DOCSLIB.ORG

Foundations for Ethics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Foundations for Ethics SECTION I Foundations for Ethics Change happens whether we want it or not. ▸ Introduction ealth care is in a constant state of change and challenge, which is likely to continue into its future. Therefore, this quote from the ancient philosopher, Heraclitus, rings true Hfor healthcare administrators (HCAs). In this introduction, consider an example of how change can affect care and its ethics. For example, the rapid growth of technology promises more efficient and effective care along with the ability to treat health conditions and improve outcomes. Of course, technology’s impressive outcomes will also bring challenges for health administrators in the areas of finance, staffing, and patient demands. How does this climate of change affect the HCA’s ability to pro- vide both fiscally sound and ethics- based health care? First, HCAs need to continue providing an environment where patients receive both appropriate and compassionate care. In addition, they must create, adapt, and support the complex healthcare system structure that responds to change. As stewards of current and future resources, HCAs are required to protect these resources and ensure that they are used ethically. These serious responsibilities can only increase in this epoch of change. To address these concerns, HCAs must also be prepared to go beyond patient care. They must respond to the business needs of health care with respect to the patient, staff members, organization, © Panuwat Dangsungnoen/EyeEm/Getty Images Dangsungnoen/EyeEm/Getty © Panuwat and the community. This challenge requires HCAs to have a base in ethics and apply their professional knowledge and skills. In addition, these challenges mandate a deeper application of ethics through appropriate behaviors that maintain both personal integrity and that of their organizations. In a time of great change, HCAs must also apply ethics that consider individual, organizational, and societal viewpoints. 1 2 Section I Foundations for Ethics To meet this challenge, they must be informed by both qualitative and quantita- tive data to make decisions that are both fiscally sound and ethically appropriate. In this epoch of change, ethics becomes more than a course that is forgotten upon graduation. It is an essential for the successful practice of healthcare administration. ▸ A Word About the Text The Fourth Edition of Ethics and Health Administration: A Practical Approach for Decision Makers contains chapter revisions and new chapters to reflect the current state of health care. For example, Chapter 5 is new and is titled Ethics in the Epoch of Change. It discusses changes in healthcare culture and how they challenge ethics decision-making. HCAs use theories and principles in their decision-making and daily prac- tices. Therefore, this new edition begins with a foundation in theory and prin- ciples. It goes beyond theory to application by including discussions, examples, case studies, and exercises within its chapters. These inclusions are designed to increase a deeper understanding of how to make ethics an integral part of the administrative role. Each chapter contains a “Key Terms” section to build concept recognition. Chapters also include case studies. These stories are based on fictionalized situations from many different healthcare experiences. Feedback from past students indicates these cases are helpful in applying ethics to the real world. The model seen in FIGURE I-1 guides the organization and vision of this text. Since HCAs do not make decisions in a vacuum, the circle organizes its themes and reflects how ethics influences healthcare practice. The outer circle represents the theory and principles that form the foundations for ethical decision making. The next circle represents areas external to the organization that influence the operations of healthcare administration. Internal influences are represented by the next circle in the model. These factors strongly impact the day-to-day practice of ethics in an organization. Finally, the inner circle represents the HCA’s personal ethics and its influence on action and career success. The circle model also serves as an organization plan for the chapters in the book. For example, the Foundations for Ethics section establishes a base in ethics theory and principles. The Practical Theory chapter explores founding theories of ethics that guide most of Western ethical thinking and includes a new section on the ethics of care theory. Using this theoretical groundwork, the Autonomy chapter explores one of the four key principles of healthcare ethics and discusses how it influences the practice of health care. The Nonmaleficence and Beneficence and Jus- tice chapters focus on the remaining key principles and their relevance to healthcare administration. And a new chapter, Ethics in the Epoch of Change, examines the uncertainties of healthcare, the changing healthcare culture, and ethics challenges during major change events. In the External Influences on Ethics section, the Market Forces and Ethics chapter considers the influence of various markets on the application of ethics in healthcare administration. The Healthcare Regulation and Ethics chapter addresses the relationship between regulation and ethics. It also includes advocacy and staff Section I Foundations for Ethics 3 Personal Ethics Internal Influences External Influences Founding Principles FIGURE I-1 A System of Healthcare Administration Ethics competency in relation to ethics theory and principles. Finally, the Technology and Ethics chapter presents an updated and in-depth view of technology’s impact on ethics decision-making, including emerging technologies. The healthcare organization’s influence on an administrator’s ethical deci- sions is