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Research Briefs Building Knowledge for Climate Resilience in Nepal Research Briefs Building Knowledge for Climate Resilience in Nepal Research Briefs Published By Nepal Academy of Science and Technology Khumaltar, Lalitpur October 2016 Supported By Government of Nepal, Ministry of Population and Environment and the Asian Development Bank under Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development (TA 7984-NEP) Financed by the Climate Investment Funds Editorial Team Dinesh Raj Bhuju Kathleen McLaughlin Jaishree Sijapati Bimala Devi Devkota Nabina Shrestha Gopal Prasad Ghimire Pawan Kumar Neupane Language Editor Anil Shrestha, PagePerfect Production Team Pramod Bajracharya Shosti Raj Oli ISBN : 978-9937-0-1769-5 Printed by: Format Printing Press MESSAGE FROM VICE CHANCELLOR Climate change and its impact has been a major environmental concern worldwide today. Generating field-based empirical data and information is perhaps the first step to help build climate-resilient communities towards achieving sustainable development goals of a country. The Government of Nepal is undertaking various projects on climate change with a goal of minimizing its negative impacts. One such effort is Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development, which is one of the five components of Nepal’s Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience (PPCR), implemented with financial support from the Asian Development Bank (ADB). I am pleased to record that Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) has been entrusted to take up a research grant programme to develop knowledge and management tools for climate change. Since its establishment, NAST has actively been involved in conducting, as well as supporting, scientific research covering various sectors of science and technology of national priorities, including climate change and environment. NAST has also established a national platform of climate knowledge, the Nepal Climate Change Knowledge Management Centre (NCCKMC) as a part of NAPA (National Adaptation Programme of Action). The Climate Change Research Grant Programme (CCRGP) under PPCR is an extension of our efforts to strengthen knowledge base in climate change in Nepal. We are thankful to GoN for giving this opportunity. Nepal’s contribution to global warming is negligible in amount; however, it is not spared from the impending impacts of climate change. Paradoxically, for the lack of empirical data, its Himalayas are termed as a ‘white spot’. The research studies carried out under various research grants of NAST, including CCRGP, are an attempt towards fulfilling this gap. We thank all the researchers who, despite hardships following the earthquake April 2015, completed their studies and submitted research reports. The academic inputs by reviewers and mentors to the research work are highly acknowledged with thanks. We are pleased to bring out this compilation of research briefs for wider dissemination. Prof. Dr Jiba Raj Pokharel Vice-Chancellor Nepal Academy of Science and Technology October 2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENts This publication was made possible through the concerted efforts of NAST staff and academicians and the researchers selected under the Climate Change Research Grant Programme. We would like to acknowledge the support of our collaborating colleagues in the Ministry of Population and Environment and the Asian Development Bank. TABLE OF CONTENts List of Abbreviations ix Introduction 1 Forest and Biodiversity 3 Assessment of the Effects of Climate Change on the Distribution of Invasive Alien Plant Species in Nepal Dr. Mohan Siwakoti, Professor, Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University 5 Regeneration and Distribution Modelling of Larix species under Climate Change Scenarios in Nepal Himalaya Mr. Prakash Chandra Aryal, Assistant Professor, Golden Gate International College 9 Plant Water Relations and Altitudinal Shifts of Quercus semecarpifolia in Response to Drought and Climate Change in Nepal’s Hills Dr. Kanta Poudyal, Professor, Amrit Science College, Tribhuvan University 13 Impact of Climate Change on the Quality of Herbal Drugs: A Threat to Plant-based Traditional Knowledge for Livelihood Dr. Rajendra Gyawali, Assistant Professor, Kathmandu University 17 Carbon Sequestration in a Fire-Affected Ecosystem of Pinus roxburghii Forest in Rasuwa District, Nepal Dr. Biva Aryal, Researcher, Society of Natural Resource Conservation and Development 21 Paulownia tomentosa, A Fast-growing Tree with Multiple Benefits: Effective to Abate the changing climate Dr. Niranjan Parajuli, Faculty, National College, Kathmandu 25 Effects of Climate Change on Secondary Metabolite Production in Lichen of Nepal Mr. Bishnu Prasad Neupane, Assistant Professor, Pokhara University 29 River Ecological Study: Assessing the Climate