International Journal of Research and Review www.ijrrjournal.com E-ISSN: 2349-9788; P-ISSN: 2454-2237

Research Paper

Acehnese Peunajoh of Timphan: A Study of Ecolexical Taxonomy

Zurriyati A. Jalil, T. Silvana Sinar, Dwi Widayati, Gustianingsih

Doctoral Program of Linguistics, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan,

Corresponding Author: Zurriyati A. Jalil

ABSTRACT

The richness of lexicos in a language becomes the diversity of natural, social, and cultural representation of a society. Lexicons that are related to nature are known as the ecolexicons, such as timphan which is one of the Acehnese peunajohs and very popular among the local people. Its diversity of species is sufficient to represent and reflect the Acehnese nature, language, and social culture although some people only know a small number of types of timphan. The paper aims to identify the taxonomy of lexicons and ecolexicons in peunajoh timphan and uses descriptive and qualitative approach. The data was taken from oral interview, observation, and written sources and the interview was video-recorded and involved several informants. The results showed that the peunajoh timphan consisted of local biotic, abiotic, flora, and fauna ecolexicons. Since peunajoh timphan has religious, social and economic values, the Acehnese speakers‟ knowledge in recognizing types of timphan varied among age groups.

Keywords: Taxonomy, ecolexicon, Acehnese peunajoh, preservation, and ecology

INTRODUCTION words, the richness of the Acehnese The diversity of peunajoh or lexicons becomes the representation of Acehnese food reflects the abundance of various natural, social and cultural natural resources, either from sea or from environments, as well as the lexicons land. The natural wealth can be utilized by associated with Acehnese peunajoh in local community to fulfill their livelihood which its lexicons can be seen from the and, at the same time, to be used as a diversity of names, types, shapes and culinary. The Acehnese peunajoh is a term functions as well as the source of their raw used to describe various types of traditional materials. foods, which are made from plants and The certain types of local food, such animals. Linguistically, the food is related to as Apam U and Haluwa were only 20 ecology or to nature as well as to socio- percent consumed, and of 14 types of culture. traditional food surveyed, only two types, Since language, culture and nature for instance Lapeh (55%) and Pulot are interrelated and even systematic, in (65%) were consumed (Zurriyati and Suadi which if there is a change in one element, 2014). The paper is limited to the taxonomy then the other elements also change, thus, and the taxonomic description is explained the existence of the Acehnese language can based on the type and materials used in the describe or represent the culture and the manufacturing process of timphan which are environment of the language, both the seen through the relation of lexical meaning. natural and the social environment. In other Ecolinguistics

International Journal of Research & Review (www.ijrrjournal.com) 66 Vol.5; Issue: 12; December 2018 Zurriyati A. Jalil et.al. Acehnese Peunajoh of Timphan: A Study of Ecolexical Taxonomy

Muhlhausler (2001) argued language way combined with ecology". Furthermore, ecology is a study of functional reciprocal more specifically, ecolinguistic studies - the relationships and Mbete (2009: 1) stated ecolexicon is the dissection of the ecolinguistics examines language and sociological (natural) meanings behind the environment. Bunsgaard and Steffensen lexicon, and language is specified at the argued ecolinguistics includes the whole level of the lexicon (Lindo and Bundegaard, aspects of language, covering the 2000: 10). Bang and Door (1996: 10) argued dimensions of pragmatics, semantics, that ecolinguistic theory is the link between syntax, morphology, phonetics and others ecology that reflects humans and problems (in Lindo and Bundsgaard (eds), 2000: 33). in language phenomena. More clearly, Haugen (in Fill dan Muhlhausher, 2001: 57) Bunsdgaard and Steffensen explain argued “Language ecology may be defined ecolinguistics is the study of the as the study of interactions between any interrelation of the dimensions of biological, given language and its environment. The sociological, and ideological languages (in definition of environment might lead one‟s Lindo and Bundsgaard, (eds), 2000: 11). In thoughts first of all to the referentialworld to the ecolinguistic study the existence of these which language provides an index. three dimensions is known as the dialectical However, this is environment not of the model proposed by Bang and Door (1993) language but of its lexicon and grammar.” as a tool to solve the problems in this study. Haugen (2001: 57) described that language can only exist in the minds of its users, and only functions in the user's relationship with others and with their environment, both social and natural. So, the language ecology includes psychological aspects, namely the interaction with other languages contained in the minds of bilingual or multilingual speakers; and sociological aspects, namely the interaction with the community that functions as a medium of communication. Thus, the environment of a language is determined by the people who learn it, use it and transmit it to others. Haugen (1972) also argued the Figure 1. Interconnected ecolinguistic dimensions by Bang and efforts to save the language from its rapid Door (1993) extinction are also related to the salvation of Taxonomy the natural environment and with Etymologically, taxonomy is derived biodiversity reflected in the vocabulary. In from the Greek words taxis „arrangement or an ecolinguistic perspective, diversity, division‟ and nomos „law‟. The arrangement interaction, interplay and interdependence often appears in a hierarchical structure and of various entities in an environment, is associated with each other in the including humans with language and certain supertype-subtype relationship (Enghoff, environments are ecological parameters 2009: 442). Similarly, O'Malley and Griffin (Odum 1996), which include human stated taxonomy is the science of ecology and the ecology of particular identifying, naming and qualifying living languages. organisms in a hierarchical structure from Fill (1993) in Lindo and Simonsen broad or general categories to special (2000: 40) stated "Ecolinguistics is an categories. Thus, classification of umbrella term for ... all approaches in which information into groups or classes can the study of language (and language) is any

