosos 247006. K.M. Muñoz-Páez acknowledges the support from CONACYT through the CÁTEDRAS program (Researcher ID 6407, Project 265).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.127

Recycling and reuse of waste solar panels for the synthesis of porous material

Pei-Yin Liu a, Jyh-Cherng Chen a*, Yi-Jie Lin a

a Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Jyh-Cherng Chen, Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract With the increasing popularity of solar power generation and the vigorous development of the photovoltaic industry, more and more solar cell modules are continuously manufactured, set up and operated. When the life of these solar cell modules has expired, a large number of waste solar cell modules will be discarded. However, the recycling and reuse technology of the waste solar panels are not yet established, it is necessary to develop feasible and economic recycling and reuse technology of waste solar panels in advance. Because the major component of waste solar panel is high-quality glass with rich SiO2 and Al2O3, it is very suitable for making valuable porous material such as zeolite. Therefore, this study explores the feasibility of recycling and reuse of waste solar panel for the synthesis of zeolite. The alkali fusion and hydrothermal method was used to synthesize the zeolite from waste solar panel glass. The influence of different synthesis conditions on the characteristics of zeolite was evaluated and the optimum operation conditions were established. The preliminary experimental results show that the major operating factors influenced the synthesis of zeolite from waste solar panel glass by alkali fusion and hydrothermal method were Si/Al ratio, alkali/glass ratio, alkali fusion temperature, liquid/solid ratio, and the hydrothermal time. When the Si/Al ratio was 20, alkali/glass ratio was 0.6, alkali fusion temperature was 400°C, liquid/solid ratio was 200, and the hydrothermal time was 24hr, the specific surface area of synthesized zeolite had the highest value (1068.41m2/g). The influence of different operating parameters on the specific surface area of synthesized zeolite from waste solar panel glass followed the sequence of alkali/glass ratio> liquid/solid ratio> hydrothermal time> Si/Al ratio> alkali fusion temperature. As took the zeolite yield and specific surface area into account simultaneously, the optimal operating conditions for the synthesis of zeolite from waste solar panels glass were established as the Si/Al ratio was 20, alkali/glass ratio was 1.8, alkali fusion temperature was 800°C, liquid/solid ratio was 100, and the hydrothermal time was 48hr. At such optimal conditions, the highest zeolite yield (130.3%) and the highest specific surface area of zeolite (846.40m2/g) can be achieved simultaneously.

Keywords: Waste solar panel; Solar cell module; Alkali fusion; Hydrothermal; Zeolite

Acknowledgement: The authors gratefully acknowledges the Ministry of Science and Technology, R.O.C. (Taiwan) for the financial support under grant No. MOST 107-2221-E-035-003-MY3.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.128

Modified graphitic carbon nitride prepared by a microwave-assisted-hydrothermal method for high pressure photoreduction of CO2

I-Ting Chen, Yu-Hong Hou, Wan-Yu Wen, Yu-Ting Lin, Shou-Heng Liu*

Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Shou-Heng Liu, Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract In recent years, the greenhouses gases (i.e., excessive CO2 emission) led to serious global climate change problems, e.g., greenhouse effect and extreme climate. Among various techniques for reduction of CO2 emissions, the photocatalytic conversion of CO2 into chemicals or fuels is considered one of the promising strategies to address this problem. Thus, it is important to explore a photocatalyst with stability, high efficiency, and low cost. In addition, considering most of the research about CO2 photoconversion was conducted at normal pressure, the effects of high pressure on photoreduction of CO2 are investigated in this study. In this work, photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO using modified graphitic carbon nitride (denoted as MCN) prepared via a microwave-assisted route is reported. The physical-chemical properties and morphology of the photocatalysts are characterized by various analytic tools and spectrocopies, including XRD, XPS, TEM, SEM, PL, FTIR, and UV-visible spectroscopy. As a result, structure and morphology of the GCN can easily be modified by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method in an ammonia solution at different temperatures (130, 150, 170, 190) for 60 min. The obtained pale-yellow samples, MCN-X are used as photocatalysts in the CO2 photoreduction under the light irradiation. Among the samples, the MCN130 sample shows the highest CO yield of 4.22 μmol/g. MCN-X samples have a noticeable change in the morphology which the portion of the stacked layer structure changed into the hexagonal prisms structure. The MCN130 possesses the highest CO2 uptake with an average amount of 0.2 mmol/g, showing 4 times higher than the GCN. Compared to the GCN, the MCN130 displays improved the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 under light irradiation. The MCN130 sample shows the highest CO yield of 4.22 μmol/g, which is 2.6 times of GCN.

Keywords: Carbon dioxide; Photocatalyst; g-C3N4; Graphene; high pressure photocatalysis.

Acknowledgement: We are gratefully appreciated the support of this study by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan.

241

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphical abstract:

5 GCN MCN130 4 MCN150 MCN170 MCN190 3

mol/g ) mol/g

 2

1

CO yield (

0

0 3 6 9 12 Time (hr)

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.129

Non-noble-metal biochars derived from lignocellulose biomass for oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cell

Hung-Chih Kuo, Yu-Hong Hou, Wan-Yu Wen, Yu-Ting Lin, Shou-Heng Liu*

Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Shou-Heng Liu, Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Fuel cell is a device converting the chemical energy into electricity through an electrochemical reaction. At the cathode, the hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen are reacted and produced water. Compared to fossil fuels, the fuel cell only produce electricity and water without the emission of pollutants, so the fuel cell meets the concepts of environmental friendliness and clean energy. However, the sluggish kinetics of the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction and the high cost, poor durability of noble metal catalysts limit the large-scale commercial applications. In this study, we recover lignocellulose biomass to synthesize non-noble metal catalysts, and choose transition metal and potassium hydroxide as catalysts and activation agents, respectively. The samples after carbonization are activated by 800 W microwave radiation for 10 min. The obtained biochars are washed with 0.5 M HCl to remove K ions. For nitrogen doping, a post-treatment is performed by using microwave radiation with 800 W under NH3 atmosphere. By microwave irradiation, we produced core-shell structured M-N-C catalysts. Compared with lignin, cellulose-derived catalysts display superior ORR catalytic activity (Eonset = -0.05 V) due to more Fe-Nx active sites and mesopore structure which can promote mass transport. Moreover, FeCo alloys with ratio (Fe:Co = 1:1) samples not only show a comparable activity but also exhibit a better stability and maintain 73% of current density after 10000 s of operation. In terms of biomass waste (sugarcane), the catalysts synthesized by Fe/Co (1:1) encapsulated with N doped carbon layers show a type IV adsorption-desorption isotherm, indicating the existence of mesopores. The formation of core- shell structure of FeCo alloys can be observed as evidenced by TEM. Meanwhile, the SC-Fe5Co5 exhibits excellent ORR catalytic activity (Eonset up to −0.06 V) through four-electron pathways (n≒ 3.9) in the alkaline electrolyte and excellent resistance to methanol crossover. Moreover, the synthesis process via a microwave-assisted treatment could provide a facile and energy-effective route to construct core-shell structured metal-N-C.

Keywords: ORR; Core-shell; biomass; biochar; microwave-assisted.

Acknowledgement: We are gratefully appreciated the support of this study by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan.

243

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphical abstract:

244

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.130

Hydrogen and power generation via integrated bio-oil sorption enhaned steam reforming and solid oxide fuel cell systems: Economic feasibility analysis

Kunlanan Wiranarongkorn, Amornchai Arpornwichanop *

Center of Excellence in Process and Energy Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

Corresponding Author: Amornchai Arpornwichanop, Center of Excellence in Process and Energy Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is a promising technology for generating heat and electricity with high efficiency and environmental friendliness. The use of a bio-oil aqueous fraction as a renewable fuel for an external reforming SOFC system can reduce fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Also, the bio-oil aqueous fraction is a low-cost feedstock separating from crude bio-oil. Regarding technical and economic reasons, the sorption enhanced steam reforming can be used to produce high- purity hydrogen (H2) for SOFC. To evaluate the feasibility of such the proposed SOFC system, this study presents the cost evaluation of such the SOFC system for industrial application. The study aims to investigate the economic feasibility of the bio-oil SESR and SOFC integrated system (160 kW AC electricity production). The economic comparison of the system with different configurations: the SESR and SOFC system with and without anode gas recirculation, including the conventional reforming-based SOFC system, is presented in terms of the net present cost (NPC), the simple payback period (SPBP), and levelised cost of energy (LCOE). The results indicated that the NPC at year twentieth of the proposed system higher than that of the base case CHP system about 6.67%, and the payback time for break-even point is 12.37 y. In comparison with the conventional steam reforming SOFC system and the SESR-SOFC without recirculation, the SESR-SOFC system with the anode gas recirculation is the most beneficial in terms of NPC (1.81% and 2.58% lower). To improve the economic performance to reach the equivalence of the CHP base case system, the SOFC capital cost, interest rate, and bio-oil cost should decrease by 14%, 21%, and 37%, respectively, and the FiT should increase by 5%. Consequently, these results contribute to the increase of economic feasibility of having the SOFC system using renewable liquid fuel, bio-oil aqueous fraction, on a commercial scale.

Keywords: Bio-oil; Sorption enhanced steam reforming; SOFC; Economic analysis

Acknowledgement: Support from the Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Program (Thailand Research Fund) and Chulalongkorn Academic Advancement into its 2nd Century Project is gratefully acknowledged.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 131

Hydrogen production by metabolically engineered Clostridium acetobutylicum based on CRISPR/Cas9 system

Ye-Seung Sona, Jong-Min Jeona, Yong-Su Jinb, Byung-Kwan Joc, Yung-hun Yangd , Jeong-Jun Yoona* a Intelligent Sustainable Materials R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Chungnam 331-825, Republic of Korea b Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA c Department of Biological Sciences, Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea d Department of Biological Engineering, Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications (CBRU), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Intelligent Sustainable Materials R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Chungnam 331-825, Republic of Korea(E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract In this study, Clostridium acetoutylicum was used to produce hydrogen, and metabolically engineered by CRISPR-Cas9 to enhance the hydrogen productivity. In hydrogen metabolism, [FeFe]-hydrogenase (hydA) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (zwf) were overexpressed to increase hydrogen production by electron transfer from NAD(P)H in vivo. As a result, overexpression of hydA leads to 109.35 g/L of hydrogen production, it is 1.35 fold higher compared with wild-type strain. In case of zwf overexpression, the engineered C. acetobutylicum showed that increased glucose consumption rate and growth activity, result in 1.21 fold higher biogas production compared with wild-type, while there was no significant difference in hydrogen production. Furthermore, disruption of acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (thl) leads to increase NAD(P)H in vivo, result in 98.64 g/L of hydrogen production. It is first report to application of metabolic engineering by CRISPR/Cas-9 for hydrogen production.

Keywords: Bio-hydrogen; Clostridium acetobutylicum; CRISPR/Cas-9

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (Ministry of Science and ICT, MSIT) (NRF- 2017R1E1A1A01073690), and Korea Institute of Industrial Technology as “Research equipment coordination project” (kitech JG-19-0017)).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphical abstract:

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 132

Optimization of an Imbert downdraft biomass gasifier for low-tar gas production using CFD modeling

Nathada Ngamsidhiphongsa, Pimporn Ponpesh, Amornchai Arpornwichanop *

Computational Process Engineering Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

Corresponding Author: Amornchai Arpornwichanop, Computational Process Engineering Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Imbert downdraft gasifier, a promising thermochemical technology that converts solid biomass into synthesis gas (syngas), can produce low-tar gas production for the internal combustion engine and gas turbine. However, the tar level in the syngas is not low enough for direct use. Thus, primary tar reduction approach within the gasification process is required to reduce tars. It is not only improving tar cracking reactions which increase the fraction of combustible gases in the producer gas but also diminishing the cost of cleaning equipment. In this study, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling is used to optimize the design of the Imbert downdraft gasifier, particularly the throat dimensions and reduction zone height. The proposed CFD model is validated with axial temperature and syngas composition from the experimental data and shows good agreement. The spatial distributions of temperature and gas composition inside the gasifier are investigated. The effects of throat diameter and the reduction zone length on the temperature profile, syngas composition and tar molar concentrations were also predicted. The results indicate that syngas quality including tar concentrations could be improved by varying the gasifier dimensions.

Keywords: Imbert downdraft gasifier; Gasification; CFD model; Tar cracking reactions.

Acknowledgement: Support from The Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Program (The Thailand Research Fund) and Chulalongkorn Academic Advancement into Its 2nd Century Project is gratefully acknowledged.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 133

Recent advancement in biofuel production using biochar and nanocatalyst

Susaimanickam Anto a, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi b, Thangavel Mathimani a,∗

a Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, 620015, Tamil Nadu, India b Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

Corresponding Author: Dr. T. Mathimani, INSPIRE Faculty, Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli-620015, Tamil Nadu, India. (E-mail: [email protected]), Tel.: +91 8056485465

Abstract Nanoscience, in the current era is gaining importance for its diverse application in every field starting from electronics, solar power, medical and healthcare, environmental remediation, future transportations to emerging domains of catalysis. Various notable achievements of nanotechnology include precise diagnosis and treatment in medical and healthcare, detection and identification of pollutants or biological agents in air and soil, membranes with nanopores for effective desalination, nanomaterials in automotive parts for lighter and safer automobiles etc. Apparently, the catalytic performance of nanomaterials creates substantial interest in energy sectors including biofuel production, CO2 capturing, photocatalysis, etc because of their high surface area and increased catalytic active sites. Conversely, biochar is a pyrogenic carbon rich material generated from biomass, well known for its effective carbon capture and storage is recently being recognized for their catalytic and mechanistic properties. It applies to i) environmental remediation because of its adsorption capacity, porosity, cation exchange capacity, etc ii) transesterification reaction because it acts as carbon precursor for catalyzing the reaction iii) methanogenesis because of its high surface area and efficient removal of CO2 iv) pyrolysis because of its high thermal stability. In this review article, an attempt in trying to explore the role of nanocatalyst and biochar in various biofuel production systems with the end products consisting of bioethanol, biodiesel, biogases have been incorporated using published projections with considerations on different biomass as the starting material. Further, deep insight into the characterization of nanocatalyst and biochar from various sources are provided to understand their properties and role in enhancing biofuel production.

Keywords: Nanomaterials; Biochar; Nanocatalyst; Porosity; Adsorption; Biofuel

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 134

Comparative assessment of microalgae and cyanobacteria for sustainable biodiesel production

Arivalagan Pugazhendhi a, Thangavel Mathimani b,∗ a Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam a Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, 620015, Tamil Nadu, India

Corresponding Author: Dr. T. Mathimani, INSPIRE Faculty, Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli-620015, Tamil Nadu, India.(E-mail: [email protected]), Tel.: +91 8056485465

Abstract Microalgae have gained widespread interest all over the globe as potential substitutes to petroleum- based fuels. The biodiesel production from microalgae has been investigated intensively with a focus on optimization of various upstream and down-stream. In the case of feedstock selection, various microalgae, cyanobacteria, diatoms were being investigated to explore their possibility as a potential biofuel candidate for sustainable fuel production. To be used a feedstock for biodiesel, the biochemical composition of algal strain or lipid profile of algal strain need to be studied primarily. In this view, this present study was aimed to compare the microalgae and cyanobacteria for growth profile, maximal lipid production, fatty acid profile. Two strains of microalgae Scenedesmus, and Nannochloropsis were taken and analysed for their growth pattern from 0th day to 25th day. Similarly, two cyanobacteria namely Microcystis and unidentified cyanobacterium were selected and evaluated for growth profile. Further, all the strains were harvested at optimal day of growth and subjected for lipid extraction and lipid content of the strains were calculated gravimetrically. In addition, neutral lipid content of all the strains were studied by staining with Nile red and observed under confocal microscopy. Eventually, fatty acid composition of all the strains were analysed using gas chromatography to ascertain the saturated, monounsaturated and poly unsaturated fatty acids present in the strain to produce high quality biodiesel. The suitability of biodiesel as a fuel was discussed by analysing the fatty acids profile to determine various fuel properties.

Keywords: Microalgae; Cyanobacteria; Triacylglycerol; Lipid; Fatty acid; Biodiesel

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 135

Production of bio-oil from algal biomass and its upgrading processes to substitute petro- crude

Tharifkhan Shan Ahamed a, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi b, Thangavel Mathimani c,∗

a National Facility for Marine Cyanobacteria (Sponsored by DBT, Govt. of India), Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India b Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam c Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, 620015, Tamil Nadu, India Corresponding author: Dr. T. Mathimani, INSPIRE Faculty, Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli-620015, Tamil Nadu, India (Email: [email protected]),Tel.: +91 8056485465

Abstract Fossil fuel depletion and its associated pollutant emissions are increasing steeply and steadily over the years. Thus, alternative to fossil fuel need to be identified for not only satisfying the energy demand of the world, but also to safeguard the environment by reducing the greenhouse gaseous emissions. In this perspective, biofuel from different feedstock have garnered increased attention as an alternative to petroleum based fuels. Particularly, liquefied fuels from microalgae or cyanobacteria or diatoms or microalgae are being investigated in a larger context to replace or reduce the fossil fuel usage. Recent past, bio-oil from thermochemical conversion of either dried or wet algal biomasses is being demonstrated to substitute petro-crude in petroleum refinery. Notably, pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction methods are used to transform algae into bio-crude or bio-oil. However, presence of heteroatoms like nitrogen and oxygen in the algal bio-oil make it unsuitable to substitute petro-crude. Hence various upgrading processes are used widely to reduce the heteroatoms in bio-oil or to improve the quality of bio-oil for further applications. In this regard, this review aims to focus on the several upgrading processes used for the algal bio-oil enhancement namely, emulsification, steam reforming, catalytic cracking, esterification, hydrogenation, hydrotreating etc. Eventually, research gaps and future directions of these upgrading methods were discussed extensively in this review for further research attempts.

Keywords: Algae; Hydrothermal liquefaction; Pyrolysis; Bio-oil; Bio-crude; Upgrading

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 136

Sponge cities: Recent developments, challenges and opportunities

Susaimanickam Anto a, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi b, Thangavel Mathimani a,∗

a Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, 620015, Tamil Nadu, India b Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

Corresponding author: Dr. T. Mathimani, INSPIRE Faculty, Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli-620015, Tamil Nadu, India (E-mail: [email protected]),Tel.: +91 8056485465

Abstract The adverse effect of natural disaster in the urban area leads to uncompromisable changes in political, socio-economical and environmental factors. As urban areas are expanding 1.28 times (between 2000 and 2014) faster than their populations (UN SDG Goal 11), disaster management in these areas should be profoundly engaging to combat the problems of any natural disasters. The most unfavourable problem in the urbanized area is the uncontrollable floods during monsoons. Lacks of urban water management and proper disposal design in cities have grave repercussions on the entire population. Sponge city is a new technological innovation with the objectives of restoring and regulating natural hydrological cycle focusing on capturing the excess water during flooding and reusing them during drought seasons. An overview of the recent developments and confronts in this new technology are taken into account for discussion. New techniques such as infiltration, evapotranspiration and capturing and reuse of stormwater for sustainable management of urban water are also reviewed. Also, this review focuses on the impacts of natural disasters in urban areas, the concept of sponge cities, Sponge Cities Initiative (SCI) approaches and its benefits. As this new concept is widely practiced in China, an outlook on the design and implementation strategy is discussed in this review. Further, the opportunities and the challenges of implementing SCI in rapidly developing countries and countries with poor water management have been widely covered in this review.

Keywords: Disaster management, Sponge cities, Hydrological cycle, Infiltration, Evapotranspiration

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 137

Biowaste gasification feasibility in captive power plants-A South-Asian case study

Wasif Farooqa, M. U. Qureshib, S.R. Naqvib*, M. T. Mehranb, U. Sikandar b, M. Naqvic

a Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia b School of Chemical & Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences & Technology, H – 12, Islamabad, Pakistan c Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, Sweden

Corresponding Author: Wasif Farooq, Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract The objective of this study is to investigate the potential of bio-waste gasification (BG) as an alternate energy source in the industry-based captive power plants (CCPs). The textile industry located in the Raiwind area of the Province of Punjab of Pakistan has been studied to determine the feasibility of BG. The economic viability of BG is based on the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), operating costs and the NPV. The effect of capacity factor has also been studied on LCOE. The fuel used for BG is the abundantly available in the form of rice husk. The impact of government subsidy on natural gas is also included in this study. BG is found to be a potential alternative of furnace oil (FO) in CPPs. However, an improvement in the cost and subsidization of BG in Pakistan is required for BG to become the ultimate choice of power generation in the CPPs of Pakistan.

Keywords: renewable/green energy resources, rice husk, gasification, captive power plant

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 138

Effects of magnetic field on electricity generation in a photosynthetic ceramic microbial fuel cell

Feng-Jen Chu a, Chia-Ying Sie b, Po-Min Kao c, d, Terng-Jou Wan b, d, *

a Graduate School of Engineering Science and Technology, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliou, Yunlin, 64002, Taiwan, R. O. C. b Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Douliou, Yunlin, 64002, Taiwan, R. O. C. c Bachelor Program in Interdisciplinary Studies, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliou, Yunlin, 64002, Taiwan, R. O. C. d. Center for Green Sustainable and Innovation, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliou, Yunlin, 64002, Taiwan, R. O. C.

Corresponding Author: Terng-Jou Wan, Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Douliou, Yunlin, 64002, Taiwan, R. O. C. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract A ceramic microbial fuel cell (CMFC) has been difficult to commercialize caused by low power output and high cost. Recently, great attention has been paid to finding a low-cost alternative to commercially available proton exchange membrane. The aim of this study was to improve efficiency by a novel ceramic membrane to replace the traditional proton exchange membrane and power generation when varying magnetic field is added (100 to 300 mT). The experimental results showed that the power generation can be enhanced by 55% under 200 mT magnetic field. The electricity production increased with the intensity of the magnetic field, whereas it decreased with the intensity of magnetic field over 200 mT. Moreover, under 200 mT it has a maximum power density of 37.8 mW/m2, current density 158.7 mA/m2 and internal resistance 153 Ω. It shows that a magnetic field can improve power density of CMFC. Moreover, algae in cathode can be harvested by magnetic field also more than that of CMFC without magnetic field. Therefore, further work will be focused on optimizing the performance of both cathode and anode, and the pathway of proton transportation will be examined.

Keywords: Microbial fuel cell; Ceramic membrane; Magnetic field; Maximum power density

Acknowledgement: This research was supported by grant number MOST 108-2218-E-224-001 from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, R. O. C.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 139

New approach in indigenous charcoal production and in lignocellulose waste processing

Etty Anakona a, Miriam Billig b, Yaakov Anker a b*

a Department of Chemical Engineering (Materials & Biotechnology), Daegu Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel b Eastern Israel R&D Center, Ariel 40700, Israel

Corresponding Author: Yaakov Anker, Department of Chemical Engineering (Materials & Biotechnology), Ariel University and the Department of Environmental Research, Eastern Israel R&D Center, Ariel 40700, Israel (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract At a developing world indigenous pastoral charcoal preparation practice causes extreme air pollution at near vicinity and downwind of the charcoal production sites. Although the first to suffer are the charcoal industry workers and dependents (families, villages), uncoordinated application of any solution will probably fail and might also have harmful effect on communal life and family structure. The charcoal industry along the eastern Mediterranean produced about 1,600 tons in about 400 traditional kilns that were operating at about the same manner for the last 400 years. The instance air pollution caused by this industry was manifested by higher mortality rates among the workers and the population living in proximity to the charcoal production sites (PCBS, 2012). The pollution was found to migrate to a distance of above 50 km. causing cross boundary pollution as far as in Jordan. In order to prevent the pollution without closing an industry that is processing surplus wood in to solid fuel, which is used for heating and cooking; a new type of charcoal production system was developed. The system implementation, through joint work of Israelis and Palestinians, enables the upgrading of this industry to 21st century standards, without damaging the region’s social setting. The required demands of the new system included simple operation scheme and higher charcoal yield compared to traditional kiln and to further increase the revenue to the charcoal makers, also byproducts bearing economic value such as: production of electric energy and production of wood vinegar. Comparing the new ecological retort to the old dirt kilns reveals that the transformation efficiency of wood into charcoal was up to 20% in traditional kiln and is more than 30% with the new retort (Gomaa and Fathi, 2000). The duration of the process was about two months in traditional kiln vs. half a day in the new retort. In overall, the new retort is about two orders of magnitude more efficient than the traditional dirt kilns. Hence, today there are three operational retorts (instead of 400 kilns) that supply the entire charcoal demand to the region. Actually, during the transition from the old to the new systems significant portion of the production was diverted to industrialized systems in Egypt, which were equipped with the same air pollution prevention condenser systems that were developed within the project. The impact over the local charcoal producing clans was that more than 90% of workers have change their occupation to retail, farming (mainly tobacco) and to industry and also to construction. Nonetheless, the revenue to the clans that embraced the new method is enormous. There were four prototypes to the new ecological retort; the first was with identical operation scheme as the traditional systems (wood heated), which reduced the smoke emitted in about 90%. Still the air pollution values were found to be too high and the second prototype was gas propelled. The third one is already an operational system located at the charcoal production site (the first two are at the Ariel University). The current stage in development is an electric system that alike the other systems all gases are being condensed to an aquatic solution known as "wood vinegar", which bears as much economic 255

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan value as the charcoal. The excessive heat from the process is being transformed to electric energy both by steam turbine and by syngas generator.

Graphical abstract: It can be added upon authors’ desire.

Keywords: Smoke condensation; Wood vinegar; ecological retort; Electricity production

Acknowledgement: The authors would like to thank the Israeli Civil Administration Environmental Protection Officer, for funding the project and to the systems builder Adam Badwan.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 140

Torrefaction kinetics for sewage sludge pretreatment

Minh Canh Vua, Hai Vothib, Dinh Duc Nguyenc,Quang-Vu Bachd*

a Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea b Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea c Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea d Sustainable Management of Natural Resources and Environment Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Corresponding Author: Quang-Vu Bach, Sustainable Management of Natural Resources and Environment Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Sewage sludge is a residual, semi-solid material which is the common by-product from wastewater treatment. Although the sewage sludge composes of relatively high contents of moisture and organic fraction, utilization of this material for energy applications is promising due to its worldwide availability. Torrefaction is a mild-pyrolysis process to treat biomass at 200 – 300 °C under atmospheric pressure for up to few hours. This pretreatment process can convert a low-quality biomass fuel into more carbon- rich fuel, which can be employed to produce upgraded fuels from sewage sludge. This study investigates the kinetics of sewage sludge torrefaction in order to understand the behavior of this material during the pretreatment and collecting important kinetic parameters (i.e., activation energy and pre-exponential factor). In addition, a comparison on the kinetics of sewage sludge and other woody biomass is also conducted and indicates that sewage sludge shows higher reactivity at the beginning but lower reactivity in the end of the same torrefaction conditions. Information from this study would be beneficial for further design and modification of industrial torrefaction process.

Keywords: Torrefaction kinetics; Sewage sludge; Pretreatment; Activation energy.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 141

Wet torrefaction of biomass in different environments

Minh Canh Vua, Dinh Duc Nguyenb,Quang-Vu Bachc*

a Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea b Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea c Sustainable Management of Natural Resources and Environment Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Corresponding Author: Quang-Vu Bach, Sustainable Management of Natural Resources and Environment Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Wet torrefaction is a hydrothermal pretreatment process that converts moist biomass into superior solid fuel having improved heating value, lower O/C ratio, and better hydrophobicity compared with the native biomass fuel. The process is very much suitable for wet feedstock such as sewage sludge, agricultural wastes, forest residues and aquatic energy crops. A batch wet torrefaction is normally carried out at 175 – 275 °C under elevated pressure and inert environment, for which nitrogen is normally employed for purging. The use of a large amount of this inert gas becomes costly at industrial scale. Thus, substitution of nitrogen by other cheaper gases, e.g. waste flue gas, is essential. However, it occurs that knowledge on wet torrefaction of biomass under different environments is limited. In this work, the problem will be experimentally studied by investigating wet torrefaction of biomass fuels under different environments simulating flue gas composition. The obtained results could provide new bio-refinery platform with CO2 sequestration.

Keywords: Wet torrefaction; Biomass fuel; Hydrothermal pretreatment; Flue gas utilization.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 142

Effect of seed microbial communities on inhibition of methanogenesis from acetate by + NH3 and Na

Joonyeob Leea, Taewoan Kooa, Arma Yulisaa, Suin Kima, Eunji Kima, Sangmin Kima, Seokhwan Hwang a*

aDivision of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37637, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Seokhwan Hwang, aDivision of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37637, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a sustainable organic wastewater treatment technology that can reduce the quantity of organic waste, and simultaneously produce CH4. Food wastewater (FW) is rich in protein + + and Na , its AD often results in high [NH3] and [Na ] in the digester. Moreover, FW has unpredictable + and large variations in characteristics, loading of NH3 and Na in the digester can vary widely over time. + The simultaneous changes of [NH3] and [Na ] can give significant stress to the methanogenic consortia in the digesters and can result in digester instability. To predict such inhibition and/or to develop the recovery strategies of stressed digesters by bioaugmentation, it is prerequisite to know which species of + methanogens are more competitive (or tolerant) in the inhibitory conditions of NH3, Na or both. However, such information remained still unclear. Thus, in this study, acetate-fed anaerobic sequential batch experiments with the 22 full-factorial design of 1.5–6.0 g total ammonia nitrogen (TAN)/L and 1.0–4.0 g Na+/L were conducted from thirteen different inocula to investigate (1) relationships between + initial methanogen community structures and inhibitions by NH3 and Na on methanogenesis from acetate, (2) the succession of methanogens during methanogenic acetate degradation under the four + different conditions: non-inhibitory (LO), Na inhibitory (NA), NH3 inhibitory (AM), and simultaneous + NH3 and Na inhibitory (HI). The major findings are as follows: (1) Inhibition effect differed by the initial methanogenic community structures; e.g., inocula with higher Methanosaeta concilii population underwent higher inhibition in methanogenic activity (RCH4), but inocula with higher Methanoculleus bourgensis population underwent less inhibition. (2) The most competitive methanogens were M. concilii in LO, Methanosarcina sp. in NA, Methanosarcina sp. in AM, and M. bourgensis in HI. This + study demonstrates that NH3 and Na inhibitions and initial microbial diversity were deterministic factors on succession of methanogens in acetate-fed conditions. The information about the key + methanogen species under the different inhibitory conditions of NH3 and Na can be used as a reference to choose appropriate seed for start-up or bioaugmentation applications in the AD processes treating wastewater that is rich in protein or Na+ or both.

Keywords: anaerobic digestion, inhibition, inoculum seeds, methanogens, microbial succession

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 143

Monitoring microbial community structure and variations in a full-scale petroleum refinery wastewater treatment plant

Eunji Kim a, Arma Yulisa a, Sangmin Kim a, Su In Kim a,Seokhwan Hwang a*

a Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Seokhwan Hwang, Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Petroleum refining industries utilize a large amount of water for desalting, thermal cracking and various catalytic reactions. An improperly treated petroleum refining wastewater (PRW) into water bodies results in environmental and human health issues due to the toxic contaminants such as hydrocarbons, phenol and carcinogenic compounds. Various biological processes have been applied to manage the PRW, and it is increasingly important to understand diversity of and roles microorganisms in the treatment systems for a better process control. In this research, we investigated the process performance along with microbial diversity in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) Process parameters were extensively monitored for six months. Bacterial community structures were analyzed using next- generation sequencing. The WWTP showed a stable process performance over the six months period (COD and TN removal efficiencies > 75%). The bacterial populations were significantly changed during the operation (Figure 1). More than 20 genus were identified in the WWTP. Among them, Rugosibacter, Niveibacterium, Georgfuchsia and Thauera were the important bacterial genus that make up more than 50% of the total bacteria. They are known to degrade primarily aromatic compounds such as benzene and Toluene. More detailed information about the microbial behavior will be discussed at the conference. Keywords: Petroleum wastewater; Biological nitrogen removal; High-throughput sequencing; Bacteria

Figure 1. Bacterial populations at Genus level from the aerobic tank and recirculation flow (numbers indicate sampling day)

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 144

Variations in bacterial community of activated sludge during anaerobic digestion

Sangmin Kim a, Eunji Kim a, Su In Kim a, Seokhwan Hwang a*

a Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Seokhwan Hwang, Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Anaerobic digestion is one of the effective methods to manage municipal sludge. The major concern of secondary sludge in anaerobic digestion was hydrolysis of the aerobic bacterial cell wall, which is believed to be a rate-limiting stage. In this research, activated sludge (AS), taken from 6 different full- scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in metropolitan areas, were characterized to investigate the bacterial community in the AS. The bacterial community structures after anaerobic digestion were also monitored. The results showed a large variation in bacterial communities originated from the secondary sludge decreased during anaerobic digestion. Bacterial diversities were categorized into three groups: decreasing group, remaining aerobic group and remaining anaerobic group. For decreasing groups, Haliangium (3.9-6.7%), Roseiflexus (3.7-5.5%) and Zoogloea (1.0-3.5%) were dominant. Their relative abundances were higher in activated sludge than in anaerobic digester. Dokdonella (0.6-1.2%), Thermomonas (0.2-1.4%) and Simplicispira (0.7-2.9%) existed in remaining aerobic group, while Ottawia (1.5-4.0%), Planctomyces (0.7-1.1%) and Dechloromonas (2.0-6.6%) existed in remaining anaerobic group. These findings may provide valuable information for bacterial relationships between secondary sludge and anaerobic digestion process, which will enhance the performance of anaerobic digestion. Keywords: bacterial community; activated sludge; full-scale study; anaerobic digestion; inoculation effect

Figure 1. Relative abundance of bacterial community in activated sludge and anaerobic digester

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 145

Comparison of microbial communities in anaerobic digestion inoculums by protein degradation

Su In Kim a, Eunji Kima, Aghasa Aghasaa, Sangmin Kima, Md Abu Hanifa Jannata, Seokhwan Hwanga*

a Department of Environmental Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Seokhwan Hwang, Department of Environmental Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Large amount of organic wastes including food wastes, wastewater sludges induces severe environmental pollutions. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is the promising technology for organic waste management that can also produce renewable energy. Research on inoculums that shows high rate of protein degradation is needed since proteins take major part of the organic load. The aim of this study was to compare protein degradation rate and methane production rate of microbial communities from inoculums. The inoculums are originated from full-scale AD reactors treating either food waste, wastewater sludge, or doing co-digestion of them. 250-ml serum bottles were filled with substrate, inoculum and media that contains buffer and nutrients, making up working volume 200ml for each. Eight different inoculums from different field reactors were used for batch anaerobic digestion tests. Substrates were gelatin or gluten, for each represents animal/plant protein from food wastes. Mixing ratio of each serum bottles was 3g chemical oxygen demand (COD) of substrate per 1g volatile suspended solids (VSS) of inoculum. First order reaction model was used to analyze substrate protein degradation to compare rate constants. Rate constants ranged 0.09~0.05 h-1 for gelatin and 0.06~0.02 h- 1 for gluten. Highest first order rate constant was achieved by the inoculum from one of the food waste treating AD plant. Modified-Gompertz model was used to conduct fitting of biogas production results, showing different rankings among inoculum sites than protein degradation rate constant. Metagenomic analysis by 16s rRNA sequencing showed that Klebsiella aerogenes and Hathewaya proteolytica drastically increased right after protein degradation in most inoculums. Methanosaeta concili or Methanoculleus bourgensis were most abundant at the terminal point of methanogenic process.

Keywords: Anaerobic digestion; Substrate degradation; Protein; Metagenome, Rate constant

262

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 146

Development of carbon electrode for electrochemical H2O2 production efficiently

Zeeshan Haider, Haewon Lee, Hyoung-il Kim,*

Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Hyoung-il Kim, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a clean oxidant for many industrial and environmental applications, it can be readily converted to hydroxyl radicals (.OH). These radicals as reactive oxygen species play active role to degrade organic pollutants. For these applications it is perquisite to develop a suitable method for efficient production of H2O2. Conventionally H2O2 is produced through anthraquine (AQ) process at commercial scale, however this method generates pollutants. Electrochemical strategy is considered environmental friendly approach to produce H2O2, many cathode materials have been reported so far for selective two electron oxygen reduction. Carbon based electrodes have special advantages due to natural abundance and ease of availability. In many cases, either faradic efficiency remains low or high over potential is required for this process. Hence it is desirable to improve this process with minimizing requirement of electrical energy. In this work we have developed melamine sponge derived nitrogen doped carbon electrode for efficient electrochemical H2O2 generation and performed detailed investigations to investigate the process parameters having critical influence on the performance efficiency. Particularly we have investigated temperature and structure effect of melamine foam derived electrode for selective electrochemical H2O2 production. Melamine foam could improve faradic efficiency up to 91% with the carbonizing temperature and structure effect.

Keywords: Electrochemical H2O2 production, ORR, melamine foam

263

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 147

Bioconversion of waste cooking oil into biodiesel using heterogenous catalyst derived from wine bottle cork

Shashi Kant Bhatiaa, Ranjit Gurava, Tae-Rim Choia, Yung-Hun Yanga*

Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea

Corresponding Author: Yung-Hun Yang, Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (Email: [email protected])

Abstract Continues increase in energy demand causing depletion of fossil fuels and increase in price. There is need to find alternate source of energy which are ecofriendly to deal with environment concerns. Biodiesel is an option and can be easily produced by the transesterification reaction of oils. In this study a heterogenous catalyst prepared by pyrolysis of waste cork (Quercus suber) was used for the transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO). Physicochemical properties of the synthesized catalyst were studied using techniques like BET surface area, SEM, FTIR, XRD. The experiments results showed that heterogenous catalyst synthesized at 600 °C showed maximum transesterification activity at 65 °C with >85% conversion. Biodiesel produced from WCO (Canola oil) mainly composed of fatty acids methyl esters (FAME) in following order C18:1>C18:2> C16:0 > C18:0> C20:0. Properties of produced biodiesel was analysed (cetane number (CN) 52, higher heating value (HHV) 39.5, kinematic viscosity (ʋ) 3.9, density (ρ) 0.87) and all these satisfy the international standard EN14214 and IS15607.

Keywords: Biochar; biodiesel; cork; transesterification; waste cooking oil

Acknowledgements: The authors would like to acknowledge the KU Research Professor Program of Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea. This study was supported by Research Program to solve social issues of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) 2017R1D1A1B03030766.

264

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 148

A study in Vietnam: Treatment of domestic wastewater using constructed wetland combined with adsorption

Minh Dang Phama, Huong Thi Phamb, Van Thi Thanh Hoa*

aHochiminh City University of Natural Resources and Environment (HCMUNRE), Hochiminh City, Vietnam bHochiminh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Hochiminh City, Vietnam

Corresponding Author: Van Thi Thanh Ho, Hochiminh City University of Natural Resources and Environment (HCMUNRE), Hochiminh City, Vietnam (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Environmental pollution due to wastewater, especially domestic wastewater is becoming more serious. This study was conducted to assess the removal of pollution such as COD, TN, TP and total coliform from domestic wastewater by the combination of constructed wetland with Para grass and adsorption using red sludge. The pilot-scale experiment with size LxWxH=1.2mx0.6mx0.4m and with the constant flow rate at 30L/day was operated using real wastewater from residential areas in Vietnam. Many methods with high reliability were used to analyze results such as SEM, XRD, EDX, UV/Vis, Titration,…With organic loading rate (OLR) is 120 kg COD/ha.day, the efficiency of domestic wastewater treatment of constructed wetland combined with adsorption of material from red sludge is quite high. The average removal efficiency of COD and TN is 88.22% and 67.52%, respectively. Especially TP and TSS parameters after the treatment process is almost undetectable. The concentrations of the parameter in the effluent were lower than the limits established by the QCVN 14:2015/BTNMT for domestic wastewater, which indicated the feasibility of combining constructed wetland and adsorption for the treatment of domestic wastewater. Moreover, this study will contribute to the development of wastewater treatment technologies with simple processes, utilizing the by-products and environmentally friendly.

Keywords: Wastewater; Constructed wetland; Red sludge; Para grass; Environmentally friendly

Acknowledgment: This research project has been funded by Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment and Kurita-AIT Research Grant 2018. The authors would like to thank for their supports.

265

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 149

Superior CO-tolerance and stability toward alcohol electro-oxidation reaction of bimetallic platinum-cobalt nanowires on tungsten-modified anatase TiO2 nanostructure

Hau Quoc Phama, Tai Thien Huynha,b, Phu Trong Trana, Van Thi Thanh Hob,*

aHo Chi Minh City University of Technology, VNU-HCM bHochiminh City University of Natural Resources and Environment (HCMUNRE), Vietnam

Corresponding Author: Van Thi Thanh Ho, Hochiminh City University of Natural Resources and Environment (HCMUNRE), Vietnam (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs) have become a promising advanced power due to their high energy production efficiency, low environmental pollution, facile storage and transportation that could solve the serious consequences; namely, climate change and air pollution, resulting from using fossil fuel source. Current carbon-supported Pt catalyst was widely employed as electrocatalyst at both anodic and cathodic electrodes in fuel cell technologies; however, the sluggish alcohol oxidation kinetics, the poor durability and CO-tolerance were major challenges for large-scale commercialization of DAFCs. In this study, we introduce the combination between controlling the morphology and structure of the PtCo alloy and using robust non-carbon support to assemble an effective tungsten-modified TiO2 supported PtCo NWs electrocatalyst toward methanol electro-oxidation reaction (MOR) and ethanol electro-oxidation reaction (EOR). The bimetallic PtCo nanowires deposited on mesoporous tungsten-modified TiO2 support via a one-pot chemical reduction route utilizing HCOOH as reducing agent at room temperature without using surfactant/stabilizer or template. Electrochemical tests demonstrated that the bimetallic PtCo nanowires anchored on tungsten-modified TiO2 support are a potential anodic electrocatalyst both toward MOR and EOR that could replace the conventional Pt/C electrocatalyst. For instance, the as- prepared bimetallic PtCo NWs loading on tungsten-modified TiO2 support exhibited the lower onset potential, higher activity, and greater CO-tolerance than those of the Pt NWs/C and Pt NPs/C electrocatalyst. Interestingly, the tungsten-modified TiO2 supported PtCo NWs electrocatalyst possessed the superior stability in comparison with the Pt NWs/C and Pt NPs/C electrocatalyst after 5000 cycling tests that could be interpreted due to the inherent structural and chemical durability as well as the superior corrosion resistance of the TiO2-based oxide in an electrochemical environment. The enhancements both catalytic activity and durability of the as-prepared bimetallic PtCo NWs anchored on tungsten-modified TiO2 support were attributable to the merits of the anisotropic one-dimensional PtCo alloy, the mesoporous tungsten-modified TiO2 support, the synergistic effect between the bimetallic PtCo nanowires and the tungsten-modified TiO2 support. Finally, this approach can give the effective catalyst platform for direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs) and a variety of applications such as solar cells, water splitting, and biosensors.

Keywords: Direct alcohol fuel cells, bimetallic PtCo nanowires, MOR, EOR, non-carbon support.

266

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 151

Microbial fuel cells for bioelectrogenesis and bioelectrochemical treatment of petroleum based hydrocarbons contaminated soils

Gunda Mohanakrishna1, Riyadh I. Al-Raoush1*, Ibrahim M. Abu-Reesh2 1 Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P O Box 2713 Doha, Qatar 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P O Box 2713 Doha, Qatar

Abstract Petroleum hydrocarbons generating from the different activities of petroleum industry is contaminating the soil environment. Produced water and petroleum refinery wastewaters producing in huge quantities, inadequate management of these wastewaters is exhibiting adverse effects on ecological and human health. Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) is lethal to beneficial soil organisms and human beings, which created serious concern among the research fraternity and governments. Environmental contamination and ecosystem deterioration is a global concern that demands for innovative and cost-effective remediation technologies. In this direction, soil based microbial fuel cells (MFC) configuration was evaluated for ecosystem restoration, bioelectrochemical treatment of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). Three different TPH loading rates (TLRs, 0.10, 0.19 and 0.27 kg TPH/m3-day) were chosen for bench scale SMFC operation. Bioelectrogenesis potential in soil microenvironment was increased with increase in TLR, which resulted in maximum power density of 286.7 mW/m2 (448 mV) at 0.27 kg TPH/m3-day. TPHs present in soil and electrode vicinity degraded with maximum efficiency of 49.38% (TLR1, 158 mg TPH/L). The microbiological and bioelectrochemical conditions prevailing in the soil MFC also facilitated the removal of sulfates (max, 62.64%; 114 mg/L at TLR3). Improvement in sulfate removal was also correlated with degradation of hydrocarbon content is suggesting activity of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) in MFC. Sulfate reducing bacteria in presence organic matter degradation reduces sulfates. Under active SRB conditions, pH of the wastewater increases. In the present system mild alkaline pH (7.6 and 8.4) was registered. Total dissolved salts, which is one of the major difficult pollutants that damaging the soil nature. Membrane-less configuration that used for MFC helped for the removal of TDS from the soil. Maximum TDS removal of 12.08% (910 mg/L) was achieved from 7 days of operation, demonstrating the mobility of ions present in the MFC were moved towards oppositely charged electrodes. Further, sewage wastewater was added to the contaminated soil of MFC to provide biostimulation conditions for improved microbial activity. This helps for enhanced biological and bioelectrochemical degradation. Preliminary results demonstrated about 7% improvement in bioelectrochemical treatment of TPH and 12% improvement in bioelectricity production. The study suggests economical and sustainable method for effective treatment of hydrocarbons contaminated soils with simultaneous green energy generation.

Key words: petroleum hydrocarbons, produced water, microbial fuel cells, sulfate removal, TDS removal, biostimulation

267 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 152

Hydrothermal liquefaction of bagasse for H2, bio-oil and high value products

Vinod S Amar, Anuradha Shende, Bharath K Maddipudi, Rajesh V Shende* Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States of America

Corresponding Author: *Rajesh Shende, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States of America (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Beer bagasse (spent brewer grain), a by-product generated in breweries, is rich in fiber and proteins. Being a low-cost biomass substrate, in this research, we investigated hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of bagasse into H2, bio-oil and other value-added products. HTL of beer bagasse was performed at 250-300oC under non-catalytic and catalytic conditions with bagasse to solvent (B:S) ratios of 1:5, 1:10, and 1:30. While HTL reaction was in progress, the product gases were analyzed using GC. After HTL reaction, biocrude was separated from the biochar and analyzed using HPLC, GC-MS and TOC analyzer. The HTL derived light bio-oil (LBO) and heavy bio-oil (HBO) were blended with biodiesel prepared from the spent cooking oil. HHVs of biochar, LBO, HBO, and blended fuels were calculated based on their elemental analysis. The results obtained with H2, bio-oils, blend fuels, and value-added products from the HTL of beer bagasse will be presented.

Keywords: Bagasse, hydrothermal liquefaction, H2, bio-oil, and blend fuels.