the focus of the Organizational Influences on Ethics section. The No Mis- sion, No Margin: Fiscal Responsibility chapter presents the challenges of finance and its influence on ethical decisions. It also presents ethics issues related to the challenges of financing healthcare, nonprofit versus for-profit healthcare organi- zations, and stewardship of finances. The Healthcare Organizations: Culture and Ethics chapter features information on important patient culture and ethics chal- lenges. There are also discussions about professional culture, ethics committees, and models for decision making. The next chapter, The Ethics of Quality, is especially important in times of great change. It presents information about the organization’s response to quality and the nature of quality itself. In light of health care’s patient experience empha- sis, The Patient Issues and Ethics chapter considers the organization’s responsibil- ity to meet changing patient needs and expectations. This topic is presented from both the patient and organizational perspective. The Public Health and Ethics presents information on public health in action in the epoch of change and how it affects both community health and the healthcare system. It also introduces the mission of public health and professionals who are part of this important aspect of healthcare delivery. The Personal Ethics and Morality chapter investi- gates morality and its meaning for the busy HCA. It also includes discussions about the effects of ignoring morality and how to practice personal ethics as an administrator. 4 Section I Foundations for Ethics The Inner Circle of Ethics section discusses how HCAs use ethics in their professional practice. The Codes of Ethics and Administrative Practice chapter provides an overview of organizational and professional codes of ethics and their application to administrative practice. Finally, Practicing as an Ethical Admin- istrator chapter relates to the difficulties maintaining one’s base in ethics as an administrator who practices in a time of great change. It offers practical advice for balancing ethics with expediency and change. This new edition assists readers in seeing the world through “ethical eyes” as well as through financial ones. By applying ethics, one can enhance the overall effec- tiveness of one’s organizations and better meet challenges in a trust-based industry. On a personal level, one can become a person of integrity with a reputation for practical wisdom. One can make decisions that are both fiscally sound and ethically based. In the end, ethics always matter. © Panuwat Dangsungnoen/EyeEm/Getty Images CHAPTER 1 Practical Theory Healthcare administrators without grounding in ethics theory are like boats without rudders. They keep going around in circles and go nowhere. KEY TERMS The following is a list of this chapter’s key terms. Look for them in bold. Act utility Natural law Categorical imperative Normative ethics Consequentialism Original position Conventional Practical wisdom Deontology Preconventional Ethical egoism Premoral Ethics of care Principled moral reasoning Eudaimonia Rule utility I–THOU Sense of meaning Liberty principle Utilitarianism Maximum principle Virtue Moral development ▸ Introduction and Definitions ou watch your house fill with water as you enter a rescue boat. You visit your grandmother in a nursing home and you can still hear her asking to go home. You have to inform your staff about a new policy on infection control. You Yhave to explain the copayments to a patient who is full of fear about her surgery. What do these scenarios have in common? First, they deeply connect to the core concepts of all of health care—trust. From the patients’ view, trust happens on both physical and emotional levels. For example, patients surrender their
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Existentialism of Martin Buber and Implications for Education
    This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 69-4919 KINER, Edward David, 1939- THE EXISTENTIALISM OF MARTIN BUBER AND IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1968 Education, general University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THE EXISTENTIALISM OF MARTIN BUBER AND IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Edward David Kiner, B.A., M.A. ####*### The Ohio State University 1968 Approved by Adviser College of Education This thesis is dedicated to significant others, to warm, vital, concerned people Who have meant much to me and have helped me achieve my self, To people whose lives and beings have manifested "glimpses" of the Eternal Thou, To my wife, Sharyn, and my children, Seth and Debra. VITA February 14* 1939 Born - Cleveland, Ohio 1961......... B.A. Western Reserve University April, 1965..... M.A. Hebrew Union College Jewish Institute of Religion June, 1965...... Ordained a Rabbi 1965-1968........ Assistant Rabbi, Temple Israel, Columbus, Ohio 1967-1968...... Director of Religious Education, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Philosophy of Education Studies in Philosophy of Education, Dr. Everett J. Kircher Studies in Curriculum, Dr. Alexander Frazier Studies in Philosophy, Dr. Marvin Fox ill TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION............................................. ii VITA ................................................... iii INTRODUCTION............................ 1 Chapter I. AN INTRODUCTION TO MARTIN BUBER'S THOUGHT....... 6 Philosophical Anthropology I And Thou Martin Buber and Hasidism Buber and Existentialism Conclusion II. EPISTEMOLOGY . 30 Truth Past and Present I-It Knowledge Thinking Philosophy I-Thou Knowledge Complemented by I-It Living Truth Buber as an Ebdstentialist-Intuitionist Implications for Education A Major Problem Education, Inclusion, and the Problem of Criterion Conclusion III.