Change and Building a Base for Adaptation Dr. Bibhuti Ranjan Jha, Associate Professor, Kathmandu University 33 Climate Change and Hydro-Ecological Responses of Glacial Mountain Basins in Nepal Himalaya Dr. Narayan Prasad Ghimire, Researcher, Small Mammal Conservation Society 37 Treeline Shift in Central Nepal Himalaya and Climate Reconstruction of Past Millennia Mr. Yub Raj Dhakal, Researcher, Tree Ring Society of Nepal 41 Agriculture and Food Security 45 Climate Change Impacts on Livestock-raising and the Household Economy of Mustang District, Nepal Dr. Shreeram Prasad Neopane, Visiting Professor, Himalayan College of Agriculture Science and Technology, Kathmandu 47 Vulnerability of Livestock Farming Systems to Impact of Climate Change in the Tarai Region of Nepal Mr. Shiva Chandra Dhakal, Assistant Professor, Agriculture and Forestry University, Chitwan 51 Agricultural Calendar Shift due to Climatic Conditions in Three Ecological Regions of Sagarmatha Zone, Nepal Dr. Bed Mani Dahal, Associate Professor, Kathmandu University 55 Understanding Climate Change Adaptation by Farmers in Crop Production in Nepal Mr. Madhav Dhital, Assistant Professor, Agriculture and Forestry University, Chitwan 59 Impact of Climate Change on Cereal Crop Production and Food Security: A Case Study of Dhading District, Nepal Mr. Surya Mani Dhungana, Assistant Professor, Agriculture and Forestry University, Chitwan 63 Development of Design Guidelines of Digesters for Biogas Generation at High Altitude Dr. Bhagwan Ratna Kansakar, Professor, Nepal Engineering College, Pokhara University 67 Effects of Climate Change on Insect: Pest Incidence in Major Staple Food Crops in Different Ecological Regions of Nepal Mr. Kapil Kafle, Assistant Professor, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Lamjung 71 Effects of Changing Precipitation Patterns on Agricultural Practices of Farmers in Rautahat, Nepal Dr. Gopi Krishna Sedhain, Senior Researcher, Nepal Environment Protection Centre, Kathmandu 75 Water Resources and Energy 81 Estimation of Snow-melt Run-off for Hydropower Projects in Different Climate Scenarios in Nepal Dr. Narendra Man Shakya, Professor, Institute of Engineering, Pulchowk 83 Situation of Springs, Groundwater Spring Potentiality and Gender Roles in Water Management: A Study of Melamchi Area, Sindhupalchok, Nepal Dr. Prem Sagar Chapagain, Associate Professor, Central Department of Geography, Tribhuvan University 87 Large Freshwater Bivalve Species: Are They Really Heading Toward Extinction?: A Case of Natural Lakes of Kailali District, Far West Nepal Dr. Prem Bahadur Budha, Assistant Professor, Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University 93 Characterization of Microorganisms for Production of Bioethanol from Agriculture Wastes and Using It as Biofuel Dr. Bhupal Govinda Shrestha, Assistant Professor, Kathmandu University 99 Renewable Energy: A Panacea for Climate Change and Energy Crisis Mr. Prabal Sapkota, Assistant Professor, Kathmandu University 103 An Assessment of Economic Loss due to Water-induced Disaster of the 2013 Mahakali Flood in Darchula and Its Relation to Climate Change Mr. Mahendra Bahadur Gurung, Senior Researcher, Small Earth Nepal, Kathmandu 107 Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Helambu Sub-Watershed, Nepal Ms. Lachana Shresthacharya, Researcher, Environment and Energy Research Development Centre, Kathmandu 111 Towards Climate Resilient Hydropower Projects: Findings from the Budhi Gandaki Hydropower Project Dr. Khada Nanda Dulal, Researcher, Asian Institute of Technology and Management, Lalitpur 115 Climate-Induced Disaster 119 Marsyangdi River Basin Water-induced Disaster Triggered by Climate Change and Its Prognostic Projection Dr. Dinesh Pathak, Associate Professor, Central Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University 121 Climate Change impact and Adaptation Measures Needed in Upper Mustantg to Prevent More Climate Refugees Dr. Hari Krishna Shrestha, Chairman, Hydro Knowledge System 125 High Mountains Facing Severe Climatic Influence and Impact on Tourism and Tourism-dependent Livelihoods Mr. Thakur Prasad Devkota, Reseacher, Sustainable Rural Development Centre, Gorkha 131 Assessing the Impact of Climate Change-induced Displacement in Darchula District, Far Western Region from A Gender Perspective Dr. Sushila C. Nepali, Reseacher, Forum for Natural Resource Managers Nepal, Kathmandu 137 Developing a Methodology for Assessing Loss and Damage of Climate Change and Variability in Nepal Mr. Deepak Paudel, Senior Researcher, Nature Conservation Private Limited, Kathmandu 143 Public Health 147 Study and Assessment of Environmental Burden of Diseases Attributable to Climate Change in Nepal Dr. Srijan Lal Shrestha, Professor, Central Department of Statistics, Tribhuvan University 149 Impact of Climate Change on Cholera Outbreak
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