268 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 153

Comparative assessment of HTL derived biochar and graphene for biosensor application

Vinod S Amar, Bharath K Maddipudi, Anuradha Shende,Rajesh V Shende*

Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States of America

Corresponding Author: *Rajesh Shende, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States of America (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract On-chip biosensors with Au electrode layer immobilized with peptides are currently being developed for the detection of microbial contamination. It is anticipated that the use of a low-k dielectric layer modified with graphene will improve the sensor sensitivity. The low-k dielectric layer can be modified with the biochar derived from hydrothermal liquefaction of different biomass substrates. In this investigation, HTL of lignocellulosic substrates was performed under non-catalytic and catalytic conditions and the products such as oil, biochar, and other by-products were analyzed. The biochar was thermally treated in a tubular reactor under inert environment from 400-1100oC without any pretreatment. In other set of experiments, HTL derived biochar was acid treated and subsequently, thermal activation was performed. After the acid pretreatment and thermal treatment steps, the porosity, the specific surface area (SSA) and the morphology of the char was analyzed using BET and SEM/EDX. The char obtained after thermal treatment was combined with low-k dielectric layer and biosensor was fabricated. The sensor output was compared with the biosensor fabricated with low-k and graphene nanoplatelets. In addition, the sensor output was correlated with the char materials obtained under different thermal conditions. The results obtained on hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass substrates, characteristics of biochar before and after thermal treatment, biosensor fabrication and sensor output will be presented.

Keywords: Biosensor, porous films, graphene, hydrothermal liquefaction, biochar.

269 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 155

Effects of Diesel/PODE/ Methanol fuel blends on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a D.I. diesel engine

Dhinesh B a*, Inbanaathan P V b

a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi-626005, Tamilnadu, India. b Department of Production Engineering, Sri Sairam Engineering College, Chennai-600044, Tamilnadu, India.

Corresponding Author: Dhinesh B, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi-626005, Tamilnadu, India. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Research institutions all over the world have conducted quite a few studies on the combustion, emissions and performance of biodiesels. Biodiesel fuels have high kinematic viscosity. Over-high viscosity deteriorates fuel breakup and atomization, which may reduce combustion quality and even lead to engine deposit problems. This problem can be overcome by producing PODEn from methanol by polymerization reactions. Methanol is easily obtained from coal chemical industry. Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers (PODE) has high cetane number, and nearly 50% oxygen content, low viscosity and shows excellent combustion stability under lean burn conditions. The present research work is proposed as blending of PODE with methanol and diesel in varying proportions to obtain the diesel/PODE/methanol blend fuel. PODE is prepared from the catalytic synthesis of methanol and formaldehyde solution by polymerization reaction. The obtained PODEn is then distilled to obtain the PODEn with n<5 of polymerization and also to obtain pure PODEn. Finally the distilled PODEn is blended along with the diesel fuel and methanol in varying proportions. Analysis of prepared PODEn proportions is done by using GCMS (Gas Chromotography Mass spectroscopy) method and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) method. The overall engine performances (combustion characteristics, pollutant emissions and engine efficiency) of diesel/PODE/methanol blend fuel in varying proportions are evaluated and it is compared with the pure diesel and diesel/methanol fuel blends.

Keywords: PODE, Methanol, Diesel, D.I Diesel engine.

270 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 156

Performance analysis of HCCI engine powered by Calophyllum inophyllum with various inlet air temperature and exhaust gas recirculation ratios

M.Parthasarathy1*, S.Ramkumar1, B.Dhinesh2 , V. Karthickeyan3 S. Thiyagarajan4

1 Department of Automobile engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, India. 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, India. 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore 641 008, India. 4 Department of Automobile Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India

Corresponding Author: (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract The steady-increase in the stringiness of emission norms and energy consumption has push the researchers towards finding an alternative for conventional engines and petroleum fuel. The wide usage of petroleum as a fuel in conventional engine produces harmful pollutants and also leads to global warming. The usage of CI engines has certain advantages over SI engines such that they have a higher efficiency and emit lesser CO and HC, but it also has its disadvantages such as high NOx and smoke emission. Biodiesel is a renewable energy source, but its usage in CI engine produces higher NOx. The best way to reduce NOx and smoke simultaneously is to use biodiesel in HCCI engine. Some researchers have published their article in which HCCI engine uses different kinds of biodiesels as a fuel, but none of them have done a research in which the HCCI engine uses Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel (Tamanu methyl ester) as a fuel. This experiment deals with the usage of tamanu methyl ester in HCCI engine. At normal intake air temperature, the tamanu methyl ester cannot be vaporized, and so the inlet air temperature is varied between 120°C and 160 °C. The optimum temperature was found to be 140 °C, so further experiments were carried out using the intake temperature of 140° C. An experiment is done to study the behavior of HCCI engine at various EGR conditions. Dramatic reduction of NOx emission was found, but the BTE was slightly lesser when compared to HCCI engine operated without EGR.

Keywords: HCCI engine, Tamanu Methyl ester, Inlet air temperature, EGR

271 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 157

Pooled effect of injection pressure and intake air temperature on HCCI engine powered with pyrolysis oil from waste plastics

S.Ramkumar*1, M.Parthasarathy1, S.Devendiran2, B.Dhinesh3

1Department of Automobile engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, India. 2Department of Mechanical engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India. 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, India.

Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected]

Abstract The main source of energy for vehicle is from petroleum. Petroleum is continuously depleted and it’s a non-renewable energy source. In the present-day scenario, the regulations over the vehicles’ emission are highly stringent, and the manufacturers are struggling much to satisfy the norms. Waste plastic oil (WPO) as a fuel in HCCI engine would satisfy both energy demand and emission norms. The usage of WPO in conventional engine produces higher NOx emission. To reduce the NOx emission, various methods such as EGR and blend of high latent heat fuel have been followed, but this leads to higher smoke emission. To overcome this, the usage of WPO in HCCI engine can reduce NOx and smoke simultaneously. This experiment deals with the usage of WPO in HCCI engine. Very few researchers have done their research in HCCI engine using WPO, but none of them have done their research in HCCI engine which uses WPO as a fuel. In this research, the intake air temperature and injection pressure are varied. The temperature of the intake air temperature is varied between 80°C to 120°C. The injection pressure is varied between 6 bar to 10 bar. From the research, it can be inferred that the optimum injection pressure and intake air’s temperature are 10 bar and 100°C, respectively. The increase in injection pressure increases the performance and reduces the emission. Increasing the intake air temperature increases the vaporizing of the fuel, thereby improving the efficiency; on the contrary, if there is an increase in the air temperature beyond 100°C, volumetric efficiency gets reduced and pre-ignition of the fuel occurs, which leads to knocking of the engine. At the optimum condition of injection pressure and intake air temperature, it is found that the BTE is closer to that of the conventional engine and there’s drastic reduction in NOx and smoke emission.

Keywords: HCCI engine, pollution control, waste plastic oil, inlet air temperature

272 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 158

Effect of Moringa oleifera antioxidant additive on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of biodiesel in CI engine

J. Nagarajan 1*, N. Bose 1, and B. Dhinesh1

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, India.

Corresponding Author: E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Increase in energy consumption and prices leads to the reduction of fossil fuels. Biodiesel is one among the best available ecofriendly energy sources to cater the needs of transportation and industrial sectors. Non edible feed stock of Jatropha oil is used for synthesis of biodiesel. Biodiesel is prepared by means of transesterification process in the presence of methanol and KOH as catalyst. The current study deals with the effect of natural antioxidant additive Moringa Oleifera on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of Jatropha biodiesel in a diesel engine. The prepared Moringa Oleifera has been characterized through Scanning Electron Microscope, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and Energy Dispersive Spectrum and CHNS analysis. Thermal analysis of the Moringa Oleifera powder has been carried out by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Results show that addition of ethanol extracts of antioxidants increased the oxidation stability of the biodiesel. Also the scavenging activity of the antioxidants increased with the concentration evaluated by means of DPPH scavenging method. The antioxidant was added to the biodiesel blend at a concentration of 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm using ultrasonicator. Results show that brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, NOx emission decreased with the addition of antioxidants, whereas hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and smoke emissions increased. Also addition of antioxidant reduced the maximum cylinder pressure and Heat Release Rate when compared to biodiesel blend.

Keywords: Moringa Oleifera, Antioxidant, Performance, Emission, Combustion

273 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 159

Effect of natural antioxidant additives on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with jack fruit seed biodiesel

J. Nagarajan 1*, N. Bose 1, and B. Dhinesh1

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, India.

Corresponding Author: E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: The current study deals with the effects of natural antioxidant additives on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel. Biodiesel used in this investigation was produced by means of transesterification of Jack fruit seed oil. Experimental setup includes a single cylinder, four stroke, naturally aspirated, water cooled engine. Engine performance characteristics such as Brake Thermal Efficiency, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption together with emission characteristics such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxides are measured. Combustion characteristics such as cylinder pressure and heat release rate are evaluated. The usage of antioxidants in diesel engines reduces NOx emission by reducing the formation of free radicals.. Natural antioxidants such as Goose Berry, Coriander seed, Garlic, Cumin seed and Star Anise was selected for the present study. Fuel samples for the current study was prepared by mixing 5 % of the ethanol antioxidant extracts with JBD 20 (20 % Jack fruit biodiesel + 80 % diesel). Results show that antioxidant addition reduced NOx emission with increase in HC, CO and smoke emissions when compared to biodiesel blend. Addition of natural antioxidants increased the brake thermal efficiency with reduction of brake specific fuel consumption. Also, the antioxidant addition with biodiesel blends reduced the in-cylinder temperature and heat release rate. Thus antioxidant additive can be suitably used with biodiesel without any engine modifications.

Keywords: Jack Fruit Seed Biodiesel, Antioxidant, Performance, Emission, Combustion

274 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 160

An assessment on production and engine characterization of a novel environment friendly fuel

R.Krishnamoorthy1*, B.Dhinesh2, J. Paul James Thadhani3, P. Jagan3, G.Nataraj4

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, CK College of Engineering & Technology, Jayaram Nagar, Chellangkuppam, Cuddalore -607 003. 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, India. 3Department of Automobile Engineering , Madras Institute of Technology (MIT) Campus, Anna University, Chromepet, Chennai 600 044, Tamil Nadu, India. 4Department of Mechanical engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India.

Corresponding Author: E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract An organized approach has been made in this research to assess the diesel engine behaviour by fuelling novel biofuel. The novel and nontoxic renewable citronella biofuel are extracted by steam distillation process, extracted citronella oil exhibit nearly similar viscosity to diesel. In this analysis, gas chromatography and mass spectrograph (GC-MS) and Fourier infrared (FT-IR) techniques were employed to characterize the chemical composition of citronella oil. The test fuel was prepared by mixing several blend ratios of citronella oil, which has been intermixed with diesel by volume basis namely B20, B40 and B60. Its properties were appraised according to Material standards. The test fuels were examined on a one cylinder conventional diesel engine. From the experimental exploration, it has been chronicled that citronella oil can succeed up to 20% at the top load condition in that order. Appreciably, the tailpipe Smoke emission has been reduced by 31% than a standard diesel operating mode, with a minor increase in oxides of nitrogen (NOX) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission by 12.5% and 7.1%. Besides that, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) are 16.34% and 22.2% lesser than regular diesel fuel mode at the peak load condition. The results of brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) for diesel are better when correlated with citronella blends. The combustion analysis reported that citronella fuel had significant improvement in cylinder pressure (CP), exhaust gas temperature (EGT) and heat release rate (HRR) with considerable reduction in ignition delay (ID).

Keywords: Citronella oil, Biofuel, Alternative fuels, Eco-friendly fuel, Diesel engine, Emission control

275 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 161

Production and analysis of silkworm methyl ester as a fuel for diesel engine and simultanious control of HC, CO and NOx emission using diesel oxidation catalyst

S Jenoris Muthiyaa , V Nadanakumarb, B Dhineshc

a,b Department of Automobile Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology And Science, Chennai. cDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi-626005, Tamilnadu, India.

Corresponding Author: E-mail:[email protected]

Abstract Climate change is considered as a huge global environmental threat caused by humans.it is seen as a most serious issue that world faces and affects life adversely. The depletion of fossil fuel and liberation of pollution are serious problems for the automotive sector. In this study a preparation of biodiesel from Silk Worm Pupae Oil is carried out to investigate its Performance, Combustion and emission characteristic with various Nano fuel additives. The Silkworm Oil Methyl Ester (SWOME) has been prepared by two step transesterification process using H2SO4 as a catalyst for esterification and NaOH as a catalyst for second step process. Fatty acid methyl ester yield has been found to be 98.9 wt%. The physio- chemical properties of methyl ester silk worm oil have been tested and are found with ASTM standards. The Chemical composition of SWOME was observed with CHNS analysis, Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and NMR spectroscopy. To further enhance the property of SWOME Nano additive Al2O3 is added. The various blends of SWOME have been prepared and tested with the single cylinder Direct injection (DI) diesel engine. Further, the work was extended to control the emission characteristics with Diesel Oxidation catalyst (DOC) as a Post combustion technique for the reduction of HC, CO and NOX emission. From the result it is observed that SWOME Nano additive with DOC has more advantages on Performance, Combustion and Emission characteristics.

Keywords: Silkworm Oil Methyl Ester, Nano additive, Diesel, D.I Diesel engine.

276 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 162

Experimental investigations on the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of low heat rejection diesel engine by using M.Elangi methyl ester with tio2 nanoadditive as a fuel.

Krupakaran. R.L.a , Dhinesh.Bb ,Hariprasad. Tc, Gopalakrishna. Ad, Manikandan.Ne

a, b, c,d,e Department of Mechanical Engineering, a,c,dSree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India. eJawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India. bMepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu, India

Corresponding Author: E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract This present exploration aims for enhancing the engine performance by using M.Elangi Methyl Ester 20% and 80% Diesel with 25ppm TiO2 [MEME20+25ppm] nanaoparticle additive for low heat rejection (LHR) engine. The coating comprises of piston with an insulation of 350 µm super Ni (an alloy of nickel) crown. The coatings were made on the pistons of the test engine with yattria stabilized zirconia + Nd2O3 (5% yatrria + 2% Niyodium oxide + 93% Zirconia oxide) layer 200 µm thick over a nickel-chromium–aluminium bonded coating of 150 µm thick using the atmospheric plasma spray coating method. The results of the engine tests have shown that, with MEME 20 + 25ppm, the brake thermal efficiency was increased by 7.06%, and the specific fuel consumption was decreased by 16.388% when compared with diesel. The CO, HC, and smoke values reduced by 35.66%, 31.8% and 19.66% compared with diesel fuel The NOx and EGT was increased by 22.23%, and 9.33% at full load conditions at 1500 rpm constant speed.

Keywords: M.Elangi Methyl Ester, TiO2 nanoparticle, LHR, performance and Emissions.

277 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan No. 163

Investigation of the effect of iron-based catalyst to expand of biomass utilization in bio- hydrogen production by Clostridium butyricum DSM 10702

Do-Hyung Kim a, c, †, Jeong-Hoon Park b, †, Gopalakrishnan Kumar c, Sang-Hyoun Kim c and Jeong- Jun Yoon a, * a Intelligent Sustainable Materials R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan-si 31056, Republic of Korea b Clean Innovation Technology Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Jeju-si 63243, Republic of Korea c School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea †The first two authors contributed equally as a first author.

Corresponding Author: Jeong-Jun Yoon, Intelligent Sustainable Materials R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan-si 31056, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Biological hydrogen production (BHP) by dark fermentation has been actively studied as an eco- friendly and sustainable technology for H2 economy. Marine biomass would have several advantages as the feedstock of BHP, because it is free from the constraints of agricultural water and land area, and are relatively economical compared with the land biomass. However, marine biomass has a mixed sugar composition and its hydrolysate would contain several inhibitors such as formic acid, levulinic acid and 5-(hydroxymethyl) furfural (5-HMF). In this study, magnetite (Fe3O4) was used as an iron- based catalyst for BHP to compensate above unfavorable conditions and limitations of dark fermentation such as relatively low production rate and yield of BHP. As a result, in mixed sugar condition where metabolic delay may occur by diauxic growth, magnetite supplement resulted in 64% increase in total produced hydrogen amount. The hydrogen yield (HY) and maximum hydrogen production production rate (HPR) were 1.7 mol-H2/mol-consumed sugar and 15.5 mL/hr, respectively. In addition, when the concentrations of formic acid, levulinic acid and 5-HMF were below 2, 3 and 2 g/L, respectively, the magnetite supplement resulted in more than 20% increase in total produced hydrogen amount. This results show that magnetite supplement would compensate the inhibitory effect of several inhibitors at certain concentration.

Keywords: Biological hydrogen production; Clostridium butyricum DSM 10702; Iron-based catalyst; Inhibitory effect; Magnetite

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (Ministry of Science and ICT, MSIT) (NRF- 2017R1E1A1A01073690). And this work was supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea. (No. 20188550000540).

278 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 164

Biohydrogen production from cheese whey in a UASB reactor: Comparison of gas and liquid recirculation

René Cardeñaa, K.M. Muñoz Páeza,b, Germán Buitróna*

aLaboratory for Research on Advanced Processes for Water Treatment, Instituto de Ingeniería, Unidad Académica Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Qro., México, 76230 bCONACYT - Instituto de Ingeniería, Unidad Académica Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.

Corresponding Author: Germán Buitrón, Laboratory for Research on Advanced Processes for Water Treatment, Instituto de Ingeniería, Unidad Académica Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Qro., México, 76230 (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Cheese whey (CW) is a by-product from the dairy industry with high content of carbohydrates, making it a potential candidate for biohydrogen production through dark fermentation. The UASB reactor has been used for hydrogen production from complex substrates such as CW, mainly due to its mass transfer characteristics. Therefore, the principal goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of the type of recirculation (gas or liquid) on hydrogen production from CW in a UASB reactor. The UASB reactor had 2.2 L of work volume and was operated at HRT of 4.5 h, pH of 4.5 and 35 °C. In the first stage, the liquid recirculation was used at up-flow velocity of 5 m/h. Once the hydrogen production was stable, the type of recirculation was changed to gas at up-flow velocity of 1.2 m/h. Anaerobic granular sludge was used as inoculum (7 g VS/L). The CW had an organic matter concentration of 56.6±1.8 g COD/L and 34.4±1.1 gcarbohydrates/L. The volumetric organic loading rate (OLR) used was 53.3 g gcarbohydrates/L/d. The hydrogen productivity with the liquid recirculation was 4.30±0.32 L H2/L/d after 14 days of operation. With the change to gas recirculation, a maximum of 7. 85 L H2/L/d was observed, but the system did not reach stability. The hydrogen productivity decreased to 0.70±0.25 L H2/L/d after 14 days of operation, related with the low expansion of the granular sludge in concomitant with biomass accumulation. The change to gas recirculation showed negatively effects on hydrogen concentration, decreasing from 46±4% to 35±3%. Acetic and butyric acids were the main soluble metabolites products observed with liquid recirculation. Interestingly, high concentration of caproic acid (1.68 ±0.21 g/L) was detected with the gas recirculation. To evaluate the robustness of the system, the recirculation was change from gas to liquid observing a hydrogen productivity of 4.5 ± 0.44 L H2/L/d, similar to the one observed in stage 1. The liquid recirculation is the best option for hydrogen production in a UASB reactor using cheese whey as substrate.

Keywords: Hydrogen, granular sludge, dark fermentation, mass transfer

279 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphical abstract:

Feeding Pump 4.80 pH

Recirculation pump

HRT: Feeding Liquid recirculation: Milk whey 4.5 h 10 gcarbohydrates/L 4.50 L H2/L/d OLR: Gas recirculation: 53.3 g/L/d 0.70 L H2/L/d

Acknowledgement: This research was supported through of “Fondo de Sustentabilidad Energética SENER-CONACYT”, through the project 247006 Gaseous Biofuels Cluster. The authors are grateful to Jaime Perez and Gloria Moreno for the technical support. K.M. Muñoz-Páez acknowledges the support from CONACYT through the CÁ TEDRAS program (Researcher ID 6407, Project 265).

280 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 165

Future challenges of electrification of vehicles in developing countries – A case study

Peter K Joseph a, D Elangovan a*, G Arunkumar a

a School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India

Corresponding Author: D Elangovan, School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Electric vehicles considered to be one of the key entity of sustainable development. The deficiency of conventional fuels also one of the reasons behind vehicular electrification. Because of these reasons, the 21st century is witnessing a mass transformation in the transportation sector in the form of electrification. But there are some negative impacts of this transformation, mainly for the developing countries, whose electricity generation mainly depends on conventional resources. To analyze the effects precisely, the traffic sector and energy scenario of India is considered. India had commenced a revolutionary vision in the 21st century as ‘all vehicle electrification by 2030’. In the aspect of sustainable development, it is a wonderful step. But if the most recent energy scenario of India is analyzed, out of 300 GW electricity produced, 80% of the electricity was from thermal power plants. The pollution contribution by thermal power plants is unquestionable because for generating electricity by thermal energy, the thermal power plants will burn conventional fuels. The burning of conventional fuels create two effects, the first effect is the localized environmental pollution and the second is the scarcity of conventional fuels. So the prime motive of vehicle electrification as green transportation is violated at this point. Apart from that, the grid effects of plugged-in hybrid vehicles is another major issue. When several electric vehicles are charged together from charging station simultaneously, it will exert a sudden load demand in that local grid. If the grid is not capable of meeting that demand, it will distort the power quality of the entire grid. The only solution is to integrate renewable energy resources with the charging stations. As India lies in a geographical condition of high solar energy exposure, integration of renewable energy to the charging stations, grid and facilitating the vehicle-to-grid implementation will support this endeavor as well as help to establish a sustainable transport system. This research presents a case study of impacts and challenges of vehicle electrification venture in developing countries. Moreover, some possible solutions are suggested in the article.

Keywords: Electric vehicle; Renewable energy; Vehicle to grid integration; Solar power; Power quality

Acknowledgement: The authors thank VIT for providing ‘VIT SEED GRANT’ for carrying out this research work.

281 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 166

Renewable energy powered plugged-in hybrid vehicle charging system for sustainable transportation

D Elangovan a, G Arunkumar a, Peter K Joseph a*

a School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India

Corresponding Author: Peter K Joseph, School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Owing to the exponential increase in the industrial revolution, the world has been confronting extremely difficult challenges like meeting the ever-increasing demand of fuel, preserving the natural energy resources from becoming depleted and keeping the environment from getting polluted. These challenges can be overcome by employing various courses like sustainable energy consumption, the efficient transformation of energy from one form to another and shifting the focus from the use of conventional energy resources to non-conventional and renewable energy resources. The use of conventional energy resources has been making an irreversible impact on the environment on a global level. The analysis and study of the energy future, have compelled the industries and the upcoming engineers to go on a never-ending quest for energy. The quest of energy is proceeding in a direction to not only match the ever-increasing demand of energy but also vitally accomplishing it in a way without putting the environment in peril. One of the main contributors to the adverse impact on the environment is the automotive sector. Battery, being the primary source of stored electrical energy in a hybrid vehicle, the research in the development of highly efficient hybrid electric vehicles, comes across a particular challenge of developing an optimized converter which is not only power efficient, but also time-efficient in charging of the battery. A vigorous study and research are going on in developing new, highly power-efficient, highly power-dense and compact battery chargers. The research aims at studying the important challenges and necessities of the hybrid electric vehicle and addressing one of the challenges named charger optimization. Conventional electric vehicle charger topologies face some disadvantages like less charging speed, less power transfer efficiency, higher input current ripples, bulk charger size, etc. A novel DC to DC converter, employing interleaving concept in cascade along with transformer isolation and a voltage doubler is presented to suit as the first stage of the energy transformation in battery charging. The selection of the topology presented takes into contemplation a very specifically confined alternative. The final hardware prototype able to deliver a 250W power at an efficiency of 94% with a negligible ripple current.

Keywords: Electric vehicle; Renewable energy; Solar power; Current ripple, DC-DC converter

282 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 167

Design of a renewable energy powered DC microgrid for sustainable rural electrification

Peter K Joseph a, Sangit Saha b, D Elangovan a*, G Arunkumar a

a School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India b Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Kolkata 700091, India

Corresponding Author: D Elangovan, School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract With the advancement of science and technology, the usage of fossil fuels is increasing in large quantity. As a result, the sources of conventional energy are getting diminished. To meet the demand for energy, renewable sources are the best choice. The extinction of fossil fuels not only creating energy problems in society but also increases the degree of pollution. So there will be an imbalance between oxygen and carbon dioxide gases in the atmosphere. Therefore, an alternative energy source needs to be found which can be used as a substitute for fossil fuels. This is high time for researchers to convert renewable resources as a major source of energy because it does not affect society by creating pollution in the atmosphere. The development of power electronics converters and their design in a sophisticated manner has already increased the demands of solar energy, wind energy, fuel cell, etc. Therefore the research about renewable resources is increasing to combine both power electronics converters and renewable energy sources and produce a fruitful result which will be boon for the sustainable development of society. It will not only be an economical method to use the unused energy sources but also it will solve the problems of rural areas which is suffering from lack of electricity. For the effective utilization of custom produced electricity from renewable energy sources, the presence of an optimized DC microgrid is mandatory. In many cases, inverters are also used in DC microgrid to run the AC loads. Apart from that, the energy storage elements are also used to store the energy to run the grid and to maintain the continuity of the loads without any interruptions. Before the evolution of the DC grid entire world used to depend upon the AC supply. The grid-connected mode also eliminates the requirement to use storage devices. As a result, the losses and the cost of the system decrease which results in higher efficiency of the system. Present utility system is AC. Therefore, in DC-based devices like battery charger, television, solar fan, etc., power conversion takes place before the load end gets the final DC quantity. But if a system is implemented using a DC grid then the intermediate stage is not required at all. So the system becomes small in size and solid. The main objective is to implement a grid system to electrify rural areas so that it will help people to use the low cost-efficient system. Input has been taken from the 24 V Panel. The panel is designed by using datasheet. To use that low voltage from the renewable source a flyback converter which steps up the voltage up to 72 V which is nothing but the grid voltage. Then based on the load demands the point of load converters are used. The bidirectional converter is used to charge and discharge the storage device.

Keywords: DC microgrid, AC microgrid, Rural electrification, Flyback converter, Renewable energy 283 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.168

Designing Datura fruit like Hierarchical Nickel Zinc Selenide Complex structures as Cathode for High Performance Supercapacitor

M. Priyadharshinia, Alagarasan Jagadeesh Kumarb and Tangavel Pazhanivelb*

aSmart Materials Interface Laboratory, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem 636 011 bSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China.

Corresponding Author: Tangavel Pazhanivel, Smart Materials Interface Laboratory, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem 636 011. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Transition bimetallic selenides presents a superior electrochemical behaviour due to its specific physiochemical features such as high electrical mobility, rate capability. In this study, Datura fruit like hierarchical nickel zinc selenide complex structures were obtained from MOF using two step method; solvothermal followed by hydrothermal selenization method. The open space in-between the Nano needles on the sphere renders a facile ion transportation channel thereby increases the mean free path of electrons. The hierarchal Nickel Zinc Selenide provides a high specific capacitance of 1100F/g at a current density of 1A/g and also retains half of it initial capacitance at a high current density of 10F/g. The splendid electrochemical attributes would be due to their rich electrical transport and hierarchical Datura fruit like structure. The showcased work may lend a breakthroughs required to rationally construct a metal selenide complex for superior supercapacitors.

Keywords: Metal selenides, Datura fruit, Hybrid capacitor

Graphical Abstract

Hydrothermal Selenization

NiZn-MOF

NiZn-Selenide

284 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.169

In-situ grown binder free NiP2O7/Co P2O7 nanoneedles on Ni foam for hybrid supercapacitor

M. Priyadharshinia, Alagarasan Jagadeesh Kumarb and Tangavel Pazhanivelb*

aSmart Materials Interface Laboratory, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem 636 011 bSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China.

Corresponding Author: Tangavel Pazhanivel, Smart Materials Interface Laboratory, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem 636 011. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Developing a novel electrode material with better electrochemical behaviour and extended cyclability is a major issue in the field of Hybrid Capacitors. In this work, binder free one dimensional nanoneedles of NiP2O7/CoP2O7 composite on Ni foam were prepared by facile hydrothermal method with different reaction temperature. Systematic investigation have been carried out to analyse the impact of reaction temperature on its structure and electrochemical properties. Nanoneedles with uniform interspacing displays a high areal capacitance, rate capability, and cyclability due to its one dimensional structure enhancing rapid ion and material interactions. Ex-situ microscope pictures affirms the dependence of structure on the reaction temperature, and the nanoneedles raised ion interaction through material. Further, the reproducibility of the electrochemical performance confirms the binder-free NiP2O7/CoP2O7 1D nanoneedle to be a suitable high-performance cathode material for hybrid supercapacitor. Finally, the assembled hybrid supercapacitor exhibits a high energy density and long lasting life (85% capacity retention after 5000 cycles). Our results proposes that the NiP2O7/CoP2O7 1D nanoneedle pattern have a good hope as cathode for hybrid supercapacitor.

Keywords: NiP2O7/ CoP2O7 , Binder free, Hybrid capacitor.

285 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.170

Intelligent LoRA enabled sensor fusion technology for underground leachate flow detection and prediction

Sujatha Rajkumar a, Sivakumar Subramaniam b, Velvizhi c ,Sujatha Rajkumar a* a Department of Embedded Technology, School of Electronics , Vellore Institute of Technology , Vellore 632014, b Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering , UTeM, Malaysia,76100. c CO2 Research and Green Technologies Centre, School of Civil Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore,632014.

Corresponding Author: Sujatha Rajkumar, Department of Embedded Technology, School of Electronics , Vellore Institute of Technology , Vellore 632014, (E-mail: sujatha.r@@vit.ac.in)

Abstract In most countries, sanitary landfilling is nowadays the most common way to eliminate municipal solid wastes. A lot of stinking and sewage problems cause bad hygienic conditions that lead to human illness and deadly diseases. A leachate is any liquid that, in the course of passing through matter, extracts suspended solids. Leachate has entrained environmentally harmful substances that may then enter the environment. In the narrow environmental context, leachate is any liquid material that drains from land or stockpiled material. Leachate volume produce a wide range of other materials including methane, carbon dioxide and a complex mixture of organic acids, aldehydes, alcohols and simple sugars. There are various methods to treat leachate such as leachate transfer, biodegradation, chemical physical methods and membrane processes depending on operating conditions. The Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly changing the world and today the use of IoT is enormous. An intelligent landfill leachate treatment system is proposed to overcome societal problems in an efficient way. Using Artificial Intelligence (AI) and LoRA (Low power Long RAnge) IoT communication technology. The main scope of implementing IoT LoRA technology for Landfill Leachate treatment is to detect the leachate flow by the emission of hazardous gas emissions, landfill soil pressure and moisture content. IoT architecture has multisensory fusion in the physical layer that can relay data to each other with no human involvement. Artificial Intelligent Machine Learning (ML) algorithms can be used to predict the leachate flow in future based on the sensor fusion data collected from the landfill and the images captured using controller. In the multi sensor setup, we can measure the distance of leachate from the topsoil, monitor the variations in soil pressure as the leachate generates, flow rate of the leachate, detect the emission of poisonous gases such as methane at the landfill capping. Data Collected from multi sensor setup are locally edge processed and are used as data insights for a supervised AI algorithm to predict the leachate direction in future. Classification algorithms are widely used in the recognition and classification of leachate patterns. SVM and KNN type of supervised classification algorithms are applied on the multisensory data collected near the dump yard. Connectivity is aimed through LoRA module, which transmits the controller processed data to the end user. Thus by using intelligent IoT communication technology using LoRA, a healthy and hygienic environment is proposed to detect landfill leachate leakage which then mix with the groundwater and also to perform early leachate flow predictions.

286 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Keywords: Leachate, LoRA, Edge processing, Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things (IoT), sensor fusion.

287 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.172

Long-term effects of anti-biofouling proton exchange membrane using silver nanoparticle and polydopamine on performance of microbial electrolysis cells

Sung-Gwan Park a, Rajesh P P a, Jieun Lee a, Kyu-Jung Chae a a Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, 727 Taejong-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49112, South Korea

Corresponding Author: Kyu-Jung Chae, Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, 727 Taejong-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49112, South Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Today, microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) are widely used for sustainable energy production. Especially, two-chambered MECs which produce various types of value-added electrobiofuels such as ethanol, butanol, and hydrogen, require proton exchange membrane (PEM) for gas separation and proton (H+) transportation. There have been numerous types of membranes newly developed or modified for improved durability and performance; however, it is still a challenge to overcome a biofouling problem. In this study, membrane surface was modified using anti-biofouling materials; silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and polydopamine (PDA). It has been reported that AgNPs and PDA have anti-biofouling abilities through sterilizing effect and prevention of microbial access with negative charge respectively. In that sense, membranes were coated with either AgNPs, PDA, or both AgNPs and PDA. According to the SEM images, AgNPs were more evenly coated when PDA was coated prior to AgNP compared to the other (> 28 %). In addition, silver release from the membrane decreased by 10 % when PDA was coated compared to membrane coated with AgNPs due to the binding effect of PDA. Proton exchange ability, as critical as anti-biofouling effect, was also improved by the OH- groups that are present in the PDA. On the other hand, the blockage of hydrogen transport channels of membrane was observed when AgNPs were doped, resulting in reduced proton transport ability. Therefore, synergistic effects of PDA and AgNPs fulfilled the requirement of anti-biofouling membrane without sacrificing the proton exchange ability. Furthermore, the MEC reactors mounted with modified membranes were operated under condition of severe biocontamination for 6 months for performance evaluation. The thickest biofilm (31 ± 0.5 µm) was formed on the plain membrane surface, while modified membranes showed different levels of resistance to biofilm formation (biofilm thickness of AgNP: 16.7 ± 3, PDA: 8 ± 2 and both: 0 µm). Also, there was no trace of AgNP in the AgNP coated membrane after 6 months, while AgNP was still attached to the surface of the both materials coated membrane. As a result, the production of hydrogen by MEC in which plain membrane used was only 3.21 % as compared to 6 months ago, while the membrane coated with both of the materials has a recovery rate of 68.12 %.

Keywords: Microbial electrolysis cells, Anti-biofouling, long-term operation, silver nanoparticle, polydopamine

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. 2019R1A2C1006356).

288 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.173

Broad spectrum biofilm inhibitor raffinose, a plant galactoside, inhibits co-culture biofilm on the microfiltration membrane

Han-Shin Kim a, Yong-Sun Jang b, Hyun-Jin Kang b, So-Young Hamb, Hwa-Soo Ryoo b, Jeong-Hoon Park c, Hee-Deung Park b, d*

a Korean Peninsula Infrastructure Cooperation Team, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT), Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10223, Republic of Korea b Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea c Clean Innovation Technology Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Jeju-si 63243, Republic of Korea d KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Hee-Deung Park, Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are conventional and innovative wastewater treatment systems that combine activated sludge wastewater with membrane filtration for efficient wastewater treatment and water reuse. However, membrane processes have critical problems when organic, inorganic, particulate, and biological matter enters membrane pores and the deposits on the membrane surfaces. Biofilm formation is a major contributing factor to membrane fouling in the MBR process, which reduces membrane life span and increases operational energy consumption via reduced water flux and increased transmembrane pressure (TMP). Therefore, a number of studies have been performed to reduce membrane biofouling physically (e.g., backwashing and air sparging), chemically (e.g., membrane cleaning with chemicals), and biologically (e.g., bacteriophage and enzyme treatments), however, all of these attempts have limitations. Furthermore, activated sludge consists of various bacterial species (e.g. gram-positive and gram–negative bacteria) that use different types of quorum sensing signal molecules, which indicates the need to supply different types of QS inhibitors for inhibiting biofouling on the membrane surfaces. Therefore, a wide range of biofilm inhibitors are needed to inhibit the biofilms of various microorganisms to effectively reduce membrane biofouling. The goal of this study was to evaluate the biofouling inhibition capacity in the MBR process by treatment with raffinose. Before the MBR biofouling control evaluation, co culture biofilm inhibition capability was evaluated by static biofilm assay using raffinose and furanone C-30. The result showed that 0–1000 M raffinose significantly reduced about 25-52% P. aeruginosa and S. aureus co-culture biofilm formation in a concentration-dependent manner. However, furanone C-30 reduced about 23-27% biofilm formation. These results demonstrated that raffinose could be used as a broad spectrum inhibitor for controlling biofilm formation in mixed cultures. In addition, the effect of raffinose on the microfiltration (MF) membrane biofilm was tested in a flow reactor where growth medium with or without 10 μM furanone C-30 or raffinose was continuously dripped on glass slides attached to MF membrane, for 24 hours. The confocal laser scanning microscope image also showed that the co- cultured biofilm was reduced by more than 2-fold compared to furanone C-30, when treated with

289 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan raffinose. Furthermore, raffinose treatment increased the permeate flux in the operation of a laboratory scale MBR unit compared to furanone C-30 treatment. These results clearly demonstrated that the broad-spectrum biofilm inhibitor - raffinose inhibits biofilm formation in mixed cultures and could be used to mitigate biofouling in MBR processes.

Graphical abstract:

Keywords: Membrane bioreactor; Biofouling; Raffinose; Co culture biofilm.

Notes: Please ensure to mention clearly the presenting author and corresponding author of your submission. Make sure that you put a valid E-mail.

290 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.174

Isotherm studies and mechanisms for the removal of humics using granular activated carbon, alumina and ferric adsorbents

Majeda Khraisheh2,*, Cecile Andre1, Fares Al Momani2, Ahmad B. Albadarin3, Gavin M. Walker3, Mohammad A. Al Ghouti4

1Southern Water, Southern House, Brighton, United Kingdom. 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, State of Qatar 3Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland 4Qatar University, Department of Biological and Environment Sciences, Doha, P.O. Box: 2713, State of Qatar.

Abstract The adsorption of humic substances on three different adsorbents was investigated and adsorption isotherms were applied in this research. The three adsorbents studied include granular activated carbon (GAC), ferric oxyhydroxide in its beta form (-FeOOH) and iron coated activated alumina (AAFS). Physical and chemical characteristics of the adsorbents were also fully investigated. Calcium was added to the HS solution in order to represent water with a hardness equivalent to water hardness typically found in London (UK). The examination of the GAC indicated a large microporous area with lower surface area associated with meso- and macropores. The AAFS and -FeOOH did not present any microporous area. The overall surface area was high for GAC (980 m2 g‒1) but lower for AAFS (286 m2 g‒1) and β-FeOOH (360 m2 g‒1). The Freundlich isotherm model was fitted to all adsorbent– adsorbate systems. It was shown that GAC offered a large adsorption capacity for removal of low molecular weight humics F1 (MW 0-5 kDa) but not for substances with molecular weight larger than 10 kDa (F3). The -FeOOH adsorption capacity was only 0.43 mg g-1, compared to 9.11 and 2.55 mg g‒1 on GAC and AAFS, respectively. On the contrary, F1 is not well adsorbed and only F2 (5-10 kDa) can be efficiently removed by AAFS and -FeOOH. It was strongly suggested that precipitation/condensation occurred on the adsorbent surface.

Keywords: Humic acids; Drinking water; Adsorption; Activated alumina; Ferric oxides

291 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.175

A novel binder-free electro-synthesis of hierarchical nickel sulfide nanostructures on nickel foam as a battery-type electrode for hybrid-capacitors

Thomas Nesakumar Jebakumar Immanuel Edison, Raji Atchudan, Yong Rok Lee* School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Authors: Yong Rok Lee, School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract In the 21st century, rapid growth of world population greatly increased the energy need of human beings. The world consumes much more energy from the fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, biomass and natural gas, resulting rise in green house gas emission and thus increasing of global warming effect day by day. Therefore, in recent times the researchers mainly focusing on intermittent renewable energy sources viz., wind, sun and tidal wave, which are directly associated with the energy storage and energy conversion strategies to ensure the constant power supply. Supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries are the important energy storage devices, where supercapacitors provide high power density and low energy density, and vice versa. Recently, hybrid-capacitors have been developed to overcome the drawbacks of supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries. The hybrid- capacitor consists both supercapacitor materials (carbon based materials) as negative electrode and battery-type/pseudo-capacitor materials as positive electrodes. Thus, the resulting hybrid-capacitor offer high power and energy density with good cyclic stability compared with supercapacitors and batteries. In this work, we have synthesized hierarchical nickel sulfide nanoparticles on nickel foam (NiS NPs/Ni foam) by simple cathodic electrodeposition in the presence of NiCl2 and thiourea (TU) mixtures as electrolyte. The synthesized NiS NPs/Ni foam are characterized using Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) and elemental mapping analysis. The electrochemical behavior of NiS NPs/Ni foam is tested in 2 M aqueous KOH electrolyte by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) methods. The CV and GCD curves revealed the Faradaic battery-type capacitive behavior of NiS NPs/Ni foam in 2 M KOH. Further, the synthesized NiS NPs/Ni foam deliver maximum specific capacities of 1109 C/g and 532 C/g at scan rate of 5 mV/s and 2 A/g of current density, respectively. The synthesized NiS NPs/Ni foam can be used as a battery-type positive electrode in hybrid-capacitors.

Keywords: Nickel sulfide; Electrodeposition; Hierarchical morphology; Energy storage; Battery-type electrode.

Acknowledgements: The authors greatly acknowledge the National Research Foundation of Korea for financial support by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) of Korea government (2017R1C1B5076286), Priority Research Centers Program (2014R1A6A1031189) and Korean Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2012M3A7B4049675).

292 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.176

Utilization of hydraulic shear stress in microbial fuel cell as self-buffer regulation mechanism

Raymond Chong Ong Tang a, Chin-Tsan Wang b*, Men-Wei Wu b, Feng Zhao c, Wen-Ton Chong a,Hwai-Chyuan Ong a, Akhil Garg d

a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia. b Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National I-Lan University, No.1, Sec. 1,Shennong Rd., 26047 I Lan, Taiwan c Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, 1799 Jimei Rd, Xiamen 361021, China d Intelligent Manufacturing Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Shantou University, Shantou, China

Corresponding Author: Chin-Tsan Wang, Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National I-Lan University, No.1, Sec. 1, Shennong Rd., 26047 I Lan, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have drawn attention to researchers as an effective hybrid technology for waste water treatment and electrical energy production by utilizing microorganism’s respiratory system. Waste water regulation such as pH value maintenance is done by adding buffer solution which is not environmental-friendly and having high cost for further treatment operation and materials. In this study, flow shear stress is introduced as the mechanism to regulate pH value. The hydraulic flow regime is generated in dual-chambered MFCs at the rotational speed ranging from 160 to 640 rpm while keeping 0 rpm as control, at the same time conducted under buffered and bufferless condition as comparison. 480 rpm rotation effectively regulated pH value of substrate at neutral level and also having highest COD removal efficiency of 93%, while producing power density of 406 mW/m2 under bufferless conditions. The outcome demonstrated the feasibility of using a physical mechanism (flow shear stress) as a buffer solution replacement in MFCs implemented water treatment. Keywords: Microbial fuel cells, hydraulic shear stress; buffer solution, rotational speed, COD removal, power.

Acknowledgement: The authors acknowledged the generous funding support from NSC Taiwan under contracts MOST 16-2923-E-197-01-MY3, 106-2622-E-197-0-CC3 and 106-2221-E-197-019. In addition, authors appreciated Dr. Thangavel Sangeetha’s efforts on revising the manuscript.

293 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.177

Facile synthesis of Fe2O3/C composites from Pistachio waste through Simultaneous process for Ciprofloxacin adsorption

Paskalis Sahaya Murphin Kumar 1, Ganesan Sivarasan2, Myo Tay Zar Myint3, Farrukh Jamil1,4, Rashid Al-Hajri1, Lamya Al-Haj5, Ala'a H.Al-Muhtaseb 1,*

1Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman. 2Department of Environmental Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. 3Department of Physics, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman 4Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Pakistan 5Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.

Corresponding Author: Ala'a H.Al-Muhtaseb, Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Effective Fe2O3/C composites with rich surface sites and high porosity are important for environmental applications. Furthermore, many research focused for the development of advanced synthesis process. In the present study, a novel access of simultaneous activation and magnetization is proposed for the Fe2O3/C composites through the thermal process of Pistachio waste derived biochar that has been preprocessed with mixtures of potassium (K+) and iron (Fe2+ and Fe3+) precursors. The intention of this study is the evaluation of the variation of physical properties of Fe2O3/C composites fabricated at numerous conditions, as well as Ciprofloxacin (CIP) adsorption activity on such composites. This study has many following advantages: (a) the Pistachio waste derived biochar is activated with high surface area (up to 256 m2/g), (b) activation and magnetization are simultaneously achieved without further changes, (c) the magnetic particles are substantial under an acidic pH condition, and (d) the products have the potential to remove CIP from aqueous medium with higher adsorption capacities. The outcomes represent the benefit of this facile synthesis approach in converting non-profit bio-waste into an active material with high performance for impurities removal from aqueous medium.

Keywords: Adsorption, isotherm, kinetics, magnetic carbon, Pistachio shell.

294 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphical abstract:

295 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.178

Direct conversion of marine biomass into biofuels using metabolically engineered Clostridium sp. Strain WST: A novel consolidated bioprocessing strategy

Sabarathinam Shanmugama, Fan Yanga, Yi-Rui Wu1*

Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China 515063.

Corresponding Author: Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, P. R. China 515063 (Email: [email protected]).

Abstract Consolidated bioprocessing is considered to be an ideal solution for the transformation of renewable feedstock into valuable biofuels. In the economic standpoint, utilization of renewable low-cost feedstock with little or no pretreatment hold the potential for the production of biofuels cost- effectively. Among the diverse feedstock options, marine agar biomass stands out as a viable option owing to devoid of lignin and higher fermentable sugar (galactose) concentration which can be efficiently exploited for the production of liquid biofuel. Due to the unique genome organization, Clostridium species possess the ability to produce bio-solvents through ABE fermentation. However, they do not possess the enzymatic machinery which can directly involve in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of agar polysaccharides into biofuels. Hence, in the present study, a galactose utilizing Clostridium sp. Strain WST has been genetically engineered for the heterologous expression of extracellular agarases to improve the direct conversion of agar polysaccharide into biobutanol production.

Clostridium sp. strain WST, a galactose utilizing hyper-butanol producer1 will be genetically modified to encode recombinant agarases [β-agarase (Aga575) & neoagarobiose hydrolase (NH852)]2. The recombinant agarases were codon-optimized for the improved expression in Clostridium and expressed as extracellular proteins by the construction of E. coli - Clostridium Shuttle vector (pMTL84422 series). The recombinant agarases under the expression of the promoter and a signal sequence from endo-β-1,4-glucanase (eglA) gene, from C. saccharobutylicum, followed by transformation into Clostridium sp. strain WST. Further, the recombinant Clostridial species will be examined for the bioconversion of algal biomass into fermentable sugars viz., galactose followed by butanol production. In summary, this study offers a unique methodology for exploring the potential of heterologous expression application of extracellular enzymes with best-biomass hydrolysis properties in Clostridium for biofuels production.