    [Show full text]
  • Immanuel Kant Was Born in 1724, and Published “Religion Within The
    CHAPTER FIVE THE PHENOMENOLOGY AND ‘FORMATIONS OF CONSCIOUSNESS’ It is this self-construing method alone which enables philosophy to be an objective, demonstrated science. (Hegel 1812) Immanuel Kant was born in 1724, and published “Religion within the limits of Reason” at the age of 70, at about the same time as the young Hegel was writing his speculations on building a folk religion at the seminary in Tübingen and Robespierre was engaged in his ultimately fatal practical experiment in a religion of Reason. Kant was a huge figure. Hegel and all his young philosopher friends were Kantians. But Kant’s system posed as many problems as it solved; to be a Kantian at that time was to be a participant in the project which Kant had initiated, the development of a philosophical system to fulfill the aims of the Enlightenment; and that generally meant critique of Kant. We need to look at just a couple of aspects of Kant’s philosophy which will help us understand Hegel’s approach. “I freely admit,” said Kant , “it was David Hume ’s remark [that Reason could not prove necessity or causality in Nature] that first, many years ago, interrupted my dogmatic slumber and gave a completely differ- ent direction to my enquiries in the field of speculative philosophy” (Kant 1997). Hume’s “Treatise on Human Nature” had been published while Kant was still very young, continuing a line of empiricists and their rationalist critics, whose concern was how knowledge and ideas originate from sensation. Hume was a skeptic; he demonstrated that causality could not be deduced from experience.
    [Show full text]
  • The Foundations of Martin Buber's Authenticity
    University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Open Access Master's Theses 1974 Wirklichkeit and Verantwortung: The Foundations of Martin Buber's Authenticity James Patrick Glasson University of Rhode Island Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses Recommended Citation Glasson, James Patrick, "Wirklichkeit and Verantwortung: The Foundations of Martin Buber's Authenticity" (1974). Open Access Master's Theses. Paper 1537. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses/1537 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WIRKLlg RKEI T AND YEfl ANTWORTUNGi i:£1HF: FOUNDATIONS OF rv1.:.a..R rfI N BUBER'S AUTHENTICI TY BY .,TAMES PA1fRICK GLASSON A THESIS SUBMIT'rED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTEROF ARTS IN PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITYOF RHODEISLA ND 1974 THESIS ABSTRACT This study will investigate the foundations cf Ma-rtin ­ Buber's authenticity. 1l1he problem of the foundations of authenticity arises in Jean-Paul Sartre who makes contra­ dictory claims when he says on the one hand there are no objective ethical values while on the other says "we ought to be authentic". The questions are 1 , Can authenticity be separated from objective values and still impose an obliga­ tion? And what are the foundations for saying "we ought to be authentic"? In the first section Buber's notion of Wirklich keit · (actuality) is examined and will be shown. to provide some legitimate foundation for authenticity oy implying an obliga.tion in reference to what man "ought to be".