Keywords: Marine biomass, Clostridium, Agarases, Galactose, Butanol

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21808139), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China (No. 2018A030307048), the “Sail Plan” Program for the Outstanding Talents Introduction of Guangdong Province of China (No. 14600601), the Major University Research Foundation of Guangdong Province of China (No. 2017KTSCX068), and the Start-Up Funding of Shantou University (No. NTF15007).

296 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.179

Enhancing the digestion efficiency of leather fleshing waste through co-digestion and the response of microbial communities

Jongkeun Leea, Jeongseop Honga, Seulki Jeongb, Deokjin Janga, and Ki Young Parka,* a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea b Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Ki Young Park, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract In this study, the co-digestion of leather fleshing waste (LFW) and a complementary substrate (food waste leachate; FWL) was described. Adjusting the substrate C/N ratio to an optimum range by blending LFW and FWL resulted in significantly higher biodegradability and biomethane production -1 (375.5-520.8 mL CH4 g VS) than the mono-digestion of LFW. Among the co-digesting conditions, the biomethane production yield and rate of the samples were in reverse order and the results were associated with the relative richness of lipids and proteins in the substrate. Microbial communities became more diverse through co-digestion, and the increasing diversity affected the biomethane production.

Graphical abstract:

Keywords: Anaerobic digestion; Biomethane; Co-digestion; Leather fleshing waste; Pyrosequencing

Acknowledgement: This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (No. 2018R1A6A3A01012222).

297 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.180

Optimization studies on bioleaching of metals from waste printed circuit boards using artificial neural networks and genetic algorithm

Mohan Annamalai*, Kalaichelvan Gurumurthyb

aSchool of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, India bVIT School of Agriculture Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore- 632014, India. Corresponding Author: Mohan Annamalai, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, India. Email: [email protected]

Abstract In this study, the successful application of artificial neural network (ANN) for the prediction of the effect of process parameters on the extraction rates of Cu, Ag, and Au from waste mobile phone printed circuit boards (MPCB) by acidophilic bioleaching was carried out. Inputs to the network were set as initial pH, solid concentration, inoculum percent and time in days and the percentage of Cu, Ag and Au extracted from waste mobile phone printed circuit boards was set as an output for the neural network model developed. The bioleaching process involves the assessment of copper, gold and silver dissolution under different pH conditions, pulp density, inoculum volume (%) and time. The experimental data were collected at the lab scale and applied to the model through the application of ANNs. The feed-forward back-propagation artificial network was developed and trained for modelling and prediction of recovery of Cu, Ag, and Au from the MPCB samples. The most fitting architectures for Cu, Ag, and Au were [4-5-5-2-1], [4-7-5-2-1] and [4-7-1-1-1] respectively, which had been trained by applying the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. In addition, the genetic algorithm model defined by ANN found that the maximum dissolution rates of Cu, Au an Ag from MPCB concentrate to 67%, 20.32%, and 2.89% respectively. The predicted data have shown that there is a great capability of using ANN for the prediction of Cu, Ag and Au extraction from MPCB concentrate through bioleaching process.

Keywords: Electronic waste, Mobile phones, Printed circuit boards, Bioleaching, Artificial neural networks, Genetic algorithm.

Acknowledgement: The authors want to thank Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore for providing the laboratory facilities to carry out this research.

298 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphical abstract:

299 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.181

Seawater-templated porous ash via direct pyrolysis of Peanut biomass as an abundant reusable adsorbent for the abatement of lead species

Paskalis Sahaya Murphin Kumar 1, Ganesan Sivarasan2, Myo Tay Zar Myint3, Farrukh Jamil1,4, Rashid Al-Hajri1, Lamya Al-Haj5, Ala'a H.Al-Muhtaseb 1,*

1Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman. 2Department of Environmental Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. 3Department of Physics, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman 4Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Pakistan 5Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.

Corresponding Author: Ala'a H.Al-Muhtaseb, Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Current study, we introduced simple, cheap, economical and sustainable agro-waste peanut shell ash as an adsorbent. As per the reports, all the adsorbents have been prepared by the chemical active form. The first time we have used similar material with natural sea water as the active agents, for the fabrication of activated char and it shows superior outcomes than the existing materials which are the most terrible part of this work. It has shown an effective, low cost bio adsorbent to remove lead contaminant from water medium. The adsorbent waste peanut shell ash was characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Brunauer- Emmett-Teller, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effect of pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and initial concentration on lead removal were also systematically studied. The experimental results manifested that the lead removal increased with increasing the adsorbent dosage, and contact time, accomplished the maximum lead removal of 97.8 %. Equilibrium data was best confronted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, while the lead removal peanut ash was satisfactory described by the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The findings illustrated the applicability of peanut ash as an ideal on-site solution for the adsorptive treatment of lead ions from the contaminated sites.

Keywords: Adsorption, biomass, lead, isotherms, kinetics, MgO, peanut shell.

300 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Photographical abstract:

301 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.182

Investigation on characteristics of the hydrogen production according to the different conductive carriers and inoculum

Do-Hyung Kim a,b Jeong-Jun Yoon a, Sang-Hyoun Kim b, Hee-Deung Park d and Jeong-Hoon Park e,* a Intelligent Sustainable Materials R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan-si 31056, Republic of Korea b School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea c School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Seoul 02841, Korea University, Republic of Korea d KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Seoul 02841, Korea University e Clean Innovation Technology Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Jeju-si 63243, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Jeong-Hoon Park, Clean Innovation Technology Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Jeju-si 63243, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Biological hydrogen production (BHP) can replace the use of fossil fuels and significantly reduce environmental pollution, however there are still limitations such as low production yield and unstable processes. To solve these limitations, various methods such as optimization of operation conditions, metabolic engineering of hydrogen-producing bacteria have been trialed, however, there are no clear approaches that have both economic and efficiency. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop an economical and efficient biohydrogen process. In recent years, studies on the promotion of microorganisms by direct electron transfer using conductive carriers have been actively performed. To investigate the applicability of conductive carriers in the BHP, sludge from five different anaerobic digesters was supplemented with magnetite and granular activated carbon (GAC). BHP with each conductive carrier showed various results depending on the type of seed inoculum in hydrogen production volume ranging from 95% decrease to 6% increase with magnetite supplement and from 22% decrease to 38% increase with GAC supplement. Interestingly, BHP was increased significantly in the inoculum from brew wastewater treatment plant resulting in quantities of 106.4 mL (1.9 mol- H2/mol-glucose consumed) and 123.6 mL (1.9 mol-H2/mol-glucose consumed) in the magnetite and GAC supplement, respectively. This inoculum consisted of a high proportion of exoelectrogen compared to other sludges. On the other hand, in the BHP inoculated sludges, the hydrogen yield (HY) was reduced due to the presence of many bacteria that can use the conductive carrier in addition to the hydrogen-producing bacteria. Therefore, these results showed that the exoelectrogen ratio involved in the BHP in the inoculum is important.

Keywords: Bio-hydrogen; Conductive materials; Microbial community analysis; Network analysis

302 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (Ministry of Science and ICT, MSIT) (NRF- 2017R1E1A1A01073690). And this work was supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea. (No. 20188550000540).

Notes: Please ensure to mention clearly the presenting author and corresponding author of your submission. Make sure that you put a valid E-mail.

303 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.183

Shift of microbial community structure by substrate level in dynamic membrane bioreactor (DMBR)

Jeong-Hoon Park a, †, Do-Hyung Kim b, c, †, Sang-Hyoun Kim c and Jeong-Jun Yoon b,*

a Clean Innovation Technology Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Jeju-si 63243, Republic of Korea b Intelligent Sustainable Materials R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan-si 31056, Republic of Korea c School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea †The first two authors contributed equally as a first author.

Corresponding Author: Jeong-Jun Yoon, Intelligent Sustainable Materials R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan-si 31056, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Wash-out of hydrogen-producing bacteria in biological hydrogen production (BHP) is the main hurdle to increase hydrogen productivity at short hydraulic retention time (HRT). To overcome this issue, the membrane module was used to maintain a high cell concentration at short HRT. Even though the biohydrogen reactor is operated under stable operating conditions such as pH, organic loading rate (OLR), HRT and temperature, BHP sometimes fails for unknown reasons. The aim of this study was to figure out the reason for failure as well as to evaluate the feasibility of BHP using dynamic membrane bioreactors (DMBR). To perform the test, 2.5 L of continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) was operated at 37 ℃ under various HRT conditions varying from 12 to 1 h along with microbial community analysis. The major hydrogen-producing bacteria was Clostridium chromiireducens, which was found to be enriched upto 82 % of the total bacteria at 2 h HRT, while Enterobacter cloacae was also observed in the range of 0.2 to 34.4%. When hydrogen production rate (HPR) and hydrogen yield (HY) dropped sharply, a portion of Sporolactobacillus putidas increased upto 8.8 % at low substrate level (< 0.5 g/L) in the reactor. The difference in substrate affinity of C. chromiireducens and S. putidas resulted in a population shift at the low substrate concentration.

Keywords: Biological hydrogen production; Dynamic membrane bioreactor; Microbial community structure; Clostridium sp.; Sporolactobacillus sp.

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (Ministry of Science and ICT, MSIT) (NRF- 2017R1E1A1A01073690). And this work was supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea. (No. 20188550000540).

Notes: Please ensure to mention clearly the presenting author and corresponding author of your submission. Make sure that you put a valid E-mail.

304 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.184

Assessment on energy efficiency and waste generation of combined semi-humid chemo- mechanical pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse

Santi Chuetor1*, Verawat Champreda2,3, Navadol Laosiripojana3,4

1Deparment of Chemical Engineering, faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800, Thailand 2 BIOTEC-JGSEE Integrative Biorefinery Laboratory, Innovation Cluster 2 Building, Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand 3 Biorefinery and Bioproducts Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand 4 Joint Graduate School for Energy and Environment (JGSEE), King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangmod, Bangkok 10140, Thailand

Corresponding Author: Santi Chuetor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, 10800, Thailand (Email: [email protected])

Abstract Lignocellulosic biomass as abundant natural carbon sources that could be potentially converted into biofuels, bio-based chemical as well as biomaterials via biorefinery process. Three major constituents; cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin composed of lignocellulosic structure with highly complex and recalcitrant structure(Aditiya et al., 2016). Moreover, associated linkages of three components lead to hardly use those components. An unavoidable process namely pretreatment is therefore, a crucial stage to alter lignocellulosic structure for readily preparing the active molecules for further applications. Nowadays, several lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment processes have been developed to integrate into biorefinery platform. Moreover, various combined pretreatment technologies have also studied in order to increase the bioconversion efficiency of lignocellulosic material. However, pretreatment processes possess not only advantages but also drawbacks such high energy consumption, undesired waste generation and negative environmental impacts. Beyond sustainability considerations, many pretreatment technologies have limitations including technical, economic and environmental restrictions. To overcome those restrictions, a number of scientific breakthroughs on lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment have been emphasized the combination of at least two pretreatment techniques which could decrease total energy consumption, chemical consumption and formation of toxic wastes(Chuetor et al., 2015). The aforementioned problems open the opportunity for seeking the sustainable pretreatment method integrated in biorefinery platform. This current study concerns the development of combined alkaline chemical and mechanical pretreatment processes of sugarcane bagasse for biofuel production in which an investigation of energy efficiency and waste generation have been used to evaluate the performance of developed pretreatment technique. Combined semi-humid alkaline-mechanical pretreatment was developed for either augmentation of bioconversion yields or alleviation of some pretreatment’s drawbacks. The study of a combination of chemo-mechanical pretreatment at room temperature was developed with objectives to assess the energy consumption and waste generation occurred in the pretreatment process. Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was pretreated with alkaline and alkaline peroxide followed by mechanical size reduction and

305 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan enzymatic hydrolysis. The high solid and low solid loading pretreatments were studied to compare the total energy consumption, energy efficiency as well as waste generation. SCBSHNa (1:5) namely semi-humid chemo-mechanical pretreatment was found as the most effective pretreatment by decreasing 65% of total energy consumption. Moreover, the SCBSHNa (1:5) achieved the highest energy efficiency resulting in 0.536 kg reducing sugar/kWh and generated 0.33 kg of waste/kg reducing sugars(Chuetor et al., 2019). The developed process represented the advantages on energy efficiency and environmental sustainability compared to the conventional chemical soaking pretreatment process.

Keywords: Energy efficiency, waste generation, semi-humid chemo-mechanical pretreatment, sugarcane bagasse

Acknowledgement: This project was financially supported by research grants from the Thailand Research Fund and the Office of the Higher Education Commission (MRG6080167). Also, the grant supported by Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok (ENG-NEW-62-25).

306 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.185

Advanced genome engineering strategies in energy-based marine biomass for biofuel production

Shanmugam Sabarathinam a, Anjana Hari b, Sivakumar Easkimuthu c, Swaminathan Krishnaswamy b, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi d*

a Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China b Bioprocess Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India c School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu 212013, China d Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Corresponding Author: Arivalagan Pugazhendhi, Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Email: [email protected])

Abstract On a global scale, there is widespread concern about supplying the world’s rising need for fuels without exhausting the existing fossil fuel reserves. Due to the global climate concern and increased oil price, researchers are fighting to establish clean, economical and renewable refineries to obtain the energy-independence. So far, the existing biofuels demonstrate their more environmentally favourable property and higher energy efficiency when competing with fossil fuels. However, the continuously growing population, as well as the utilization of conventional crops as feedstock for biofuel production, made the “food versus fuel” debate worldwide. Hence, it is indispensable to develop sustainable feedstock for renewable biofuels production. Among the various renewable feedstock’s, Photosynthetic marine microorganisms (PMMs) are increasingly considered as a potential candidate for the biofuels production owing to their high photosynthetic conversion efficiencies, diverse metabolic capabilities. However, the economically feasible method for the feedstock production needs to be addressed for fulfilling the promises of PMM. This can be largely circumvented by the genome engineering strategies which results in the manipulation of the cellular network for the improved biofuel production. Hence this review focus on the mechanism of various genome engineering strategies involved in the PMMs with special emphasize on CRISPR based genome engineering techniques and its application in the biofuel production. Also made a systemic comment about circumventing problems associated with the toxicity and expression of Cas9 proteins that may largely hinder the simultaneous disruption of multiple gene targets, need to be further addressed for the desired titre of biofuels production from various marine autotrophs to be an economically feasible process.

Keywords: Biofuels; Food versus fuel; Photosynthetic microbes; Genome engineering; CRISPR-Cas.

307 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.186

Experimental investigation of diesel engine fuelled with different alkyl esters of Karanja oil

Gaurav Dwivedi a, Puneet Verma b, Arun Kumar Behura c, Devendra Kumar Patil d, Tikendra Nath Verma e, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi f*

a Energy Centre, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal b School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane - 4001, Australia c,d School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India e Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal, Manipur- 795004, India. f Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Corresponding Author: Arivalagan Pugazhendhi, Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract The rising pollution levels resulting from vehicular emissions and limited reserves of petroleum-based fuels have left mankind in pursuit of alternatives to diesel. There have been stringent regulations generated by authorities around the world regarding vehicular emissions from internal combustion engines. To this end, researchers have been exploring different sources of alternative fuels such as biodiesel produced from non-edible oil sources similar to Karanja, Jatropha accompanied by alcohol fuels methanol, ethanol, butanol and propanol. This work experimentally investigates the impact of various blends of Karanja biodiesel with a chain of fewer alcohols (ethanol, 2-propanol, methanol, 1- butanol and 1-pentanol) to identify the potential of higher alcohols in production of biodiesel and ultimately their application to diesel engine. The results of study show that the higher side for biodiesel is brake specific fuel consumption which is prepared from higher alcohol while brake thermal efficiency increases for biodiesel produced from higher alcohols can be attributed to higher calorific value respective fuels. The result of study also shows that there is reduction in carbon dioxide emission while increase in hydrocarbon and nitrous oxide emission for all the biodiesel blend.

Keyword: Engine; Emission; Fuel; Biodiesel; Alcohol; Energy; Performance.

308 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.187

Bioprospecting of hydrolytic enzymes from insect gut for sustainable biofuel production

Balasubramanian Cibichakravarthy a, Shanmugam Sabarathinam b, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi c*

a Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel b Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China c Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Corresponding Author: Arivalagan Pugazhendhi, Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Email: [email protected])

Abstract Insect gut represents distinctive landscape and there is growing recognition towards gut microbial community provides beneficial services, particularly in the field of biofuels. Ecological niches are highly disturbed out of undue dependency on fossil fuels. The demand for development of alternative source of biofuel is increasing. Hence, cellulose is most abundant biopolymer, efficient hydrolysis of this polymer is very critical for sustainable biofuel production. In this context, insect gut bacteria offer prospective alternatives, they represent highly efficient and optimized bioreactors. It has ability to autonomously convert cellulose into biofuels based on effective degradation through hydrolytic enzymes. Furthermore, insects are underutilized bioresource and need to be exploited for the bioconversion of new organic residues, which could be efficiently utilized as the renewable substrate for the sustainable biofuels production. The present review highlights on deciphering the insect gut and its associates, which facilitates new avenues hydrolytic enzymes for biorefineries.

Keywords: Biofuels; Insect gut; Microbiome; Hydrolytic enzymes; Cellulose.

309 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.188

An experimental investigation of the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine using Roselle biodiesel and its blends

Pankaj Shrivastava a, Tikendra Nath Verma a, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi b*

a Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Manipur-795004, India b Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Corresponding Author: Arivalagan Pugazhendhi, Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Nowadays biodiesel is derived from different edible and non-edible oil feedstock has focused much attention than compared to consumable oil source to completely substitute the fossil fuel. In this investigation, the biodiesel is derived from Roselle oil and their effect is examined in term of engine performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine. The experiment was performed under different engine load (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%) with constant compression ratio and engine speed of 17.5 and 1500 rpm. Results show that BTE for blend RB20 decreased by 2.5 %, while BSFC increased by 7.4%, while on other side reduction in smoke emission was recorded for blend by 18.6%, while on and increased in CO2 emission was noticed by 3.7% compared to mineral diesel fuel. The experimental result proved that Roselle biodiesel and it blends could be a most potential alternative fuel for CI engine.

Keywords: Roselle biodiesel; Transesterification; Engine characteristics; Diesel engine; Smoke emission.

310 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.189

Prediction of the engine characteristics blends of jatropha, tyre pyrolysis oil and microalgae biodiesel using in diesel engine

Upendra Rajak a, Prerana Nashine b, Tikendra Nath Verma a, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi c*

a Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Manipur, India b Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipur Technical University, Manipur, India c Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Corresponding Author: Arivalagan Pugazhendhi, Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract This paper presents the exhaust emission parameters blend of jatropha, tyre pyrolysis oil and spirulina microalgae biodiesel diesel engine with a rated power of 3.5 kW at 1500 rpm. The engine was operated at constant compression ratio of 17.5 with different engine loads were applied. Comparative parameters measure of brake thermal efficiency (BTE), fuel consumption, exhaust temperature, sauter mean diameter, smoke emission, particulate matter (PM), oxides of nitrogen (NOX) and carbon dioxide (CO2) have been presented in this paper. The result shows reduction in smoke, PM and NOX emission was observed with B20 blends. Reduction in smoke emission by 11.58%, 18.33%, PM by 5.3%, 33.1% and NOX by 10.2%, 10.66% but CO2 emission slightly higher for JMETPO20 (80% JME + 20% TPO) and BSP20 (80% diesel +20% spirulina) respectively at full load condition. Numerical and experimental results are valid for diesel engines of conventional diesel fuel, using 220 bar fuel injection pressure. Validation work is performed through the proposed numerical solver using experimental results.

Keywords: CI engine; Simulation; Microalgae oil; Jatropha methyl ester; Tyre pyrolysis oil; Biodiesel; Emission.

311 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.190

Ascomycetes laccase: Untapped resource for specific biotechnological applications

Shanmugam Sabarathinama, b,Anjana Hari b,Swaminathan Krishnaswamy b,Arivalagan Pugazhendhi d*

a Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China b Bioprocess Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India c* Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Corresponding Author: Arivalagan Pugazhendhi, Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Email: [email protected])

Abstract Laccase (p-benzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductases, EC 1.10.3.2) are a major subgroup of multicopper oxidases has been studied from last century due to its ability to oxidize both phenolic and non- phenolic lignin compounds. These properties have made laccase one of the most widespread tools in modern biotechnology, where it is used for bioremediation, pulp and paper industry, textile industry, food technology, nanobiotechnology, delignification, biosensors and biofuel cells. They are widely distributed in nature and produced by bacteria, fungi, plants and insects. Laccases are extensively investigated in the white-rot fungi, whereas the ascomycetes fungi comparatively untapped resources for laccase production, are found to be the promising candidates with hidden potentials. Hence, thorough and intense research about the catalytic and structural characteristics of untapped ascomycetes-laccase is expected to make a breakthrough on their ecological and physiological functions and thus provide a novel enzyme source which affords for specific biotechnological applications. This review compiles the recent developments about the occurrence, general properties, mechanism of action and laccase mediated system (LMS) of untapped novel ascomycetes laccases. This review also provides an overview of bioprocessing techniques involved in the laccase production to improve the stability and catalytic properties. It also emphasizes the applications of ascomycetes laccase in diverse sectors and highlighting the challenges and future directions to make possible the integration of this enzyme in industrial applications.

Keywords: Laccase; Ascomycetes fungi; Fermentation; Bioremediation; Biorefinery.

312 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.191

Emission and engine performance analysis of a diesel engine using hydrogen enriched n- butanol, diethyl ester and microalgae spirulina

Upendra Rajak a, Prerana Nashine b, Tikendra Nath Verma a, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi c*

a Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Manipur, India b Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipur Technical University, Manipur, India c Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Corresponding Author: Arivalagan Pugazhendhi, Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Comparative assessment of diesel, spirulina microalgae, n-butanol and diethyl ester addition with hydrogen energy fuels were tested to evaluate the effects of the fuel blends on the performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine. Hydrogen energy share (5, 10, 15 and 20%) impact on the diesel engine at low, medium and high engine load with constant injection timing, at a speed of 1500 rpm and a higher fuel injection pressure of 220 bar were taken. The result shows that addition of hydrogen energy in the fuel increases the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and also shows a decrease in fuel consumption for all engine loads which is due to the higher flame speed of hydrogen conferring. Hydrogen energy addition, cylinder pressure and NOX increased at high load. CO2 and smoke emissions show a reduction for hydrogen as an additional fuel at all engine loads. Moreover, addition of hydrogen energy, the increase in PM, NOX, and summary of emission was observed.

Keywords: Diesel engine; Microalgae spirulina; n-butanol; Diethyl ester; Hydrogen; Emissions.

313 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.192

Prediction of the engine characteristics of mixed first, second and third generation biodiesel blend in diesel engine

Upendra Rajak a, Prerana Nashine b, Tikendra Nath Verma a, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi c*

a Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Manipur, India b Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipur Technical University, Manipur, India c Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Corresponding Author: Arivalagan Pugazhendhi, Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract In the present investigation on a first, second and third generation biodiesel, blend of B20 has been investigated in a constant speed and higher injection pressure, direct injection, naturally aspirated, diesel engine with the different compression ratio (16.5, 17.5 and 18.5) as an alternative fuel for compression ignition engines. Results of engine performance characteristic were compared for the process with a 20% first, second and third generation/regular diesel blend (B20) and diesel. It was found that increased engine compression ratio leads to a reduction of engine brake torque (EBT), volumetric efficiency, and smoke emission but increases cylinder pressure, cylinder temperature, engine knocking tendency (EKT) and NOX emission. The effect of engine CR variation on EBT by 8.2% for waste cooking oil and improve the volumetric efficiency by 0.83% at CR16.5 compared to diesel. The blend (B20) results for cylinder temperature, EKT, smoke and NOX emission decreased by 8.2% for jatropha curcas, 13.47% for rapeseed, 63.85% for jojoba oil and 42.2% for jatropha curcas compared to diesel respectively at CR17.5 with full engine load. The higher NOX emission of 17.53% for jojoba, 23.0% for karanja and 8.7% for fish oil compared to diesel at CR17.5 with the full load is found.

Keywords: Diesel engine; First generation; Second generation; Third generation; Biodiesel.

314 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.193

Recent trends and advancements in producing alternative biofuel: Biobutanol using third generation substrates

Arivalagan Pugazhendhi a*, Sabarathinam Shanmugam b, Thangavel Mathimani c

a Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam b Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China c Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620 015, Tamil Nadu, India

Corresponding Author: Arivalagan Pugazhendhi, Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Email: [email protected])

Abstract The major growing hurdles causing difficulties in mechanized transportation are depletion of fossil fuels and high cost of alternation plant based substrates for producing biofuels. To solve these issues, biofuels were emerged as effective alternatives to prevent pollution by the emission of greenhouse gases. Among the biofuels, biobutanol is gaining attention as feasible, renewable, cost effective and easily available alternative. But the usages of conventional agricultural crops as feedstock are sensitive and controversial due to the growing concern over availability of food worldwide. Therefore, microalgae as third generation feedstock came into practice due to their fast growth rate and higher carbohydrate content. The main focus of the present review is to discuss in detail about the major challenges faced, strategies adapted and future perspectives to improve the production of biobutanol using microalgae.

Keywords: Fossil fuels; Biobutanol; Microalgae; ABE fermentation; Clostridium sp.

315 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.194

A comprehensive review on biohydrogen production; waste-to-energy concept

Palaniappan Sivasankar a, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi b*

a Department of Environmental Science, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem- 636011, Tamil Nadu, India. b Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Corresponding Author: Arivalagan Pugazhendhi, Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Email: [email protected])

Abstract Each year, approximately 1600 million tonnes of waste food are lost worldwide, costing about one trillion per year and accounting for one-third of the year's food production. This entails economic expenses and requires immediate and appropriate action. Food waste was dealt with at great cost as it occupies a restricted waste disposal site and it is a full waste, with a large volatile substance’s material of ~90 percent in its weight that is easily biodegradable in an anaerobic process to produce biogas. Therefore, turning food waste into energy is of enormous concern and significance, as the rich in nutrients and organic acids. The nutrients and organic acids can be used to produce renewables, sustainable materials, such as biohydrogen, attractively and efficiently through fermentation. Due to its excellent clean energy content, the hydrogen has potential as a source of renewable energy. Researchers worldwide are concerned with the production of hydrogen from waste food via anaerobic fermenting, because it needs less power and chemicals in comparison to other chemical paths. Food waste could also be used as raw stuff to reduce the global crisis of waste dumping. Hydrogen has many features that render it more desirable than other biofuels presently being created, including elevated gravimetric density, reduced emissions, and greater energy conversion effectiveness since it can be transformed into fuel cells rather than combusted. At present, understanding of the production of hydrogen from food waste through dark fermentation is still restricted in the laboratory. This is a comprehensive review on the potentiality of food waste for production of biohydrogen using microbial mediators including a brief overview of process parameters that effects the hydrogen production.

Keywords: Food waste; Organic acids; Biohydrogen; Biofuels; Renewable energy.

316 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.195

Study on evaluation and built distribution maps of CO2 emission from population, industry, transportation, and vegetation in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Van Thi Thanh Hoa,*, Hau Quoc Phamb, Huyen Duong Thi Thanha

aHochiminh City University of Natural Resources and Environment (HCMUNRE), Vietnam bHo Chi Minh City University of Technology, VNU-HCM

Corresponding Author: Van Thi Thanh Ho, Hochiminh City University of Natural Resources and Environment (HCMUNRE), Vietnam (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Climate change and air pollution have more and more serious, threatening to development of countries and the health of humankind all the world. Ho Chi Minh city emits a large amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) of Vietnam, which one of the countries was severely affected by climate change. Calculating CO2 emission of Ho Chi Minh city remains the form of greenhouse gas inventory by relying on statistics and emission factor of one source of high CO2 emission, focusing on a number of sectors such as energy, industry, transportation, and agriculture. However, the distribution of CO2 emission by factors, namely; space, the geography of each region or classifying emissions according to geographical classes under the impact of the environment still has not been implemented. In this study, evaluating CO2 emission was performed from three sources of CO2 emissions such as industry, transportation, and population and one source of CO2 absorption from green trees to have a comprehensive view of CO2 emission status of Ho Chi Minh city. Furthermore, GIS software was used to build CO2 emission distribution map from calculated results of four aforementioned sources of 24 districts. As a result, the distribution map indicated that a large amount of CO2 emission of 136 million tons/year focus on districts in which have industrial parks and export processing zones as in District 2, 7, 12, Thu Duc, Tan Phu, Binh Tan, meanwhile, Cu Chi District, Can Gio District exhibited the amount of CO2 adsorption of 3 million tons CO2/year. For central districts, the CO2 emission was estimated at 14 million tons CO2/year. From there, it provides a comprehensive view of CO2 emission and CO2 absorption and, therefore, can give specific solutions to reduce emissions in each district.

Keywords: climate change, CO2 emission, GIS model, air pollution.

317 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 196

Integrating electrochemical and bioelectrochemical systems for an energetically sustainable treatment of produced water (PW)

Riyadh I. Al-Raoush1*, Gunda Mohanakrishna1, Ibrahim M. Abu-Reesh2

Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P O Box 2713 Doha, Qatar 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P O Box 2713 Doha, Qatar

Corresponding Author: Chiu-Yue Lin, Green Energy and Biotechnology Industry Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract A novel integration approach with primary and secondary processes was designed to bridge the gaps that persist with produced water (PW) treatment. Electrochemical (primary) and bioelectrochemical (secondary) processes were integrated to minimize the energy demand for the treatment of produced water. To achieve maximum treatment efficiency of PW, energy consuming electrochemical oxidation and energy generating bioelectrochemical processes were integrated. To minimize the cost of manufacture of the reactors, both processes were employed with non-catalyzed carbon based electrodes. Potentials applied in the range of 8 V to 20 V for electrochemical process (primary process) resulted in a maximum TPH degradation of 43.6% and 57 mW of power consumption at 20 V. The effluent from the electrochemical process was fed to microbial fuel cell (MFC, secondary process) and evaluated for bioelectricity generating potential of PW, which evidenced power generation in the range of 4.11 to 4.56 mW along with maximum TPH removal efficiency of 81.36% with effluent from 16 V. Overall, integration was resulted in total TPH degradation efficiency of 89%, also integration was found to be effective for removal of sulfates (480 mg/L; 42.6%) and total dissolved solids (TDS, 6090 mg/L; 34.3%). Further, the study was extended to carry out balance between energy consumption from electrochemical process and energy generation from MFCs. Net energy production of about 1.4 W/h/m3 can be produced from the integration, which signifies the sustainability of produced water as green energy source.

Keywords: Petroleum hydrocarbons,Produced water,Microbial fuel cells,Sulfate removal, TDS removal,Biostimulation

318 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 197

Wastewater and pollutants generating from petroleum industries for value addition through bioelectrochemical systems (BES)

Gunda Mohanakrishna1, Ibrahim M. Abu-Reesh2, Riyadh I. Al-Raoush1, Sanath Kondaveeti

1 Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P O Box 2713 Doha, Qatar 2Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P O Box 2713 Doha, Qatar

Abstract Petroleum industry is a large water consumer and also a large wastewater producer at different stages of its activity. The wastewater generated contains hydrocarbons (C1 to C40) which are recalcitrant to treat by biological and physico-chemical methods. Along with total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs), sulfates, nitrates and phosphates are major constituents of petroleum based industries. Produced water (PW) generating during excavation of crude oil and petroleum refinery wastewater (PRW) producing during refinery process are distinct in nature. However, treatment of both the streams is challenging and consumes massive amount of energy. Both the waters are highly corrosive due to high salinity (total dissolved salts, TDS) and high alkalinity content, which also create difficult for application of treatment process and, for storage. Bioelectrochemical systems are designated as sustainable processes that treat various kinds of wastewater and generate bioelectricity, simultaneously. Further, value added chemicals and also being produced. Diversified applications of BES, such microbial fuel cells (MFC), microbial electrolysis cells (MEC) and microbial desalination cells (MDC) also visualized their potential to petroleum based wastewaters. MFC deals with the electrochemically active bacteria on anode electrode and generates bioelectricity, in which organic matter gets oxidized to simpler compounds. In the case of MEC, externally applied potential stimulate the bioelectrochemical activity to generate hydrogen and methane at cathode from the treatment of wastewater. Further, biocatalyzed oxidation of organic compounds in the anode chamber is typically combined with chemical evolution of hydrogen in the cathode chamber. So, the current produced due to bioanodic activity utilizing for the hydrogen gas production at cathode under anaerobic conditions. This is also warranting the extended treatment efficiency. Understanding behavior of ions under the influence of anodic and cathodic environments was lead to the development of microbial desalination cells (MDCs). MDCs are three chambered fuel cells that lower the salinity of the wastewater due to the bioelectrochemical potential. Based on these applications of BES, produced water and petroleum refinery wastewater can be treated efficiently in a sustainable approach. Bioelectrochemical treatment is a process that can treat petroleum sludge efficiently along with bioelectricity generation. To improve the biological activity of the bacteria/biocatalyst, nutrient rich wastewaters can be used as co-substrate. Treatment efficiency of petroleum waste through BES can be extended by integrating the biological and electrochemical processes, which also can assure the sustainable bio-refinery route. . Keywords:Microbial fuel cells (MFC),Microbial desalination cells (MDCs), Bioelectrochemical treatment (BET),Microbial electrolysis cells (MEC),Hazardous waste remediation,Bioelectricity generation

319 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 198

Bioanodic activity stimulation by simple organics (sewage and acetate) addition in soil microenvironment for recalcitrant pollutants degradation

Riyadh I. Al-Raoush1*, Gunda Mohanakrishna1, Ibrahim M. Abu-Reesh2

1 Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, POBox 2713 Doha, Qatar 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P O Box 2713 Doha, Qata

Abstract The impact of readily degradable substrates as biostimulants in bio-electroremediation of soil contaminated with petroleum based pollutants was evaluated in the bench-scale microbial electrochemical reactor. The study was executed by applying mild electrochemical potential of 2 V using plain graphite electrodes those are enriched with electrochemically active anodic and cathodic biofilms. Acetate and sewage were enhanced degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) through biostimulation of electrochemical active bacteria in the system. The efficiency of biostimulation was evidenced by the density power density and substrate degradation. The two biostimulants studied were showed higher electrochemical activity (acetate, 1126 mW/m2; sewage, 1145 mW/m2) than control (974 mW/m2) operations. Increased electrochemical activity was correlated well with enhanced degradation of TPH through acetate (TPH removal, 525 mg/L (67.4%) and sewage (TPH removal, 560 mg/L (71.8%) than control operation (TPH removal, 503 mg/L (64.5%). Similarly, degradation chemical oxygen demand (COD) was also enhanced from 69.0% (control) to 72.1 % and 74.6% respectively with acetate and sewage. Removal of sulfates was also enhanced from 56.0% (control) to 62.9 (aceate) and 72.6 (sewage) through the use of biostimulants. This study signifies the superior function of sewage as biostimulant than acetate for the bio-electroremediation of petroleum contaminated soils.

Keywords:Sewage supplementation,acetate supplementation,applied potential,petroleum hydrocarbons,Anodic biofilm,Bio-electrogenic activity

320 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 199

Bioethanol production from the comparison between optimization of sorghum stalk and sugarcane leaf for sugar production by chemical pretreatment and enzymatic degradation

Numchok Manmai a, Yuwalee Unpapromc and Rameshprabu Ramarajb *

a Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan b School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand c Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand

Corresponding Author: Rameshprabu Ramaraj, School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand (E-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected])

Abstract This paper reports the comparison of optimized pretreatment models on Total Sugar (TS) production from Sugarcane Leaf (SL) with Sorghum Stalk (SS) utilization to decompose of lignocellulosic biomass into oligosaccharide (GOS) by the accumulation variables for a pretreatment model involved pretreatment time (1 to 3 days), Sodium Hydroxided (NaOH) concentrations, heating temperatures in the range of 1 to 2% (v/v), 30 to 40 °C individually. TS was optimized by Respond surface methodology (RSM) on Central composite design (CCD). Experiments were statistical designs in order to develop a statistic multivariate analysis model to consider the effect of different parameters on a process. both of the models showed high determinational coefficients (R2) of 0.9820 and 0.9900 are significant. Process optimization furnished highest TS yield of 32.612 g/L and 38.980 g/L for NaOH pretreatment at condition 2% (v/v) NaOH, low temperature (40 °C) for 3 days. After pretreatments the biomass were degradation by cellulase enzyme to be fermentable sugar for ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae TISTR5020.

Graphical abstract:

Keywords: Anaerobic digestion; Biogas, Hydrogen; Methane; Microbubble purification

321 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 200

The optimization of oil extraction from macroalgae, Rhizoclonium sp. by chemical methods for conversion into biodiesel

Boonyawee Saengsawanga, Numchok Manmaia , Yuwalee Unpapromc, Rameshprabu Ramarajb*

a Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan. b School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand. c Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand

Corresponding Author: Rameshprabu Ramaraj, School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand (E-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected])

Abstract Sustainable production of renewable energy from macroalgae is aquatic plants have fast growth rate, high oil content and potential CO2 fixation being understood that third-generation biofuels. This study aimed to investigate the potential of biodiesel production from freshwater macroalgae, Rhizoclonium sp. In order to identify the optimization of oil extraction methods by compared using different chemical/solvent extraction methods. Response surface methodology (RSM), a statistic multivariate analysis model that provides to consider the effect of different parameters on a process and describe the optimum values. RSM was used the whole experimental for the analyzation and the optimization and applied to investigate the effect of experimental factors on oil extraction for biodiesel production. Rhizoclonium sp macroalgae materials were dried in the solar dryer, converting sunlight to heat and moving the heat to the raw materials at ambient temperature and applied oil extraction by using of 40.0 mL hexene and 40.0 mL ether as a function of two variables. The weight of macroalgae oil 0.376 ± 0.14 g. For transesterification reaction from macroalgae oil, a triglyceride was mixed with 0.25 g methanol converted to biodiesel is methyl esters. The biodiesel weight 0.174 ± 0.034 g and 82.2 % of the total fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). This study presents, compare and discusses different potential oil extraction methods, and propose future perspective for the improvement of oil extraction methods and sustainability of biodiesel production and utilization.

Keywords: Rhizoclonium sp,Oil extraction,Transesterification,Biodiesel and Response surface methodology (RSM).

322 4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 201

An approach to save evaporation and regulate AHD power station discharge

Nadia M. Eshraa

aAssociate professor, Head of Hydropower Unit, Nile Research Institute (Email: [email protected])

Abstract The paper attempts to introduce solutions for two items economic burden in Egypt. The problem represents in two points; loss part of Egypt quota of water through the evaporation, and fluctuation in water levels in the first reach of Nile River due to irregular release passing through AHD turbines to generate electric Peak load. Around twelve percent of the total resources of Nasser Lake water is losses through the evaporation which is estimated by 10 billion cubic meter annually. In other hand; due to using AHD power station as base and peak load plant; fluctuation in water levels downstream Old Aswan Dam (OAD) is occurred and affected on the navigation in the first reach. This paper introduces approach to decrease the evaporation and help to regulate the discharges passing through AHD turbines to stabilize its operation by using Liquid Solar Array (LSA). LSA is a new technology of solar Energy used to participate AHD power station and support the peak load periods, also used to cover surface of water to decrease the evaporation. LSA is the floating solar power units, use concentrated photovoltaic technology where lenses direct the light onto solar cells and move throughout the day to follow the sun. Floating solar collectors designed specifically for large-scale use such as still water bodies which are used in hydropower generation. Specific areas of three sites is used to apply this technology; basin between AHD and OAD (Site1 by Area=4.15 km2), Kalabsha Khore (Site2 by Area=5.07 km2), and Alaki Khore (Site3 by Area = 4.78 km2). Water saving from LSA are estimated for the three sites respectively as; 7.64, 9.07, and 7.03 M.m3 annually from S1, S2, and S3. The solar generated power from the three areas as; 787.6, 852.53, and 812.64 mw from S1, S2, and S3 respectively. Impacts the approach on the operation of AHD is explained.

Keywords: Aswan High Dam, Evaporation from Nasser Lake, Electric Peak Load, Liquid Solar Array

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 202

Implementation of genome engineering tools in clean bioenergy production via enhanced biomass utilization

Sabarathinam Shanmugama*, Fan Yanga, Yi-Rui Wua ,Arivalagan Pugazhendhib

a Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China 515063. b Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Corresponding Author: Department of Biology,Shantou University,Shantou,Guangdong,P. R. China 515063 (Email: [email protected])

Abstract In serious considerations of the global economy, environmental issues and restrictions on non-renewable energy sources forced the scientist around the world to shift their research interest towards the production of non-fossil alternative fuels from diverse renewable feedstocks. Hence, the production of fuels from renewable biomass through the microbial refineries holds a great potential to provide major contribution to future energy supply. However, the lack of enzymatic arsenal & sugar transporters for the degradation of recalcitrant molecules and utilization of various types of fermentable sugars present in the renewable feedstock found to be the major obstacles which severely hinders the success of the large-scale application of biofuel production. Thus, developing the new strains capable of tolerating higher inhibitor or substrate concentration along with the feed-back inhibition of biofuels will significantly improve the economic feasibility of bioprocess. Further, the implication of genome engineering techniques along with the genome sequence information will widen our knowledge towards the microbial host which facilitates untapped biomass spectrum with improved biomass saccharification. Therefore, the present review highlights the recent research and developments of metabolic pathway engineering for the production of enzymes involved in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation in microbes. Further, the modification of sugar preferences via transporter engineering also discussed which can impact the overall economy and stability of the consolidated bioprocessing for the biofuel production shortly in the near future.

Keywords: Renewable biomass, Hydrolytic enzymes, Sugar transporters, Biofuels

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21808139), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China (No. 2018A030307048), the “Sail Plan” Program for the Outstanding Talents Introduction of Guangdong Province of China (No. 14600601), the Major University Research Foundation of Guangdong Province of China (No. 2017KTSCX068), and the Start-Up Funding of Shantou University (No. NTF15007).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 203

Investigation of critical sludge characteristics for membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor process

Yongsun Jang a, Han-shin Kim b, So-Young Ham a, Jeong-Hoon Park c, Hee-Deung Park a,d * a Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea b Korean Peninsula Infrastructure Cooperation Team, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT), Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10223, Republic of Korea c Clean Innovation Technology Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Jeju-si 63243, Republic of Korea d KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seolu 02841, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract A membrane bioreactor (MBR) is a promising alternative to traditional biological water treatment processes. Encompassing a combination of membrane filtration and biological treatment processes, MBRs possess various benefits such as small footprint, low biomass production, superior effluent quality, and a high biomass concentration among others. Nevertheless, membrane fouling is an inevitable phenomenon that hinders its commercialization. Although it is essential to understand fouling behaviors to achieve effective fouling control, the fact that a lot of factors (feed/sludge characteristics, hydraulic/operational conditions, and microbial structures) influence MBR fouling poses difficulties in investigating fouling mechanisms. This study was conducted to deduce critical sludge characteristics inducing fouling with various types of activated sludge. As a result of correlation analysis between the TMP profile and sludge characteristics, SMP (soluble microbial product) and eEPS (extracted Extracellular polymeric substance) concentration had relevance to tc (critical time), which is the time for TMP jump and dTMP/dt (TMP slope). Furthermore, through resistance measurement, fouled membrane autopsy, and CLSM (Confocal laser scanning microscopy) analysis, it was revealed that SMP and eEPS are the major factors contributing to an increase in the fouling potential.

Keywords: Membrane bioreactor, Membrane fouling, Soluble microbial products, Extracellular polymeric substances

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 204

Importance of microbial structure for stimulation of direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) on anaerobic digestion

Hyun-Jin Kang a, †, Jeong-Hoon Park b,†, Tae-Geun Lim a, and Hee-Deung Park a,c,*

a School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Seoul 02841, Korea University, Republic of Korea b Clean Innovation Technology Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Jeju-si 63243, Republic of Korea c KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Seoul 02841, Korea University

Corresponding Author: Hee-Deung Park, School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Seoul 02841, Korea University, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

†The first two authors contributed equally as a first author.

Abstract In recent times, anaerobic digestion via direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) has received attention for enhancing methane production. Mainly, granular activated carbon (GAC) and magnetite were used as a conductive material to stimulate DIET. However, despite the supplementation of the conductive material, the effect is not always guaranteed and sometimes inhibited methane production. This suggested that microbial structure of inoculum was very important to increase the performance of anaerobic digestion via DIET. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between composition of inoculum and performance of methane production in anaerobic digestion via DIET. To confirm the importance of inoculum in anaerobic digestion, batch tests with two different inocula were conducted with GAC supplementation. Inocula were collected from anaerobic digestors of a brew wastewater treatment plant and a conventional sewage treatment plant. As a result, cumulative methane volume and maximum methane production rate increased in similar ratios regardless of inoculum. On the other hand, lag time for methane production was significantly different according to the inoculum. The test with seed from the brew wastewater treatment plant showed much higher performance from 5.3 d to 3.0 d of lag time (43.6 % of lag time was reduced) than test with inoculum from the sewage treatment plant (from 8.1 d to 6.2 d of lag time, 24.3% of lag time was reduced). Sludge from the brew wastewater treatment was enriched by exoelectrogens (e.g. Geobacter spp.) because the main components of brew waste are alcohol and volatile fatty acids, which are a good source of carbon exoelectrogens. Taken together, abundance of exoelectrogen was one of the important conditions for enhancing anaerobic digestion via the DIET process.

Keywords: Anaerobic digestion,Conductive materials,Microbial community analysis,Network analysis

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (NRF-XXX).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 205

Effect of Conductive materials property on anaerobic digestion via direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET)

Hyun-Jin Kang a, †,Tae-Geun Lim a,Sang-Hoon Lee a,Jeong-Hoon Park b, and Hee-Deung Park a,c,*

a School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Seoul 02841, Korea University, Republic of Korea b Clean Innovation Technology Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Jeju-si 63243, Republic of Korea c KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Seoul 02841, Korea University

Corresponding Author: Hee-Deung Park, School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Seoul 02841, Korea University, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract When a conductive material injected into an anaerobic digester, direct electron transfer between microorganisms is induced, and the methane production rate is improved compared to than conventional methods. Nevertheless, it is still a difficulty to apply the technique to engineering due to the lack of a complete understanding of direct electron exchange between different conductive materials. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to compare the methane production efficiency of various conductive materials with different electrical conductivity, redox potentials, etc. Moreover, to and find out which properties of conductive materials affect the direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET). For this purpose, various conductive materials (Ag, Al, Au, Cu, Fe, Pd, Pt, Ru) were coated on the surface of the non-conductor Alumina using plasma equipment. The electrical conductivity and redox potential of the coated conductive materials is in the range of 63 to 9.5 (MS/m) and -1.7 to 1.5 (Eo), respectively. The reactor was at a working volume of 180 mLl in a 250 mLl serum bottle. Acetic acid (3 g COD/L) was used as a substrate and cultured at 35℃ with conductive materials. Seed sludge used the from the anaerobic digester of a brew wastewater treatment plant was used. As a result, the methane production was different according to each conductive material, and the higher the electrical conductivity, the more was the anaerobic digestion efficiency by DIET. In addition, the amount of conductive material coated on Alumina to meet the same conditions was measured with inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Even though each conductive material was injected at the same mole concentration (0.04 moles), the anaerobic digestion efficiency was improved at the condition of high levels of conductive material was coated. Unit density and closeness between conductive materials seems to be among one of the factors affecting the DIET is how closely the conductive materials are connected. Therefore, the most important factor of the conductive material to improve DIET is electrical conductivity, and the conductive material must also be closely connected.

Keywords: Anaerobic digestion; Conductive materials; Direct interspecies electron transfer; Microbial community analysis

Acknowledgement: This study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (NRF-2018R1A2B2002110).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 206

Analysis of critical flux mechanisms and engineering reliability in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) process

Yongsun Jang a, Han-shin Kim b, Jeong-Hoon Lee a, Jeong-Hoon Park c, Hee-Deung Park a,d * a Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea b Korean Peninsula Infrastructure Cooperation Team, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT), Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10223, Republic of Korea c Clean Innovation Technology Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Jeju-si 63243, Republic of Korea d KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seolu 02841, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract To achieve a stable long-term membrane bioreactor (MBR) operation, the concept of critical flux has been widely adopted. Critical flux is the operational condition where the fouling phenomenon begins to be observed. Therefore, the MBRs have to be operated under sub-critical flux conditions to prevent an increase in membrane fouling. In this study, multivariable regression analyses were carried out to investigate the mechanisms of critical flux. The experimental model derived from the regression analysis was applied to reliability analysis of the imaginary MBR system. In the regression analysis, the physical and chemical characteristics of floc such as mean particle size, zeta potential, and relative hydrophobicity were set as variables that have an influence on critical flux. The results suggested that critical flux is proportional to relative hydrophobicity and inversely proportional to zeta potential. Furthermore, reliability analysis was applicable for estimating system failure, emphasizing the necessity of maintaining constant sludge characteristics.

Keywords: Membrane bioreactor, Critical flux, Floc characteristics, Reliability analysis

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 207

Enhanced production of Trametes sanguinea laccase through co-cultivation of Alternaria alternata: Characterization and application in degradation of dyes and phenolic compounds

Balasubramanian Muthusamy a, Swaminathan Krishnaswamy a, Priyadharshini Ulaganathan c, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi d, Sabarathinam Shanmugam * a,b

a Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India b Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China 515063. c Bioremediation Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Periyiar University, Salem, India d Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Corresponding Author: Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, P. R. China 515063 (Email: [email protected])

Abstract Enzymes are becoming an effective tool in industrial processes from a crude application such as bioremediation to fine processes such as chirally selective biocatalysis. The ligninolytic enzymes, especially laccase received considerable attention due to its broad substrate specificity and their ability to degrade the most recalcitrant natural polymer, lignin and have been increasingly used in the bioremediation process. However, the large-scale production is often hindered by the limited production of laccase by the native single producers and long-time fermentation period. Even though synthetic mediators, aromatic compounds and metal ions have been known to stimulate the production of laccase in basidiomycetes fungi, but it may impact the cost of the enzyme production and environmental issues. Thus, an aim to find out a safe strategy of laccase production at a low cost attracts attentions of many researchers.

Among the various technologies for enzyme improvements, mixed or co-culture of fungi holds various potentials over the monocultures such as better substrate utilization, increased productivity, increased adaptability to changing conditions, increased resistance towards contamination and low-cost production. Hence in the present study, an eco-friendly attempt has been made to improve the production of laccase using co-cultivation of basidiomycetes fungi Trametes sanguinea and Alternaria alternata.

Production of laccase through co-cultivation between T. sanguinea and A. alternata was enhanced up to 68% when compared to the control. Laccase isoforms (Lac I and Lac II) were purified to homogeneity and SDS-PAGE analysis showed a single band which indicates that the purified enzyme was monomeric. In native gel electrophoresis, purified enzyme Lac I and Lac II yielded a single band of activity when stained with guiacol substrate indicating the presence of laccase. The optimum pH and temperature for Lac I and Lac II were 4 & 5 and 60 & 70 °C respectively and both the isoenzymes retained half of its activity for 4 hours at 55 °C. The Km and Kcat values for Lac I and Lac II showed that both the isoenzymes showed higher substrate specificity towards ABTS than guiacol. Purified laccase isoenzymes (Lac I and Lac II) was utilized for dye decolourization and delignification of

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan phenolic compounds. Compared to the Lac I, the newly formed laccase isoenzyme Lac II obtained during the co-cultivation showed efficient dye decolourization. Thus, the produced laccase by co-culture can be efficiently utilized for bioremediation applications.

Keywords: Laccase, Co-culture, Production optimization, Purification, Dye degradation.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 208

Biocatalytic and chemo-catalytic upgradation of ABE fermentation for high value biofuels production

Anjana Hari a, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi d, Swaminathan Krishnaswamy a, Shanmugam Sabarathinam a,b*

b Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore a Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China 515063., India d Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Corresponding Author: Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, P. R. China 515063 (Email: [email protected])

Abstract Sudden erratic climate patterns owing to global climate change and a steady rise in the oil price have engaged researchers in a race against time to develop sustainable and economical refineries for biofuel production. This is a necessary step to meet the daunting challenge of “fueling” the growing economies at a significantly reduced carbon footprint. Thus, microbial conversion of biomass-derived sugars into biofuels may provide a sustainable alternative for the future. Biological routes to produce the alcohols (ethanol and butanol) have been known for more than 100 years, but its production through ABE (acetone, butanol and ethanol) fermentation is still not economically feasible due to low titer and yield due to the toxicity rendered by butanol and acetone. In addition, both ethanol and butanol form azeotropes with water which require energy-intensive multiple distillation columns for its purification. Furthermore, the physical properties of ABE do not align well with traditional jet and diesel fuels, specifically energy density and volatility. Also, the native organisms are inefficient in synthesizing these higher fuels cost-effectively. However, the mixture of ABE can act as a platform for the synthesis of high-value biofuels by biocatalytic or chemo-catalytic applications. The advancements in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology have enabled the biological production of higher molecular mass jet and diesel fuels by engineering synthetic heterologous pathways in host organisms for large-scale industrial production from renewable feedstocks. Further, the chemical catalysts are also utilized for the production of higher alcohols ranging from 3-carbon alcohol to 20-carbon fuel from the ABE fermentation mixture. In this review article, recent trends in the transformation of ABE mixture into higher biofuels by the application of biological and chemical catalysts are reviewed. Focus is given on the genomic and metabolic engineering strategies implemented for the up-gradation of microbes for higher biofuel production from renewable feedstocks and syngas fermentation. This paper also summarizes the advancements in chemical conversion route of ABE fermentation mixture into higher biofuels. Finally, the review provides insights on future research towards the commercialization of renewable and sustainable higher biofuels and chemicals.

Keywords: ABE fermentation, Higher biofuels, Metabolic engineering, Chemical catalysts.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21808139).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 209

Impact of ethanol blended diesel enriched with HHO Gas on engine characteristics in dual-fuelled engine

S.Dhileepan a, V.Gnanamoorthi b, V.Karthickeyan c and B.Ashok d

a Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, Taiwan b Green Energy and Biotechnology Industry Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taiwan c Ningsing Technology Co., Ltd, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: S.Dhileepan, Department of Mechanical Engineering, GRT Institute of Engineering and Technology, Tiruttani- 631209. (E-mail: [email protected]) Dr.B.Ashok, Department of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract In the present work, an experimental investigation was attempted in a single cylinder DI diesel engine to ascertain the impact of dual fuel operation on engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics. The diesel engine was fuelled with baseline diesel fuel, 30% volume of ethanol-diesel blend enriched with three different flow rates of HHO gas. By performing the electrolysis of water, HHO gas was produced in the presence of NaOH electrolyte. At different loads, the experiments were carried out with three different flow rates of HHO like 0.5 LPM, 1.0 LPM and 1.5 LPM with 30% of ethanol blended diesel in the diesel engine with slight modification in the intake manifold. It was noticed that the addition of 1.5 LPM HHO with 30% volume of ethanol-diesel blend has an affirmative impact on engine characteristics. HHO enriched fuel blend exhibited 3.19% of increased thermal efficiency with 2.34% of declined fuel consumption. CO, HC, NOx and smoke emissions were decreased by 10.24%, 12.20%, 3.10% and 13.9% respectively due to high in-cylinder temperature and addition of ethanol to diesel.

Keywords: HHO gas production, ethanol, diesel engine and engine characteristics.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphical abstract:

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 210

Biohythane production from organic waste: Recent advancements, technical bottlenecks and prospects

M.P. Sudhakar a, R. Ranjith kumar b, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi c, Thangavel Mathimani d,∗

a Marine Biotechnology, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai-600100, Tamil Nadu, India b Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tamil Nadu, India c Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam d Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, 620015, Tamil Nadu, India

Corresponding Author: Dr. T. Mathimani, INSPIRE Faculty, Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli-620015, Tamil Nadu, India. Email: [email protected], Tel.: +91 805648546

Abstract Fossil fuel is the most important factor for determining the economy of the country. But the rapid deduction in the availability of fossil fuels for future transportation is the major concern. Also, the usage of fossil fuels has increased pollution and caused serious adverse over the environment. Alternatives of fossil fuels are mainly biofuels like biodiesel, bioethanol, biomethane and biohydrogen. Among them biohydrogen is considerable efficient and promising alternative for fossil fuels. Recent finding for increasing the efficiency of hydrogen has led to the development of biohythane. It is the composition or blend of hydrogen with methane with the concentration ranging from 10 – 30%. Biohythane is produced using organic substrates in two sequential anaerobic stages namely dark fermentation followed by anaerobic digestion to produce hydrogen and methane. Utilization of suitable substrates like wastewater, household food waste, sewage sludge and other organic waste will help in providing cost effective biohythane. The quality and quantity of biohythane can be improved by different aspect like selection or development of suitable microbial consortium, genetic engineering of microorganism, types of substrate, design of the reactor and inclusion of two stage fermentation process of increase the rate of biohythane production. However, the present review will majorly focus on different aspect involved in increasing the production rate and quality of biohythane, also further comparison has been done to show the superiority of biohythane over other biofuels.

Keywords: Fossil fuels; Microbial consortium; Biohythane; Fermentation; Organic waste

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 211

Molecular evidence for the metabolic contribution of microbial communities on methanogenesis by direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) via conductive materials

Sang-Hoon Lee, Hyun-Jin Kang, Tae-Guen Lim, and Hee-Deung Park*

School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Hee-Deung Park, Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) between exoelectrogenic bacteria and methanogenic archaea is considered to be a more effective mechanism for methane production than interspecies electron transfer using electron carriers. However, metabolic contributions of aceticlastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens during methanogenesis by DIET via conductive materials are still unknown. To understand the contributions of aceticlastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens at different stages of methanogenesis, molecular quantification approaches were performed using the quantitative PCR method. Acetate based batch type anaerobic bioreactors were set up with and without supplementary conductive materials (granular activated carbon [GAC] and magnetite). Under the conductive material supplemented conditions, the methane production performance significantly improved compared to that under normal conditions. Especially, magnetite supplemented bioreactors showed the best methane production performance compared to the control and GAC supplemented bioreactors. Interestingly, the abundance of DIET related Geobacter species was found to increase dramatically under GAC and magnetite supplementation, although the molecular mechanisms for DIET were different. Moreover, the relative abundance of functional genes for the aceticlastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens was significantly different at the early and late stages of methanogenesis. These results indicated that the metabolic contribution of two different methanogenic pathways has a dissimilar impact on methane production in anaerobic bioreactors. Taken together, this study suggested that the metabolic contribution of methanogen communities might be different during the different stages of methanogenesis by DIET via conductive materials.

Keywords: Methanogenic archaea, Metabolic contribution, DIET, Conductive materials

Acknowledgement: National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2018K1A3A1A21043650) and Korea University Grant.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 212

Molecular Systematic evaluation of PDA/PAM/MAH-modified basalt fiber as biofilm carrier for wastewater treatment

Jun Xiao a, Minjie Huang a, Mingyu Wang a, Juan Huang a*

a School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China (211189)

Corresponding Author: Juan Huang, Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211189, China (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract

In this study, three kinds of modified basalt fiber (MBF) were used as biofilm carrier for wastewater treatment. Polydopamine (PDA) modified basalt fiber via the surface coating method were obtained, and polyacrylamide (PAM) & maleic anhydride (MAH) modified basalt fiber via the surface grafting method were prepared. The surface physicochemical properties, biomass attachment capacity and pollutants removal efficiency of modified basalt fiber were systematically investigated. The results showed that the surface of PDA/PAM/MAH-basalt fiber (BF) had higher bio-affinity than ordinary BF. Electron microscope scanning (SEM) revealed that the surface roughness of BF was obviously improved by modification. Besides, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) suggested that the MBF had more surface active functional groups. The performances of PDA/PAM/MAH-BF as biofilm carrier + for pollutants (COD,TP,TN and NH4 -N) were significantly higher than that of ordinary BF group. Among them, the best removal efficiency of COD in PAD-BF biofilm reactor was 95.29±0.99%, while that of BF group was 86.30±3.09%. PAM-BF group had the best removal effect of nutrients with the removal efficiency of 90.83±7.69% for TP and 91.25±6.43% for TN, respectively, while the removal rate of control group (BF) was only about 70%. The improvement of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the PDA/PAM/MAH-BF reactors was the main reason for the enhancement of contaminant removal. Overall, the findings of this study suggested that MBF not only had higher bio-affinity but also could improve the environmental dissolved oxygen conditions. Therefore, PDA/PAM/MAH-BF can be used as promising biological carrier fillers in wastewater treatment engineering.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphical abstract:

Keywords: Modified basalt fiber; Biofilm carrier; Bio-affinity; Wastewater treatment

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 213

Development of a method for measuring Henry’s law constants of organic pollutants using a quartz crystal microbalance

Kouji Maedaa,*, Hidetoshi Kuramochib, Takuro Kobayashib

a Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji 671- 2201, Japan b Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16- 2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan

Corresponding Author: Kouji Maeda Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, 671-2201, Japan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Decabromodiphenyl ether and hexabromocyclododecane were used as flame retardants in household products. These chemicals have been listed as persistence organic pollutants (POPs) under the Stockholm Convention. As a result, their usage has been banned and restricted. Unfortunately, those POPs may be included in waste biomass from urban garbage and sewage sludge, and the behavior of the POPs during recycling process of POPs-containing biowaste is not clarified. Henry's law constant is one of the effective physical properties for understanding the emission of POPs to the environment. Generally, the vapor pressure of POPs and their solubility in water are extremely low, and typical methods for measuring Henry's law constant cannot be used. We have studied the crystal nucleation and/or growth of extremely small amount from vapor phase1 and solutions2, 3 by using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The QCM can detect a very slight difference in weight on a QCM plate. Therefore, it can be applied to measure a molecular diffusion process from the plate to a fluid. In earlier work4, Henry’s law constant was derived from two kinds of diffusion processes from a dimethylpolysiloxane (PDMS) membrane to air and water, namely two mass transfer rate constants.

In this study, we fabricated a device using a QCM plate that can measure even poorly soluble and semi-volatile substances, took up three model substances, and tried to determine their Henry's law constant at two different temperatures. The experimental procedure is briefly explained as follows; PDMS was coated in a laminated form on the surface of a QCM plate in and a capturing glass plate (working diameter of the plates = 15 mm). A small amount of a standard reagent was placed on a PDMS- coated QCM plate. Naphthalene, benzylbutyl phthalate, and 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene were used as the standard reagent. Then, air or water medium was sandwiched between the QCM plate and the capturing glass plate. The frequency change of the QCM plate due to the diffusion of the chemical to the air or water medium and also the capturing plate was measured for several hours. The frequency was converted to the amount of the chemical transferred to the medium and plate. Furthermore, it was converted to the mass transfer rate constant for each medium. We calculated two mass transfer rate constants for the air and water media, ka and kw, respectively. The Henry’s law constant was determined by the ka and kw values. The measured values were compared with the literature data4. This comparison indicates the present method may qualitatively measure the Henry's law constant for the three substances. Finally, we discuss technical improvements in order to establish a quantitative measurement of Henry’s law constant 339

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan using this method.

Keywords:Pollutants;Henry’s law constant; Mass transfer rate constant;Quartz crystal microbalance

Acknowledgement: This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid (KAKENHI) for Scientific Research (B) (no. 17H01905) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 214

Treatment of sea food industrial wastewater coupled with electricity production using air cathode microbial fuel cells (ACMFC) under saline condition

Afnan Eid Al-Mutairia, Arulazhagan Pugazhendia,b*, Mamdoh T Jamala, Rajesh Banu Jeyakumarc aDepartment of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah - 21589, Saudi Arabia bCenter of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. cDepartment of Civil Engineering, Regional centre of Anna University, Tirunelveli, India.

Corresponding Author: Dr. Arulazhagan Pugazhendi, Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies and Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah-21589, Saudi Arabia (Email: [email protected])

Abstract The present study was focused on investigation of sea food processing industrial wastewater treatment with corresponding power generation under saline condition (4%). Air cathode MFC (ACMFC) equipped with platinum coated carbon cloth and carbon brush was employed in the treatment and power production (Karuppiah et al. 2018). The reactor was operated at different organic load (OL) such as 0.5, 1, 1.25 and 1.5 gCOD/L under saline condition. The results recorded TCOD removal of 54%, 83%, 88% and 70% to the corresponding OL of 0.5, 1, 1.25 and 1.5 gCOD/L d under saline condition. SCOD removal efficiency varied in the range of 44 - 74% at OL of 0.5 – 1.25 gCOD/L. Further increase in OL to 1.5 revealed decrease in SCOD removal to 61% under saline condition. The voltage production of ACMFC at OL of 0.5 gCOD/L was recorded as 811 mV, with power density of 420 mW/m2. A subsequence increase in OL to 1.0 gCOD/L increased the power density and was observed to be 530 mW/m2. The maximum power density of 550 mW/m2 and the corresponding voltage of 1150 mV was procured at the OL of 1.25 gCOD/L (external resistance of 600Ω). At higher OL of 1.5 gCOD/L, the power density of the MFC dropped to 250 mW/m2 . The maximum coulombic efficiency (CE) of 47% was obtained at the OL of 0.5 gCOD/L). At low OL, utilization of substrate for methane production was reduced, hence coulombic efficiency increased. The coulombic efficiency dropped to 22% at OL 1.25 gCOD/L, which achieved highest power density. CE further dropped to 13% at OL 1.5 gCOD/L. Total suspended solid removal was 75% at OL of 1.25 gCOD/L and 58% at OL 1.5 gCOD/L. Thus the study confirmed 1.25 gCOD/L was the optimized OL for efficient sea food processing wastewater treatment and power production. The results of bacterial community analysis from the anode region and sludge region of the ACMFC revealed the presence of bacterial group with high exoelectrogenic activity. Bacterial community analysis for anode region samples for OL 0.5 and 1 gCOD/L was highly dominated by Bacillus with 75.8% and 55.8% respectively. Interestingly at 1.25 gCOD/L OL, the anode film was dominated by Rhodococcus (42.3%) revealed high power production under saline condition. Microbacterium was the third dominant bacterial strain present in anode region samples obtained at OL 1 and 1.25 gCOD/L. Sludge samples subjected to phylogenetic analysis explored the dominance of Clostridium, Turicibacter and Romboutsia at OL 0.5 and 1 gCOD/L. Bacterial community results at 1.25 gCOD/L

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan of OL sludge samples revealed completely different strains of dominancy in the community. Marinobacter (53.3%), Gelidibacter (19.3%), Bacillus (18.1%) was the dominant strains present at OL of 1.25 gCOD/L. Thus the phylogenetic analysis of the anodic and sludge samples clearly detailed the presence of extremophilic (halophilic) bacterial strains with high potential to treat sea food processing industrial wastewater and excellent exoelectrogenic activity for power production in ACMFC under saline condition.

Keywords: Microbial fuel cells, Energy production, Halophiles, Air cathode, Salinity

Acknowledgement: The authors thank Dr. Jean Jacques Godon, Laboratorie de Biotechnologie de l’Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Narbonne, France for supporting in next generation sequencing analysis to investigate the bacterial community in air cathode MFC.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 215

Applications of M2ZrO3 (M=Li, Na, K) composite as catalyst for biodiesel production

Yong-Ming Dai b, Yan-Yun Li a, I-Hsiang Kao a, Chang-Yan Liu a, Chiing-Chang Chen a* a Department of Science Education and Application, National Taichung University of Education, Taichung 403, Taiwan b Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Chiing-Chang Chen, Department of Science Education and Application, National Taichung University of Education, Taichung 403, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected])

Abstract Being nontoxic and low pollution of combustion are the advantages of biodiesel. It not only can be used alone but also can be mixed with petroleum diesel as an additive. It is a potential alternative fuel. We investigated the use of zirconium dioxide and three alkali metals (Li, Na, and K) as M2ZrO3 (M=Li, Na, K) composite as solid-base catalysts for biodiesel production. M2ZrO3 catalysts were prepared using a simple solid-state reaction, mixing, and grinding zirconium dioxide with alkali metal calcined at 800 °C in air for 4 h. The properties of the catalyst were characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-Ray powder diffractometer (XRD), Fourrier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Hammett indicator method, and the composition of biodiesel was analyzed by Gas chromatography. The final product met the selected biodiesel fuel properties in accordance with European Standard (EN) 14214. The optimum conditions for the process contained M2ZrO3 calcination temperature at 800 °C for time 4 h, catalyst amount 12%, methanol to oil molar ratio 24:1, and a reaction temperature of 65°C. The process was able to transesterify oil to methyl esters in the range of 96.5-98.2% in 2 h for all series. A series of transesterification experiments were conducted to find proper operating conditions. The properties of biodiesel produced were measured and elucidated.

Keywords: Biodiesel; Zirconium dioxide; Alkali metals; Solid-state reaction; Transesterification

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 216

A simply synthesis method for property control of Li/Nb, Li/W oxide and its effect on catalysis for biodiesel production

Yan-Yun Li a, Yong-Ming Dai b, Ya-FenWang a, Chiing-Chang Chen a* a Department of Science Education and Application, National Taichung University of Education, Taichung 403, Taiwan b Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Chiing-Chang Chen, Department of Science Education and Application, National Taichung University of Education, Taichung 403, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected])

Abstract Fossil fuels, such as coal, natural gas and oil, are non-renewable. To use these materials as the energy sources will cause negative impacts on the environment and climate change in terms of contributing to the greenhouse effect. For this reason, the research on green and renewable energy that promises a reduced environmental impact is a global phenomenon. Biodiesel has become more attractive recently because of its environmental benefits and the fact that it is made renewable. In this study, Lithium carbonate is separately synthesized with Niobium oxide (Nb2O5) and Tungsten Trioxide (WO3) for Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) or Lithium Tungstate (Li2WO4). The products are regarded as the heterogeneous alkali catalysts for producing biodiesel with the transesterification. The synthesized catalyst is analyzed the characteristics with Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area measurement, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Lithium niobate is used as the catalyst with the following reaction conditions. Lithium carbonate and niobium oxide are mixed with the molar ratio 1:1, which is placed in a muffle furnace for 4hr calcination at 800℃ to acquire Lithium niobat, which is further used as a catalyst for the transesterification with soybean oil. The optimal conditions contain the oil to methanol molar ratio 1:24, the Lithium niobate 6wt%, the reaction temperature 65℃, the reaction time 2hr, and the conversion rate 95.16%. Lithium tungstate is used as the catalyst with the following reaction conditions. Lithium carbonate and Tungsten trioxide are mixed with the molar ratio 1:1, which is placed in a muffle furnace for 4hr calcination at 800℃ to acquire Lithium tungstate, which is further used as a catalyst for the transesterification with soybean oil. The optimal conditions present the oil to methanol molar ratio 1:36, the Lithium tungstate dosage 8wt%, the reaction temperature 65℃, the reaction time 1.5hr, and the conversion rate 98.94%. A series of transesterification experiments are conducted to find proper operating conditions. The properties of biodiesel produced were measured and elucidated.

Keywords: Biodiesel; Lithium niobate (LiNbO3); Lithium tungstate (Li2WO4); Transesterification

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 217

Preparation and characterization of biodiesel waste derived biomass for the removal of DY12 from contaminated water

Alagarasan Jagadeesh Kumara, b*, Chinnaiya Namasivayamb, Jimin Xieb, and Yuanguo Xub*

aSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China. bDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore – 641 046.

Corresponding Author: Alagarasan Jagadeesh Kumar, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Lignocellulosic biodiesel waste of Jatropha Husk (JH) was used to develop ZnCl2 activated Jatropha husk carbon (ZAJHC). ZAJHC was applied as an adsorbent for the removal of Direct Yellow 12 (DY12) from contaminated water. The structural, chemical and morphological features of the prepared ZAJHC were characterized by different analytical techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Jatropha husk (JH), an agro-industrial solid waste, was used for the development of activated carbon by JHC and ZAJHC it shows excellent surface characteristics. The SBET and micropore volume obtained were 424.1 m2/g and 822.77 m2/g, respectively. Batch mode of adsorption experiments were carried out and the parameters investigated include agitation time, DY12 concentrations (10 -50 mg L-1), adsorbent dose (25-200 mg/50 mL). JHC amount of equilibrium uptake of DY12 increased from 1.30 mg/g to 6.13 mg/g with an increase in initial concentration from 10 mg/g to 50 mg/L at initial pH solution 5.0. The JHC equilibrium time was found to be 60 min for 10 mg/L, 80 min for 20 mg/g - 40 mg/L and 90 min for 50 mg/L and ZAJHC 80 mins for 10 mg/L, 120 mins other concentrations. The kinetic data was also fitted to the pseudo-first-order, second-order and intraparticle diffusion models, and the DY12 experimental data followed closely the pseudo-first-order kinetic model for JHC, ZAJHC followed second order. Based on the Langmuir isotherm, the monolayer adsorption capacity -1 -1 (Q0) JHC was found to be 31.25 mg g and 232.56 mg g for ZAJHC. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard enthalpy (∆Ho), standard entropy (∆So) and standard free energy (∆Go) were evaluated. The adsorption was found to be endothermic in nature. Acidic pH was favorable for the adsorption of methylene blue. The pH effect and desorption studies suggest that the ion - exchange mechanism might be the major mode of the adsorption process. The pH effect and desorption studies suggest that ion-exchange might be the possible mechanism governing the adsorption process.

Keywords: Activated carbon,Jatropha Husk,Direct Yellow 12,Kinetics,Isotherms, Environment

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphic Abstract

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 218

Influence of change in redox loading condition and reactor configuration on biohydrogen production: Evaluation with semi-pilot scale reactor using real-field wastewater

Gunda Mohanakrishna1, and S Venkata Mohan2,3

1 Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P O Box 2713 Doha, Qatar 2Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India. 3Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT) campus, Hyderabad, India.

Abstract A semi-pilot scale anaerobic bioreactor was studied to evaluate the influence of change in substrate load pH and reactor configuration on the performance with respect to hydrogen production and substrate degradation. This study was carried out in a 34 L capacity semi-pilot scale bioreactor that operated in batch mode using mixed consortia as biocatalyst. After adapting the bioreactor with synthetic wastewater for 21 days at loading pH of 7 with suspended reactor configuration, real filed chemical wastewater fed to the reactor followed by distillery wastewaters. During operation with distillery wastewater (loading rate of 21.8 g COD/L), reactor configuration was changed from suspension to biofilm using coconut coir (packed bed to support the biofilm growth) which providing void ratio of 0.18. System was stabilized after two feeding events and it also resulted in considerable improvement in specific hydrogen yield (SHY, suspension, 9.25 mol/kg CODR; biofilm, 12.04 mol/kg CODR). On the contrary to SHY, cumulative hydrogen production was found to be decreased (CHP, suspension, 1.80 L; biofilm, 1.43 L). Substrate degradation efficiency (CODR (%), suspension - 64.22% ; biofilm - 63.53%) and production of soluble metabolites (VFA, suspension, 2810 mg/L; biofilm, 2760 mg/L) were found to be almost similar in both the cases. Biofilm configuration showed efficient conversion of substrate to biohydrogen and VFA along with good COD removal efficiency. After adapting the system to even higher loading rate of 44.5 g COD/L concentration with distillery wastewater, pH was shifted to 6 where substantial improvement in both CHP and SHY were observed [(CHP, pH 7 – 1.12 L; pH 6 – 3.49 L), (SHY, pH 7 - 3.45 mol/kg CODR; pH 6 - 7.51 mol/kg CODR)]. On the contrary to H2 production, substrate degradation rate was found to decrease. Marginal improvement in soluble metabolites concentration and marginal decrease in outlet pH were also observed due after loading pH change.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 219

Impact of electric and magnetic fields on power generation in microbial fuel cells treating food waste leachate

Sanath Kondaveeti1, Gunda Mohanakrishna2, Jung Kul Lee1*

1Department of chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 2 Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P O Box 2713 Doha, Qatar

Corresponding Author: Alagarasan Jagadeesh Kumar, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract The spike in energy demand, due to increase in global population and industrialization had resulted in fossil fuel depletion and energy predicament. In this regard, the microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were well recognized as a promising technology for energy generation with simultaneous waste reduction. Therefore, several researchers had operated MFC with different wastewaters and pollutants such phenols, agricultural waste, chocolate industry wastes, beer industrial wastewater, petroleum refinery wastes etc.. Also, several researchers had made numerous attempts in amplification of bioelectricity generation by enhancing the bacterial metabolic activity in utilization of substrates. Such of these efforts/attempts include the modifications of electrode, alteration in operational conditions, and tweaking of reactor configuration. Among, these the application of static magnetic field (SMF) and provision of short term applied voltage (electric field, EF) to MFC has gained attention due to their simplicity in operation and easy orientation to established MFC system. Therefore, in present study we have compared a membrane less single chamber air cathode MFCs performance by providing SMF and EF individually by using food waste leachate (FWL) as a feed stock. The SMF of 20, 120 and 220 mT was continuously applied, till the end of operation by placing a magnet near to MFC. The external voltage of 100, 300 and 500 mV (DC power supply) was chosen to test the influence of EF on MFC. These voltages were provided for initial 24 h to amplify the microbial activity and the reactor was further continued in a typical MFC mode for power generation. The variation in substrate degradation, and power generation were noted in both conditions by change in the intensity of SMF and EF. The better performance of MFC was noted at an EF and SMF of 500 mV and 220 mT, respectively. By further increase in EF and SMF has led to a decrease in MFCs performance. By submission of 500 mV as an acclimatization voltage, the MFC has exhibited a maximum power generation and chemical oxygen reduction (COD) of 543 mW/m2 and 89.4 % respectively. Whereas, the MFC by operating with 220 mT has exhibited a maximum power generation and COD removal of 495 mW/m2 and 84.6 %, respectively. Whereas, the control MFC without application of EF and SMF and by using FWL has exhibited a maximum power generation and COD removal of 232 mW/m2 and 54.2 %, respectively.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 220

Statistical optimization for selective recovery of copper from waste printed circuit boards with response surface methodology

Mohan Annamalaia*, Kalaichelvan Gurumurthyb

School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, India bVIT School of Agriculture Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, India.

Corresponding Author: Mohan Annamalai, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, India. (Email: [email protected])

Abstract The recovery of precious metals from waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) is an effective recycling process. This paper presents a promising hydrometallurgical process to recover copper from waste PCBs. PCBs were ground to small fractions using a hammer mill followed by an electrostatic separator to separate metals from a non-metallic fraction of PCBs. The metal-enriched ground sample obtained from the beneficiation of the sized PCBs in a hammer mill contained mainly copper, Iron, Nickel, Gold, and Silver. The concentration of these metal values differs with the different sizes of PCB fractions. To simplify the metal leaching process, large pieces of PCBs were used instead of a pulverized sample. The leaching tests were performed with HCL, H2SO4, HNO3, and Fecl3 of different concentrations to achieve the complete removal of copper from PCBs. Among the leaching reagents examined, hydrochloric acid (HCl) showed great potential for the recovery of metals. The HCl mediated leaching of waste PCBs was investigated over a range of conditions. Increasing the acid concentration decreased the time required for complete metal recovery. The shaking speed showed a pronounced positive effect on metal recovery, but the temperature showed an insignificant effect. The results showed that 1 M HCl recovered all of the metals from 3cm × 4 cm PCBs at room temperature and 150 rpm shaking speed in 24 hours.

Keywords:Electronic waste, Printed circuit boards, Leaching, Hydrometallurgy, Metals, Acid digestion

Acknowledgement: The authors want to thank Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore for providing the laboratory facilities to carry out this research.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 221

Kinetic study on catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose with oxides

Yen Yee Chonga, Suchithra Thangalazhy-Gopakumara,*, Hoon Kiat Ngb, Lai Yee Leea, Suyin Gan a Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Selangor, Malaysia b Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Selangor, Malaysia

Corresponding Author: Suchithra Thangalazhy-Gopakumar, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Selangor, Malaysia (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract The recovery of precious metals from waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) is an effective recycling process. This paper presents a promising hydrometallurgical process to recover copper from waste PCBs. PCBs were ground to small fractions using a hammer mill followed by an electrostatic separator to separate metals from a non-metallic fraction of PCBs. The metal-enriched ground sample obtained from the beneficiation of the sized PCBs in a hammer mill contained mainly copper, Iron, Nickel, Gold, and Silver. The concentration of these metal values differs with the different sizes of PCB fractions. To simplify the metal leaching process, large pieces of PCBs were used instead of a pulverized sample. The leaching tests were performed with HCL, H2SO4, HNO3, and Fecl3 of different concentrations to achieve the complete removal of copper from PCBs. Among the leaching reagents examined, hydrochloric acid (HCl) showed great potential for the recovery of metals. The HCl mediated leaching of waste PCBs was investigated over a range of conditions. Increasing the acid concentration decreased the time required for complete metal recovery. The shaking speed showed a pronounced positive effect on metal recovery, but the temperature showed an insignificant effect. The results showed that 1 M HCl recovered all of the metals from 3cm × 4 cm PCBs at room temperature and 150 rpm shaking speed in 24 hours.

Keywords: Catalytic fast pyrolysis; Cellulose; Kinetics; Mechanisms; Simplified DAEM.

Acknowledgement:The authors would like to express sincere gratitude to Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia for the realization of this research project under the Grant FRGS/1/2015/TK02/UNIM/02/1. However, only the authors are responsible for the opinion expressed in this paper and for any remaining errors.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 222

Systematic evaluation of PDA/PAM/MAH-modified basalt fiber as biofilm carrier for wastewater treatment

Jun Xiao a, Minjie Huang a, Mingyu Wang a, Juan Huang a*

a School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China (211189)

Corresponding Author: Juan Huang, Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211189, China (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract In this study, three kinds of modified basalt fiber (MBF) were used as biofilm carrier for wastewater treatment. Polydopamine (PDA) modified basalt fiber via the surface coating method were obtained, and polyacrylamide (PAM) & maleic anhydride (MAH) modified basalt fiber via the surface grafting method were prepared. The surface physicochemical properties, biomass attachment capacity and pollutants removal efficiency of modified basalt fiber were systematically investigated. The results showed that the surface of PDA/PAM/MAH-basalt fiber (BF) had higher bio-affinity than ordinary BF. Electron microscope scanning (SEM) revealed that the surface roughness of BF was obviously improved by modification. Besides, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) suggested that the MBF had more surface active functional groups. The performances of PDA/PAM/MAH-BF as biofilm carrier + for pollutants (COD,TP,TN and NH4 -N) were significantly higher than that of ordinary BF group. Among them, the best removal efficiency of COD in PAD-BF biofilm reactor was 95.29±0.99%, while that of BF group was 86.30±3.09%. PAM-BF group had the best removal effect of nutrients with the removal efficiency of 90.83±7.69% for TP and 91.25±6.43% for TN, respectively, while the removal rate of control group (BF) was only about 70%. The improvement of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the PDA/PAM/MAH-BF reactors was the main reason for the enhancement of contaminant removal. Overall, the findings of this study suggested that MBF not only had higher bio-affinity but also could improve the environmental dissolved oxygen conditions. Therefore, PDA/PAM/MAH-BF can be used as promising biological carrier fillers in wastewater treatment engineering.

Keywords: Modified basalt fiber; Biofilm carrier; Bio-affinity; Wastewater treatment

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphical abstract:

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 223

Sewage treatment and reuse by a two-step system of developed vertical flow and free water surface constructed wetland

Xuan Cuong Nguyena, Soon Woong Changb, Dinh Duc Nguyenb,* a Center for Advanced Chemistry, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang, Vietnam b Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: E-mail: [email protected] (D. Duc Nguyen)

Abstract The work was done by combining the novel vertical flow (NVF) using expended clay (EC) and free flow surface constructed wetland (FWS) for dormitory sewage purification and reuse. NVF compacted by four filter layers of EC, sandy soil, sand and gravel with 1.0 m in height and the surface area of 0.25 m2. FWS installed after NVF which has a height of 20 cm of sandy soil and the surface area of 0.5 m2. The treatment tested through more 20 weeks by rising hydraulic loading rate (HLR) from 0.02 m/d to 0.12 m/d. The results demonstrated that effluents of system changed proportionally to HLRs, except for NO3-N. The removal efficiencies for Total suspended solids (TSS), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Ammonia (NH4-N) and Total coliforms (Tcol) were 76 ± 13%, 74 ± 11%, 90 ± 3% and 59 ± 18% (0.37 ± 0.19 log10MNP/100mL), respectively. At HLRs of 0.04 – 0.06 m/d, the treatment system satisfied for agriculture irrigation with all water indicators.

Keywords: Expanded clay; Dormitory sewage; Novel vertical flow; Recycled wastewater

Acknowledgement: This research is funded by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under grant number 105.99-2019.25

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 224

Molecular electronics: Logic operations using nanodot

Shibam Sahaa, Surjo Kanta Palb, Debashis Panda*

a Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, (An Institute of National Importance) Jais, Uttar Pradesh 229316, India E-mail: [email protected] b Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, (An Institute of National Importance) Jais, Uttar Pradesh 229316, India

Corresponding Author: Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, (An Institute of National Importance) Jais, Uttar Pradesh 229316, India *(D.P.) E-mail: [email protected]. Telephone: +91 9455196041.

Abstract Logic operations in semiconductor-based electronics is well known. However, molecular electronics that promises significant improvement in computation power and speed, adopt these logic operations for the development of “Lab-on-a-molecule” device. Among the carbon-based allotropes, carbon nanodot is an emerging class of luminescent nanomaterial. There exists a greater scope for its exploitation in molecular electronics. Both solution phase and solid phase methodology development. A potential application in recognition of lethal components. The field has progressed from simple logic systems based on a single chemical or physical input to molecules capable of combinatorial and sequential operations, for example, arithmetic operations and memory stockpiling calculations.

Molecular logic gates can provide a greater density of transistor arrays compared to their conventional electronic counter parts. Can help in configurability and parallel processing. Be that as it may, they need wet conditions to perform. Molecular logic gate can be used to process biochemical or chemical information. May be utilized for bio detecting. But integration of multiple logic gates to construct molecular computers is very challenging.

Nanoparticles are likewise utilized for biomedical application of logic gates. Enrichments of the nanostructures with responsive particles can generate logic operations for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. More employments of it might be in substance detecting, drug activation, molecular arithmetic and construction of memory devices. With over two decades, we can look back on the field of molecular logic gates and see how much the territory has created and developed. Truth be told, tremendous research alternatives are accessible in this field and with late surveys talking about conceivable future headings.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 225

The production of ethyl levulinate (biofuel) from furfural

Aditya

Department of chemical engineering, rajiv gandhi institute of petroleum technology.

Abstract In the age of technological advancements, it has become necessary for us to find out, energy media, which are cheap, reliable and sustainable sources. In the current scenario, fossil fuels cater around 80% of the world energy needs, which are non- renewable and are going to get exhausted, by some time in the future. Their depletion heralds for the search of new and more efficient means of energy sources. One of the energy sources which is reliable and renewable at the same time is biofuel. One such example of biofuel is ethyl levulinate, which acts as octane number booster, when blended with gasoline or as a biofuel itself. (2) The current process for the production of Ethyl levulinate includes the processing of Levulinic acid, which is obtained from hexose sugar found in the food materials, but in a world where every second a person is dying out of hunger, it is seriously unethical to produce fuel from edibles. On the other hand, the production of ethyl levulinate from furfural uses agricultural waste like bagasse, cotton seed hulls, sawdust, oat hulls and rice hulls. It is estimated that about 998 million tonnes of agricultural waste is produced yearly in India. (3) So, in spite of using this as a raw material it is clearly not a good idea to use hexose to produce biofuels. One other major problem with biofuels that is been rectified by the use of ethyl levulinate is the improvement in the cold flow properties of the fuel, a reduction of nearly 4-5 degree Celsius in pour and cloud point has been witnessed upon just 20%Vol blending of ethyl levulinate with other biofuels which are currently produced as industrial outputs.(7) Furfural is mainly produced by hydrolysing hemicellulose to pentose sugar like xylose, following the acid catalysed dehydration in the presence of sulphuric or other mineral acids. The hemicellulose is produced form the raw material which has the potential extraction from grass and other starch containing plants. Yield for the conversion has already been tested and established as high as 94% for the furfural conversion, and the process has already been adopted for the industrial reproduction. (3) Hydrogenation of the produced furfural, finally yields furfuryl alcohol. Various catalyst like Cu-Cr, Cu-Ni over MgALO support, Cu/MgO have been tested till date, for the conversion process, producing significant yield and conversion of furfural. But till now, in the industries the Cu-Cr catalyst is used, which has the conversion percentage of around 96%. (4) Finally, the furfuryl alcohol thus produced, is treated for the production of ethyl levulinate. The furfuryl alcohol undergoes alcoholysis to produce ethyl levulinate over the catalysts like MIL-101(Cr)-SO3H, UiO-66(Zr)-SO3H and Fe3O4@SiO2 -SO3H, producing the yield and conversion of 79.2 and 100 %, 3.1 and 23.4% and 61.6 and 99.5 % respectively. Showing convincing data for the industrial adoption of the process. (5)

With these into consideration, it is prudent to shift to this alternate process for fuel generation from the conventional one. And make a strong case for change in the Industry as new norms and regulations appear with the shortage of food and a need to shift to ‘non-food’ substances as a sustainable practice.

Keywords: Hydrolysis: The breakdown of a molecule due to the reaction with water.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Hydrogenation: Saturation of an unsaturated compound by getting it reacted with hydrogen over some catalyst. Alcoholysis: The breakdown of a molecule by getting it reacted with alcohol. Octane Number: Representation of the anti-knocking properties of a fuel.

Fig1: The comparison of the two production processes of ethyl levulinate (6).

Fig2: Furfural conversion to furfuryl alcohol and then to ethyl levulinate.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 226

Optimization of biodiesel production using the transition metal (Fe, Co, Ni)-modifed Li2CO3 as a solid base catalyst

Peng-Hao Huang a, Yong-Ming Dai b, Ya-FenWang a, Jia-Xun Qiu a, Yi-Tong Chen, Jun-Jie Chen, Chiing-Chang Chen a* a Department of Science Education and Application, National Taichung University of Education, Taichung 403, Taiwan b Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Chiing-Chang Chen, Department of Science Education and Application, National Taichung University of Education, Taichung 403, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected])

Abstract Out of various renewable energies, biodiesel, a mixture of long-chain fatty acid and short-chain alkyl esters, has attracted more and more attention, due to its sustainability, biodegradability, and almost no extra carbon emission. Addition of suitable catalyst in transesterification can significantly improve the reaction rate. In order to separate and recover the spent catalysts more easily, solid catalyst is chosen for the transesterification reaction. This study uses transition metal (Fe, Co, Ni) as the material to prepare the solid base catalyst with Li2CO3 as an activating agent through a solid state reaction for the biodiesel production. An easy heterogeneous transesterification step of used oil with methanol is conducted to produce biodiesel using an easy solid-state reaction, blending, and grinding transition metal with Li2CO3 calcined for 3 h. It is found that the calcination at different temperatures leads to the transformation of Li2CO3 into the transition metal (Fe, Co, Ni) form of LiMO2 (M= Fe, Co, Ni). This is accompanied by a substantial increase in activity. The LiMO2 calcined at 800°C exhibits 90% yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) at the reaction temperature of 65 °C, methanol/oil molar ratio of 24, catalyst/oil mass ratio of 6.0 wt.%, and reaction time 2 hr, which is much higher than that of commercial catalysts. Furthermore, the relationship between the surface basicity and activity indicates that stronger basicity is responsible for the higher catalytic activity. A series of transesterification experiments are conducted to find proper operating conditions. The properties of biodiesel produced are measured and elucidated.

Keywords: Biodiesel; Fatty acid; Alkyl esters; Transition metalr; Transesterification; Basicity .

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 227

Non-catalytic route for biodiesel production from low quality feed-stock neem (Azadirachta indica) oil using deep eutectic solvents

Mohd Belal Haider, MataMani Tripathi, Rakesh Kumar*

Corresponding Author: Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, India-229304(Email: [email protected])

Abstract Inspired by the use of low quality feed-stock neem oil for biodiesel production, non-catalytic route was investigated. However non-catalytic esterification of neem oil for biodiesel production requires severe condition such as high methanol to oil ratio, high temperature. Therefore, in this work the role of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was used to achieve facilitate biodiesel production at less severe condition. The DESs were synthesized by mixing hydrogen bond donor and hydrogen bond acceptor in fixed molar ratio having melting point below than either of precursor. Process parameters such as methanol to oil ratio, time, temperature and DESs dosage were investigated to optimize the production of biodiesel from neem oil. The results show that esterification of neem oil to biodiesel is completed within 90 minutes and the biodiesel conversion increases with increasing temperature. In addition, increasing the DESs dosage enhances the biodiesel production.

Keywords: Deep eutectic solvents, Esterification, Biodiesel production, Neem oil.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 228

Single step catalytic synthesis of styrene from straight run kerosene of refinery

Swaraj Kaushal

Department of Chemical Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Bahadurpur, Mukhetia More, Harbanshganj, Jais, Uttar Pradesh-229304, India

Abstract Given the volatility of Oil prices, the major refinery distillates could be used, given their hydrocarbon content for producing petrochemical at a lower cost than prevalent in Industry. This takes into account the idea of refinery-petrochemical complex integration increasing cost effectiveness of refineries in a volatile and unpredictable market. In order to utilize this opportunity a development procedure of synthesizing styrene from a lower crude petroleum distillate kerosene has been implemented. Styrene monomer’s markets have an annual global growth rate of 3-3.5% per year, with world demand of more than 25 million tons per year.