    [Show full text]
  • Espinalt's Concept of Human WILL and Character and Its
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Revistes Catalanes amb Accés Obert 6 espinaLt’s coNcePt oF humaN Will aNd chaRacteR aNd Its coNsequeNces FoR 1 moRaL educatIoN Carme Giménez-Camins & Josep Gallifa abstract: This article deals with the human will and the individual character and their relevance in the moral sphere. After introducing the conative domain, it argues for the need to have a psychological and educational model of human character. The paper presents Espinalt’s (1920-1993) concepts of will and character and their consequences for education. After having explored human will and understanding the causes for the relative lack of consideration of will by modern psychology, a definition of character is presented as a result of exercising human will. Three different dimensions of character are considered: One more connected with instincts, another with culture, and the most distinctive of individual self-engraving. The third dimension leads to different considerations of education that are briefly explained. The Espinaltian vision is contrasted with other contemporary visions of human will and character. The social and historical forces with an influence on the education of the character are also considered. Finally the paper argues for the centrality of these approaches for a moral education which is based on Aristotelian views. Keywords: Espinalt, Human Will, Moral education, Aristotle, character 1 This paper was received on January 31, 2011 and was approved on March 27, 2011 122 RamoN LLuLL JouRNaL oF aPPLIed ethIcs 2011. Issue 2 INtRoductIoN the neoclassical model of the human psyche Traditionally the human psyche has been divided into three components: Cognition, affect and conation (Hilgard, 1980; Tallon, 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • The Pennsylvania State University the Graduate School College of The
    The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts EXISTENTIALIST ROOTS OF FEMINIST ETHICS A Dissertation in Philosophy by Deniz Durmus Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2015 The dissertation of Deniz Durmus was reviewed and approved* by the following: Shannon Sullivan Professor of Philosophy Women's Studies, and African American Studies, Department Head, Dissertation Advisor, Co-Chair Committee Sarah Clark Miller Associate Professor of Philosophy, Associate Director of Rock Ethics Institute, Co-Chair Committee John Christman Professor of Philosophy, Women’s Studies Robert Bernasconi Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of Philosophy, African American Studies Christine Clark Evans Professor of French and Francophone Studies, Women’s Studies Amy Allen Liberal Arts Professor of Philosophy, Head of Philosophy Department *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School. ii ABSTRACT My dissertation “Existentialist Roots of Feminist Ethics” is an account of existentialist feminist ethics written from the perspective of ambiguous nature of interconnectedness of human freedoms. It explores existentialist tenets in feminist ethics and care ethics and reclaims existentialism as a resourceful theory in addressing global ethical issues. My dissertation moves beyond the once prevalent paradigm that feminist ethics should be devoid of any traditional ethical theories and it shows that an existential phenomenological ethics can complement feminist ethics in a productive way. The first chapter, introduces and discusses an existentialist notion of freedom based on Simone de Beauvoir and Jean Paul Sartre’s writings. In order to establish that human beings are metaphysically free, I explain notions of in-itself, for-itself, transcendence, immanence, facticity, and bad faith which are the basic notions of an existentialist notion of freedom.
    [Show full text]
  • 5. What Matters Is the Motive / Immanuel Kant
    This excerpt is from Michael J. Sandel, Justice: What's the Right Thing to Do?, pp. 103-116, by permission of the publisher. 5. WHAT MATTERS IS THE MOTIVE / IMMANUEL KANT If you believe in universal human rights, you are probably not a utili- tarian. If all human beings are worthy of respect, regardless of who they are or where they live, then it’s wrong to treat them as mere in- struments of the collective happiness. (Recall the story of the mal- nourished child languishing in the cellar for the sake of the “city of happiness.”) You might defend human rights on the grounds that respecting them will maximize utility in the long run. In that case, however, your reason for respecting rights is not to respect the person who holds them but to make things better for everyone. It is one thing to con- demn the scenario of the su! ering child because it reduces overall util- ity, and something else to condemn it as an intrinsic moral wrong, an injustice to the child. If rights don’t rest on utility, what is their moral basis? Libertarians o! er a possible answer: Persons should not be used merely as means to the welfare of others, because doing so violates the fundamental right of self-ownership. My life, labor, and person belong to me and me alone. They are not at the disposal of the society as a whole. As we have seen, however, the idea of self-ownership, consistently applied, has implications that only an ardent libertarian can love—an unfettered market without a safety net for those who fall behind; a 104 JUSTICE minimal state that rules out most mea sures to ease inequality and pro- mote the common good; and a celebration of consent so complete that it permits self-in" icted a! ronts to human dignity such as consensual cannibalism or selling oneself into slav ery.
    [Show full text]
  • Rethinking Feminist Ethics
    RETHINKING FEMINIST ETHICS The question of whether there can be distinctively female ethics is one of the most important and controversial debates in current gender studies, philosophy and psychology. Rethinking Feminist Ethics: Care, Trust and Empathy marks a bold intervention in these debates by bridging the ground between women theorists disenchanted with aspects of traditional ‘male’ ethics and traditional theorists who insist upon the need for some ethical principles. Daryl Koehn provides one of the first critical overviews of a wide range of alternative female/ feminist/feminine ethics defended by influential theorists such as Carol Gilligan, Annette Baier, Nel Noddings and Diana Meyers. She shows why these ethics in their current form are not defensible and proposes a radically new alternative. In the first section, Koehn identifies the major tenets of ethics of care, trust and empathy. She provides a lucid, searching analysis of why female ethics emphasize a relational, rather than individualistic, self and why they favor a more empathic, less rule-based, approach to human interactions. At the heart of the debate over alternative ethics is the question of whether female ethics of care, trust and empathy constitute a realistic, practical alternative to the rule- based ethics of Immanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill and John Rawls. Koehn concludes that they do not. Female ethics are plagued by many of the same problems they impute to ‘male’ ethics, including a failure to respect other individuals. In particular, female ethics favor the perspective of the caregiver, trustor and empathizer over the viewpoint of those who are on the receiving end of care, trust and empathy.
    [Show full text]
  • Aristotle, Kant, JS Mill and Rawls Raphael Cohen-Almagor
    1 On the Philosophical Foundations of Medical Ethics: Aristotle, Kant, JS Mill and Rawls Raphael Cohen-Almagor Ethics, Medicine and Public Health (Available online 22 November 2017). Abstract This article aims to trace back some of the theoretical foundations of medical ethics that stem from the philosophies of Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill and John Rawls. The four philosophers had in mind rational and autonomous human beings who are able to decide their destiny, who pave for themselves the path for their own happiness. It is argued that their philosophies have influenced the field of medical ethics as they crafted some very important principles of the field. I discuss the concept of autonomy according to Kant and JS Mill, Kant’s concepts of dignity, benevolence and beneficence, Mill’s Harm Principle (nonmaleficence), the concept of justice according to Aristotle, Mill and Rawls, and Aristotle’s concept of responsibility. Key words: Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill, autonomy, beneficence, benevolence, dignity, justice, nonmaleficence, responsibility, John Rawls Introduction What are the philosophical foundations of medical ethics? The term ethics is derived from Greek. ἦθος: Noun meaning 'character' or 'disposition'. It is used in Aristotle to denote those aspects of one's character that, through appropriate moral training, develop into virtues. ἦθος is related to the adjective ἠθικός denoting someone or something that relates to disposition, e.g., a philosophical study on character.[1] 2 Ethics is concerned with what is good for individuals and society. It involves developing, systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behaviour. The Hippocratic Oath (c.
    [Show full text]
  • When the Kingdom of God Became the Kingdom of Ends: Altruism’S Development Into a Normative Ideal
    When the Kingdom of God Became the Kingdom of Ends: Altruism’s Development into a Normative Ideal A Senior Honor Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with distinction in Political Science in the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences by Benjamin T. Jones The Ohio State University December 10, 2006 Project Advisors: John M. Parrish, Department of Political Science (Loyola Marymount University) Michael A. Neblo, Department of Political Science (The Ohio State University) Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Introduction 1 The Paradox at the Heart of Altruism 4 Defining Altruism and Normativity 6 What Are We Looking For? 11 Roadmap of What’s to Come 14 Part I Towards a Problem: The Ancient Debate over Public Life 17 Eudaimonia and Ancient Ethics 18 Plato and Aristotle 24 Epicurus and the Stoics 40 A Solution from an Unlikely Source 47 Augustine’s Reconciliation of the Two Cities 55 Conclusion 63 Part II Self-Love’s Fall from Grace: How Normative Altruism Developed out of the Augustinian Tradition 65 Entangled in Self-love: Augustine’s Normative Argument 67 Augustine Goes Secular 75 Kant’s Problematic Solution 83 Reworking Kant—And Altruism 89 Conclusion 91 Part III The Problems with Normative Altruism 93 Two Conceptions of Altruism 93 Evidence for Altruism on a Descriptive Level 95 Motivational Barriers to Normative Altruism 113 Changing the Way We Talk About Altruism 121 Conclusion 126 Bibliography 131 i Abstract In contemporary moral philosophy, altruism holds a place of prominence. Although a complex idea, the term seeps into everyday discourse, by no means confined to the esoteric language of philosophers and psychologists.