The current conventional process to produce styrene is a two-step process, the first being reaction of benzene with ethylene in presence of AlCl3 to produce ethyl benzene and then further dehydrogenation of ethyl benzene in a de-hydrogenator to produce styrene. Further the styrene to ethyl benzene ratio in the product is also crucial as their boiling points are close and their separation is difficult. From the literature survey done on synthesis of styrene involving reactions between toluene and methanol over a basic catalyst it was found that by side chain alkylation of toluene about 85% styrene was being produced with 5% ethyl benzene. In presence of acid catalyzed ring alkylation of toluene xylenes are produced.

In the research straight run Kerosene refinery distillate was used and from its Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis it was found out that it contained paraffins(C9-C13) which could be cracked to paraffins in the range of C7 which can be further reformed to toluene and its simultaneous reaction with methanol to produce styrene involving base catalyzed reaction. Kerosene being a hydrocarbon is non-polar and methanol polar so instead of feeding an immiscible liquid feed, both the feeds i.e. Kerosene and Methanol were vaporized and sent into the reactor. The reactor used was a lab scale quartz glass reactor with packed bed loading of catalyst on Silicon Carbide support and the major aim was the single step synthesis of styrene. The reaction is controlled by five parameters namely WHSV,

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Temperature, N2 flow rate (inert carrier medium), Kerosene to Methanol ratio and the most important the catalyst ratios of the catalysts being used in the process. The catalyst is the heart of the process, and it has a combination of dual catalytic functions, the first being Zn/ZSM5 which is responsible for its acidic catalytic activity for the cracking of the paraffins and the second being Cs-Rb-Cu/Al2O3 which is crucial for its basic catalytic activity for the final reaction of toluene with methanol to produce styrene. Different reactions were conducted by varying the reaction parameters and the product obtained was analyzed in an Iris-32 FID based gas chromatograph. From the experiments conducted the maximum styrene yield obtained was 6.1 % with very minimal yields of ethyl benzene. An equation was obtained governing the yield of styrene as a function of the reaction parameters using Taguchi design method in Minitab software with a p-value of 0.002 and a R-squared value of 0.66. The optimal solution derived from the Taguchi method shows an optimum yield of Styrene could be achieved at 4.5%wt. An experimental validation run was conducted to fit the model, and the yield achieved experimentally was 4.7%wt, which is in consensus with the predicted value having an error limit within the range of 5-8%.

Keywords:Styrene; Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis; Weight hour Space velocity (WHSV); FID gas chromatograph .

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 229

Process design and economic analysis for the production of butylenes and gasoline-range hydrocarbons from biomass using pinch analysis approach

Swarnalatha Mailarama, Sunil K. Maitya* a Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy-502285, Telangana, India.

Corresponding Author: Dr. Sunil K. Maity, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy-502285, Telangana, India (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Butylenes are one of the important building-block chemicals. It is mainly used for the production of various chemicals and polymers. Likewise, transportation fuels play a vital role in our daily life. At present, butylenes and transportation fuels are produced from petroleum. However, limited petroleum reserves and continuous degradation of the environment have been forcing the entire world to move towards a sustainable source of organic chemicals and transportation fuels. The biomass is a carbon-neutral renewable source and has the potential to provide both building-block chemicals and transportation fuels. Our work is thus focused on the conceptual process design using Aspen Plus for the production of butylenes, gasoline, and jet fuel-range hydrocarbons from three different biomass feedstock: sugarcane, corn, and birchwood. The economics of these processes were also evaluated. In these processes, biomass is first pretreated/hydrolysed to the corresponding sugars and then fermented to produce acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE). In this process design, the yield of ABE was considered as 0.39 g per g of sugar with ABE ratio of 3:6:1 [1]. The separation of ABE from dilute aqueous solution is an energy-intensive process. In this study, two alternative separation processes were employed for ABE separation: distillation and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). The LLE using oleyl alcohol as solvent was found to be the most energy-efficient for separation of ABE. The separated butanol was then dehydrated in the presence of a solid acid catalyst to produce butylenes [2]. The processes were further extended to produce gasoline and jet fuel-range hydrocarbons via oligomerization of butylenes. In this work, the pinch analysis was carried out to reduce utility consumption by maximizing the process heat recovery. The heat exchanger network of these processes was designed based on the principals of pinch analysis. The capital cost, operating expense, and production cost of butylenes, gasoline, and jet fuel-range hydrocarbons were evaluated considering 10,000 tons of butanol per annum as the plant capacity. The effect of various cost-contributing factors such as feedstock, co-products (acetone and ethanol), and chemicals on the production cost was also studied. The study was further extended to the profitability analysis to obtain the minimum selling price of the products.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphical abstract:

Keywords:Butylene; Green gasoline;Techno-economic analysis;ABE fermentation; Oligomerization

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 230

Heterogeneous catalyzed transesterification of cottonseed oil accelerated by electric field

Piyaphong Yongphet a, Junfeng Wang a,*, Rameshprabu Ramaraj b, Chanez Maouche c, Dongbao Wang a, Wei Zhang a

a School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China b School of School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand c School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China

Corresponding Author: Junfeng Wang, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract An innovative method in the acceleration of transesterification process is gaining more interest to improve the biodiesel preparation. In this study, the transesterification of cottonseed oil with calcined eggshell (ES) as heterogeneous catalyst by using an electric field (E-Field) was investigated. The prepared catalyst was characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) method for microstructure and property of the catalyst, and BET analysis was applied for determination of the surface area. The ES powder was then calcined in the muffle furnace at 1,000 °C for 2 hrs. Then obtained CaO (>94%) was used as a heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification of cottonseed oil under electric field. Simultaneously, in order to explicit the E-Field for acceleration in biodiesel production, experiments was conducted at voltage of 0-15 kV. The transesterification was accelerated by the application of coaxial cylinder electrode by creating E-Field. The optimal reaction condition was found to be catalyst amount of 4 wt.%, methanol to oil molar ratio of 12:1, reaction temperature of 60 °C, with reaction time of 30 min, under electric field of 5 kV, which will give the biodiesel yield of 94.65%. The reused catalyst was able to yield conversion level above 80% after three time usages. In addition, the high-speed photography was utilized to capture the charged polar glycerol droplet deformation, distribution, sedimentation, and coalesced process in non-polar biodiesel phase.

363

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphical abstract: Schematic view of the coaxial batch reactor chamber setting of glycerol-biodiesel dispersion under electric field

Keywords: Transesterification; Electric field; Heterogeneous catalyst; Biodiesel; Cottonseed oil.

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51761145011).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 231

Kinetic modelling for the dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether over silica doped γ-Al2O3

Vivek Ruhil

Department of Chemical Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais 229304, India Department of Gas to Liquid Technology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum(IIP), Dehradun 248005 , India

Abstract Scientific research in the field of energy has been focused on the findings of newer alternatives to that of conventional resources. The demand for the production of alternatives for clean energy sources has risen with the increase in depletion of oil reserves, environmental pollution, and to diversify energy resources for the country’s future energy security. More particularly, the emission of pollutants from C.I engines of automobiles has initiated the research for clean and diesel alternative fuel, such as Dimethyl Ether so that we could climb up towards green economy. DME appears to be a reliable option because it can be produced from non-fossil feedstocks, but also for its low greenhouse emissions, versatility and safety. It is well known that DME could be used as a proper substitute for diesel or LPG in the coming years as it is found to have high cetane number and ignition temperature near to that of diesel. DME, as a solution to environmental pollution and diminishing energy supplies, was synthesized more efficiently, compared to conventional methods, using a Bench-top fixed bed micro reactor unit for methanol dehydration to DME over Silica doped Alumina(SIRALOX-1 (Alumina 99% and Silica 1%) catalyst with high activity and stability. Even though, Alumina based catalysts are suitable with its weak to medium acidity, due to their hydrophilic nature, water adsorbs competitively with methanol. 2CH3OH ↔ CH3OCH3 +H2O ∆H= -21.225 kJ/mole Here in my work a kinetic model has been established for the dehydration of methanol to DME over γ- Al2O3 acid function. The kinetic model considers the reaction of methanol dehydration to be elementary. The effect of water in the reaction medium (due to the high adsorption capacity of γ- Al2O3) has been considered by adding a term to the reaction rate expression, which takes into account the partial inhibition of active site activity. Thirteen different models have been tested. The selection of the best model has been carried out on the basis of the Fisher test. he experimental set-up was modified for the kinetic studies under pressurised condition. Optimum reaction conditions were obtained by a series of experiments with varying temperature, feed rate and pressure for designing the kinetic runs. The reaction studies were performed first with change in temperature (270-330°C) and later the feed composition was varied (at 6, 12, 23 wt% of water in methanol at 330°C) at a constant feed flow rate by compensating with the change in catalyst amount. The kinetic rate data against temperature was taken and obtained the activation energy which was found to be 44.79KJ/mol. Further, different kinetic models were fitted against the experimental data. Kinetic models such as power law, L-H model, Bercic and Levec models could not be fitted. But, a model proposed by Kallo and Knozinger was well agreed with the rate data with a R2(coefficient of determination) value of 0.9812 and the kinetic parameters (A=0.63572, Kw=1.67) were found with this model. The final rate equation deduced is ,

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

-rm reaction rate, mol/h gcat pm partial pressure of methanol pw partial pressure of water KW Adsorption constant of water From the above experimental investigation it can be inferred that a suitable kinetic model in agreement with the experimental data was found which would be further used for the design of the pilot scale reactor for the process scale-up.

Keywords: Dimethyl Ether; Methanol Dehydration; SIRALOX-1, Adsorption

Acknowledgement: I would like to thank Mr.Hemkant Saini and Mr. Mahavir Sharma (Project Assistant) and Mr. KDP Lakshmee Kumar (Technical Assistant) for being my supervisor and helping me in successful completion of my work.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 232

Macroalgal biochars and membrane biofouling mitigation in fluidized bed membrane bioreactor for domestic wastewater

Muhammad Maaz, Mubbsher Idrees, Muhammad Aslam *

aDepartment of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan

Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected]

Abstract Energy-neutrality, higher sustainable flux and membrane integrity needs a careful consideration in next generation of biocarrier-sparged membrane bioreactors (MBRs). In this study, fluidized bed membrane bioreactor (FMBR) system was developed to treat domestic wastewater. In this study, different macroalgal biochars was synthesized, and characterized. Moreover, combined effect of different microalgal biochars in the presence of biocarriers with gas sparging was investigated as an effective way to control membrane biofouling. Comparative study was performed with and without biochars as well as biocarriers. Microalgal biochar mitigated membrane fouling significantly. Mechanical cleaning by biocarriers removed inorganic particles. However, biocarriers was not an effective way to control fouling occurs by colloidal foulants. In addition, presence of Ca2+ ions further mitigated the membrane fouling in fluidized bed membrane bioreactor.

Keywords:Fluidized bed membrane bioreactor;Membrane biofouling;Biocarriers; Biochars; Domestic wastewater

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 234

Application of sewage sludge as fertilizer;Review

M. Chandra Sekhar a, A. Nithin Kumar a*

a Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, India.

Corresponding Author: A. Nithin Kumar, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, India. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Sewage sludge generation has increased with increased population due to urban planning and industrial developments globally, which led to an increased generation in solid & liquid (wastewater) waste, where proper treatment is required ahead of disposal to avoid its impact on environment. This paper reviews the different applications of sewage sludge for sustainable agriculture. Treatment of wastewater produces a secondary by-product, which is termed as “sludge”, which are generated in larger amounts. At present 38,354 MLD of wastewater with equivalent amount of sewage sludge is generated in India (Gauthan et al., 2012) with a nutrient potential of 150,000 Tonnes/Year of N, 350,000 Tonnes/Year of P and 200,000 Tonnes/Year of K (Juwarkar et al., 1991). The most prominent methods for sewage sludge disposal are incineration, sanitary landfill, or use for land-based applications including structural soil improvement, soil buffer, and soil amendment (Babatunde and Zhao, 2007). However these methods have some drawbacks as well. In sanitary landfill, the groundwater is polluted by leachate; and the gas from landfill (mainly methane) causes explosion and fire. Additionally, choice of suitable site for sludge landfill is an issue too. For incineration, because of its high moisture content, operating cost is very high. Whereas emissions of toxic air pollutants namely NOx & SO2.Land application of sewage sludge in agriculture may be a more preferred option as it helps in enhancing the essential organic carbon for soil and nutrients to plants. Researchers round the globe has shown that application of municipal sewage sludge in agriculture has improved production and productivity of a wide range of field crops as well as vegetables. Due to presence of high organic carbon in sludge, application to agricultural soil has improved physical and chemical properties and biological activity as well of soil. Thus sewage sludge application to soil enables the recycling of nutrients and may substitute the need for commercial fertilisers. Improper application of sludge in soil may cause disturbance.in the soil properties especially sludge with heavy metals of higher levels such as Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn which may accumulate in plant tissues and can cause food chain contamination (Saha et al., 2015). Hence, characteristics of sewage sludge, their application on agricultural lands will be reviewed in this paper making sewage sludge a source of sustainable development.

Keywords: Sewage sludge; Wastewater; Incineration; Sanitary Landfill.

Acknowledgement:This review was carried out as a part of research supported by National Institute of Technology-Warangal, funding assisted by Ministry OF Human Resources Department (MHRD), India. We express our colleagues and friends for providing their ideologies which helped in the research.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 235

Mesoporous Ni-CeO2-ZrO2-SiO2 composite catalyst for steam reforming of n-butanol: Role of CeO2/ZrO2 mole ratio and nickel loading

Mohan Varkolu, Srinivas Aswini K. Jinnala, Alekhya Kunamalla, Sunil K. Maity a*, Debaprasad Shee a Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy-502285, Telangana, India.

Corresponding Author: Prof. Sunil K. Maity, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy-502285, Telangana, India (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract The production of synthesis gas from renewable sources is extremely important for the sustainability of our society. The bio-butanol is a potential biofuel at the moment and can be steam reformed to produce synthesis gas [1-2]. On the other hand, the ceria-zirconia mixed oxide is considered as promising support for steam reforming due to its oxygen storage-release capacity. The CeO2-ZrO2 mixed oxide is, however, thermally unstable at very high temperature. To overcome this problem, the ceria-zirconia is dispersed on a high surface area and thermally stable inert material such as silica [3-4]. The present work is thus focused on steam reforming of n-butanol over high surface area mesoporous Ni-CeO2-ZrO2-SiO2 composite catalysts in a fixed-bed reactor. The catalysts were prepared by one-pot evaporation-induced self-assembly method using Pluronic P123 as the structure-directing agent. The catalysts showed type IV adsorption isotherm with H2 hysteresis loop and 3-5 nm pore size. The oxygen storage-release ability of CeO2-ZrO2-SiO2 mixed oxide was increased with increasing ceria content. The ceria formed a solid solution with zirconia with nickel/nickel oxide being present in dispersed form mainly. The dispersion of metal was promoted in the presence of ceria with smaller nickel crystallite size. The carbon conversion to synthesis gas (CCSG) and hydrogen yield was increased with increasing CeO2/ZrO2 mole ratio up to 1:2 and decreased slightly with the further increase of CeO2/ZrO2 mole ratio. The CCSG and hydrogen yield was increased with increasing nickel loading up to 20 wt% and remained practically unchanged for higher nickel loading. 20 wt% Ni loading with CeO2/ZrO2 mole ratio of 1:2 was found as the optimum catalyst. The hydrogen yield was enhanced with increasing temperature and steam-to-carbon (S/C) mole ratio up to 2.0. The selectivity to CO was increased with increasing temperature and decreasing S/C mole ratio. The selectivity to intermediate compounds (propanal, butanal, butylenes, etc.) was significant at low temperature and S/C mole ratio and for the catalysts with no ceria content and low nickel loading. The optimum catalyst showed consistent catalytic activity for about 30 h time-on-stream.

Keywords: Bio-butanol; Mesoporous Ni-CeO2-ZrO2-SiO2; Steam reforming; Synthesis gas.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 236

Process operation of bio-succinic fermentation from crude glycerol by pure strain actinobacillus succinogenes

Suwimon Kanchanasuta a,b* Apirak Bumyut a Veerawat Champreda c a Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand b Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Bangkok, Thailand c National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand

Corresponding Author: Suwimon Kanchanasuta, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract In this study, batch, fed-batch and semi-continuous fermentation were carried out in 1-litre CSTR-bioreactor with a working volume of 0.7 L. 1% wv-1 of crude glycerol as sole carbon source -1 and 20 gL of MgCO3 as carbonate salt were added in cultural medium containing 20% (v/v) of inoculated strain (Actinobacillus succinogenes). The system was purged with CO2 gas to create anaerobic condition and support C4 pathway as co-substrate in the fermentation system and controlled incubation temperature at 37 C. Results indicated that metabolites during fermentation could be confirmed the metabolic flux by pure strain Actinobacillus succinogenes via C3 and C4 pathway. The highest SA concentration of 17.9 g/L was obtained from the batch operation via C4 pathway at 96 hr fermentation with the maximum glycerol utilization of 99.93%. As the result, it indicated that acetic acid tended to increase throughout the fermentation process in fed-batch and semi-continuous operations. Besides, the quantity of CO2 gas purged for creating anaerobic condition resulted in metabolites produced during fermentation process and then the overall SA production. Acetic and formic acid, the main products in C3 pathway, were obviously observed at the initial purging time of CO2 gas at 3 and 5 minutes since the first 24 hr fermentation. Batch fermentation performed the suitable condition for bio-succinic fermentation based on succinic acid concentration and glycerol utilization. However, continuous operation has been further studied and improved to enhance the performance of SA production in long term fermentation and finally applied to industrial sector.

Keywords: Bio-succinic; Crude glycerol; Actinobacillus Succinogenes

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 237

Biodegradation of industrial wastewater hydrocarbons under acidic condition by acidophilic bacterial consortium enriched from volcano ash soil sample

Reem Mohammed Bahatheqa, Huda A Qaria, Arulazhagan Pugazhendi*b,c

aDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah - 21589, Saudi Arabia bCenter of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. cDepartment of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah - 21589, Saudi Arabia

Corresponding Author: Dr. Arulazhagan Pugazhendi, Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies and Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah-21589, Saudi Arabia (Email: [email protected])

Abstract The aim of the research was to degrade different PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) under acidic condition by acidophilic bacterial consortium. Also, the treatment of petroleum wastewater using acidophilic bacterial consortium under acidic condition in a lab scale continuous stirred tank reactor (Pugazhendi et al. 2017). The acidophilic consortium enriched from volcano ash soil samples in acidophilic mineral salt media. Phenanthrene (PHE) and fluorene (FLU) was used as model PAH compounds in different acidic conditions (pH 2 to 5). Acidic condition was optimized at pH 2 for potential degradation of PHE and FLU. The acidophilic bacterial consortium potentially degraded the low molecular weight PAHs such as PHE and FLU at different concentrations under optimized acidic condition. Respirometric analysis with FLU (100 ppm) recorded complete degradation with 84±1.6% CO2 (carbon dioxide) evlolution by the acidophilic consortium. The metabolites such as carboxylic acid, benzoic acid and phthalic acid were present in GCMS analysis for biodegradation experimental samples of PHE and FLU. The consortium recorded complete degradation of PHE and FLU up to 100 ppm. PHE degradation at 200 and 500 PPM recorded 96±1.2%, and 84±1.5 %, in 8 and 12 days, respectively. The consortium recorded 98±1.7% and 88±1.5% degradation at 200 and 500 ppm concentration of FLU under acidic condition. Increasing in PAHs concentration Leads to decrease the ability of the bacterial consortium to degradation and increased the time required for degradation. Lab scale continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) used to evaluate the treatment potential of the bacterial consortium. Petroleum refinery wastewater obtained from Petrorabigh, Saudi Arabia was used in the reactor. The COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) removal by the acidophilic bacterial consortium was 97±1.1% in 36 days. MLSS (Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids) and MLVSS (Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids) was maintained at 4.5 g/L and 4 g/L in the reactor. The bacterial community analysis using next generation sequencing technique confirmed the presence of the following bacterial strains such as Ochrobactrum (57%), Rhodococcus (32%) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (11%) under acidic condition.

Keywords:Biodegradation,Acidophiles,Petroleum hydrocarbons,Continuous stirred tank reactor

Acknowledgement: The authors thank Dr. Jean Jacques Godon, Laboratorie de Biotechnologie de l’Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Narbonne, France for supporting in 371

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan next generation sequencing analysis to investigate the bacterial community in biodegradation and bioreactor studies.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 238

Preparation and evaluation of particleboard from insect rearing residues using starch/citric acid as a green binder

Yu-Shen Cheng 1,*, Po-Kai Hsu1, Pau Loke Show2, Cheng-Hsuan Hsu1, and Hong-Kai Huang1

1Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology,123 University Road, Section 3, Douliu City, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan. 2 Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.

Corresponding Author: Yu-Shen Cheng, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan. (Email : [email protected])

Abstract Insect based biorefinery had been advocated as an innovative approach to converting organic wastes into value-added products. The residues derived from insect rearing on the agroindustrial wastes are mainly composed of lignocellulose and could be utilized as a renewable material for particleboard production. The aim of the study was to develop particleboard from the insect rearing residues (IRS) using starch/citric acid as a green binder. The IRS was derived from black soldier fly larva fed with soy pulp a waste collected from a soy-milk manufacturing company. The particleboard was prepared by hot pressed the mixture of IRS and binder at a ratio of 70:30 (w/w) with a density of around 900~1000 kg/m3. The particleboard was examined using physical tests such as water absorption, thickness swelling and mechanical tests such as modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE) and internal bond (IB). Fourier transform infrared analysis indicated that the reaction among starch, citric acid, and IRS. Overall, green particleboard could be obtained from the IRS based on the results derived from this study.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 239

Biobased polymeric proton exchange membrane integrated dual chambered microbial fuel cells for electricity generation

Bhanupriya Das a ,Surendra Singh Gaur a, Vimal Katiyar a,Chin Tsan Wang b*

a Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam-781039, India

Corresponding Author: a* Vimal Katiyar, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam-781039, India. (Email: [email protected]) b* Chin Tsan Wang, Department of Mechanical and Electromechanical Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan City, Yilan County- 260,Taiwan.(Email: [email protected])

Abstract A major hindrance in the commercialization of wastewater driven Microbial Fuel Cell (MFCs) is the high cost of perfluoro based polyelectrolyte membrane separator used in MFCs. Here, we are reporting the use of chitosan(CS) matrix based membranes modified by bio-based material and evaluated its properties for MFC application in terms of COD Removal and polarization studies. Scanning Electron microscopic studies confirmed large-scale biofilm growth on the anode, which suggested enhanced microbe-anode interaction. Higher power density was achieved in case of Chitosan based membrane mainly due to low internal resistance and less biofouling. The ionic conductivity was found to be in the range of 10-3 mS cm-1 for the polymer electrolyte membranes. Cyclic voltammograms suggested that the main mechanism of power production in these batch tests was via direct transfer of electrons to the electrode by consortia of bacteria growing on the electrode and not via mediators. There is reduction in cost of membrane by 98% and enhancement in power density by 56%. The COD Removal efficiency of 85% was achieved for CS based MFC. So, the proposed chitosan based membranes can be a suitable inexpensive alternative for simultaneous wastewater remediation and electricity generation to the costly Nafion membrane commonly used in the MFCs

Keywords: Microbial fuel cell, Wastewater treatment, Power Generation, Polyelectrolyte

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 240

ZnO@ZnS nanorods decorated Ni foam as an immobilized photocatalyst with superior H2 production activity

Chi-Jung Chang*, Ci-You Huang, Chieh-Lin Huang

Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, 100, Wenhwa Road, Seatwen, Taichung 40724, Taiwan, ROC

Corresponding Author: Chi-Jung Chang, Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, 100, Wenhwa Road, Seatwen, Taichung 40724, Taiwan, ROC (e-mail: [email protected])

Abstract ZnO@ZnS nanorods decorated Ni foam as an immobilized photocatalyst for hydrogen production was prepared by a two-step process, including the formation of ZnO nanorod core by a hydrothermal method and the fabrication of ZnS shell by a sulfidation method. Effects of ZnS shell thickness on optical property, surface wettability, separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, and photocatalytic activity were investigated by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, photoluminescence, dynamic contact angle meter, photocurrent response, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and photocatalytic hydrogen production apparatus. The crystal lattice was analyzed by XRD. FESEM and FETEM were applied to observe the surface morphology and ZnO@ZnS core-shell structure. The surface chemistry was investigated by XPS. Formation of the ZnO@ZnS core-shell structure and the incorporation of conductive Ni foam substrate can enhance the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs for the immobilized photocatalyst. The surface turned from hydrophobic to superhydrophilic by the growth of ZnO@ZnS nanorods on the Ni foam. The porous structure of the Ni foam facilitates effective contact between the sacrificing agent and the immobilized photocatalyst. These factors contributed to the improved photocatalytic activity. The NZS4 photocatalyst prepared with a sulfidation time for four hours exhibits the highest hydrogen production activity of 5860 μmol g-1 h-1. After being operated for three cycles, 90% of hydrogen production activity can be retained.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.241

Biodiesel production from waste vegetable oil

a M.A.Zaidan , M.E. Ali b, Hazir Farouk c , A. Bakhiet d*

a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan. b National Energy Research Center, Soba Khartoum, Sudan.

Abstract Biodiesel is a biodegradable nontoxic renewable fatty acid methyl ester. It has become more attractive recently because of its environmental benefits and the fact that it is made from renewable resources. Because food, feed and oil conflict, utilization of waste vegetable oil will not contribute in that conflict and enhance the economic viability of biodiesel production. In this research Base Catalyzed Transesterification method was used to convert the waste vegetable oil to biodiesel and the produce amount of biodiesel was 84.7% of the volume of waste vegetable oil. The produced biodiesel properties were tested, and the results were satisfied, which indicate that waste vegetable oil is a suitable feedstock for biodiesel production.

Graphical abstract: Below Table Shown Experimental and ASTM standard properties of produced biodiesel. Test description unit Test method result ASTM

standard

Density @ g/ml ASTM D4052 0.8872 0.86- 0.9* 15˚C

Kinematic viscosity @ cSt ASTM D445 4.53 1.9 - 6 40 ˚C

Flash point ˚C ASTM D92 162 Min 130

Keywords: Biodiesel; fatty acid; methyl ester; Base Catalyzed; Transesterification.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.242

Catalytic degradation of organic dyes using green synthesized N-doped carbon supported silver nanoparticles

Thomas Nesakumar Jebakumar Immanuel Edison, Raji Atchudan, Yong Rok Lee*

School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea

Corresponding author: Yong Rok Lee, School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract: Recently, carbon-based materials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene and carbon dots, supported or decorated by metal or metal oxide nanoparticles received broad interest in the materials science community due to their potential applications in the fields of energy, catalyst, environment, sensor, and optics [1]. The noble metal nanoparticles such as silver, gold and platinum have high catalytic activity towards the synthesis of different organics owing to their unique properties attributed to a high surface to volume ratio [2]. However, they are highly vulnerable to oxidation in an air environment and can easily aggregate to minimize their surface energy, which leads to a significant reduction in their catalytic performances. Hence, noble metal nanoparticles supported on high surface carbon nanomaterials received great interest of material scientists, which enhances the stability and catalytic performance of nanoparticles. In particular, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are having good catalytic, optical and anti-bacterial activities and applied in catalysis, energy and sensor fields for its low cost compared to other noble metals [3]. Herein we reported a simple hydrothermal route for the green synthesis of N-doped carbon supported silver nanoparticles (NC-AgNPs) using aqueous Prunus mume extract. The synthesized NC-AgNPs are characterized using UV-Visible (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrum (HR-TEM with EDS). Further, the synthesized NC-AgNPs are used as a catalyst for the reductive degradation of carcinogenic organic dyes viz., methylene blue and methyl orange by aqueous sodium borohydride. All the results suggested that the synthesized NC-AgNPs are acting as a better eco-friendly catalyst for the degradation of selected dyes.

Keywords: Prunus mume; Green synthesis; N-doped carbon supported silver nanoparticles; Catalyst; Azo-dyes.

Acknowledgments: The authors greatly acknowledge the National Research Foundation of Korea for financial support by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) of Korea government (2017R1C1B5076286), Priority

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Research Centers Program (2014R1A6A1031189) and Korean Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2012M3A7B4049675).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.243

Highly photocatalytic performance toward organic dyes under simulated sunlight irradiation by a novel magnetic CuFe2O4@porphyrin nanofibers hybrid material fabricated via self-assembly

a a a Duong Duc La , Chinh Van Tran , Hoai Phuong Nguyen Thi , Soon Woong Changb, Dinh Duc Nguyenb,*

a Institute of Chemistry and Materials, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam b Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: [email protected] (D. Duc Nguyen)

Abstract Photocatalysis have been proven to be one of the most effective pathway for the environment remediation. However, photo energy harvesting efficiency and recyclability hinder the practical application of the photo catalysts. In this work, we successfully fabricated magnetic CuFe2O4@porphyrin nanofibers hybrid material by one-step reprecipitation self-assembly of freebase-tetracarboxy-porphyrin in the presence of CuFe2O4 nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and mapping, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) were employed to characterize the resultant hybrid material. The results show that CuFe2O4 nanoparticles are well-integrated into TCPP nanofibers network with the CuFe2O4 average size of less than 100 nm and the TCPP aggregates diameter of around 20 nm and the length of several µm. The as-prepared hybrid material is of strong magnetic properties with saturated magnetization of approximately 25 emu/g. This photo catalyst shows strong removal efficiency toward Rhodamine B (RhB) dye with a rate constant reached to 2.1 x 10-2 min-1. The plausible photocatalytic mechanism of the CuFe2O4@porphyrin nanofibers hybrid material toward RhB removal were also discussed in detail.

Keywords: magnetic CuFe2O4@porphyrin nanofibers; photocatalytic materials; photocatalyst; dyes degradation

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.244

Pretreatment study on biohydrogen and biomethane productions in a continuous two-stage co-digestion process from mixed of swine manure and pineapple waste

Nguyen Tan Trunga, Chen-Yeon Chua,b*

a Master’s Program of Green Energy Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, 40724, Taiwan b Institute of Green Products, Feng Chia University, 40724, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Chen-Yeon Chu, Master’s Program of Green Energy Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, 40724, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract The study was conducted in a continuous co-digestion process by using the mixed of swine manure and pineapple waste which consisted of two-stage anaerobic reactors. The working volumes of Hydrogen production fermenter and Methane production fermenter were 0.2 L and 10 L, respectively. The hydraulic retention times (HRT) and heat pretreatment of the feedstock for two-stage hydrogen and methane productions were examined in this study. A maximum hydrogen production rate of 1488.62 mL/L/d and methane production rate of 991.57 mL/L/d were achieved at optimal HRTs of 4.5 h in the HPF and 9 d in the MPR with heat pretreatment at 95℃ in 1 h on both swine manure and pineapple waste. Acetic, butyric, valeric acids were produced in hydrogen production fermenter, where the acetic acid was dominant volatile fatty acid of soluble metabolites from 70 to 73% at all tested conditions and had a trend of increasing from no pretreatment to heat pretreatment, also from high HRT to low HRT. Firmicutes was dominant and accounted for 48% in population at HRT 9 h and 52% at HRT 4.5 h. Firmicutes are common dominant microflora in the anaerobic reactor and the most dominant microflora in hydrolysis and acidification stage. In methane production fermenter, the most dominant archaeal phylum in the control was Euryarchaeota accounted for 60 % in population at HRT 18 d and non-heat pretreatment conditions. Euryarchaeota population increased to 76 % when the HRT was further reduced to the optimal value of 9 d. This result indicates that the bacterial community in the MPF prevailed on the archaeal community at short HRTs in accordance with most methane production processes. The optimal total energy of 196.47 kJ/L/d and COD removal efficiency of 90% were obtained in the complete anaerobic co-digestion process at a high substrate concentration of 105 g COD/L and low HRT 4.5 h, respectively. The result shows that the two-stage co-digestion process could increase COD removal efficiency, increase CH4 production rate accompany with net energy gains as well as high quality of biogas and significantly reduced fermentation time.

Keywords: Two-stage continuous process; Hydrogen; Methane; Pretreatment.

Acknowledgement: The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the financial support by Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (grant numbers: MOST 106-2221-E-035 -086 -MY2).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.245

Behavior of alkali metals in two different woody biomass power facilities

Hidetoshi Kuramochia*, KazukoYuia, Takuro Kobayashi a, Mikako Nakagawaa, Hirofumi Sakanakuraa, Masahiro Osakoa

a Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan

Corresponding Author: Hidetoshi Kuramochi Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract:

Recently, many woody biomass power generation plants have been rapidly constructed in Japan following the government’s expansion of renewable energy using the Feed-in Tariff scheme. However, there are very few such power plants around the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant (FDNPP), where huge amounts of radioactive isotopes such as radiocesium (r-Cs) were released due to the disaster triggered by the massive tsunami in 2011. Although some local municipalities around FDNPP intend to construct such power plants, woody biomass in their area may be contaminated by r-Cs to varying degrees. One of the reasons why the plants have not been constructed so far is that there is no information about the behavior of r-Cs and the safety of discharged residues during combustion or the incineration of woody biomass in the power plants when using radioactivity-contaminated woody biomass as feedstock. In our previous works [1-3], we found that the behavior of r-Cs and leachability of r-Cs from residues are significantly affected by the type of incineration furnace and composition of feedstock. It would have been useful to have investigated the behavior and safety in actual biomass power plants, but unfortunately we found no facilities in Fukushima prefecture that we could investigate.

In this study, therefore, we investigated the behavior of alkali metals (sodium (Na), potassium (K), and Cs) in two different types of woody biomass power plants dealing with clean, or uncontaminated, woody biomass. We assumed that the alkali metals, especially Cs and K, were similar to r-Cs in terms of physicochemical properties. In our investigation, one facility had a fluidized-bed furnace and the other a traveling-stocker one. The former discharges incombustibles such as rock and sand from the bottom of the furnace and fly ash (FA) as incineration residues, while the latter discharges FA and bottom ash (BA) instead of incombustibles. First, the concentrations of the alkali metals in the incineration residues were measured, and then the distributions of the alkali metals in two different residues were analyzed and compared. In the case of the fluidized-bed incineration facility, alkali metals were mainly distributed in FA. The order of the distribution of alkali metals in FA was: Cs > K > Na. However, it should be noted that the alkali metals were concentrated in fluidized sand. Therefore, r-Cs is considered to be concentrated in the sand, which must therefore be carefully disposed of or stored. In contrast, Na and K were distributed in BA including riddling ash in the traveling-stocker facility. However, Cs was transferred to FA. Therefore, r-Cs will be distributed in FA in both facilities. In addition, the leachability of each element from the residues was evaluated in 381

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan terms of safety. The results of the leaching tests showed that the leachability of Cs from FA is relatively high, but is very low from BA. The disposal of FA must be strictly managed to avoid secondary contamination. These results indicate that the chemical form of Cs differs between FA and BA. In this study, therefore, the chemical form of each element was predicted by a thermodynamic equilibrium calculation method to clarify the behaviors and leachabilities of alkali metals.

Keywords: woody biomass incineration; alkali metals; incineration ash; leaching rate; equilibrium calculation

Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the Japan Environmental Storage and Safety Corporation (JESCO) as part of the decontamination activities of the Ministry of the Environment (Japan).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.247

One-pot synthesis of Fe3O4@graphite sheets as electrocatalyst for water electrolysis

Raji Atchudan*, Thomas Nesakumar Jebakumar Immanuel Edison, Yong Rok Lee*

School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea

Corresponding authors: Raji Atchudan and Yong Rok Lee (E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected])

Abstract In this study, Fe3O4@graphite sheet was successfully synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method and subsequently employed as an effective electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). OER and HER are the crucial electrochemical reactions for the next-generation energy devices [1, 2]. Hydrogen is a clean and renewable energy resource and is one of the most promising candidates for fuel (energy applications) [3−5]. The physicochemical characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD),Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) confirmed the formation,structural stability and elemental composition of synthesized Fe3O4@graphite sheets.The resulting Fe3O4@graphite sheet was demonstrated toward electrocatalytic HER and OER in 0.1 M KOH solution. The synthesized Fe3O4@graphite sheets deliver a lowest Tafel slope and overpotential at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results demonstrate that OER and HER are highly favorable on the Fe3O4@graphite sheets due to the relatively small charge transfer resistance. The experimental results reveal that Fe3O4@graphite sheets possess remarkable electrocatalytic OER as well as HER activities and are highly stable. The good electrocatalytic activity of Fe3O4@graphite sheet can be ascribed to the synergistic effect between Fe3O4 and graphite sheets, which can facilitate charge transfer kinetics to enhance electrocatalytic OER, and HER performance.

Graphical Abstract

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Keywords: Fe3O4 nanoparticle; Graphite sheet; Oxygen evolution reaction; Hydrogen evolution reaction; Water electrolysis; Renewable fuel

Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea Funded by the Ministry of Science,Information and Communications Technology (2017R1C1B5076345), the Priority Research Centers Program (2014R1A6A1031189), and the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology (2012M3A7B4049675).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.248

Preparation of Cr-Titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiNT) composite photocatalyst in visible light photocatalytic application

Ren-You Huang, Yong-Ming Dai a*

a Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Yong-Ming Dai, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Titanium oxide (TiO2) is the most popular photocatalyst. However, the TiO2 application is restricted in the ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation. Thus, researchers are dedicated to improve the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 for the visible light application. We try to prepare photocatalyst that can produce electron-hole under visible light by combining the high specific surface area of TiO2 nanotube and chromium. The doped Cr can replace the Ti atoms in the lattice with oxygen vacancy compensation, distribute homogeneously in the framework of TiO2 crystals, resulting in absorption of visible light and prolonged lifetime of photogenerated charge carriers. Compared with TiO2, the doped samples exhibit an improved visible-light photocatalytic activity. Commercial nanocrystalline TiO2 (Degussa P25) was used for preparing titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiNT) by hydrothermal method. 2 Nanocrystalline TiNT have a high specific surface areas (SBET 400 m /g) compared to the original Degussa P25. After being calcined at 450°C for 30 minutes, it has a tube structure with SBET 160 m2/g and the tube dimeter is approximately 8 nm to 10 nm. Chromium-doped TiNT containing 0.5 wt%~5 wt% Cr using Cr(NO3)3‧9H2O as a precursor were prepared by direct hydrothermal mothod and incipient-wetness impregnation. The characteristic analysis of the TiNT and the Chromium-doped TiNT were performed by XRD, BET, FE-SEM, TEM, EDS, XPS, UV-Vis and Raman spectrometer. From the FE-SEM and TEM images, the tube-like materials were observed. X-ray diffraction patterns confirm the crystal lattice. From the BET measurements, the specific surface area and the pore size distribution were determined. From the UV-Vis spectra, the extent of UV-Vis absorption between the samples was compared. The EDS obtained the composition of the TiNT and the element-doped amount. The XPS spectra obtained surface elemental composition. Raman results confirm that the molecular arrangements of the active surface metal oxide have been achieved. Salicylic acid (SA) is a common organic pollutant in the environment. So, in this study we used Cr- TiNT nanocomposite to photocatalytic degradation SA. The optimum value of Cr doped TiNT containing. The photocatalytic efficiency has been increased from 58% to 92%. Thus, this study has demonstrated that the TiO2 modified by Cr can enhance the photocatalytic activity under visible light. The study is useful for degrading the organic compounds in the future applications of environmental pollution and control.

Keywords: Photocatalyst; Titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiNT); Chromium; Salicylic acid (SA)

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.249

Microbial fuel cell as a promising technology for bioelectricity generation through the reduction of hexavalent chromium in wastewater: A review

Md. Jamal Uddin, Seong-Beom Kim, Joo-Eun Han, Tae-Hyeong Lee, Yeon-Koo Jeong, Wontae Lee*

Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gyeongbuk 39177, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Wontae Lee, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gyeongbuk 39177, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract The growing use of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) by different industries dispose huge amount of Cr(VI) containing effluents to the environment. This can easily accumulate in the soil-water-living system and hamper the natural cycles. Cr(VI) contaminated water and food can cause cancer and other serious toxic effects to human body. Hence, the urgent need of treatment of Cr(VI) contaminated effluent is crucial. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology is an advanced technology that reduces toxic Cr(VI) in wastewater to non-toxic Cr(III), generating electricity simultaneously. The bio-electrochemical conversion of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in MFC is possible successfully through the reduction process and the presence of an electron donor. The concentration of Cr(VI) present in wastewater, types of substrates used in the anode, types of microorganisms involved, types of cathode and anode, surface area of the cathode and anode, and pH and temperature of the cathodic and anodic solutions, all have an impact on the treatment process and electricity generation. Currently, it is possible to achieve 100% removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater using MFC technology. Other heavy metals in wastewater may also be removed by MFC technology; however, Cr(VI) removal appears to achieve more efficiency in terms of electricity generation. The literature data show that the maximum electrical power generated by Cr(VI) removal via MFC is 1600 mW/m2, a figure that is expected to increase with time as improvements are made to the factors affecting the process. Currently, the research priorities include reducing the cost of MFC technology by using cheaper materials and increasing the production of electricity. Based on the present data, electricity generation through Cr(VI) removal in MFCs might be an important source of sustainable energy in the near future.

Graphical abstract: It can be added upon authors’ desire.

Keywords: Hexavalent chromium, Microbial fuel cell, Electricity, Microorganisms.

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (NRF-2017R1A2B4009908).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

NO.250

Water treatment process for removing the cesium dissolved into the water

Seong-Beom Kim, Soo-hyung Park, Tae-hyeong Lee, Joo-Eun Han, Wan-Tae Lee*

Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gyeongbuk 39177, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Wan-Tae Lee, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gyeongbuk 39177, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract About 30% of the energy used in Korea is generated from nuclear power. Recently, we are preparing a policy to reduce our dependence on nuclear power plants. Nuclear power plants pose a risk of generating radioactive pollutants. Cesium generation accounts for 6.3% of radioactive pollutants. Cesium has a long half-life and very high human risk and highly soluble in water. Cesium entering the stream needs to be treated in a water treatment. Experiments on the flocculation process, the precipitation process, and the filtration process to remove cesium in the water treatment are required. In this study, the cesium removal rate in the unit process of water treatment was evaluated. When influent containing cesium reacts with PAC 20 mg / L in the Coagulation and precipitation, cesium is removed by about 10-15%. The removal rate of cesium in the filtration was about 40%. It is necessary to increase the removal by using a separate adsorbent. In order to remove cesium dissolved in water, a separate adsorbent need to be injected. We decided to inject Prussian Blue into the water treatment process. In order to consider the pH and chromaticity of the treated water following Prussian blue injection, the injection volume was limited to 5 mg / L or less. We are running an experiment to present the results of the Cesium removal according to the Prussian blue injection.

Keywords: Radionuclide, Cesium, water treatment

Acknowledgement: This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science (NRF-2017R1A2B4009908).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.251

Synergistic control of membrane biofouling using linoleic acid and sodium hypochlorite

So-Young Ham a, Han-Shin Kim b, Yongsun Jang a, Hwa-Soo Ryoo a, Jeong-Hoon Park c, Jeong-Hoon Lee b, Hee-Deung Park a,d* a Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea b Korean Peninsula Infrastructure Cooperation Team, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT), Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10223, Republic of Korea c Clean Innovation Technology Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Jeju-si 63243, Republic of Korea d KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Hee-Deung Park, Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract The reverse osmosis (RO) process has been regarded as a promising water treatment technology to overcome drinking water shortage. However, biofouling, a major operational problem in the RO process, negatively affects the permeate flux, energy efficiency, membrane life spans, and salt rejection. The most commonly used anti-biofouling agent - sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), could damage the morphology and chemical structure of the membrane. Therefore, a lower concentration of NaOCl is to be used to prevent possible membrane damages. Our recent study demonstrated that linoleic acid (LA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid, could inhibit biofilm formation and disperse biofilm cells. It can also be used as a biofouling inhibitor in RO processes without decreasing membrane performance. However, LA should be low to reduce operating costs and the adsorption onto RO membrane. The objective of this study is to investigate the combined influence of LA and NaOCl on biofouling control in the RO process. Fouling layers were dispersed using LA before employing NaOCl to increase removal efficiency. In fouling and cleaning experiments, a lab-scale RO unit was operated under various conditions of LA/NaOCl combination. The most effective cleaning condition with LA/NaOCl combination was determined using response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) from the experimental and statistical results. Furthermore, membrane samples at the optimum condition were collected for further analysis such as confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and membrane autopsy. The thickness and biovolume of biofilms were inhibited in CLSM images, and soluble microbial product (SMP) and extracted extracellular polymeric substance (eEPS) also reduced without affecting the membrane performance. Therefore, combinations of LA and NaOCl appear to be more effective in controlling RO biofouling than LA or NaOCl alone.

Keywords: Biofouling control; Reverse osmosis; Linoleic acid; Sodium hypochlorite.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.252

Enhanced Artificial Bee Colony Group Node Selection For Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm In Heterogeneous Precision Agriculture Using Wireless Sensor Network

Arun Ranganathan a, Balamurugan Rangaswamy b

a Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Builders Engineering College, Kangayam - 638 108, Tirupur District, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail : [email protected] b Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology, KSR Kalvi Nagar, Tiruchengode - 637215, Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail : [email protected]

Abstract This work focuses on the verifying the issue of identification of the sampling of the precision of agriculture utilizing Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The WSN is proposed for the purpose of sustained energy sensor nodes and are used in agriculture sector, which is segmented in to numerous areas of agriculture. An efficient technique is Clustering is used to minimize the consumption of energy to maximize the WSN life period. An Enhanced Artificial Bee Colony Group Sensor Node Precision Agriculture (EABCGSN-PA) is designed to calculate and overview the factors of agriculture for the correct activities carried out in agriculture e.g. water irrigation. Meanwhile, the Group Nodes are identified for every sector to find out the moisture of the soil and atmospheric temperature. The interval of the variable sampling is then measured for separately for every sector, as per the areas soil temperature. EABCGSN-PA Selection, the proposed work is “Novel Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering Algorithm” in abbreviation NDEEC for HWSNs. In the formulated work, we clustered nodes and divided into three classes in which they are Member Sensor Node (MSN), Group Sensor Node (GSN) and Sink Sensor Node (SSN). In the first step, the identification of temporary GSNs, with the entropy value which is identified with the help of correlative calculation of residual and original energy. In the clustering technique, the rotating epoch and its entropy value should be forecasted by every sensor node dynamically. The next phase, if any cluster member contains greater residual energy will change the temporary GSN in the deciding set of direction. The aim of the nodes having the greater energy has the possibility of GSNs, that is identified by the above two phases which is used for the purpose of GSN selection. GSNs collect the data from SSNs and transfer it to MSN. At last, the MSN sends the calculations to both the server and farmers. The results of Simulation prove that when compared to other clustering techniques, the formulated EABCGSN-PA system renders an important enhancement in the usage of energy meanwhile regulation a minimum change in the soil moisture without the regard of soil temperature values, Hence the crop production have been improvised.

Keywords: Clustering, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Heterogeneous, Energy Consumption, Irrigation System.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.253

Treatment of drilling effluent using electrocoagulation followed by microfiltration

M. Pasawana, Shiao-Shing Chen a*, Chang-Tang Chang b*

ªNational Taipei University of Technology, Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management,Taipei-10608,Taiwan bNational I-lan University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Yilan-26047 Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Further I’m doing the Ph.D ( 1st year) in Dept. of Environmental Engineering from National Taipei University of Technology , NTUT ,Taiwan Under guidance Professor Shiao-shing Chen . Phone No.: +886 905256745, Email: [email protected] , and Photo:

Abstract The present work deals with the utilization of electrocoagulation-microfiltration in batch mode for the treatment of drilling effluent containing oil, grease along with metals like Na, Cr, Cu, Pb and Ni. Samples were pre-treated using the electrocoagulation technique followed by dead end microfiltration through an indigenously prepared ceramic membrane. Pretreatment involved varying the working parameters such as current density (20-80 A/m2), electrode distance (0.005-0.2 m) and initial pH (3.6-8.7). The concentration of oil and grease was reduced from 35 mg/L to 14.2 mg/L in just 20 min. TDS values decreased from 3230 to 2780 mg/L. Conductivity of the feed increased from 2.65 to 6.19 which was due to the addition of NaCl, salinity remained more or less the same. Microfiltration was carried out to remove these flocks from the treated water maintained at three different pressures of 98, 196 and 194 kPa. It was also observed that 75-85 % of the initial flux was lost during the microfiltration process. A cost estimation on the electrocoagulation process was also done to investigate the power consumption and electrode material utilized during each process.

Keywords: Drilling effluent; Electrocoagulation; Microfiltration; Membrane; Water quality

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Table 1: Comparative table showing the concentration of chlorides, sulphates and metals in

Parameters Feed Electrocoagulated Permissible limit Current None 10 30 Drinking wat er Discharged density 50 [1 ,2,3] wastewater into surface (A/m2) water [31,32] Chlorides 1299 1281 1274 1000 [BIS] 1500 [EPA] (mg/L) 1099 1249 400 [BIS] 1500 [EPA] Sulphates 650 1058 986 200 [WHO] 200 [EPA] (mg/L) 175 821 12 [WHO] NA Sodium 38 507 487 0.3 [ISI, BIS] 2 [EPA] (mg/L) 183 449 200 [WHO, BIS] NA Potassium 198 90 78.8 50 -100 [WHO, 150 [WHO] (mg/L) 21 54 BIS] 0.2 [EPA] Iron 10 4.8 0.3 [BIS] (mg/L) 0 Calcium 97 30 (mg/L) 18 Magnesium 90 70 (mg/L) 54 Manganese 0 0 (mg/L) 0 feed and after electrocoagulation along with their permissible limits.

Acknowledgement I am thankful to National Taipei University of Technology, NTUT and National Ilan University (NIU) for providing me facilities to carry out my research work and as well as financial support.

391

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.254

Three-dimensional WO3/Bi2MoO6/Co-Pi heterostructure for enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting

Mostafa Saad Sayed*, Jae-Jin Shim

Department of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan38541, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Mostafa Saad Sayed, Department of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan38541, Republic of Kor (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting efficiently converts the abundant solar light to the green and sustainable hydrogen energy fuels to tackle global climate change. PECWS practical efficiency significantly depends on the semiconducting photoanode’s photogenerated carriers (e–, h+), their efficient separations, and fast transport with sufficient solar light absorption band. To achieve this, it’s undeniably necessary to make a proper wedding match between small and large-band-gap positions. In this work, we introduced a novel three-dimensional WO3/Bi2MoO6/Co-Pi heterostructure photocatalyst developed through simultaneous hydrothermal cum electrodeposition technique. The uniformity and homogeneity of WO3 nanoplates on Bi2MoO6 nanoflakes were well evident through various micro-spectroscopic tools. The as-prepared WO3/Bi2MoO6/Co-Pi hetero-photocatalyst exhibited significantly enhanced PEC activity, where WO3/Bi2MoO6/Co-Pi photocurrent efficiency is 3 and 8 times than that of constituent WO3 and Bi2MoO6, respectively. Such a drastic improvement in PEC properties can be corroborated to the proper band-gap alignment among WO3, Bi2MoO6, and Co-Pi resulting in sufficient charge carrier density with efficiently fast charge transport complementing to their structural-morphological synergy. Additionally, we proposed heterojunction charge transfer mechanism to verify the role of Co-Pi cocatalyst in overall photocurrent enhancement of WO3/Bi2MoO6 photoanode under similar photoelectrochemical conditions. We believe through all the above obtained experimental results; our newly developed WO3/Bi2MoO6/Co-Pi photoanode could excavate the future possibilities for designing other effective heterostructures for practical applications.

Keywords: Water Splitting; Tungesten Oxide; Bismuth Molybdate; Hydrogen Production

392

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.255

Capacitive properties and cycling stability enhancement of MnCo2O4 electrode by onion-like carbon addition for supercapacitor application

Muhammad Olvianas a*, Debananda Mohapatra a, Ganesh Dhakal a, Jae-Jin Shim a

a School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea. E-mail: [email protected]; Tel: +82-2607-0299

Corresponding Author: Muhammad Olvianas, School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea. ; Tel: +82-2607-0299 (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Binary-metal oxides as supercapacitor materials suffer the disadvantages of poor cycling stability and low rate-performance. Onion-like Carbon (OLC) is a quasi spherical carbon-nanoparticles having multilayer of graphitic shells. OLC as a new family of carbon allotropes has been characterized as high power density and highly stable material [1,2]. Herein, a core-shell, comprising OLC and MnCo2O4 (OLC@MnCo2O4) nanofibril array is successfully synthesized on nickel foam. The structure consists of OLC as shell material and MnCo2O4 as core material. OLC@MnCo2O4 has been characterized by XRD, XPS, SEM and HRTEM. The effect of OLC loading has been examined using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. A series of cyclic voltammetry measurement and Trasatti Method have been applied to examine the electrochemical energy storage mechanism and the addition of capacitive portions. Excellent capacitive contribution can be achieved by adding higher amount of OLC. The cycling stability can be improved up to 97% after 10.000 cycles, compared to MnCo2O4 without OLC addition. The strategy would present a new insight for composites design, which could enhance high-rate electrochemical energy storage performances.

Keywords: Binary metal oxide, onion-like carbon, capacitive, cycling stability.

393

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.256

MANAGING ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES IN CLOUD FRAMEWORK PERSPECTIVE

Prathap R a, Mohanasundaram Mb, Mohanasundaram M b*

a Department of Computational Intelligence, Computer Science and Engineering, VIT University, Katpadi, Vellore (E-mail: [email protected]) b Department of Software Systems, Computer Science and Engineering, VIT University, Katpadi, Vellore

Corresponding Author: Mohanasundaram Mb* Department of Software Systems, Computer Science and Engineering, VIT University, Katpadi, Vellore (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract A cloud computing system information architecture is suggested depending on prevalent economic data features and handling requirements, offering a new cloud technology framework for the incorporation and exchanging of economic information resources. At the same moment, a physical level, software platform level and application level are systematically demonstrated with respective alternatives to many challenging technical issues such as parallel query handling of environmental information, file slice retrieval, customization of the software service stream, evaluation, reorganization, etc. A prototype system is developed based on which are performed many different experiments in data size and comparative analysis. The results of the experiment show that, when dealing with large-scale environmental resource data, the cloud platform based on this framework can achieve high performance and availability.

Graphical abstract: NIL

Keywords: Cloud services, Environment, Virtualization, Information, Resources, and Security.

Acknowledgement: NIL

Basic of Virtualization Resource Utilization

394

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Handling Data store and Access Management

AWS Container to Access Cloud for Resources

395

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.257

Mitigating Polymer Absorption in Porous silica formations with Surfactants & Silica Nanofluids: A Viscosity, Temperature and Rheology study Investigation

Saurabh Tiwary a*, Nehil Shreyash a,

a Department of Chemical Engineering, RGIPT, Jais -229304, India

Corresponding Author: Saurabh Tiwary (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract While the use of nanotechnology has been has been explored in many applications and of late, the application of nanotechnology in the various upstream petroleum activities like exploration, drilling, production and distribution. It has been observed that on the addition of nanoparticles to the fluids alter the properties of the fluid causing wettability alternation and impacting advanced drag reduction, strengthening sand consolidation, reducing the interfacial tension and increasing the mobility of the capillary-trapped oil. The focus of our current study has been the use of silica nanoparticles to mitigate the absorption of polymer in a porous silica formation. Conventionally used polymers to increase the viscosity the injection water are PAM, HPAM and Xanthan Gum. The use of polymer in an injection fluid causes the increment of oil from a formation. However, the polymer has been found to adsorb onto reservoir rocks, causes precipitation, and results in the changes to the rheological properties of the fluid. Hence, we have explored the use of nanoparticles in mitigating the adsorption of water-soluble polymers on the solid surfaces of sandstone has been investigated. Our study has focused on the role of polymer and its resulting absorption in a porous media on the viscosity, temperature and salinity of solutions of polyacrylamide polymers with different nanoparticle & surfactant concentrations. Our studies have shown that the use of polymer solutions containing silica nanoparticles have significantly less adsorption based on weight percent than conventional samples. This attribute is hence desirable for surface absorption.

Keywords: Polymer Absorption, Enhanced Oil Recovery, Nanoparticles, Surfactant, Clays, Sandstones

396

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 258

Evaluation of fine particulate matter and ambient air quality in Chennai

Manigandan Sekar1, Praveen Kumar2

1School of Aeronautical Engineering, Sathiyabama Institute of science And Technology, India. 2School of Civil Engineering, Sathiyabama Institute of science And Technology, India.

Corresponding Author: E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT On the basis of reported air quality index (AQI) and air pollutant monitoring data provided by the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) over the last twelve years, the characteristics of air quality, prominent pollutants, and variation of the average annual concentrations of SO2,NO2,total suspended particulates (TSP) and fine particulates (PM10) were analysed. Results showed that TSP was the prominent pollutants in the ambient air environment of Chennai city. The average AQI of Kilpauk over 12 years was higher than that of Adyar, Anna Nagar and lower than that of Nungambakkam, T.Nagar. Concentrations of air pollutants have shown a downward trend in recent years.SO2 and NOx pollution were still serious, implying that waste gas pollution from all kinds of vehicles had become a significant problem for environmental protection in Chennai. The possible causes of worsening air quality were also discussed in this paper.

Keywords: Pollution, NOx, Environmental research, Air quality

397

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 259

Comparative study of ZnO, TiO2 and MWCNT with water in enhancing the photovoltaic thermal system

S.Manigandan1, M.Sangeetha1

1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India

Corresponding Author: E-mail:[email protected]

Abstract Photovoltaic thermal system is a viable technique to change over sun energy into electrical and warm vitality. Be that as it may, its efficiency is generally influenced because of the high temperature of photovoltaic board, and it very well may be limited by utilizing nanofluids to the PV/T frameworks. In this examination, the impact of different nanoparticles on the PV/T frameworks was contemplated tentatively. Three distinctive nanofluids ZnO, TiO2 and MWCNT were scattered with water at various volume portions of 0, 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 5 (vol %) utilizing ultrasonication process. The impact of nanoparticles on consistency and thickness was grouped. All tests were completed in an open air lab arrangement to quantify the estimations of PV temperatures, warm conductivity, electrical power, electrical proficiency and in general productivity. What's more, the vitality investigation was additionally made to evaluate the loss of warmth attributable to the nanofluids. Results demonstrate that, utilization of the nanofluid expanded the electric power and electrical effectiveness of PV/T contrasted with water. Besides, MWCNT and ZnO decreased the cell temperature by 19%. Subsequently the nanofluids ZnO, TiO2 and MWCNT created the great estimations of 60%, 55% and 52% expansion in a normal electrical productivity more than traditional PV. Especially the MWCNT delivered better outcomes thought about than different materials. It is obviously obvious from the outcome that Introduction of the nanofluid expands the warm productivity without adding any additional vitality to the framework. Besides, inclusion of Al2O3, CuO and MWCNT on PV/T framework builds the exergy effectiveness more than customary PV module.

Keywords : Photovoltaic, Nanofluid, Nanoparticles, Solar power, Exergy

398

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 260

Anomaly detection for Oil and Gas Production Cyber physical system

Balakrishnan P a, Kowsalya G b, Umadevi K S a*

A aSchool of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore – 632 014, Tamilnadu, India bDepartment of Computer Science Engineering, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India

Corresponding Author: Umadevi.K.S, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India. (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) enables interaction amongst digital and analog system through physical and human components controlled by or monitored by computational procedures. These systems provide a base for building critical infrastructure from the core till smart services with feedback in order to improve the quality of human life in several sectors. Since, they provide a linkage between the physical and virtual world to collaborate together to create a global behavior, it is highly necessary to protect them from various threats and cyber-attacks. Hence, their performance is monitored by sensors and controlled by actuators. To make appropriate decision, the measured values of sensor from various production units, the real time data are analyzed and an appropriate decision is made. Oil contributes from 32% to 53% in the overall energy source contributing towards the industrial civilization in its current configuration making it as a critical concern. So the proposed work considers the petroleum cyber physical system to identify the anomalies which deviated from the processing requirement. Additionally, it proposes process-invariants for the various stages of production unit using automata where the proposed system is implemented using UPAAL and effectively identifies the attacks in critical infrastructures. The results indicate the effect of data manipulation attacks on the production of petroleum products and its quality as well as identify the highly vulnerable modules in the production units.

Keywords: Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Oil, Gas, Control Systems, Anomaly detection, Automaton.

399

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.261

Biomethane production from pretreated kitchen waste using aerobic fermentation

Wei-Cheng Lai a*, Yi-Jung Yeha , Chia-Min Changa, Chiu-Yue Lin a,b,c, Chyi-How Laya,b,d*

a Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taiwan b Master's Program of Green Energy Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, Taiwan c Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taiwan d Professional Master’s Program for Intelligent Manufacturing and Engineering Management, Feng Chia University, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Wei-Cheng Lai, Green Energy and Biotechonology Industry Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taichung (E-mail:[email protected])

Abstract Kitchen waste (KW) contains high levels of organic components, consistent with high COD values, making it a suitable substrate for anaerobic fermentation. In 2018, approximately 594,992 tons of food waste were recycled in Taiwan and a significant portion, about two-thirds, was converted into pig feed. However, due to recently African swine fever (Asfarviridae) has been rapid spread, KW must be managed clearly. Anaerobic digestion can effectively process food waste and produce clean energy to achieve the benefits of waste reduction and energy recovery. However, hydrolysis stage is usually the speed limitation process while converting the food waste by anaerobic fermentation to produce methane efficiently. This study applied the aerobic pre-treatment to hydrolyze the KW to enhance the methane production. The KW which was collected from nearby restaurant from campus was pretreated at different temperatures (4oC and 25oC) for various incubation time (8,16, 24, 32, 40, and 48 hr) at aerobic cultivation. The biochemical methane potential (BMP) test in a glass vial which was sed with pig manure and cultivated with pretreated KW at 35°C and initial pH 7 was applied to investigate the biohythane production potential from these pretreated KW. After 64 hours cultivation, the results show methane production (22-37 mL) was much higher than that (13 mL) using raw KW. Using 4 °C to hydrolyze KW for 8 h has methane production of 31.7 mL, which is higher than 24.9 mL while using 25 °C for the same cultivation period. The reason might that low temperature could enhance the fungal activity to increase the hydrolysis efficiency at the beginning of the pretreated process. Methane production from pretreated KW at the 25°C for 40 h has the peak methane production of 37.4 mL. It is speculated that under the room temperature environment, the bacterial hydrolysis efficiency is increased to enhance the methane production.

Keywords: pre-treatment, kitchen waste, biomethane, temperature, cultivation time

Acknowledgement: The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial supports from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 108-2221-E-035 -036 -MY3)

400

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 262

Bio-hydrogen production using horizontal continuous stirred-tank and vertical continuous stirred-tank reactor- A numerical optimization

S.Manigandan1, P.Gunasekar1

1Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute Of Science and Technology, Chennai-600119, INDIA

Email: [email protected]

Abstract This paper illustrate the production of bio-hydrogen using the horizontal continuous stirred mixed tank reactor (HCSTR) and vertical continuous stirred-tank reactor (VSTR) that the successful working volume is moderately huge and the presentation is steady at lower unsettling speed. Utilizing the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) reenactment with an ethanol-type aging procedure explore we decided the ideal disturbing rate run for the bio-hydrogen creation from investigation on the stream example produced at the different unsettling rate conditions and select and the appropriate three stage separator configuration has been developed for gas–fluid strong three stage partitions. The exploratory outcomes in the planned bioreactor demonstrate that the disturbing rates of 50 rpm is most appropriate for practical bio-hydrogen generation and three stage partition. It was steady with the expectation from CFD recreation. The data acquired from this investigation is required to give fundamental information on the ideal plan of bioreactor and three stage separator went for scale up of the ceaseless blended tank reactor for bio-hydrogen generation.

Keywords : Biohydrogen, CSTR, CFD, Optimization

401

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 263

Hydrophilic nitrogen-doped carbon dots from biowaste using dwarf banana peel for fluorometric sensor and bioimaging

Raji Atchudan*, Thomas Nesakumar Jebakumar Immanuel Edison, Yong Rok Lee*

School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea Corresponding authors: Raji Atchudan and Yong Rok Lee (E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected])

Abstract Hydrophilic nitrogen-doped carbon dots (HN-CDs) were synthesized by a green hydrothermal method from biowaste using dwarf banana peel as a carbon source and aqueous ammonia as a nitrogen source. The resulted HN-CDs was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy analysis. XRD, Raman, and HRTEM confirmed the graphitic structure and narrow size distribution of the HN-CDs. Nitrogen-doping to the carbon structure/framework and owing rich hydrophilic groups on the surface of HN-CDs were confirmed by XPS and FTIR. The HN-CDs emitted strong and tunable fluorescence and possessed a moderate quantum yield (13%). This novel HN-CDs applied as a nanoprobe for the detection of metal ion (Fe3+ ion) in aqueous solution by the fluorometric method. Fe3+ ion plays a significant role in many physiological processes in the human body. However, excessive or deficient Fe3+ ion in human bodies can often lead to various diseases. The increase of Fe3+ ion concentration poses a great threat to the environment. Thus, the selective and sensitive detection of Fe3+ ions in biological and environmental samples are essential for human health and environmental protection. The HN-CDs could selectively and sensitively detect Fe3+ ions by the fluorescence quenching of HN-CDs with a limit of detection of 0.66 M in the range of 5–25 μM. Besides the efficient fluorometric sensor for the determination of Fe3+ ion, the HN-CDs employed as a biocompatible probe for the multicolor bioimaging due to its tunable emission and excellent water solubility. Moreover, the HN-CDs will be an ideal candidate to attach the anticancer drugs without any modification because of their good biocompatibility and rich functional groups on the surface. The successfully integrated anticancer drugs with HN-CDs would be potentially considered as a safe material for anticancer drug delivery in the near future. Overall, the biowaste/biomass successfully turned to a useful nanoprobe for environmental protection and health care.

Keywords: Biowaste; N-doped carbon dots; Tunable emission; Ferric ion detection; Bioimaging

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science, Information and Communications Technology (MSIT) of Korea government (2017R1C1B5076345), the Priority Research Centers Program (2014R1A6A1031189) and the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology (2012M3A7B4049675).

402

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 264

A Hybrid Fire-Fly/Harmony Search Optimization for PV/WindTurbine /Fuel Cell/Grid Integrated Energy System Considering Unreliable Electric Utility

M. M. Samy a b*, Shimaa Barakat a

a Faculty of Industrial Education, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt. bFaculty of Engineering, Albaha University, Albaha, KSA

Corresponding Author: M. M. Samy, Department of Electrical Engineering, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Arab Republic of Egypt (E-mails: [email protected] )

Abstract: Power outages are a common problem that people face constantly and that cause disruption in various activities. In the proposed study, a photovoltaic (PV)/Wind Turbine/Fuel cell Integrated system along with an unreliable grid has been utilized to supply the electric load of a tourist village in Hurghada, Egypt. In the proposed system, the PV and Wind turbines are used to supply the load, while the fuel cells are used as back up units. The main objective of this paper is to address the economic and the environmental aspects of the studied territory, by maximizing the renewable energy fraction and minimizing the greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Therefore, the Hybrid Fire-Fly/Harmony Search Optimization (HFA/HS) techniques have been proposed to solve the cost-emission problem. A MATLAB code was developed to implement the energy management strategy of the proposed system and the optimization algorithms and the obtained results are compared with the Firefly (FA) and the Harmony search (HS) optimization methods to confirm the effectiveness of proposed method. The careful analysis of the convergence process of HS, FA, and HFA/HS indicates that the HFA/HS is the faster optimization technique that reduces the simulation time.

Keywords: Hybrid Optimization Techniques; Fuel Cells; Electric Grid; Integrated Renewable Energy Systems;PV Systems.

403

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 265

Hybrid Renewable Energy System Based on Biomass and Fuel Cells (Bio/FC) Without Batteries

M. M. Samyab*, Shimaa Barakata

aFaculty of Industrial Education, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt. bFaculty of Engineering, Albaha University, Albaha, KSA

Corresponding Author: M. M. Samy, Department of Electrical Engineering, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Arab Republic of Egypt (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to determine the optimal sizing of a Biomass / Fuel Cell micro- grid. The biomass generator will be utilized as the main source of power generation for the study area while the fuel cells generator will be used as a backup generator to be used if the biomass generator fails to meet the energy requirements of the study area. In this research, excess energy will be used to produce hydrogen to be used by the fuel cells to generate energy instead of using batteries. A comparison between the use and non-use of batteries in the proposed system has been made to demonstrate the efficiency of using fuel cells as an energy storage system as well as being used as a power generation system. To achieve the objective of this paper the FireFly Algorithm (FA) technique has been proposed to solve the sizing problem, and the obtained results are compared with the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Keywords: Biomass Systems; Fuel Cells; Batteries; Renewable Energy Systems; PV Systems.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 266

Bio-hydrogen production using horizontal continuous stirred-tank and vertical continuous stirred-tank reactor- A numerical optimization

S.Manigandan1, P.Gunasekar1

1Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute Of Science and Technology, Chennai-600119, INDIA

Email: [email protected]

Abstract This paper illustrate the production of bio-hydrogen using the horizontal continuous stirred mixed tank reactor (HCSTR) and vertical continuous stirred-tank reactor (VSTR) that the successful working volume is moderately huge and the presentation is steady at lower unsettling speed. Utilizing the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) reenactment with an ethanol-type aging procedure explore we decided the ideal disturbing rate run for the bio-hydrogen creation from investigation on the stream example produced at the different unsettling rate conditions and select and the appropriate three stage separator configuration has been developed for gas–fluid strong three stage partitions. The exploratory outcomes in the planned bioreactor demonstrate that the disturbing rates of 50 rpm is most appropriate for practical bio-hydrogen generation and three stage partition. It was steady with the expectation from CFD recreation. The data acquired from this investigation is required to give fundamental information on the ideal plan of bioreactor and three stage separator went for scale up of the ceaseless blended tank reactor for bio-hydrogen generation.

Keywords : Biohydrogen, CSTR, CFD, Optimization

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 268

Maximizing the quality and quantity of gasoline produced from natural gas condensate

Tamer. M.M. Abdellatief ac, M.A. Еrshov *b, V.M. Kapustin a

a Department of Oil Processing Technologies, Faculty of chemical and environmental engineering, Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas, Moscow, 119296, Russia b Department of motor and aviation gasoline and additives, «All-Russia Research Institute of Oil Refining» Joint Stock Company (VNII NP JSC), Moscow, 111116, Russia c Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, EL-Minia, 61519, Egypt

Corresponding Author: M.A. Еrshov, Department of motor and aviation gasoline and additives, «All-Russia Research Institute of Oil Refining» Joint Stock Company (VNII NP JSC), Moscow, 111116, Russia (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Oxygenates should be added to gasoline fractions because they are environmentally friendly and have a high-octane rating. This research investigates novel recipes for producing high-octane environmental gasoline based on gas raw materials by using isooctene. Blend stock from gasoline produced from natural gas condensate, isooctene, (methyl tert-butyl ether) MTBE, ethyl benzene, toluene and isopropyl benzene with different percentages are blended to select the optimal samples in order to produce an environmental gasoline A92 and A95 in accordance with Russian standard regulations (GOST 32513). The physico-chemical characteristics and operational properties of various components of the fuel such as Research Octane Number (RON), Motor Octane Number (MON), density at 20 oC, Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP), ASTM distillation, aromatics content, olefinic content, benzene content, oxygen content, sulfur concentration, induction period and gums content were studied. The results of this study show that the quality of produced gasoline is highly based on measuring oxidation stability via an induction period, where the value of it is more than 462 minutes. This indicates that optimal samples do not form gum during storage, where the presence of gum in fuel leads to the formation of deposits in induction systems or leads to sticking of consumption and fuel injectors. Finally, the quality and quantity of gasoline produced from natural gas condensate which has low research and motor octane number was maximized by blending with components of gasoline for producing environmental gasoline. Moreover, the content of aromatic, olefin and benzene for an environmental gasoline in the general case exactly meets the conditions of the Russian standard rules according to GOST 32513-2013. Furthermore, gasoline blending provides a great potential benefit to the refinery in view of minimizing operating costs and product quality improvement.

Keywords: Gasoline produced from natural gas condensate; Isooctene, MTBE, Toluene, Isopropyl benzene

406

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 269

Production of n-Butanol by the Microbial Co-Culture System Based on the Glucose-Xylose Mixture

Mukesh Saini,1 Chung-Jen Chiang,2,* and Yun-Peng Chao,1, *

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan 2Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan

Abstract Glucose and xylose are two major components of plant biomass. The microbial production of n-butanol with these renewable sugars provides a useful way for replacement of crude oils by a sustainable fuel. In this study, Escherichia coli was engineered for co-utilization of glucose and xylose by deviating the control circuit of carbohydrate catabolite repression (CCR). This was carried out by a rational design of bacterial culture modes, involving (1) a single strain devoid of CCR, (2) a dual culture consisting of a glucose-selective strain and a xylose-selective strain, and (3) a dual culture with the distribution of the synthetic pathway of n-butanol. As a consequence, the approach led to a maximum n-butanol production of 5.2 g/L with the conversion yield and productivity accounting for 63% of the theoretical yield and 0.17 g/L/h, respectively. The result indicates the potential of our proposed approach, particularly useful for the production scheme based on the sugar mixture and a complicated synthetic route.

Keywords:Metabolic Engineering; n-Butanol; Co-culture System; Sugar Mixture

407

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 271

Adsorption capability of mango-tree branch biochars

Chia-Min Chang a, b, Yu-Chun Chen a, Xin-Yu Zeng b, c, Chyi-How Lay b, c, d, Chiu-Yue Lin b, c, d*

a Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taiwan b Green Energy and Biotechnology Industry Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taiwan c Master's Program of Green Energy Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, Taiwan d General Education Center, Feng Chia University, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Chiu-Yue Lin, Green Energy and Biotechnology Industry Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Open field burning of agricultural wastes causes pollution issues. Using agricultural solid waste to produce value-added products is getting attention. Biochar has large surface area, highly porous structure, enriched surface functional groups and mineral components and can be used for removing contaminants. Fruit tree branch is an agricultural waste that can be prepared as a biochar by pyrolysis. This study investigated the effect of biochar types on their adsorption efficiency. Powder and raw blocky biochars were prepared from waste mango tree branch with a semi-open system stove. The surface area and total pore volume of the biochar were analyzed; physics-chemical characters of the biochar were further characterized using XRD and FTIR. Methylene blue (MB) adsorbate was used in adsorption tests. The tests included adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherms and the effects of contact time and MB concentrations for two types of biochar. Pseudo-first and pseudo-second order models were used for studying adsorption kinetics, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used for adsorption isotherm. The results show that both powder and raw blocky types had similar adsorption trends. For the effect of contact time, the adsorption capacity increased very fast from 10 to 60 minutes, then stable increment and had peak adsorption capacity until 1440 minutes (1 day) with MB concentration 10 mg/L. The adsorption capacities were 14.25 and 8.17 mg/g for powder and raw blocky type biochar, respectively. The removal rate was 67% for the powder type. The adsorption capacity increased with increased MB concentrations from 5 to 50 mg/L with peak values of 22.48 and 25.60 mg/g for powder and raw blocky types, respectively. The adsorption processes of raw blocky type biochar did not well fit to pseudo-first and pseudo-second order models with R2 value of 0.899 and 0.905, respectively. Processes of powder type followed pseudo-second order kinetic with an R2 value of 0.964. For the adsorption isotherm test with the MB concentrations increasing from 5 to 50 mg/L, the powder type fitted well with Freundlich isotherm. Raw blocky type fitted Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models with R2 values of 0.911 and 0.941, respectively. Powder activated carbon and biochars were used to compare the adsorption kinetics. The adsorption capacity of the activated carbon increased very fast in first 10 minutes and almost reached maximum (20.81 mg/g) because of high surface area (>1000 m2/g) and total pore volume (>0.8 cm3/g). The biochar had surface area 43.29 m2/g and the total pore volume 0.005 cm3/g. Compared with a wood-derived biochar, a maximum of 16.75 mg/g adsorption capacity was observed, near to the 408

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan powder biochar. Peak value of 25.60 mg/g adsorption capacity was obtained using raw blocky type biochar.

Keywords: Biochar; Adsorption capacity; Waste mango-tree branch.

Acknowledgement: The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Taiwan’s Ministry of Science and Technology (Ministry of Education 18C68003; MOST 105-2221-E-035 -077 -MY3; MOST 108-2221-E-035 -036 -MY3).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 272

Implementation of Bioretention for Pollution Mitigation in Rural Rivers

Rajendra Prasad Singh, Zhenzhen Ma, Dafang Fu*

School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China 210096 Southeast University-Monash University Joint Research Centre for Future Cities, Nanjing 210096, Chia *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract The rural comprehensive environment improvement is a weak and lack of proper research. Therefore, investigation and analysis of various pollutants in rivers and their sources in rural areas has a great significance. Generally, Bioretention technology widely used in the urban areas but their implementation in rural areas still required in-depth research and standardization. Therefore, it was used for rural water pollution treatment in current study to deal with rural conditions. In current work, number of villages (number of 56, population about 215 people) in Yixing city, Jiangsu province were selected to survey and investigate the river pollution status. Results revealed that the rural residential area runoff mainly contaminated by poultry farming, sewage, garbage, road runoff, etc. The amount of nitrogen and phosphorus load per year is about 43.01 tons and 4.125 tons, accounting for about 39.92% and 35.48% into the river pollution. These sources and pollution should not allowed to be ignored. For the purpose of experiments on bioretention performance and their implementation in rural areas, following parameters were selected to investigate the effects on pollutants removal: packing thickness, height of submerged area, plants, carbon source in submerged area zone. Total suspended solids mainly influenced by the thickness of filler and results revealed that when the thickness was 600 mm, the removal rate was steady at over 90%. The height of submerged area zone mainly influences the removal rate of TN. The removal rate reached to 52.12% when the height was 300 mm, while increase in submerged area zone height might not influence the removal rate. The presence of plant bioretention system mainly affect the nitrogen removal. Planted bioretention revealed better TN removal rate (24.32% ~ 58.10%), compare to unplanted system (18.32 ~ 21.17%). Addition of carbon source into the submerged area zone significantly enhance the TN removal. Considering the removal rates of nitrogen (especially TN) phosphorus, COD, and TSS, current study recommend following specifics for bioretention structure: packing material height of about 600 mm, the submerged area zone of about 300 mm, perennial ryegrass, and sawdust as carbon source in the submerged area zone. The pilot scale bioretention systems were implemented between the village and farmland in Yixing rural areas. The depth, size and treatment capacity of the bioretention system were 1.2 m; 200 m2, 1.13t/d, respectively. In the stable operation condition and high fluctuation in water quality, the average concentration of TSS, COD, TN, TP was 70.40 mg/L, 54.41 mg/L, 3.11 mg/L, 0.44 mg/L, respectively. Whereas, the average removal rates of TSS, COD, TN, TP were 81.44%, 42%, 37.05%, 42%, respectively. Results revealed that the effluent water quality was better than irrigation water quality standards.

Key words: Bioretention technology, rural runoff, media depth, submerged area zone, pilot project

410

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 273

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation in Paddy Fields with Different Nitrogen Levels and its Effects on the Nitrogen Loss

Dafang Fu, Jiazheng Yu, Rajendra Prasad Singh*

School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China Southeast University-Monash University Joint Research Centre for Future Cities, Nanjing 210096, China

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The Taihu Lake Basin is a densely planted area of paddy rice. As a typical wetland crop, the agricultural non-point source pollution and the spread of pollutants due to the farming of paddy rice are very serious. It has become a key issue to control the non- point source pollution when considering the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in the paddy field during the paddy rice growth process. A large number of studies has shown that AMF can significantly improve the host plant mineral nutrition (phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur and trace elements, etc.), and promote the absorption and assimilation of the plant nitrogen, the mineralization of the organic nitrogen, nitrogen fixation and many other soil nitrogen cycle Process. It shows that the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to enhance the absorption and utilization of nutrients in paddy soil is an effective way to control non-point source pollution of farmland. In this paper, a field experiment was conducted at the Changshu Agricultural Ecological Experiment Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences to study the effects of nitrogen application rates and external environmental factors on the AMF infection rate in rice roots during different growth periods. A simulated rainfall experiment was conducted on the collected undisturbed soil from the paddy fields to study the relationship between AMF infection rate and nitrogen loss, the external environmental factors in paddy fields. The main work and conclusions are as follows: (1) Four treatment groups were designed: 1) N0 (0kgN / (ha • a) ); 2) N270 ( 270kgN / (ha • a) ); 4) N375 ( 375 kg N / (ha • a) ) nitrogen with organic fertilizer. The rice roots and their surrounding soil in the field were collected during fallow, seedling, tillering, sunning, heading, filling, maturing and fallow before transplanting periods. The AMF infection rate in rice roots was measured by the staining method. The changes of AMF infection rate in rice roots at different growth stages were investigated. The AMF infection rate in the seedling stage without nitrogen fertilizer was the lowest, which was only 6%. The trend of the AMF infection rate from the seedling stage to the sunning stage was an upward, the highest value in the whole growth stage was 55.96%. AMF infection rate fluctuated within the range of 20% ~ 50% after the sunning stage. The effects of applying nitrogen fertilizer and organic fertilizer on AMF infection rate in rice roots varied in different growth stages, but AMF infection rates which were varied in different growth stages were not influenced by the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and organic manure, and all showed the general trend which is the increase from seedling to sunning stage, the decrease from sunning to heading stage, the increase from heading to filling stage and the decrease from filling to fallow stage. (2) To explore the influence of external environmental factors on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi，the soil moisture content, soil pH, soil temperature, soil NH3-N and NO3-N and rice leaf area index under different N treatments were measured. The correlation between environmental factors and rice root AMF infection rates under different nitrogen treatments at different growth stages was investigated using Spss20.0. Correlation results showed that soil moisture, soil pH and rice root AMF infection rate

411

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan showed a certain degree of positive correlation; soil temperature and rice AMF infection rate was not significantly correlated; soil ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and rice leaf area There was a negative correlation between soil ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, rice leaf area index and root AMF infection rate. (3) This research is to build rainfall-soil-runoff system, study the influence of AMF infection rate on nitrogen spillover output in paddy field, collect original undisturbed soil in paddy field with different growth stages by using soil ring knife, design soil splash plate based on the hydrological data of Suzhou. The intensity and duration of artificial rainfall were determined to simulate small-area runoff experiments. Soil erosion and rainfall runoff were collected to determine the amount of nitrogen loss in the runoff. The results show that the loss of the proportion of soil particles and the total nitrogen in runoff fluid is negatively correlated with the AMF infection rate, and AMF plays a certain role in reducing soil nitrogen output and soil erosion. The amount of total nitrogen loss in runoff during sunning period was lower than that in fallow period. The amount of nitrogen loss in runoff after adding nitrogen fertilizer was higher than that without nitrogen fertilizer. The amount of total nitrogen loss was the highest in N300 treatment, which was 1.98mg / L, accounting for 6.75% of nitrogen application. The lowest total nitrogen loss under N0 treatment was 1.975mg / L, and the highest nitrogen loss under N270 was 2.20mg / L, accounting for 7.33% of the amount of nitrogen applied. The amount of total nitrogen loss was the lowest under N0 treatment with a loss of 2.06mg / L. Nitrate loss in runoff was mainly dominated by nitrate nitrogen, accounting for more than 90% of total nitrogen loss, followed by ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen. Therefore, nitrate nitrogen was the key to reducing farmland nitrogen loss. The results of the experimental study in this paper can guide the rational arrangement of paddy fields in the rainy season of the Yangtze River Delta region and effectively reduce nitrogen losses. It can guide the scientific design of non-point source pollution control systems for paddy fields, such as river ponds, biological retention ponds, and ecological ditch, and also instruct Rational Combination of Fertilization and AMF Intensified Infection to Reduce Nitrogen Loss in Rice Fields.

Keywords: Agricultural non-point source pollution，Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF), Paddy rice, Nitrogen fertiliz

412

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 274

BIOMETHANE PRODUCTION POTENTIAL OF MIXED DATE PALM WASTE FROM ADRAR: EVALUATION OF VARIOUS PRETREATMENT METHODS

Ikram Mehreza,b, Mohammed Djaafric,d ,Manju Sapkotae , Slimane Kallouma,b , Gopalakrishnan Kumare

a Department of Matter Sciences, Faculty of sciences and technology, Adrar University, 01000 Adrar, Algeria bLaboratory of Energy, Environment and Information System, Adrar University, 01000 Adrar, Algeria cUnité de Recherche en Energies Renouvelables en Milieu Saharien, URERMS, Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables, CDER, 01000, Adrar, Algeria dLaboratoire de Valorisation des Matériaux, Département Génie des Procédés, Faculté des Sciences et de la Technologie, Université Abdelhamid Ibn Badis-Mostaganem, 27000 Mostaganem, Algeria. eInstitute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger 4036, Norway

Abstract: Dates palm waste (Takerboucht cultivar) are considered as a renewable resource that has the capacity towards significant raw material contribution for bioenergy production. However, their bioconversion is most affected by the complex lignocellulosic structure. Pretreatment before anaerobic digestion could increase the anaerobic digestibility of date palm waste. This research focuses on the effects of hydrothermal, alkali and dilute acid pretreatment of date palm waste. Hydrothermal at temperature (121°C) for 30 min and alkali treatment- Sodium hydroxide (6% w/w TS) at temperature (35 °C) for 24h, while Acid- dilute sulfuric acid (2% w/w TS) at temperature (121 °C) for 30min were performed. All treated and untreated date palm waste was digested under mesophilic condition of 35°C. Among the ptreatment methods experiments conducted, dilute acid pretreatment resulted in increase of anaerobic digestibility production performances. of date palm waste. The results were comparatively evaluated and further directions for future research is suggested.

KEY WORDS: Dates palm waste (Takerboucht cultivar), hydrothermal, alkali ,dilute acid, methane.

413

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 275

Bioenergy production potential of wastes of Algerian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.): A research Review.

Mohammed Djaafri*a,b,c, Ikram Mehrezc,d, Fethya Salema,c, Slimane Kalloumc,d, Gopalakrishnan Kumare

a Unité de Recherche en Energies Renouvelables en Milieu Saharien, URERMS, Centre de développement des Energies Renouvelables, CDER, 01000, Adrar, Algeria b Laboratoire de valorisation des matériaux. Département génie des procédés. Faculté des sciences et de la technologie. Université Abdelhamid Ibn Badis-Mostaganem, 27000, Mostaganem, Algeria. cLaboratory of Energy, Environment and Information System, Adrar University, 01000 Adrar, Algeria. dDepartment of Matter Sciences, Faculty of sciences and technology, Adrar University, 01000 Adrar, Algeria eInstitute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Box 8600 Forus, 4036 Stavanger, Norway

Abstract Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is the most abundant tree type in the saharian regions, such as North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East[1]. The scientific name of the date palm comes from its fruit, "Phenix" in Greek means purple or red (fruit), and "dactylifera" means finger shape of the fruit cluste[2]. It is considered as the pillar of the Saharan ecosystem and plays an essential role in combating desertification by creating a microclimate. In addition to its ecological role, date palm is an important economic source for local populations with an average annual yield that varies between 18 and 50 kg of dates per tree [3], totaling 612,000 tons in 2017. Indeed, every year after the fruit harvesting, the maintenance of date palms results in the production of huge quantities of waste. Dried palms are among of the most dominant agricultural residues of date palm. A mature tree has about 30–140 palms are renewed between 10–30 years [4]. The same number of the renewed dry palms are cut every year and discarded. As known that the average weight of a dry palm varies between 2 and 3 kg and the date palms number in Algeria reached 18 million trees in 2017 [5], that generates an average annual quantity of 900,000 tons of dry palms. This huge amount of unexploited lignocellulosic biomass could be used as an extended resource as new raw material towards bioenergy production such as bio-methane bio-hydrogen and bio-ethanol.

Keywords: date palm waste, Bioenergy production, lignocellulosic material, Algerian area, Phoenix dactylifera L.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 276

Chemical and structural characterization of raw and pretreated wastes of Algerian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

Sachin Chavan1, Mohammed Djaafri2,, Ikram Mehrez3 , Gopalakrishnan Kumar 1

1Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Box 8600 Forus, 4036 Stavanger, Norway 2 Unité de Recherche en Energies Renouvelables en Milieu Saharien, URERMS, Centre de développement des Energies Renouvelables, CDER, 01000, Adrar, Algeria 3Department of Matter Sciences, Faculty of sciences and technology, Adrar University, 01000 Adrar, Algeria

Abstract Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is the most abundant plant in saharian regions and the major source of the economy of these regions. Meanwhile, they also generate plenty of cellulosic materials in these regions. These cellulosic wastes could be a potential resource of bioenergy production. However, their complex structure (lignocellulose) will hamper the production performances, thus, applying various pretreatment methods to boost the higher yield is necessary. Applied pretreatment methods will also change the morphology and structural characterization of these materials and this step is needed to know the basic information of the changes occurred and useful to design the process efficiently towards the attribution of higher production rate and yield. Thus, this, study, evaluated the structural and morphological changes of the raw and pretreated wastes of Algerian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) have been evaluated via FTIR, TGA and other analysis. The results revealed that, cellulose crystallinity has been increased and altered during different kinds of pretreatment methods applied.

Keywords: TGA, FTIR, Elementary analysis, (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

415

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 277

Chemical induced floc disruption of dairy waste activated sludge before biological liquefaction for profitable biohydrogen production

Rajesh Banu Ja, Kavitha Sa, Preethia, Gunasekaran Mb, Gopalakrishnan kumarc*

aDepartment of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional campus, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India b Department of Physics, Anna University Regional Campus Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India c*Green Processing, Bioremediation and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Corresponding author c* Gopalakrishnan Kumar, Green Processing, Bioremediation and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. E mail: [email protected]

Abstract The aim of the present study was to increase the amenability of dairy waste activated sludge (WAS) through floc disruption for biological disintegration to achieve enhanced biohydrogen recovery. In this two-step disintegration, the flocs and exopolymeric substances (EPS) in dairy WAS was disrupted and removed through the strong oxidant, hydrogen peroxide. Then the floc disrupted dairy WAS was subjected to biological disintegration mediated by protease and amylase secreting bacterial strains. The sludge floc disruption leads to loosening of floc structure and enhances the shift of exopolymers from matrix phase to aqueous phase. This increase the amenability of EPS components as substrates for subsequent biological disintegration. An enhanced suspended solids removal, increment in liquefaction and release of biomolecules were employed to assess the potential of two step disintegration. The floc disruption experiment was done by varying the hydrogen peroxide dosage (0.0003- 0.02 g/g SS). An optimal hydrogen peroxide dosage of 0.001 g/g SS was sufficient to disrupt the flocs without cell lysis. The achieved maximal suspended solids reduction and liquefaction in this two step disintegration was was 18.7 % and 22.8% respectively which was found to be greater than sole biological liquefaction as it achieved 7.8 % solids reduction and 9.8 % liquefaction percentage. An energy efficient biohydrogen production of 80 mL/g COD was obtained in this two step disintegration. This two step disintegration obtained a net energy savings of 39.5% than sole biological disintegration which proves the viability of two step disintegration of dairy WAS.