    [Show full text]
  • Martin Buber and Immanuel Kant on Mutual Respect and the Liberal State
    Martin Buber and Immanuel Kant on Mutual Respect and the Liberal State Steven M. DeLue Miami University Buber’s and Kant’s views as to how to achieve mutual respect are intertwined, contrary to the way each would likely see the other’s position. To this end, the author discussed each writer’s view of mutual respect and shows how the deficiencies in each are made up for in the arguments of the other. The author concludes by suggesting that a conception of liberal civil society, at its best and most democratic, embodied both Buber’s and Kant’s views of mutual respect. I. Introduction: Buber and Kant on Toleration and Mutual Respect Toleration, often considered a central value in a liberal regime that is committed to provide to each citizen fundamental rights, can ironically be liberalism’s undoing. Toleration suggests a “live and let” live attitude toward difference. People who practice toleration learn to ignore what they distrust or do not understand. And what people distrust or ignore, they may over time begin to fear and later, as fear grows, to hate. And when this happens, toleration itself becomes the source of illiberal attitudes toward difference. Since rights are in part protected by sympathetic rights- regarding attitudes, the mindset emanating from toleration can make it difficult to secure the rights that liberalism promises. In consequence, toleration must be buttressed by mutual respect, which directs people to communicate with each other in such a way that they create spaces in society for difference to thrive and for the rights of others, no matter how different, to be preserved (DeLue, 2002, 16-18).
    [Show full text]
  • Love As a Moral Emotion* J. David Velleman
    Love as a Moral Emotion* J. David Velleman INTRODUCTION Love and morality are generally assumed to differ in spirit. The moral point of view is impartial and favors no particular individual, whereas favoring someone in particular seems like the very essence of love. Love and morality are therefore thought to place con¯icting demands on our attention, requiring us to look at things differently, whether or not they ultimately require us to do different things.1 The question is supposed to be whether a person can do justice to both perspectives. Some philosophers think that one or the other per- * The theme of this article was suggested to me by Harry Frankfurt's ``Autonomy, Necessity, and Love'' (in Vernunftbegriffe in der Moderne, ed. Hans Friedrich Fulda and Rolf- Peter Horstmann [Klett-Cotta, 1994], pp. 433± 47). I ®rst attempted to state the theme in a paper entitled ``Frankfurt on Love and Duty,'' written for a conference organized by RuÈdi- ger Bittner in the spring of 1996, at the Zentrum fuÈr interdiziplinaÈre Forschung, in Biele- feld, Germany. Some of that paper is reproduced here. Also contained here is material from a commentary on Henry S. Richardson's Practical Reasoning about Final Ends (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); my commentary was presented at a session of the So- ciety for Informal Logic at the 1995 meetings of the American Philosophical Association (APA) Eastern Division. Earlier versions of this article were read to the philosophy depart- ments at Arizona State University; Harvard; Princeton; University of California, Los Ange- les; University College London; and to a discussion group that meets at Oriel College, Ox- ford, under the auspices of David Charles.
    [Show full text]
  • Critical Pedagogy and the Ethics of Care: How Values Affect the Classroom Dynamic
    BearWorks MSU Graduate Theses Fall 2018 Critical Pedagogy and the Ethics of Care: How Values Affect the Classroom Dynamic Colby D. Reed Missouri State University, [email protected] As with any intellectual project, the content and views expressed in this thesis may be considered objectionable by some readers. However, this student-scholar’s work has been judged to have academic value by the student’s thesis committee members trained in the discipline. The content and views expressed in this thesis are those of the student-scholar and are not endorsed by Missouri State University, its Graduate College, or its employees. Follow this and additional works at: https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses Part of the Adult and Continuing Education Commons, Arts and Humanities Commons, Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education Commons, Curriculum and Instruction Commons, Educational Methods Commons, Humane Education Commons, Language and Literacy Education Commons, and the Liberal Studies Commons Recommended Citation Reed, Colby D., "Critical Pedagogy and the Ethics of Care: How Values Affect the Classroom Dynamic" (2018). MSU Graduate Theses. 3325. https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses/3325 This article or document was made available through BearWorks, the institutional repository of Missouri State University. The work contained in it may be protected by copyright and require permission of the copyright holder for reuse or redistribution. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CRITICAL
    [Show full text]