Keywords: Dairy waste activated sludge; Floc disruption; hydrogen peroxide; liquefaction; biohydrogen

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 278

Application of chemo thermal coupled sonic homogenization of marine macroalgal biomass for energy efficient volatile fatty acid recovery

Rajesh Banu J a, Kavitha S a, Mohamed Usman T Ma, Yukesh Kannah R a, Gopalakrishnan Kumarb*

a Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus Tirunelveli, India. b* Green Processing, Bioremediation and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

Corresponding author b* Gopalakrishnan Kumar, Green Processing, Bioremediation and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. E mail: [email protected] . Abstract In this study, combinative pretreatment was applied to homogenize the marine macroalgal biomass for energy efficient volatile fatty acid (VFA) recovery. Particularly, green macroalgal biomass was considered to be the promising substrate for VFA recovery owing to its chemical and nutrient compositions, high biodegradability and high moisture content etc. The present study aimed to employ energy efficient chemo thermal coupled sonic homogenization (CTSH) to obtain VFA from marine macroalgal hydrolysate, (Ulva fasciata). At first, chemo thermal homogenization (CTH) was applied on macroalgal biomass by adjusting the temperature, pH and treatment time from 60 to 90 ℃, 3 to 7 and 0- 60 min, respectively. A higher biomass liquefaction of 12 % was obtained at an optimum pH of 6 in a temperature of 80 ℃ with 30 min of treatment time. The biomass liquefaction was enhanced by coupling the optimized condition (pH and temperature) of CTH with sonic homogenization by limiting the pretreatment time within 30 min. During CTSH, the power percentage was varied from range of 10 % to 100%, which possibly enhances the biomass liquefaction. The results implied that a higher biomass liquefaction of 26.4 % was achieved by combined CSTH (sonic power & treatment time- 70% & 14 min treatment time). CSTH considerably doubles the liquefaction in comparison with CTH. Likewise, the obtained VFA production was recorded higher for CSTH and found superior to TA

Keywords: Ulva fasciata; Volatile fatty acid; Acidogenic fermentation; chemo thermal ultrasonic homogenization; biomass liquefaction

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 279

Cost effective biomethanation via surfactant coupled ultrasonic liquefaction of mixed microalgal biomass harvested from open raceway pond

Rajesh Banu Ja, Yukesh Kannah R a, Kavitha S a, Ashikvivek Aa, Gopalakrishnan kumarb*

a,Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus Tirunelveli, India. b* Green Processing, Bioremediation and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Corresponding author b* Gopalakrishnan Kumar, Green Processing, Bioremediation and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. E mail: [email protected]

Abstract The present study aims to enhance the biomethanation potential of mixed microalgae via cost effective surfactant coupled ultrasonic pretreatment (SCUP). Mixed microalgae biomass was harvested using a coagulant (Alum) from a raceway pond. The harvested algal biomass was subjected to ultrasonic pretreatment (UP) by varying input power in the range of 20 to 200 W. A maximum biomass lysis rate (BLR) of 15.6% was achieved at a specific energy (SE) of 25180 kJ/ kg SS. In order to enhance the biomass lysis rate and to reduce energy spent, the optimized condition of ultrasonic pretreatment was coupled with varying surfactant dosage. As a result, highest BLR of 31% was achieved at a SE of 4176 kJ/kg SS with surfactant dosage of 0.02 g SDS / g SS for SCUP. Combined pretreatment drastically reduced the SE and shows two fold increase in the BLR. Biomethanation test was conducted to evaluate the effect of both UP & SCUP at their optimized condition. Anaerobic biodegradability of mixed microalgae biomass was modelled using MAT LAB (Version 2012a). A higher biodegradability of 0.310 g COD/g COD was recorded for SCUP pretreated biomass, when compared to UP (0.162 g COD /g COD) and control (0.016 g COD/g COD).

Keywords: Mixed microalgae; biomass lysis rate; surfactant; anaerobic biodegradability; ultrasonication

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 280

Synergetic effect of thermo chemo fragmentation in enhancing biohydrogen production from sea grass Syringodiumisoetifolium

J. Rajesh Banua, M. Dinesh Kumara, Gopalakrishnankumarb*

a,Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, India b*Green Processing, Bioremediation and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton DucThang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Corresponding author b*Gopalakrishnan Kumar, Green Processing, Bioremediation and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton DucThang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. E mail: [email protected]

Abstract The present study intended to enhance the liquefaction and biohydrogen production from sea grass (Syringodiumisoetifolium) through Thermo Chemo Fragmentation(TCF). Thermal Fragmentation(TF) was done with varying temperature from 50°- 90°C for time period of 0-60 mins. Ammonium dodecyl sulfate, a surfactant is added to enhance the pretreatment by varying dosage from 0.0005 – 0.005 g/g TS at optimum conditions of TF process (70°C and 30 mins). The condition for TCF (70°C, 0.003 g/g TS and 20 mins) was found to be optimum based on the sea grass biomass liquefaction. The results of present study revealed that a higher liquefaction of about 20% was achieved through TCF process when compared with TF process (14.7%). Among all three samples subjected to biohydrogenproduction potential analysis, TCF pretreatment exhibited the biogas yield of about 104.4 mL H2/g COD when compared with TF and control.

Keywords: Seagrass; Thermal; Surfactant; Liquefaction; Biohydrogen

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 281

TiO2 - chitosan thin film induced solar photo catalytic deflocculation of sludge for profitable bacterial pretreatment and biofuel production

Rajesh banuJa, GodvinSharmilaVa, Kavitha Sa, Gunasekaran Mb, Angappanec Gopalakrishnan kumard*

aDepartment of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional campus, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India bDepartment of Physics, Anna University Regional Campus Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India cCentre for nano and soft matter sciences, Bangalore, India d*Green Processing, Bioremediation and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton DucThang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Corresponding author d*Gopalakrishnan Kumar, Green Processing, Bioremediation and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton DucThang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. E mail: [email protected]

Abstract In the present study, a novel attempt was made to achieve better insights into bacterial based biological disintegration of waste activated sludge (WAS) in a cost effective way by deflocculating the sludge with TiO2 embedded chitosan thin film (TCTF) under solar photocatalytic irradiation. The bacterial strains employed for pretreatment were enzyme (protease and amylase) secreting strains known for its enhanced sludge liquefying potential. The results of the present study revealed a TCFE dosage of 0.07 g/g SS and solar irradiation time of 10 min was found to be optimum for effective deflocculation with minimal biomass stress as further increase in dosage and irradiation time increases the chemical cost, loss of organics rather than deflocculation. The variations in suspended solids reduction, liquefaction, release of macromolecules, improvement in biodegradability, and increase in methane generation were used as indices for evaluating the efficiency of the disintegration. A higher suspended solids (SS) reduction and biomass liquefaction of about 13 % and 16.8% was achieved through this phase separated enzyme secreting bacterial disintegration of sludge when compared to sole bacterial disintegration (7.5 % and 9.2 %). The results of biochemical methane potential (BMP) test were used to assess the effectiveness of disintegration on biomethane recovery. The outcome of BMP implies that phase separated enzyme secreting bacterial disintegration sludge showed a higher methane production of 0.21 L/g COD revealing efficiency of deflocculation before bacterial disintegration. The energy and cost analysis implies that the proposed method of phase separated bacterial disintegration showed a net energy savings of 50% than control.

Key words: waste activated sludge;solar photocatalysis; deflocculation; bacterial disintegration; biomethane

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 282

Surfactant mediated cell wall weakening of macroalgal biomass for cost effective biological disintegration and biomethane recovery

Rajesh BanuJa, Kavitha Sa, YukeshKannah Ra, Gopalakrishnan kumarb*

aDepartment of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional campus, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India b*Green Processing, Bioremediation and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton DucThang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Corresponding author b*Gopalakrishnan Kumar, Green Processing, Bioremediation and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton DucThang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. E mail: [email protected]

Abstract The present study aimed to highlight the impacts of cell wall weakening of macroalgal biomass prior to its disintegration for cost effective biomethane recovery. In this study, the macroalgal biomass was subjected to cell wall weakening with a mild nonionic surfactant, Triton X 100 followed by disintegration with protease and amylase secreting bacteria. An effective cell wall weakening of macroalgae without biomass disruption was achieved at an optimal surfactant dosage of 0.12 mg/g TS and treatment time of 25 min, respectively. The surfactant mediated biological disintegration (SMBD) of macroalgal biomass implies that weakening of cell wall increase the surface area for the subsequent biological disintegration. During biological disintegration, increase in liquefaction and biomolecules release were used as indexes to evaluate its potential. The results of biological disintegration showed that SMBD showed a higher organic release of 3200 mg/L and liquefaction of 25.6%, respectively when compared to biological disintegration (BD). The BD showed a higher organic release of 2000 mg/L and liquefaction of 16%, respectively. The results of biomethane production implies that SMBD showed a higher methane production of 0.3 L/ g COD when compared to BD (0.2 L/g COD). An energy efficient biohydrogen production of 75 mL/g COD was achieved via this two phase liquefaction. The SMBD was found superior to BD with a net energy savings of 60%, respectively.

Keywords: Macroalgal biomass; Cell wall weakening; Triton X 100; liquefaction; biomethane

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 283

Alkali activated sodium peroxydisulfate mediated biological pretreatment for energetically feasible biofuel production

Rajesh BanuJa, Preethia, Kavitha Sa, Gunasekaran Mb, Gopalakrishnan kumarc*

aDepartment of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional campus, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India bDepartment of Physics, Anna University Regional Campus Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India c*Green Processing, Bioremediation and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton DucThang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Corresponding author c*Gopalakrishnan Kumar, Green Processing, Bioremediation and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton DucThang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. E mail: [email protected]

Abstract This study aimed to enhance the sludge disintegration potential of biosurfactant secreting bacteria through floc disruption by alkali activated sodiumperoxydisulfate. The floc disruption was done by varying the alkali pH (8-11) and sodium peroxydisulfate dosage (0.005 g/g SS -0.05 g/g SS). A maximum of 200 mg/L of liquefiable expolymeric polymeric substances (EPS) wer e obtained during floc disruption. The removal of EPS during floc disruption increase the rate and extent of solubilizing potential of employed biosurfactant secreting bacteria. The floc disrupted sludge was subjected to biological pretreatment. The proposed mode of alkali activated sodiumperoxydisulfate mediated biological pretreatment (ASBP) resulted in suspended solids reduction and biomass liquefaction of 21% and 24% in comparison with biological pretreatment (BP) alone (9 and 11%) at a pretreatment time of 42 h respectively. The outcome of methane production implies that ASBP resulted in higher methane production of 240 mL/g COD when compared to BP (150 mL/g COD), respectively. The energy balance analysis of this study reveals that ASBP was energetically feasible with a net savings of nearly 60% and found to be superior and profitable than BP.

Key words: Dairy waste activated sludge; Floc dispersion; hydrogen peroxide; liquefaction; biohydrogen

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 284

Surfactant induced sonic fission: an effective strategy for biohydrogen recovery from sea grass Syringodiumisoetifolium

J. Rajesh Banua, M. Dinesh Kumara, Gopalakrishnankumarb*

a,Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, India b*Green Processing, Bioremediation and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton DucThang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Corresponding author b*Gopalakrishnan Kumar, Green Processing, Bioremediation and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton DucThang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. E mail: [email protected]

Abstract Sea grass (Syringodiumisoetifolium) is a promising source for bioenergy such as hydrogen. Due to the complex cell structure, it requires pretreatment process prior to fermentation. This study aims to increase the biohydrogen production from sea grass by enhancing the solubilization via Surfactant induced Sonic Fission (SSF). Initially, Sonic Fission (SF) pretreatment alone was carried out in range of power intensity from 10% - 70% for 0-30 mins. At optimum condition of SF (50%, 12 mins), Ammonium Dodecyl Sulfate (ADS), a surfactant is added to improve the pretreatment by reducing its disintegration time period. The condition of SSF 50% (sonic power), 0.0025 g/g TS (surfactant dosage) and 7 mins (time) were considered as optimum for effective solubilization of sea grass. The study results illustrated that high solubilization of 18.8% was attained through SSF process when compared with SF process (13.5%). Higher biohydrogen production of 75.5 mL H2/g COD was obtained in SSF when compared to SF.

Keywords: Seagrass; Ultrasonication; Surfactant; Solubilization; Biohydrogen

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 285

Characteristics of surface adhesive layer under catalyzed iron coupled with bioretention cell for wastewater treatment

Yajun Wang 1, 2, Rajendra Prasad Singh 2* and Dafang Fu 2*

1School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, 287 Langongping, Lanzhou, 730050, China 2School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing, 210096, China *Corresponding author Email address: [email protected] and [email protected]

Abstract The catalyzed iron was coupled with bioretention cell and microbial fuel cell systems (BRC-MFC-CI) for treating the domestic wastewater. During operation period, adhesive layer was easily formed on the surface of catalyzed iron to significantly affect the interface reaction. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and infrared spectra were used to characterize and analyze the physical and chemical properties of adhesive layer, such as morphologies, microstructure, elements and speciation. Through the analysis of element composition, it is found that Fe, C and O were major elements of the adhesive layer in varied coupling processes. The analysis of surface morphology shows that fine flocculent particles increase the specific surface area of catalytic iron adsorbent and attach to catalytic iron surface, which slows down the rapid corrosion of iron. It is found by infrared analysis that most of the surface adhesion layer is hydrolytic corrosion product lepidolite of ferric ion. The introduction of catalytic iron plays an important role in increasing the proportion of dominant bacterial gates, enhancing the supply of electrons and enhancing the supply of electrons.

Keywords: Bioretention; Catalyzed iron; Surface analysis; Adhesive layer; Wastewater

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 286

Influence of Biofilm Variation on the Permeability of Bioretention System Coupled with Microbial Fuel Cell

Yajun Wang 1, 2, Rajendra Prasad Singh 2* and Dafang Fu 2*

1School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, 287 Langongping, Lanzhou, 730050, China 2School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing, 210096, China *Corresponding author Email address: [email protected] and [email protected]

Abstract The bimetallic zero-valent iron was coupled with bioretention cell and microbial fuel cell system (BRC-MFC-BZVI) for treating domestic wastewater. Based on the permeability test of BRC-MFC-CI system, the mechanism of the significant improvement of hydraulic performance of BRC-MFC-CI system under long-term intermittent operation conditions was explained by the results of Midi LOGGER GL820 electrode voltage, Miseq high-throughput sequencing and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Compared with BRC-MFC system, the growth of microbial membrane is faster, and the distribution of biofilm on the surface of filler particles is more uniform in the vertical direction. The biofilm on the surface of packing particles has the function of stabilizing the spatial structure of the system, which is beneficial to the earlier stability of the hydraulic performance of the system. The skeleton effect of biofilm slows down the influence of pressure expansion which is beneficial to increase the permeability coefficient of the system when the system is stable.

Keywords: Bioretention; Catalyzed iron; Surface analysis; Adhesive layer; Wastewater

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 287

Nutrient characteristics and biomethane potential of co-digested fecal sludge from land based Atlantic Salmon fish farming

Wold A.B., Mazarino J.K., Khan A. and Kommedal R.#,*

#Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Kristine Bonnevies vei 22, 4021 Stavanger, Norway Corresponding author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract Fecal sludge and ineffective feeding in industrial scale fish farming is a major source of nutrients and organic pollution to coastal waters. Land based farming allow for recovery of produced fecal and feed wastes, and through that recovery of energy and nutrients. In this study we investigate chemical characteristics and biomethane potential of wet and dried fecal sludge from land based farming of young Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar), and evaluate the potential for co-digestion with municipal wastewater sludge. Two hypothesis were evaluated: 1) Does the a priori assumption of higher nitrogen content increase the potential for ammonia inhibition; and 2) Does co-digestion of fish waste increase the overall energy recovery from solid sludges. Our results show that both raw and dried fish sludge may be co- and digested alone without significant ammonia or LCFA inhibition. This was confirmed through batch testing and continuous reactor digestion. Co-digestion did not, however, significantly increase the overall methane yield. Both conclusions are supported by the chemical characterization of the fecal sludge, showing that the COD and nutrient content per unit VS is similar, and in terms of COD even weaker than primary wastewater sludge. Hence, co-digestion is a sound fecal sludge treatment alternative for Atlantic salmon land based fish farming.

Keywords: co-digestion, anaerobic digestion, fish-farming sludge, ammonia inhibition.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 288

Experimental study on engine parameters variation in CRDI engine fuelled with palm biodiesel

Naresh Kumar a,b, P. S. Kishore b*, K. Brahma Raju c, K. Nanthagopal d, B. Ashokd

a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lakireddy Bali Reddy College of Engineering, Mylavaram, A.P, India b Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andhra University College of Engineering (A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530 003, A.P, India cDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, S.R.K.R Engineering College, ChinnaAmiram, Bhimavaram-534 204, A.P, India dSchool of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India * Email id: [email protected], Contact Number: +919948547551

Abstract In terms of efficiency and emissions in CI engines, alternative fuels such as biodiesels have emerged as friendly fuels. However, their price has become a barrier to their fast use as a fuel in CI engines. Current study focusses on combustion and emission features generated by palm oil methyl ester from the multiple cost-effective fuels explored. On the other side, split injection approaches have enormous potential to improve the engine performance and decrease emissions when timing and quantity of injections are properly controlled. Furthermore, there was no literature on split injection strategies using palm oil methyl ester as a fuel. For the present research, CRDI engine has been chosen as it offers a broad variety of flexibility in controlling quantity of injections and timing. Initially 20% of methyl esterified palm oil in diesel is tested with varying split injection quantities at 10%, 20% and 30% by mass. Superior performance with respect to fuel consumption, efficiency and emissions was achieved at 30% pre-injection mass of POME20. At peak load condition, brake thermal efficiency of diesel at 10% PI amount, POME20 at 10%, 20% and 30% PI quantities was observed as 26.15%, 27.95%, 28.45% and 30.42% respectively. Higher emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx) has been recognized, however. NOx emissions for POME20 at a PI rate of 30% were 7.19% higher than the diesel fuel at PI mass of 10%. In an effort to decrease NOx emissions while retaining the same performance, three methodologies was investigated, such as using EGR, decreasing injection pressure, advancing pre-injection timing. When comparing the outcomes, POME20-30% PI mass-10% EGR showed 2.4% and 0.55% more brake thermal efficiency than diesel and POME20 with a PI mass of 10%. At the same time, BSFC values for POME20 with 30% PI mass at 0% EGR, 10% EGR were 0.3 kg/kWh, 0.33 kg/kWh. Nitrogen oxide outflows for POME20-30% PI mass-10% EGR were nearly equivalent to diesel-10% PI mass-0% EGR and 1.28% lesser than POME20-10% PI mass-0% EGR. Decreasing injection pressure for POME20-30% PI mass has also generated higher NOx emissions than diesel at PI mass of 10%. While changing the pilot injection angle for POME20 at 30% PI mass from 330 bTDC to 530 bTDC, the performance and combustion characteristics have deteriorated severely.

Keywords: Palm oil methyl ester; Biodiesel; Pilot Injection; Main Injection; Injection pressure; Exhaust gas recirculation

427

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 289

African tulip fruit waste-derived biochar: An abundant feedstock and efficient adsorbent for the absence of psychoactive drug caffeine

Sivarasan Ganesan 1,2,6, Sabarathinam Shanmugam 3, Jagadeesh Kumar Alagarasan 4,5, Arul Pragasan Lingassamy 2, Kirankumar Venkatesan 1, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 1,6,*

1 Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan. 2 Department of Environmental Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641046, India. 3 Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641046, India. 4 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China- 212013 5 Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641046, India. 6 Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan.

*Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy, Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract African tulip fruit waste (ATF) is a broad scale available lignin-rich biomass converted into porous biochar for wastewater treatment and plant growth applications. The ATF was identified with high carbon content (73 Wt. %) biomass. This study examines the influence of chemical and textural properties on ATF derived biochar. The hydrothermal and hydrothermal assisted pyrolysis process was used to activate the ATF modified biochar and applied to examine the adsorption activity using Caffeine (CAF) drug and also checked the influence on fertilization of mushroom cultivation. Results showed that pyrolysis ATF biochar indicates a high BET surface with porous rich sites. The surface modification influence not only attributing to CAF drug adsorption by pH influenced sorption and pseudo-second-order model, besides as-prepared biochar showed influence in mushroom cultivation. Moreover, pyrolysis ATF (at 700 °C) was indicated as to the better-influenced adsorbent due to higher adsorption capacity (108.7 mg/g). Overall, PATF contains outstanding adsorption performances, and extraordinary reusability makes it an easy method to treat pharmaceutical adsorption as well as a great organic fertilizer to absorb nutrients and stimulate plant growth.

KeyWords: African tulip tree, caffeine, adsorption, isotherm, kinetics, mushroom cultivation.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Scheme of this study

429

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 290

Adsorption and supercapacitance performance of Lantana camara stem derived surface activated porous biocarbon

Sivarasan Ganesan 1,2, Muthusankar Eswaran1,3, Arul Pragasan Lingusamy 2, Ragupathy Dhanusuraman3 and Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 1,4,*

1 Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan. 2 Department of Environmental sciences, Bharathiar university, Coimbatore, India. 3 Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology-Puducherry, Puducherry, India. 4 Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan. 5 *Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy, Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental, Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract In this work, biochar derived from Lantana Camara stem biomass (LAC) has proven as a promising sorbent material for ibuprofen (IBP) drug from wastewaters and also exhibits superior capacitive performances. The Lantana Camara stem biomass was prepared using an eco-friendly synthesis technique involving a temperature-controlled hydrothermal pre-carbonization cum pyrolysis process. The renovated Lantana Camara stem biomass depicts graphene-like carbon nanosheets morphology captured using SEM and TEM examination. The maximum IBP adsorption capacity (Q0) of LAC was achieved by 106.4 mg/g. Also, this Lantana Camara stem biomass obtained carbon shows excellent specific capacitance in aqueous electrolyte. Therefore, the prepared LAC biomass can be a potential alternative for activated carbon for adsorption of drugs and also can be a supercapacitor material.

Keywords: Green synthesis, Lantana Camara, sorbent material, ibuprofen, supercapacitor.

Graphical scheme

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan References: 1. Gautam, R. K., Gautam, P. K., Banerjee, S., Rawat, V., Soni, S., Sharma, S. K., & Chattopadhyaya, M. C. (2015). Removal of tartrazine by activated carbon biosorbents of Lantana camara: Kinetics, equilibrium modeling and spectroscopic analysis. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 3(1), 79–88. doi:10.1016/j.jece.2014.11.026. 2. Yu, M., Han, Y., Li, J., & Wang, L. (2018). Magnetic N-doped carbon aerogel from sodium carboxymethyl cellulose/collagen composite aerogel for dye adsorption and electrochemical supercapacitor. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 115, 185–193. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.012. 3. Lv, L., Huang, Y., & Cao, D. (2018). Nitrogen-doped porous carbons with ultrahigh specific surface area as bifunctional materials for dye removal of wastewater and supercapacitors. Applied Surface Science, 456, 184–194. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.06.116.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 291

Facile synthesis of V2O5 /ZnO composite for the enhanced removal of lead pollutant from aqueous solution

Sivarasan Ganesan1,2, Karthick Kumaravel 2, Kirankumar Venkatesan 1, Arul Pragasan Lingassamy 2, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 1,3,*

1 Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan 2 Department of Environmental Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore City, Tamil Nadu – 641 046, India. 3 Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan

*Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy, Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract In this study, we report a simple synthesis of V2O5/ZnO composites using high-energy ball milling method by varying the molecular ratio (V1Z1-1:1, V1Z2-1:2 and V1Z3-1:3) of V2O5 and ZnO. The V2O5/ZnO composites were characterized by different instruments such as XRD, FTIR, SEM and BET techniques. The composites were used to evaluating the adsorption performance with lead ions, V2O5/ZnO composite showed to enhanced removal efficiency of lead from aqueous solution. Effects of various adsorption parameters including pH, treatment time, and adsorbate concentration were studied and optimized in detail. The maximum adsorption of lead was obtained at slightly acidic pH (pH 6) condition with an equilibrium time of 60 min. Lagergren first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics 2+ were evaluated towards the adsorption rate of Pb . The maximum adsorption amounts of the prepared 2+ V1Z1, V1Z2 and V1Z3 composites were 298.0, 353.8 and 367.7 mg/g with the uptake of Pb , respectively (at a constant dosage). The removal efficiency of Pb2+ by V2O5/ZnO composite (V1Z3, 1:3) is higher than other composites (V1Z1 and V1Z2). It is clear that the proper ratio of V2O5/ZnO composite (V1Z3, 1:3) plays a crucial role in adsorption studies.

Keywords: Adsorption, ball milling method, isotherm, kinetics, V2O5/ZnO composites.

Graphical scheme

432

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan References: 1. Chen, L., Xin, H., Fang, Y., Zhang, C., Zhang, F., Cao, X., … Li, X. (2014). Application of Metal Oxide Heterostructures in Arsenic Removal from Contaminated Water. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2014, 1–10. doi:10.1155/2014/793610. 2. Malwal, D., & Gopinath, P. (2016). Rapid and efficient removal of arsenic from water using electrospun CuO–ZnO composite nanofibers. RSC Advances, 6(116), 115021–115028. doi:10.1039/c6ra24023b. 3. Zou, C. W., Rao, Y. F., Alyamani, A., Chu, W., Chen, M. J., Patterson, D. A., … Gao, W. (2010). Heterogeneous Lollipop-like V2O5/ZnO Array: A Promising Composite Nanostructure for Visible Light Photocatalysis. Langmuir, 26(14), 11615–11620. doi:10.1021/la101324e.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 292

Facile Synthesis of WO3/PdO2/DPA nanocomposite as an excellent catalyst for electro- methanol oxidation and photodegradation of dye

Muthusankar Eswaran 1,5, Sivarasan Ganesan 2,4, Arulpragasan lingusamy 2, Ragupathy Dhanusuraman 3 and Ponnusamy Vinothkumar 4,5,*

1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Puducherry, India. 2 Department of Environmental sciences, Bharathiar university, Coimbatore, India. 3 Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Puducherry, National Institute of Technology Puducherry, India. 4 Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan. 5 Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan.

*Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy, Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: In this study, photocatalytic degradation and methanol electro-oxidation were investigated using WO3/PdO2/DPA nanohybrid combination. A facile single-step electrochemical deposition was engaged to fabricate the modified hybrid electrode. For the modified electrode physicochemical characterization were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies, Field-emission Scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. Photocatalytic degradation towards methyl orange dye was carried out by the direct influence of sunlight irradiation. In addition, the modified electrode exhibits excellent electro-oxidation towards methanol was ensured using cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Also, the stability of the nanohybrid electrode ensures its practical applications.

Keywords: Methanol oxidation, electrodeposition, photodegradation, and methyl orange

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 293

Facile synthesis of MoO3@keratinous sludge derived biocarbon composite for the simultaneous voltammetric determination of hydroquinone and catechol

Sivarasan Ganesan1, Elancheziyan Mari 1,2, Senthil Kumar Sellappan2, Sankar Ganesh Ramakrishnan3, Murugesan Duraisamy1, Sadha Sivam 3*, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 1,4,*

1 Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan. 2 Division of Environmental & Analytical Chemistry, VIT University, Vellore, India. 3 Department of Microbial - Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India. 4 Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan. *Corresponding authors: 1. Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy, Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan, E-mail: [email protected]. 2. Prof. Dr. Sadha sivam, Department of Microbial - Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Biomass-derived activated carbon has been widely used for various applications including electrochemical sensors and energy storage devices. Here we introduce a novel way to fabricate MoO3@ activated carbon using waste chicken feathers. The coaxial structure of feather shafts results in long porous carbon structures upon pyrolysis at 700 °C in an N2 atmosphere. The morphology of chicken feather samples before and after pyrolysis was characterized using SEM and TEM and XRD. The chemical composition of the hydrothermal and paralyzed chicken feather was also characterized using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Screen-printed carbon electrodes were modified with the chicken feather-derived carbons and applied for electrochemical sensing of catechol and hydroquinone. The chicken father-derived carbons significantly improved the performance of the simultaneous electrochemical sensors compared to the unmodified sensors. This method provides an easy, simple, and inexpensive way to fabricate porous carbon-based microelectrodes . Keywords: Catechol, environmental contamination, Hydroquinone, Modified electrode.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Scheme of this study

Reference: 1. Pramanick, B., Cadenas, L. B., Kim, D.-M., Lee, W., Shim, Y.-B., Martinez-Chapa, S. O., … Hwang, H. (2016). Human hair-derived hollow carbon microfibers for electrochemical sensing. Carbon, 107, 872–877. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2016.06.095. 2. Kong, F.-Y., Li, R.-F., Yao, L., Wang, Z.-X., Li, H.-Y., Lv, W.-X., & Wang, W. (2019). Voltammetric simultaneous determination of catechol and hydroquinone using a glassy carbon electrode modified with a ternary hybrid material composed of reduced graphene oxide, magnetite nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles. Microchimica Acta, 186(3). doi:10.1007/s00604-019-3273-4.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 294

One-step fabrication of PANI/PTA/TiO2 nanocomposite as high performance of the photocatalytic activity and electro-oxidation of methanol

M. Suba Lakshmi a, E. Muthusankar b,c, D. Ragupathy a,*, and Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy c,d,*

a Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Puducherry, Karaikal 609-609, India. b Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, National Institute of Technology Puducherry, Karaikal 609-609, India. c Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807 Taiwan d Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807 Taiwan

Corresponding authors: 1. Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy, Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan, E-mail: [email protected]. 2. Prof. Dr. D. Ragupathy, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Puducherry, Karaikal, India. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract In this study, photocatalytic degradation and methanol electro-oxidation were investigated using PANI/PTA/TiO2 nanohybrid combination. A facile single-step electrochemical deposition was engaged to fabricate the modified hybrid electrode. For the modified electrode physicochemical characterization were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies, Field-emission Scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. Photocatalytic degradation towards methyl orange dye was carried out by the direct influence of sunlight irradiation. In addition, the modified electrode exhibits excellent electro-oxidation towards methanol was ensured using cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Also, the stability of the nanohybrid electrode ensures its practical applications.

Keywords: Methanol oxidation, electrodeposition, photodegradation, and methyl orange

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 295

Fabrication of poly(diphenylamine) based graphene grafted on silica nano-network for energy storage and methanol oxidation applications

C. Bavatharani a, E. Muthusankar b,c, D. Ragupathy a,*, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy c,d,*

a Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Puducherry, Karaikal, India. b Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, National Institute of Technology Puducherry, Karaikal 609-609, India. c Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807 Taiwan d Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807 Taiwan

*Corresponding authors: 3. Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy, Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan, E-mail: [email protected]. 4. Prof. Dr. D. Ragupathy, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Puducherry, Karaikal, India. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract A simple two-step chemical approach is used to fabricate the poly (diphenylamine) (PDPA), graphene (GR) and silica based modified hybrid electrode (ITO/PDPA-GR-Silica). At first, the nanocomposite of graphene (GR) based poly (diphenylamine) (PDPA) hybrid has been prepared by in situ-chemical polymerization technique. Subsequently, silica nano network was grafted on GR-PDPA hybrid matrix (PDPA-GR-Silica) by sol-gel method. The crystalline structure and morphological views of synthesized nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy analysis (FE-SEM). The molecular vibration and the absorption spectra confirm the presence of proposed composites through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-visible spectroscopy (UV). The electrochemical performance was studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronoamperometry (CA) experiments. Owing to the large surface area in the silica network along with the synergic effect of polymer and graphene accelerates the fast electron transfer rate between electrode and analyte. This effective strategy resulted in superior capacitive performance, cyclic stability and excellent electro oxidation towards methanol. Thus, the fabricated nanocomposites have been deserved for profound study and further development in energy storage and fuel cell applications.

Keywords: Poly (diphenylamine), Graphene, Silica network, Supercapacitors, fuel cells.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 296

Electrochemical preparation of boron carbon nitride/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiphene)/palladium nanocomposite modified with screen printed electrode for electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol

Elancheziyan Mari a,b, Senthilkumar Sellappan b, and Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy a,c* a Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan. b Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India. c Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan.

*Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy, Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) has interesting synergy to enhance the activity and durability in electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol compared to other nanoparticles. Herein we report a simple single step electrochemical preparation of boron carbon nitride/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiphene)/palladium nanoparticles (BCN/PEDOT/PdNPs) modified pre-anodized screen printed carbon electrode (SPE) for electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol. The BCN/PEDOT/PdNPs nanocomposite was achieved through electro-deposition method with an 0.5 M H2SO4 solution containing palladium chloride, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiphene and boron carbon nitride. The structure morphology and composition of the fabricated BCN/PEDOT/PdNPs composite were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS). The electrochemical behaviour of the BCN/PEDOT/PdNPs were examined using cyclic voltammetry (CV) chronoamperometric (CA) in 0.5 M NaOH as a supporting electrolyte. The electrocatalytic activity i.e. higher oxidation current density (4.5 mA/cm2) and lower onset potential (-0.15 V) of the ternary nanocomposite towards electrocatalytic methanol oxidation may due to the excellent conductivity of PEDOT and BCN nano sheets. The long term stability holding of current density 4 mA/cm2 upto 1 h and higher current stability upto 500 cycles imply that BCN/PEDOT/PdNPs composite can be the potential alternative of palladium based anode catalyst in direct methanol fuel cell.

Keywords: Boron carbon nitride, palladium nanoparticles, methanol oxidation, fuel cell

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 297

Highly efficient single step preparation of two-dimensional graphitic carbon nitride/ iron oxide/palladium nanocomposite for electro-oxidation ethylene glycol

Elancheziyan Mari a,b, Duraisamy Murugesan a, Senthilkumar Sellappan b, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy a,c* a Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan. b Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India. c Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan.

*Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy, Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Designing and developing cost-effective catalyst for liquid fuel electro oxidation with excellent performances in the alkaline media are of vital significance for the practical applications of direct fuel cells. In this study, we have synthesized graphitic carbon nitride/iron oxide/palladium nanoparticles (g-C3N4/Fe2O3/PdNPs) based nanohybrid composites modified with pre-anodized screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) in situ by cyclic voltammetry method. The characterization studies revealed that the g-C3N4 and Fe2O3 are nano-rods both with the diameter 300 nm and after electrodeposition of C3N4, Fe2O3 and Pd nanoparticles the diameter is 380 nm but the shape is left intact. The cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to explore the electrocatalytic performance of the composite. The prepared g-C3N4/Fe2O3/PdNPs nano composite shows higher electrocatalytic performance and excellent electrochemical stability towards electrocatalytic oxidation of ethylene glycol as compared to commercial Pd/C and other recently reported electrode materials. These results proved that the newly fabricated g-C3N4/Fe2O3/PdNPs nano composite could be used as a direct fuel cell applications.

Keywords: Graphitic carbon nitride, Iron oxide, Palladium nanoparticles, Ethylene glycol oxidation reaction, fuel cell

440

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 298

Facile electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol using MXene (Ti3C2)/PEDOT nanocomposite

Elancheziyan Mari a,b, Senthilkumar Sellappan b, and Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy a,c* a Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan. b Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India. c Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan.

*Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy, Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract A direct methanol fuel cells are promising as “green” power generators for portable electronics which can be used as an alternate source in fuel. Here, we report a one pot electro deposition of PEDOT/Ti3C2 MXene modified with pre-anodized screen printed carbon electrode (SPE) for the efficient electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol. PEDOT/Ti3C2 composite was achieved through electrodeposition method within the potential range from -0.2 to 1.0 V. The fabricated nanocomposite were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS). The electrochemical performance of the prepared nanocomposite were examined by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry method. The PEDOT/Ti3C2 composite displays the good electrocatalytic performances with a low onset potential and high oxidation peak current density for the electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol. The PEDOT/Ti3C2 composite material might be one of the best electrocatalyst for the methanol oxidation reaction. Keywords: Polymer/MXene Nanocomposite, methanol oxidation, fuel cell

References: [1] Xinli Yang, Qiaojuan jia, Fenghe Duan, Bin Hu, Minghua, Wang, Linghao He, Yingpan Song, Zhihong Zhang, Multiwall carbon nanotubes loaded with MoS2 quantum dots and MXene quantum dots: Non-pt bifunctional catalyst for the methanol oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions in alkaline solution, applied surface science 464 (2019) 78-87.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 299

Ruthenium doped vanadium carbide nanocomposite for direct methanol oxidation and oxygen reduction reaction

Duraisamy Murugesan a,b, Mari Elancheziyan a,c, Viswanathan Chinnuswamyb, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamya,d,*

a Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan. bDepartment of Nanoscience and Technology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India. cDepartment of Chemistry, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India. d Research center for environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.

*Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy, Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shiquan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: A unique nanostructure ruthenium doped vanadium carbide (Ru@VC) was synthesized through a simple hydrothermal method-slow heat high temperature carbonization approach. A ruthenium doped nanoparticles supported on vanadium carbide nanocubes demonstrates higher electrocatalytic activity and lesser onset potential for methanol electro-oxidation and has a better performance for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). This work provides a widespread knowledge to synthesize novel nanocube structured material which was characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS). The Ru@VC is deposited on screen printed electrode (SPE) to form Ru@VC/SPE modified electrode. And it was found to provide a larger effective surface area and greater mass activity. Excellent stability and high methanol tolerance with good selectivity for ORR is achieved. Thus foremost to various impartment applications as an electrochemical sensor, fuel cells, solar cells.

Keywords: Vanadium carbide, ruthenium, methanol oxidation, oxygen reduction reaction, Fuel.

442

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 300

Bio-derived porous activated carbon coated iron oxide nanocomposite as a novel electrochemical sensor material for the determination of rutin and methanol oxidation

Mari Elancheziyana,b,#, Sivarasan Ganesanc,#, Senthilkumar Sellappan2, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy a,c*

a Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan. b Department of Chemistry, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India. c Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.

*Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy, Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shiquan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City-807 Taiwan, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Rutin (3’,4’,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone-3-d-rutinoside) also commonly known as Vitamin P, is a flavonoid glycoside mainly present in many plants and fruits; especially in buckwheat plants. In the present work, we have synthesized tamarind shell derived-activated carbon (AC) coated on Fe2O3 nanomaterial and were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The tamarind shell-AC@Fe2O3 was deposited over a screen-printed electrode (SPE) and the tamarind shell-AC@ Fe2O3/SPE modified electrode was characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV) within the potential range from +0.1 V to +0.7 V vs. Ag/AgCl and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Tamarind shell-AC@Fe2O3/SPE modified electrode was also used for the detection of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Further, the fabricated sensor was utilized for the electrochemical detection of rutin, and the tamarind shell-AC@Fe2O3/SPE modified electrode shows excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of rutin and also methanol oxidation. The developed nonenzymatic sensor has shown prominent performance towards rutin detection in the wide linear range of 3 µM to 130 µM with a low detection limit and 0.07 µM respectively. The tamarind shell-AC@Fe2O3/SPE modified electrode has also shown reasonable stability and reproducibility and was successfully applied to the determination of rutin in real samples.

Keywords: Rutin, Vitamin P, Tamarind shell, Activated carbon, Electrochemical sensor, Methanol oxidation

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 300

Bio-derived porous activated carbon coated iron oxide nanocomposite as a novel electrochemical sensor material for the determination of rutin and methanol oxidation

Mari Elancheziyana,b,#, Sivarasan Ganesanc,#, Senthilkumar Sellappan2, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy a,c*

a Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan. b Department of Chemistry, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India. c Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.

Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy, Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shiquan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City-807 Taiwan, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Rutin (3’,4’,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone-3-d-rutinoside) also commonly known as Vitamin P, is a flavonoid glycoside mainly present in many plants and fruits; especially in buckwheat plants. In the present work, we have synthesized tamarind shell derived-activated carbon (AC) coated on Fe2O3 nanomaterial and were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The tamarind shell-AC@Fe2O3 was deposited over a screen-printed electrode (SPE) and the tamarind shell- AC@ Fe2O3/SPE modified electrode was characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV) within the potential range from +0.1 V to +0.7 V vs. Ag/AgCl and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Tamarind shell-AC@Fe2O3/SPE modified electrode was also used for the detection of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Further, the fabricated sensor was utilized for the electrochemical detection of rutin, and the tamarind shell-AC@Fe2O3/SPE modified electrode shows excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of rutin and also methanol oxidation. The developed nonenzymatic sensor has shown prominent performance towards rutin detection in the wide linear range of 3 µM to 130 µM with a low detection limit and 0.07 µM respectively. The tamarind shell-AC@Fe2O3/SPE modified electrode has also shown reasonable stability and reproducibility and was successfully applied to the determination of rutin in real samples.

Keywords: Rutin, Vitamin P, Tamarind shell, Activated carbon, Electrochemical sensor, Methanol oxidation

444

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 301

Polymer/MXene (V2C) nanocomposite coated on glassy carbon electrode for electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol

Mari Elancheziyan a,b, and Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy a,c*

a Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan. b Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore-632014, India. c Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan. Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy, Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shiquan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan., E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) have received tremendous research interests because of the facile storage of liquid methanol vs. hydrogen. However, the DMFC today is severely plagued by the poor kinetics and rather high over-potential in methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). In this study, we propose a facile and green method to fabricate a Poymer (PANI)/(V2C) MXene nanocomposite via a freeze-drying & mechanical mixing process. The PANI/V2C nanocomposite was dropcast on the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to obtain PANI/V2C/GCE. Depending on the PANI’s morphology, the electrocatalytic oxidation reaction differs. So, this modified electrode it provides high surface and good electrocatalytic methanol oxidation in alkaline media. The composite shows good stability and it provides a new way for improving the performance of methanol oxidation reaction by combining the advantages of three dimensional structure, inherent electrochemical durability and strong metal support interaction.

Keywords: Polymer/MXene nanocomposite, methanol oxidation, fuel cell

445

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 302

Structural, morphological, optical and photocatalytic performance of Ag-doped TiO2 nanorods

V. S. Kirankumar a,b and P. Vinothkumar a,c* a Department of Applied and Medicinal Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan b Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT Vellore, India cResearch Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan

*Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar, Department of Applied and Medicinal Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract In this study, silver doped titanium oxide (Ti1-xAgxO2 x =0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) nanorods were synthesized via the hydrothermal technique and characterized by various instruments such as powder XRD, FT-IR, UV- DRS, SEM-EDAX, HR-TEM, XPS, and BET. XRD, DRS and BET results explained that rising silver ion concentration from 0 to 0.3, decrease the crystalline size, bandgap energy and increase the surface area. The photocatalytic activity of the prepared nanorods was recorded by studying the degradation of drug residues (ex. sulfamethoxazole) under UV and visible light irradiation. The Ag-doped TiO2 nanorods show the highest removal efficiency than the pure TiO2 nanorod. The silver doped titanium nanorods show excellent stability for sulfamethoxazole degradation.

Keywords: Hydrothermal method, AgNPs, TiO2, Nanorods, Photocatalytic activity, and Sulfamethoxazole

446

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 303

Lignin nanorods/Boron carbon nitrides nanocomposite: photocatalytic synthesis and application towards the degradation of pharmaceutical drugs

V. S. Kirankumar a,b and P. Vinothkumar a,c* a Department of Applied and Medicinal Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan b Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT Vellore, India cResearch Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan *Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar, Department of Applied and Medicinal Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Lignin nanorods were loaded on boron carbon nitride (BCN) nanosheets nonocomposite was synthesized by hydrothermal technique. The lignin nanorod, BCN nanosheet, lignin/BCN nanosheet and lignin nanorods/BCN nonocomposite were analyzed by powder x-ray diffraction, fourier transform infrared, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray analyzer, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray photon spectroscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller. Photocatalytic degradation of lignin nanorod, BCN nanosheet, lignin/BCN nanosheet and lignin/BCN nanorods were investigated using pharmaceutical drugs (ex.sulfamethoxazole) under UV and visible light. The nanohybrids show superior photocatalytic activities for the decomposition of sulfamethoxazole drug under UV and visible light illumination to lignin/BCN hybrids.

Keywords: Boron carbon nitride, Nanorods, Photodegradation, Lignin, Nanosheet

447

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 304

High surface area of Cu and Ce Co-doped FeBi2O4 nanoplates: Synthesis, characterization, photocalytic activity and electrochemical sensor

V. S. Kirankumar a,b and P. Vinothkumar a,c* a Department of Applied and Medicinal Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan b Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT Vellore, India cResearch Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan *Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar, Department of Applied and Medicinal Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract High surface area of co-doped Fe1-yCuyBi2-xCexO4 nanoplates have been fabricated by the hydrothermal technique to examine their photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin drug and non-enzymatic sensor. BET and UV-DRS analysis revealed high specific surface area and low bandgap energy of co-doped FeBi2O4. Powder XRD and HR-TEM showed small size of particles of copper and cerium co-doped FeBi2O4 nanoplates. Photocatalytic and electrochemical sensor results showed the highest performance of co-doped FeBi2O4 compared to other doped and undoped nanoplates. Cu and Ce co-doped FeBi2O4 nanoplates exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity and non-enzymatic sensor due to the larger surface area, lower bandgap energy and smaller particle size comparison of other dopants and undopants. This nanoplates also showed an excellent stability for photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin drug and non-enzymatic sensors. Keywords: Hydrothermal method, Sensor, Photocatalytic activity, Ciprofloxacin drug and Nanoplates

448

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 305

High photocatalytic performance of lignin nanorod composites with Fe2O3 nanocube, nanorod and nanoporous

V. S. Kirankumar a,b and P. Vinothkumar a,c* a Department of Applied and Medicinal Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan b Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT Vellore, India cResearch Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan

*Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar, Department of Applied and Medicinal Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Utilizing and wastewater treatment is a key target in the fight against global warming. The photocatalytic performance of lignin nanorod composite with Fe2O3 nanorod, nanocube and nanoporous are usually limited by its high surface area and rapid charge carrier recombination. To develop lignin nanorod composite with Fe2O3 nanorod, nanocube and nanoporous more suitable for photocatalysis. The present work, novel lignin nanorod composite with Fe2O3 nanorod, nanocube and nanoporous have been developed for the first time by a hydrothermal technique. The effect of lignin content on the structure of Fe2O3 composites and the catalytic activity for the photodegradation of sulfamethoxazole were investigated. The results indicated that the introduction of lignin component can effectively improve the structural and optical properties of the composites, which exhibited improved photocatalytic activity for the degradation of sulfamethoxazole in comparison with lignin nanorod, Fe2O3 nanorod, nanocube and nanoporous. The remarkably increased photocatalytic performance arises from the synergistic effect of hybrid lignin and Fe2O3.

Keywords: Hydrothermal method, Nanocubes, Nanorods, Photocatalytic activity and Lignin

449

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 306

Lignin nanorods/g-C3N4 nanosheets nanocomposite: Synthesis, properties and waste water treatment

V. S. Kirankumar a,b and P. Vinothkumar a,c*

a Department of Applied and Medicinal Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan b Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT Vellore, India cResearch Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan

*Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar, Department of Applied and Medicinal Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract In the present work, lignin nanorod have been prepared by solution combustion method. The transformation of g-C3N4 nanosheet to nanorods was synthesized by a simple reflux technique. Lignin nanorod composite with g-C3N4 nanosheet to nanorods using hydrothermal route. The prepared compounds were characterized by powder XRD, FT-IR, UV-DRS, SEM-EDAX, HE-TEM, XPS and BET. The photocatalytic activity of the fabricated compounds was recorded by studying the degradation of sulfamethoxazole drug under UV and visible light irradiation. Investigate the kinetic studies, effect of catalyst quantity, effect of dye concentration, effect of pH and effect scavengers on sulfamethoxazole drug degradation. The lignin/g-C3N4 composite shows the higher photocatalytic performance than the un-composite samples.

Keywords: Hydrothermal method, Combustion method, wastewater treatment, Sulfamethoxazole drug and Nanorods

450

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 307

Technoeconomic assessment of attached cultivation on recycled waste water for microalgal biodiesel production

Senthil Nagappan a,b Pei-Chien Tsai b, Gopalakrishnan Kumar and Vinoth kumar Ponnusamyb,d*

a Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engg., Sriperumpudur, India b Department of Applied and Medicinal Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan c Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway dResearch Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan

*Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar, Department of Applied and Medicinal Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganism having the key advantage of high lipid productivity than conventional fuel crops. Moreover, various beneficial factors including the ability to grow in waste stream, carbon dioxide fixation and generation of value added products makes it an ideal candidate for biodiesel production. However, conventional reactors used to grow microalgae consume large amount of water involving high capital and operational costs. In the present work, a novel integrative system is suggested in which attached cultivation on recycled waste water is used for algal biomass production. This system is shown to have the least water requirements in comparison to popular algal reactors. In addition, the proposed system which was subjected to techno economic assessment revealed a higher net energy ratio compared to the conventional system for biodiesel production. Finally, the recommendations such as best scenario, energy saving steps, and future directions to further economize the system are suggested.

Keywords: Microalgae, Cultivation, Downstream processing, biodiesel, biofuel

451

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 308

Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass-A review

Senthil Nagappan a,b Pei-Chien Tsai b, Gopalakrishnan Kumarc and P. Vinothkumar b,d*

a Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engg., Sriperumpudur, India b Department of Applied and Medicinal Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan c Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway d Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan

*Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar, Department of Applied and Medicinal Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Hydrothermal liquefaction is a conversion process suitable for wet biomass which involves operation at moderate temperature and increased pressure yielding a product in the form of bio-oil. In this process, hydrolysis and condensation of biomolecules occurring in a tandem fashion removes a high amount of oxygen from the biomass. Depending on the type of feedstock used, the chemical composition of biocrude varies. Currently, many studies have demonstrated the economic viability of hydrothermal liquefaction at large scale for bio-oil production; however, commercial success at large scale is yet to be realized. The current review discusses the recent studies related to hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass and suggests future perspective and directions for realization of the hydrothermal liquefaction industrial process.

Keywords: Hydrothermal liquefaction, Biomass, Bio-fuel, Bio-oil

452

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 309

Review on potential techniques to reduce water footprint of microalgal biomass production for biofuel

Senthil Nagappan1, Pei-Chien Tsai2, Shakunthala Natarajan1, Saravanan Devendran4, Gopalakrishnan Kumar5,* Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy2,3,*

1Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering (Autonomous-Affiliated to Anna University), Sriperumbudur - 602 117, Tamil Nadu, India 2Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan 3Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan 4 Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA 5 Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway

Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar, Department of Applied and Medicinal Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Prof.Gopalakrishnan Kumar, Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway E-mail id: [email protected]

Abstract Microalgae are potential biofuel feedstocks due to rapid growth rates, high lipid productivity, and ability to synthesize value-added products. However, among the bottlenecks that are hindering the commercialization of microalgal biofuel synthesis, the issue of high water consumption is the least tended to. This review, therefore, performs an investigation on factors deciding the water consumption of microalgal biofuel generation. Likewise, different strategies, including reusing harvested water, use of attached growth systems, and biofilm reactors that could be adopted for low water consumption in microalgal biofuel production are discussed in detail. Specifically, the review proposes the utilization of a biofilm reactor for cultivation on reused water for a significant decrease in the water consumption of microalgal biofuel production. With the problem of water scarcity looming massive and rapid industrialization in developing countries, the implementation of the cultivation system with a focus on minimizing water consumption is inevitable for successful large scale microalgal biofuel production.

Keywords: Microalgae, Water footprint, Large-scale cultivation, Photobioreactor, Biofuel, Biofilm reactor, Biodiesel, Recycling

453

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 310

Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanoroads/Nickel Oxide Hierarchical Composite for the Effective Removal of Drugs from Hospital Wastewaters

Yang-Ren Song (Andy)1, Pei-Chien Tsai1, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 1,2,* 1 Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan 2 Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan

*Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar, Department of Applied and Medicinal Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract In the last two decades, pharmaceutical disposals or residuals especially antibiotics, anticonvulsants, antipyretics drugs, and hormones are considered as emerging environmental pollutants or toxins because of its continuous input and persistence to aquatic ecosystem even at trace concentrations. Therefore, the development of efficient, inexpensive, and robust methods and materials for the wastewaters treatment have grabbed much attention in recent years. In the path of meeting these developments, nanomaterials have gained more attraction as economical, convenient and ecofriendly tools for removing of pharmaceuticals from the hospital wastewaters because of their unique properties. In this study, we have prepared a novel material “Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanoroads/Nickel Oxide Hierarchical Composite (g-C3N4/NiO)” by using a simple synthetic method. As synthesized material were characterized using various instruments such as FT-IR, Solid-State UV spectrometer, FE-SEM with EDX, and XRD. Various experimental parameters for removal efficiency were optimized and studied. Our experimental results revealed that the synthesized nanocomposite possesses excellent surface morphology with high surface area which shows excellent photo-catalytic degradation activity for the efficient removal of drugs from hospital waste waters. We demonstrated that the proposed method is an accurate, efficient and economical method, this method can be used as a method of choice (over traditional methods) for the efficient removal of drugs from hospital waste waters.

Keywords: g-C3N4/NiO, Nanocomposite, Photodegradation, Drugs, Hospital Wastewater

454

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 311

Heavy metal sensor development based Polymelamin/g-C3N4 nanohybrid network for environmental safety

E. Muthusankar a,b, D. Ragupathy b,, Pei-Chien Tsai a, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy a,c,* a Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan bDepartment of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Puducherry, Karaikal, India. c Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807 Taiwan

Corresponding authors: Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy, Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan, E-mail: [email protected].

Abstract In this manuscript, we employed an extremely simple, single step in-situ electrochemical polymerization/deposition technique to fabricate Screen Printed Electrode (SPE) based Polymelamine (PM)/Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanonetwork to detect heavy metal ions in environmental waters. Initially, g-C3N4 was prepared by pyrolysis technique with urea as precursor under air condition and heat treated up to 500ºC with a heating rate 10ºC/min. The as prepared g-C3N4 and melamine monomer were then electro polymerized/deposited over pre-anodized SPE (ASPE). The fabricated ASPE/PM/g-C3N4 nanohybrid electrode exhibits excellent, individual and simultaneous electrochemical detection towards Pb2+ and Cd2+ using Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV). The modified nanonetwork displayed good selectivity towards Pb2+ with limit of detection 0.008µM during individual and instantaneous determination conditions with the linear range of 0.1-1.0µM. In addition, this ASPE/PM/g-C3N4 modified electrode displayed superior stability, repeatability, good anti-interference, and applicability for the recognition of Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions. Owing to its superior assets, claiming a promising practical platform for the individual and simultaneous determination of Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions in environmental waters.

Keywords: Graphitic carbon nitride, Heavy metal ions, Electrochemical detection, screen printed electrodes, environmental safety

455

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 312

Fabrication of Poly(diphenylamine-co-aniline)/Phosphotungstic acid nanohybrid electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors

E. Muthusankar a,b, D. Ragupathy b,*, Pei-Chien Tsai a, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy a,c,* a Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan bDepartment of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Puducherry, Karaikal, India. c Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807 Taiwan

Corresponding authors: 1. Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy, Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan, E-mail: [email protected]. 2. Prof. Dr. D. Ragupathy, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Puducherry, Karaikal, India. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract In this study, a simple electrochemical deposition technique was employed to fabricate fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) based polydiphenylamine (PDPA)/polyaniline (PANI)/phosphotungstic acid (PTA) copolymer nanocomposite (FTO/PDPA/PANI/PTA) modified electrode for high-performance supercapacitors applications. Conducting polymer-based hybrid nanocomposite crystal structure, morphological structure, surface coating thickness, and molecular vibrational analysis were characterized using XRD, SEM, AFM, and FT-IR. XRD and FT-IR recorded peak ensure the presence of pure F:SnO2, PDPA, PANI, and PTA, signatures. Galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) analysis using electrochemical instrument exhibits -1 superior specific capacitance (Csp) of 360 F.g at 1 mA current density for the developed nanohybrid electrode. The higher capacitive behavior, cyclic steadiness of FTO/PDPA-PANI/PTA modified electrode was ascribed because of the presence of tungsten atoms together with PDPA/PANI’s efficient interaction that enhances the fast electron transfer progressions. Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopic studies (EIS) ensure the capacitive behavior of the electrodeposited nanohybrid modified electrode with a characteristic EIS semi-circle in the lower frequency region. Further, a superior specific capacitance with 82% excellent capacitance retention after 1000 cycles, recommends a practical application in supercapacitor device electrodes.

Keywords: Polydiphenylamine, Polyaniline, Phosphotungstic acid, FTO electrode, High- performance supercapacitors, Electrocatalysis

456

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 313

Rapid analysis and monitoring of triclosans and parabens in environmental water samples using graphene nanosheets based pipette-tip micro-solid phase extraction with HPLC-UV

Pei-Chien Tsai1, Yang-Ren Song (Andy)1, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy 1,2,* 1 Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan 2 Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan

*Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar, Department of Applied and Medicinal Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract We demonstrate an auto-syringe infusion pump (ASIP) assisted graphene nanosheets (GNSs) based pipette- tip micro-solid phase extraction (PT-µSPE) technique for the rapid determination and monitoring of triclosan and parabens in environmental water samples using high perfomance liquid chromatography- ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV). In this study, a GNSs packed micro-pipette tip coupled with a plastic syringe (containing sample solution) was connected to a programmable auto-syringe infusion pump for the PT-µSPE process. The extraction efficiency and feasibility of ASIP-GNSs-PT-μSPE for the analysis of TCS were systematically studied and optimized. Under the optimal experimental conditions, excellent linearity (r2=0.9979) was achieved over the concentration range of 2–250 ng mL-1 for TCS and parabens, and the limit of detection was 0.5 ng mL-1. The applicability of the present method was examined with real water samples, and the extraction recoveries ranged from 94.6 – 102.4% and relative standard deviations were less than 7.8%. The presented method is simple, semi-automated, economical, efficient and eco-friendly sample preparation technique for the analysis of triclosan and parabens and it can be applied as an alternative technique over conventional extraction methods for the analysis of various target analytes in environmental water samples.

Keywords: Pipette tip micro-solid phase extraction; Graphene nanosheets; Triclosan; High performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector, Environmental water samples.

457

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 314

Bioethanol production from the comparison between optimization of Sorghum stalk and Sugarcane leaf for sugar production by chemical pretreatment and enzymatic degradation

Numchok Manmai a, Yuwalee Unpapromc and Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamyd, Rameshprabu Ramarajb *

a Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan b School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand c Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand dDepartment of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan

*Corresponding Author: Rameshprabu Ramaraj, School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand (E-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected])

Abstract This paper reports the comparison of optimized pretreatment models on Total Sugar (TS) production from Sugarcane Leaf (SL) with Sorghum Stalk (SS) utilization to decompose of lignocellulosic biomass into oligosaccharide (GOS) by the accumulation variables for a pretreatment model involved pretreatment time (1 to 3 days), Sodium Hydroxided (NaOH) concentrations, heating temperatures in the range of 1 to 2% (v/v), 30 to 40 °C individually. TS was optimized by Respond surface methodology (RSM) on Central composite design (CCD). Experiments were statistical designs in order to develop a statistic multivariate analysis model to consider the effect of different parameters on a process. both of the models showed high determinational coefficients (R2) of 0.9820 and 0.9900 are significant. Process optimization furnished highest TS yield of 32.612 g/L and 38.980 g/L for NaOH pretreatment at condition 2% (v/v) NaOH, low temperature (40 °C) for 3 days. After pretreatments the biomass were degradation by cellulase enzyme to be fermentable sugar for ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae TISTR5020.

458

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphical abstract:

Keywords: Agriculture waste, Chemical pretreatment, Enzymatic hydrolysis and Bioethanol production

459

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 315

Optimization of oil extraction from macroalgae, Rhizoclonium sp. by chemical methods for conversion into biodiesel

Boonyawee Saengsawanga, Numchok Manmaia , Yuwalee Unpapromc, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamyd, Rameshprabu Ramarajb*

a Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan. b School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand. c Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand. d Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan

*Corresponding Author: Rameshprabu Ramaraj, School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand (E-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected])

Abstract Sustainable production of renewable energy from macroalgae is aquatic plants have fast growth rate, high oil content and potential CO2 fixation being understood that third-generation biofuels. This study aimed to investigate the potential of biodiesel production from freshwater macroalgae, Rhizoclonium sp. In order to identify the optimization of oil extraction methods by compared using different chemical/solvent extraction methods. Response surface methodology (RSM), a statistic multivariate analysis model that provides to consider the effect of different parameters on a process and describe the optimum values. RSM was used the whole experimental for the analyzation and the optimization and applied to investigate the effect of experimental factors on oil extraction for biodiesel production. Rhizoclonium sp macroalgae materials were dried in the solar dryer, converting sunlight to heat and moving the heat to the raw materials at ambient temperature and applied oil extraction by using of 40.0 mL hexene and 40.0 mL ether as a function of two variables. The weight of macroalgae oil 0.376 ± 0.14 g. For transesterification reaction from macroalgae oil, a triglyceride was mixed with 0.25 g methanol converted to biodiesel is methyl esters. The biodiesel weight 0.174 ± 0.034 g and 82.2 % of the total fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). This study presents, compare and discusses different potential oil extraction methods, and propose future perspective for the improvement of oil extraction methods and sustainability of biodiesel production and utilization.

Keywords: Rhizoclonium sp., Oil extraction, Transesterification, Biodiesel and Response surface methodology (RSM).

460

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 316

Waste valorization by biotechnological conversion of rain tree pods into biobutanol

Kantida Khunchit a, Saoharit Nitayavardhanab, Yuwalee Unpapromc and Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamyd, Rameshprabu Ramaraja*

aSchool of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand b Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand c Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand d Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan

*Corresponding Author: Rameshprabu Ramaraj, School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand (E-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected])

Abstract The production of bioenergy from renewable resources is considered as a promising solution to the energy issue as well as the associated environmental problems. For bioenergy production, lignocellulosic biomass is widely considered as a sustainable feedstock because it is inexpensive, highly abundant and broadly distributed. In this study, biobutanol production by biological fermentation was investigated the feasibility and thermal extraction method of rain tree pods for biobutanol production by Clostridium acetobutylicum TISTR 2375. The pretreatment was carried out by a thermal extraction method resulting in temperature and time of extraction as the variable with most significant effect towards glucose liberation. The enzymatic hydrolysis was performed utilizing cellulase with the highest efficiency enzyme of 51% (rain tree pod) of hydrolysis conversion. The enzymatic hydrolysis was performed utilizing a very low concentration of an enzymatic stock with approximately 44% (rain tree pod) of hydrolysis conversion. Biobutanol fermentation was pursued utilizing a C. acetobutylicum TISTR 2375 and rain tree pods biobutanol was produced in a concentration of 0.0641 g/L at 24 hour with 4.57% of reducing sugars utilization. The results highlighted that rain tree pods have abundant sugars concentration, resulting in low biobutanol production. These materials showed promise regarding yield biobutanol fermentation. With further optimization of the medium and process, higher fermentation efficiency and productivity can be achieved. Raintree tree pods are a new feedstock that can potentially reduce the cost of energy and enzyme inputs currently used in the conventional biomass-to-biofuel processes.

Keywords: Raintree, Thermal extraction method, Fermentation, Biobutanol production.

461

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 317

Optimization of biodiesel production from castor plant oil for using in agricultural diesel engine

Thanaban Waidee a, Yuwalee Unpapromb , Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamyc, Rameshprabu Ramaraja *

aSchool of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand b Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand c Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan

*Corresponding Author: Rameshprabu Ramaraj, School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand (E-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected])

Abstract This thesis aims to study the optimization of biodiesel production from castor plant (Ricinus communis L.) oil for agricultural diesel engine. The castor oil was used to adjust the pretreatments condition performed with two types of methods. First one: Microwave, 100 450 and 800 watts at 1, 2, and 3 minutes, respectively. The second method was the electric stove (hotplate) heating at temperatures 32, 66, and 100 ° C at 1, 7.5, and 5 minutes, respectively. Fatty acids methyl esters (FAME) were analyzed with transesterification reaction by using the catalyst, sodium hydroxide, at a ratio of 2 percent with methanol, 1:4, 1 hour of reaction time and a temperature of 55°C from the oil recovered using GC-MS. Nitric acid (Ricinoleic; C18: 1-OH) in the amount of 89.27 percent. The microwave oil treatment using 800 watts for 3 minutes resulted to 95.27% of methyl ester which is higher that oil treatment from the electric stove at 100 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes in which Fatty acids Methyl esters were recorded to be 94.51%. Engine performance and braking performance were also examined from pure commercial diesel, biodiesel produced from castor oil, and blended diesel and biodiesel at a speed of 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2300 rpm, respectively. Each speed will adjust the torque at 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 Newton-meter, respectively. The results can be summarized as follows: at the rate of 20% blending of biodiesel and diesel, it operated normally, and the thermal efficiency of the brakes was 14.10%, fuel consumption was 0.242 percent, brake power was 8.156 percent, and the fuel consumption is 15.645 percent. This study also conducted up-scale production at 25liters. The production cost per kilogram was higher to commercial diesel due to shortage of raw materials. Therefore, the blending of diesel with biodiesel is necessary at a ratio of 97:3 is necessary to reduce the production cost to 35.60 baht per liter and compete with commercial diesel without affecting its performance. The overall results show that castor oil is a potential raw material for biodiesel production. Consequently, this study results recommended to enhance and increase the cultivation of castor oil to reduce the production cost, promote career and nation development.

Keywords: Castor plant oil, Biodiesel production, Agricultural diesel engine, Engine performance.

462

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 318

Study on the feasibility of biogas production by anaerobic co-digestion of water hyacinth substrate with microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris

Yuwalee Unpaproma, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusam b and Rameshprabu Ramarajc,*

a Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand b Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan c School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand

Corresponding Author: Rameshprabu Ramaraj, School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand (E-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected])

Abstract Biogas production through anaerobic digestion (AD) has emerged as one of the renewable energy production technology. At present, biogas production from agricultural waste or aquatic plants as an alternative energy source was impressive, particularly co-digestion technology. This experiment was focused on the possibility of water hyacinth as a waste material co-digestion with microalgae, Chlorella. Water hyacinth was collected from an irrigation canal in Maejo University, San Sai, Chiang Mai, and was then cut into a small particle by cutting machine. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with concentrations of 0, 1, 2 and 3% were was for pretreatment. In a study of biogas tested factors that affect the production of biogas using (Completely Randomized Design; CRD) with Duncan. Comparison of 8 treatments. This factor was used for pretreatment of water hyacinth for 48 hours. The fermentation process was done in 1 L size of Durant bottle for 45 days. Total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS) and COD were determined at the start and end of fermentation. The results showed the concentration of sodium hydroxide affected TS, VS, and COD as well as biogas and methane production. Water hyacinth with sodium hydroxide at the concentration of 2% presented the highest biogas yield (384.50 ml/day) and the concentration of methane was 66.71%. The degradation efficiency of TS, VS, and COD were 63.63, 64.83 and 68.34%, respectively. Therefore, water hyacinth was a high potential material for biogas production. Also, the pretreatment of 2% of sodium hydroxide was increasing efficiency of biogas production.

Keywords: Water hyacinth, Microalgae, Anaerobic co-digestion, Biogas Production

463

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 319

Anaerobic co-digestion of fallen teak leaves and microalgae as a potent approach for sustainable biogas production

Yuwalee Unpaproma, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy b,* and Rameshprabu Ramarajc, *

a Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand b Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan c School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand

*Corresponding Authors: Rameshprabu Ramaraj, School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand (E-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected]) Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar, Department of Applied and Medicinal Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Biogas is a renewable gaseous fuel. It is generated by anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic wastes. The fallen teak leaves (Tectona grandis), represents an interesting substrate for biogas production. The chemical composition of leaves showed the C, H, N, S, and O content of 48.88, 5.83, 0.55, 0.18, and 30.04 %, respectively. In addition the leaves contain 2.83% moisture, 11.33 % ash, 83.44% volatile matter, and 2.4% fixed carbon, through dry weight determination. The content of total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the leaves was measured; the results average as 982,151.93 mg/kg and 819,412.60 mg/kg and 21,333.33 mg/L, respectively. Pretreatment was performed using with sodium hydroxide solution (w/v) at different conditions (0, 2, 3 and 4 %), with 10 % ratio of total solids. The raw materials were fed into the biodigester. The biogas yield and methane contents were varied because of the influence of pretreatments. The COD reduction and methane composition of biogas reactors have been determined where biogas yield was relatively higher. The co-digestion experimental results confirm that could be potentially useful. The methane content was reached to 71.90 % higher than that of untreated & treated fallen teak leaves substrates. Therefore, this co-digestion approach is feasible for application to the farm-scale digester, as it would improve methane production. Also, these results indicate that fallen teak leaves can be successfully converted using AD. Consequently, this study suggested that it is possible to achieve stable operation using fallen leaves, as a substrate and co-substrate for biogas production in pilot or large scale biogas plant in the future.

Keywords: Fallen teak leaves, Microalgae, Anaerobic co-digestion, Biogas Production

464

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 320

Evaluation of weed mimosa seed germination on bioethanol production

Rameshprabu Ramaraj a, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy b, and Yuwalee Unpapromc,*

a School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand b Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan c Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand

*Corresponding Author: Yuwalee Unpaprom, Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand (E-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected])

Abstract In this study, mimosa seeds were used as sole raw biomass material. This experimental study was divided into three parts (1) breaking the dormancy of seeds, (2) mimosa seeds germination and (3) producing bioethanol from mimosa seeds. The experiment of seed dormancy breaking by using distilled water soaked in hot water to analysis the sugar quantity then measured sugar content with root length at 0.5 - 1 cm available the most quantities of sugar, which has a total sugar value was 4.173 g/L and reducing sugar was 0.619 g/L. Therefore, the way to destroy the dormancy of seeds by used hot water at 95 ° C for 10 minutes with root length 0.5 - 1 cm in ethanol fermentation by free cell and immobilized yeast with injecting yeast directly. On the third day of every, fermented had the highest ethanol yield. On first fermentation by free cell, yeast ethanol was 57.574 g/L and immobilized yeast 60.714 g/L. On 2nd Fermentation had the quantity of ethanol, immobilized yeast by direct injection shown ethanol yield was 60.088 g/L. On 3rd Fermentation reused by immobilized from second fermentation with longan leaves and teak leaves, found that teak leaves ethanol yield was 0.523 g/L, and longan leaves produce ethanol amount was 2.3553 g/L. Finally, this study results showed that immobilized cells were provided a high probability for bioethanol production.

Keywords: Mimosa seeds, Free cell yeast, Immobilized yeast, Sugar analysis, Bioethanol production.

465

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 321

Biogas production from tiger grass with Co-digestion of cow dung and methane enhancement through biological purification

Yuwalee Unpaproma, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy b and Rameshprabu Ramarajc *

a Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand b Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan c School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand

*Corresponding Author: Rameshprabu Ramaraj, School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand (E-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected])

Abstract Anaerobic digestion (AD) serves many purposes. AD plays a significant role to decreasing large amounts of complex organic materials, converting the majority of such molecules into monomers, that is mostly methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) exploitable in the energy sector in several pathways. In the present study, tiger grass (Thysanolaena latifolia) has been established as an efficient co-substrate for cow dung to enhanced biogas production. Thermal and alkali hydrolysis of tiger grass was performed; moreover, best pretreatment was selected for co-digestion with cow dung. The digesters were airtightly sealed for 55 days and gently mixed 3 times per days. The analytical process was conducted on daily temperature, substrate initial and final pH, total solids, volatile solids, alkalinity, volatile free fatty acids biogas yield, and biogas composition. Methane enhancement achieved successfully by biol ogical purification with the help of microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris. Methane content was reached to 91%, besides CO2 (7.15%), O2 (1.79%) and remains other trace gases. Oxygen content was slightly increased due to the performance of algal photosynthesis.

Keywords: Tiger grass, Cow dung, Fermentation, Biogas, Methane enrichment.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 322

Effect of storage temperature and storage duration of castor oil for biodiesel properties

Yuwalee Unpaproma, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy b,* and Rameshprabu Ramarajc *

a Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand b Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan c School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand

*Corresponding Author: Prof. Rameshprabu Ramaraj, School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand (E-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected]) Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar, Department of Applied and Medicinal Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Caster plant (Ricinus communis L.) is high annual seed production and yield crop. Castor oil is one of the most promising non-edible vegetable oil, and its obtained through pressing the castor seeds. Recently increasing the direct use of vegetable oil as an alternative for diesel because of oil content portability, heat content, readily available and renewable resources. The research on biodiesel from non-edible seed oils is essential to prevent Food Vs. Fuel dilemma. Castor oil has a high viscosity. The low viscosity and high volatility are suitable biodiesel for modern diesel engines. Therefore, in this study focused on different storage temperatures, i.e., low (0ºC), room (28-32ºC) and high temperature (60ºC) and storage durations (30, 45 and 60 days) of castor oil to reduce the viscosity for efficient biodiesel production. Biodiesel was produced from castor oil via transesterification process. It was carried through a 1:4 molar ratio with 2% sodium hydroxide as a catalyst at 55°C of temperature and 60 min of reaction time. The room temperature with 60 days stored castor oil sample was achieved high yield of 95%. Thus, the experimental analysis showed that castor oil has great potential to be used as feedstock for biodiesel production.

Keywords: Castor oil, Storage duration, Storage temperature, Transeterification, Biodiesel

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 323

Biogas production from pineapple leaves using two-stage anaerobic fermentation

Yuwalee Unpaproma, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy b,* and Rameshprabu Ramarajc *

a Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand b Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan c School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand

Corresponding Author: Prof. Rameshprabu Ramaraj, School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand (E-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected]) Prof. Dr. Vinoth Kumar, Department of Applied and Medicinal Chemistry & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract In this study, pineapple leaves were used for fermentation under anaerobic condition. The leaves were collected from Ban Pang Rimok, Muang, Chiang Rai, Thailand and were then cut into small pieces by cutting machine. Four methods were subjected for pretreatment of raw materials as followed, method 1; 2% NaOH treatment for 1 week, method 2; silage treatment (cut leaves were put into plastic bag without air and tighten the bag for 1 week), method 3; mixed NaOH and silage pretreated sample and method 4; the control unit (non-pretreatment). Two-stage fermentation was utilized. The first step was the acid production, made by fermented pineapple leaf with pig manure for 50 days at room temperature. The second stage was gas production, conducted by using raw material from the first step and adding 0.5 liter of pig manure. In the second stage, pH was adjusted to 7 and on continued fermenting for 30 days at room temperature. Total Solids (TS), Volatile Solids (VS) and COD were determined at before and after fermentation. The results showed that the 2% NaOH pretreatment method resulted in degradability efficiency was better than other methods in the first stage. Furthermore, highest amount of biogas and methane production was found from 2% NaOH in the second stage as well. The degradability efficiency biodegradable of TS, VS and COD from 2% NaOH method were 41.54, 48.50 and 63.62%, respectively. Biogas yield was 290 ml/day with 62.2% of methane. Consequently, the study results confirmed that pineapple leaves have the potential to produce biogas and sodium hydroxide treatment can improve the efficiency of biogas production.

Keywords: Pineapple leaves, Anaerobic digestion, Biogas production, Degradability efficiency

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 325

Anaerobic biorefinery of elephant dung: integrated anaerobic digestion and thermochemical process

Hathaithip Sinthuyaa, Chayanon Sawatdeenarunata*

a Asian Development College for Community Economy and Technology, Chiangmai Rajabhat University, Chiang Mai 50180, Thailand

Corresponding Author: Chayanon Sawatdeenarunat, Asian Development College for Community Economy and Technology, Chiangmai Rajabhat University, Chiang Mai 50180, Thailand (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Recently, in the northern Thailand, elephant camps have played a key role in a tourist industry resulting enhanced community-based economic. It was reported that more than 2000 elephants were raised in northern region of Thailand and generated more than 60 ton of dung daily. Unfortunately, elephant camps are normally located nearby rivers so the generated waste could pollute water streams with many pollutants (i.e. fecal coliform, and macro nutrients among others). This phenomenon could negatively affect the people living downstream. In this study, the elephant dung management platform was developed following anaerobic biorefinery concept by integrating anaerobic digestion as a center piece with the hybrid biomass stove to sustainably enhance the environment of the camps. The elephant camp with 6 animals generating dung of 180 kg/day was selected as the demonstration site. The dung was prepared by being soaked in the water at the ratio between water and dung of 2L/1 kg of biomass for 24 hours to separate fiber and the organic part. The liquid part, containing 22080386 mg/L of COD, could be fed to anaerobic digester to produce biogas serving the elephant dung-based mulberry paper and/or flower pot production in the camps. The net heating values of the washed fiber and raw dung were not significantly different (i.e. 3469±23 and 3499±3, respectively). Thus, the washed fiber can be dried and used to fed to the hybrid biomass stove to produce heat serving mulberry paper producing activities. The designed hybrid stove could also alternately produce 40-60˚C hot water which can be used in the camp during winter season. The effluent of anaerobic digester could be used for ferti-irrigation of an elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) which is the main feed of elephants in Thailand. It could be concluded that the developed platform can valorize almost all part of elephant dung and could potentially mitigate the pollution in elephant camps.

Keywords: elephant dung, anaerobic biorefinery, anaerobic digestion, biomass stove

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 326

Modelling and techno-economic performance evaluation of biomass chemical looping gasification for power generation

Usama Mohamed a, W. Nimmo a, Qun Yi b

a Energy 2050 Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sheffield, S102TN, UK b Key Laboratory of Coal Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology,Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China

Corresponding Author: Energy 2050 Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sheffield, S102TN, UK (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Biomass chemical looping gasification (BCLG) presents an innovative substitute to conventional power generation processes in syngas production and energy generation. The use of lattice oxygen instead of molecular oxygen as an oxygen source, allows for an increase in syngas energy density while reducing production cost. BCLG technology divides traditional gasification into two steps, resulting in cascade release of chemical energy of biomass thus effectively reducing the energy penalty in gasification. All indicating that BCLG to power generation shows potential for a more economic and efficient way compared to conventional biomass gasification (CBG) or combustion to power. Sawdust direct gasification using chemical looping with hematite as oxygen carrier was investigated in a 10 kWth interconnected fluidized bed reactor, by which a biomass chemical looping gasification combined cycle (BCLGCC) model based on restricted chemical reaction equilibrium and phase equilibrium was developed and validated by the aid of Aspen Plus software. A techno – economic analysis of a scaled up 650 MW power plant focused on critical parameters that have a significant effect on syngas quality and quantity were investigated, optimizing gasification to obtain a high energy efficiency for subsequent power generation. Followed by estimating the cost composition and COE of both CCS and Non-CCS power plants. The results showed that the efficiency of the CCS and Non-CCS plants are equal to 36% and 41%, respectively, with COE (including government renewable energy subsidies) for both CCS and Non-CCS are equal to 12.4 c/kWh and 7.3 c/kWh, both of which are lower than the average COE in the UK (approximately 15.0 ¢/kWh). This has indicated the potential and feasibility of BCLGCC compared to traditional power generation technology (biomass direct combustion and IGCC) while promoting Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) technology.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 327

Degradation of sulfamethoxazole in low C/N ratio wastewater by a Novel Membrane Bioelectrochemical Reactor

Hai-Liang Song a,1, Xiao-Li Yang b,1, Yu-Xiang Lu a, Han Xu b, Kai-Xing Du b, Rajendra Prasad Singh b, Yu-Li Yang a,* a School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-remediation, Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing 210023, China b School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China

Abstrate A novel membrane bioelectrochemical reactor (MBER), which takes advantage of a membrane bioreactor (MBR) and microbial fuel cells (MFC), is developed for sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation in low C/N wastewater. In this system, a gas-permeable silicone membrane module was used to increase the dissolved oxygen of cathode chamber. Compared with the open-circuit device, the removal of chemical oxygen denmand (COD), NH4+-N and SMX in closed-circuit device were increased by 3.34-3.93%, 15.63-16.61% and 0.02-0.18mg/L under the lower dissolved oxygem (DO) condition, which in higher DO condition were increased by 5.22-5.46%, 7.63-11.86% and 0.11-0.44mg/L, respectively. Electricity current can accelerate the degradation of SMX and NH4+-N, but has little impact on COD removal. Appropriately increase of DO can accelerate the degradation of SMX in cathode chamber. The degradation mechanism of SMX in anode chamber is cometabolism with COD. C10H15O3N3S, C7H11O3N3S and C7H9O2N3S were detected as degradation products, which have similar toxicity and potential threat to the environment. Two probable degradation pathways are deduced by the results of microbial communities analyses and degradation products. Key words: Membrane bioelectrochemical reactor; Sulfamethoxazole; Degradation mechanism; Electric generation

Acknowledgments This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (51978148, 51908292, 51828801), National Major Science and Technology Projects of China (2017ZX07202004), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20190716), Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (19KJB610003). Hai-Liang Song would like to acknowledge the Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Province.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.328

Simultaneous electricity and pollutants removal of sediment microbial fuel cell combined with submerged macrophyte

Xiao-Li Yang a,*, Han Xu a, Hai-Liang Song b,*, Yan Wu a, Yu-Li Yang b, Rajendra Prasad Singh a

a School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China b School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-remediation, Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing 210023, China

Abstract Submerged macrophytes were used to improve the electricity generation and pollutants removal of sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC). Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) coupling submerged plants generated more electricity than the non-plant control. Ceratophyllum demersum L. group performed the best in power generation, with its maximum power density as 98.70mW/m2. Electricity increased biomass and thus increased root exudation and root oxygenation. Root exudation and root oxygenation in turn promoted electricity generation. MFCs coupled with submerged macrophytes have major advantages in pollutants removal in both solid and liquid phase than the non-plant control. Ceratophyllum demersum L. performed the best in COD, TN and TP removal in water, with its removal rate as 81.54%, 65.27% and 79.10%, respectively. Output voltage was positively correlated with the removal rate. MFC contributed more to COD removal than plants, while plants contributed more to total phosphorus removal. Enzyme activities related to pollutants removal was improved significantly by both macrophytes and electricity.

Keywords: submerged plant; sediment microbial fuel cell; power generation; pollutant removal; enzyme activity

Acknowledgments This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (51978148, 51828801), National Major Science and Technology Projects of China (2017ZX07202004), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20190716), Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (19KJB610003). Hai-Liang Song would like to acknowledge the Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Province.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No.331

Removal and downstream recovery of heavy metals from wastewater using biosorption: overview on technological innovations

Olga A. Ramírez Calderón a, Omar M. Abdeldayem a, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi b and Eldon R. Rene a,* a Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, 2611AX Delft, The Netherlands b Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Corresponding author: (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Several municipal, industrial and agricultural activities use and release heavy metals into the environment as wastewater. These heavy metals have various hazardous and toxic effects in the environment and the human health. Biosorption is among the technologies applied for heavy metal removal from wastewater. This review provides an introduction and basic understanding of biosorption as a process for heavy metal removal and recovery from wastewater. The general concepts and mechanisms taking part in this technology are shown. A more detailed description is presented for different types of biosorbents: microbial cells (fungi, bacteria and algae) and organic/agricultural waste based sorbents, which show great potential for heavy metals sequestration and high cost-effectiveness when compared with other materials. Additionally, innovative (stand-alone and hybrid) technologies and applications of biosorption for heavy metal removal and recovery are presented.

Keywords:Biosorption; heavy metals; heavy metals recovery; organic waste as biosorbent; types of biosorbents; downstream technologies

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 332

Insights into the microbial resource management behind a 2.5-year refrigerated storage of a high-performance biohydrogen-producing mixed culture

Eldon R. Rene a, Octavio García-Depraect b, Elizabeth León-Becerril b* a Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, P. O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands b Department of Environmental Technology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, C.P. 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico

Corresponding author: (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract Microbial resource management of hydrogen-producing biocatalysts is of crucial importance in the field of dark fermentation processes. In this line, long-term storage and successful re-activation of inocula are essential for practical application. Unfortunately, there is a lack of information about inoculum preservation methods and re-activation steps, preventing high repeatability and reproducibility of culture performance. Preserving inocula already know to be highly efficient could be helpful to carry out inoculation of a new reactor and re-inoculation/bioaugmentation in cases where the performance of reactor decreases. In our previous study, a hydrogen-producing consortium enabled consistent culture performance from distillery wastewater as a complex substrate model (García-Depraect and León-Becerril, 2018; García-Depraect et al., 2019). In this field of progressive research, the present study aims at investigating the long-term storage of the high-performance biohydrogen-producing mixed culture and its viability and functionality features during re-activation. A fermentation producing hydrogen was carried out using a bench-scale batch reactor fed with a lactose-based medium in order to obtain a mother culture rich in hydrogen-producing microorganisms. The resulting culture broth was divided into nine parts, each one was poured in equal portions into top-sealed plastic bottles with a working volume of 250 mL. All bottles were storage under refrigeration at 4 °C until use. The bottles containing the mother culture were sacrificed for re-activation assays (using lactose as the sole carbon source), each one at a different time over a 2.5-year period. Special attention was given to the microbial community structure and hydrogen production performance indicators, i.e. productivity, yield, kinetics, metabolic patterns, etc. After 2.5 years, the original biohydrogen-producing mixed culture not only maintained viability but also ecosystem functionality with high-rate hydrogen production. Indeed, it was observed that the hydrogen production efficiency increased as storage time progressed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the long-term refrigerated storage of hydrogen-producing mixed cultures.

Keywords: Inoculum; hydrogen-producing bacteria; long-term storage; preservation, reactivation.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Graphical abstract:

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT) in Mexico (Project-PN-2015-01-1024).

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 333

Reuse of wastewater in horticulture: benefits and control of negative environmental and health impacts

Ailén M. F. Sotoa, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi b and Eldon R. Rene a,*

a Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, 2611AX Delft, The Netherlands b Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract There is an increasing pressure on reusing wastewater due to water scarcity, climate change and a growing population. Wastewater may contain characteristics, which make it suitable for horticulture irrigation. However, undesirable constituents can affect human health and the environment. The aim of this study was to review the main environmental, economic and social benefits of reusing wastewater in horticulture as well as the major problems associated with this practice. Moreover, low-cost on farm wastewater treatment technologies where pointed to be applied in developing countries in order to ensure food safety. The reduction of the usage of fertilizers and other fresh water sources seems to be the most important benefit. On the other hand, it was found that the presence of pathogens in domestic wastewater is the major threat for crop irrigation. Future work should be done to increase social acceptance on the reuse of wastewater in horticulture.

Keywords: Wastewater reuse; Horticulture; Environmental effects; Environmental benefits; Resource recovery.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 334

Wastewater treatment using an expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) anaerobic bioreactor

Hamidreza Mojab, Jules van Lier and Eldon R. Rene*

Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, P. O. Box 3015, 2601 DA, Delft, The Netherlands

Corresponding author: (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract In this study, the treatment of high calcium containing wastewater, generated from pulp and paper industry, in expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) anaerobic bioreactors followed by an aerobic post-treatment system was optimized. Two lab scale EGSB reactors were operated with synthetic (EGSB1) and real wastewater collected from a recycled paper mill (EGSB2) for 70 days. For both wastewater streams, the concentration of calcium and COD was maintained at 600 mg Ca/L and 8 g COD/L, at a VLR of 12 g COD/L.day. The precipitation rate of calcium was investigated under different pH values for both the reactors, while the parameters such as COD removal, biogas production and composition, pH and VFA concentration was monitored in order to ascertain the performance of the EGSB reactors. The average calcium precipitation rate in EGSB1 was 7.2%, 30.65%, 46.44% and 68.16% during the four phases of operation where the average pH of the reactor was maintained at 7.03, 7.18, 7.37 and 7.48, respectively. Concerning the EGSB2 reactor, the average calcium precipitation rate was 36% at the natural pH of the reactor (~6.96). However, the precipitation rate decreased to 0.5% when the pH was reduced to 6.82. During 20 days of experimentation, two different aerobic post-treatment systems were coupled to the EGSBs: a flash aeration (FA) system and a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The FA system, which was coupled to EGSB1, was able to remove 44% of the influent calcium, while the SBR system removed 40% of the calcium. In order to reuse the water and enhance the performance of the EGSB, the effluent of both the post treatment systems were used to dilute the wastewater that was fed to the EGSB reactors.

Keywords: High strength wastewater; expanded granular bed; volumetric loading; calcium precipitation

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 335

Development and evaluation of pp-LFER and QSPR models for predicting polyoxymethylene-water partition coefficients

Tengyi Zhu a*, Yuanyuan Gu a, Rajendra Prasad Singh b

aSchool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China b School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China

Corresponding Author: Tengyi Zhu, (Email: [email protected])

Abstract The partition coefficient of the chemical between polyoxymethylene (POM) and water (KPOM-w) has to be known to infer the Cw, and the accuracy of the used value of KPOM-w is directly related to the accuracy of the Cw measurements. However, it is difficult to measure KPOM-W for all potential pollutants since experimental determination of KPOM-W is generally laborious, time-consuming and expensive (DiFilippo and Eganhouse, 2010). Thus, it may be useful to develop mathematical models for predicting KPOM-w based on the physicochemical properties of chemicals. The polyparameter linear free energy relationship (pp-LFER) is a multiple linear regression model using several molecular descriptors as independent variables. It has been proven to be useful to characterize the equilibrium partitioning of organic chemicals in various environmental and technical partitioning systems and predict the respective partition coefficients (Endo and Goss, 2014). The advantages of quantitative structure property relationships (QSPR) study lie in the fact that it requires only the knowledge of the chemical structure and is independent of any experimental properties. Once the structure of a compound is known, any descriptor can be calculated whether the compound is obtained or not. This paper focuses on predicting KPOM-w by multiparameter models those characterizing molecular structural information of chemicals. Both the pp-LFER model and QSPR model were based on a large data set, including 218 compounds, covering the most common hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs). The feasibility and universality of models were demonstrated by mechanism explanation and application domain characterization. This way, we hope that the proposed models will provide an approach for studying the partition process of HOCs onto POM.

478

4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Graphical abstract:

Figure 1. Applicability domain of the developed pp-LFER (a) and QSPR (b) models evaluated by the Euclidean distance approach.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 336

Plant microbial fuel cells for soil remediation, energy and biorefinery

Chung-Yu Guan1, Chang-Ping Yu2,*

1 Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, TAIWAN, 2 Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, TAIWAN

Corresponding Author:(E-mail:[email protected]、[email protected])

Abstract Plant microbial fuel cells (PMFCs) are the emerging environmental technologies that integrate plants, microbes, soils, and electrochemical systems to convert from solar energy to electrical energy. In short-term operation, the pH of top soils was transformed from slightly acidic to neutral, and the electrical conductivity was reduced. The removal efficiency of Cr(VI) in soils reached 99 %, and the total Cr of soils could also be reduced. The closed circuit voltage of Chinese pennisetum PMFCs using graphite carbon felts as the electrodes could reach the daily average value of 469.21 mV. PMFCs have demonstrated the ability to remove Cr(VI) from soils collected from actual metal-contaminated sites. In long-term operations, pH of anode soils was lower than cathode soils. Furthermore, electrical conductivity and total Cr concentrations of anode soils were higher than cathode soils since heavy metal distributions in PMFC systems are effected by electrokinetics in PMFCs. The stratified chemical and microbial characteristics from anode to cathode soils were found of PMFCs. After harvesting of PMFCs for soil remediation, sulfuric acid converted plant biomass to levulinic acid in microwave heating conditions. Increasing temperature to 180oC accelerated the yield of levulinic acid to over 15 C mol % in 60 min in liquid acid conditions. Furthermore, adding gamma-Valerolactone could improve levulinic acid yields under the acid catalyst reaction. Therefore, organic solvent with liquid acid for plant biomass possessed high efficiencies of conversion in microwave heating methods for waste valorization. Finally, according to characteristics of solid residues, heavy metal distribution of plant biomass was demonstrated since total Cr and Cr(VI) remained in solid-phase after conversion work.

Keywords: Electricity generation; soil remediation; stratified chemical; waste valorization; heavy metal distribution.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

No. 337

Application of artificial stone waste powder to lithium ion battery

Pei-Rong Lina, Hoang-Jyh Leu b*, Kuo-Feng Chiu a,b,

a Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan b Master’s Program of Green Energy Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Hoang-Jyh Leu, Master’s Program of Green Energy Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract In this study, the treatment of the acrylic artificial stone waste powder was carried out with an organic solvent to remove the acrylic component and the cross-linking agent which were not cross-linked on the surface of the powder to observe the change of the emission component during the carbonization heat treatment. In this experiment, the main The organic polymer component coated on the surface of the artificial stone powder is cracked by an anaerobic heat treatment technique, and the residual carbonized component and its original oxide component are added to the carbon negative electrode slurry, and packaged into a button type battery. Then, the electrochemical characteristics are evaluated for anodes by half-cell measurement. According to our experiment, the aluminum based powder with the polymer coated material can be directly recovered under different processing conditions of staged heat treatments. In the experiment, the organic polymer component coat on the surface of artificial stone powder is cracked by heat treatment. The residual carbonized component and the original oxide component is added to the carbon negative electrode slurry, then being packaged into a button type half-cell, the electric characteristics are evaluated. Through the process of this study, the waste powder is recycled to the lithium ion battery slurry mixing process, and the alumina powder can be reused in other product processes. To achieve high-value utilization and satisfy circular economy. In addition, the cleaned waste powder after heat treatment is analyzed with SEM, TGA and XRD. After the powder is carbonized by 400℃, it can be added to the carbon negative electrode slurry. High-purity alumina can be obtained after 800℃ high-temperature treatment under atmospheric condition, and it also be used with 25% characteristic enhancement.

Keywords: Artificial Stone, Heat Treatment, Lithium Ion Battery, Anode, Half-cell.

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4th International Conference on Alternative Fuels, Energy and Environment (ICAFEE): Future and Challenges 18th – 21st, October 2019 Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan No. 338

Technology enhancement and forecasting of hydrogen production technology from biomass

Chiung-Wen Hsu a,b, Hoang-Jyh Leu b*, Chiu-Yue Lin b, Yan-Ying Wong b

a Department of Business Administration, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan b Master’s Program of Green Energy Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan

Corresponding Author: Hoang-Jyh Leu, Master’s Program of Green Energy Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract In the area of renewable energy, climate deterioration urges us to find ways to overcome its impacts. Green energy for sustainable development is necessary in order to meet the growing demand for energy consumption and reduce global carbon dioxide emissions. Hydrogen has a promising future as an alternative clean energy carrier to replace fossil fuels. Currently, biomass has drawn the attention of research institutions to undertake thermochemical or biochemical processes for obtaining hydrogen. Biomass can be considered as the most viable option for becoming renewable energy feedstock and could sustain a green energy supply in the future. This study provides insight into the status quo and development of the hydrogen generation technology from biomass, and it aims to expedite green energy production and virtually decarbonize global industries. The first step in this analysis involved a search of the relevant patents from the United States patent database, and then, a patent interpretation procedure was carried out. The results demonstrate that the use of the logistic growth curve model and the theory of inventive problem solving can assist development personnel and researchers in accelerating the development of the technology. Furthermore, this study can provide decision makers with information to better understand that the hydrogen production technology from biomass has already achieved technological maturity and to assess the suggestions for future development trends for clean energy production. Researchers may also benefit from this work by concentrating on the improvement of productivity, loss of production time, and generation of harmful factors.

Keywords: Biomass, Hydrogen, Patent, Feedstock, Electricity, TRIZ.

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