International Journal of Research & Review (www.ijrrjournal.com) 67 Vol.5; Issue: 12; December 2018 Zurriyati A. Jalil et.al. Acehnese Peunajoh of Timphan: A Study of Ecolexical Taxonomy

explain its characteristic similarities (in 4. Study of variation (genetic) in species (≈ Horodski, 2014: 30). gamma-taxonomy). There is a difference between 5. Formation of tools for identification taxonomy and classification, where (keys, barcode DNA). taxonomy means classifying in structure 6. Identification of specimens (by referring according to several relationships between to taxa, using tools). entities on an internal basis, while 7. Inventory taxa in specific areas or classification uses external grounds. For ecosystems (using tools for example, the taxonomy of internal grounds, identification). spinach is vegetables and each vegetable is Regarding the language discipline, not spinach, so spinach is a subclass of especially in the lexicon aspect, taxonomy vegetables. The decision to place spinach in of the lexicon is the organization of words the vegetable category is based on the data into classes and sub-classes (etc.); not on the attached to the entity. This means that a basis of form but on the basis of meaning, taxonomic relationship is a relationship not grammatical class but semantic class between entities in a subclass relationship (Halliday, 2004). The taxonomy of the (Ress, 2003: 2). lexicon plays an important role in Currently, the term taxonomy has information retrieval and the process of been used in a broader sense, exceeding forming natural language. For example, by aspects of biological or organic life, so that encoding the semantic relationship between it does not only mean the classification of terminological concepts, the taxonomy of hierarchies or system categorization, but the lexicon can enrich application reasoning also refers to any way of organizing capabilities in information retrieval and concepts of knowledge even though some language formation processes (Cleuziou, at professionals do not like taxonomic terms, al., 2015: 955). because they are too often ambiguous and often misused (Hedden, 2010: 1). Relations in Lexical Meanings Furthermore, although a classification is A language expressed by a person arranged in a hierarchical structure and will contain certain meanings that are applies to certain domains and is often used captured by the opponent, according to his to refer to the classification of living social and cultural context. Kridalaksana organisms according to physical (2001: 132) defined meaning as the characteristics, taxonomic terms and intention of the speaker; influence of principles can be applied in various language units in understanding human disciplines to carry out classifications, perception or behavior; relationship in the which are usually not included synonyms sense of equivalence or incompatibility and associative relationships. between languages and nature outside of According to Enggoff & Seberg (2009: 3), language; and how to use language symbols. taxonomy in the broad sense includes seven The discussion of meaning in words is a activities, namely: study of lexical semantics. The meaning of 1. Introduction, description and naming of the word is considered as an independent taxa (species, genera, family, etc., also unit, not the meaning of the word in the revisions to old descriptions, synonyms, sentence (Pateda, 2001: 74). According to etc.) (≈ alpha-taxonomy). lexical semantics, the meaning of one word 2. Comparison of taxa, including the study corresponds to its referent, according to the of relationships (phylogeny) (≈ part of results of observations of the senses, or beta-taxonomy). meanings that are truly real in life. The 3. Classification of taxa (preferably based word is the foundation in the discussion of on phylogenetic analysis) (agian part of lexical semantics. beta-taxonomy).

International Journal of Research & Review (www.ijrrjournal.com) 68 Vol.5; Issue: 12; December 2018 Zurriyati A. Jalil et.al. Acehnese Peunajoh of Timphan: A Study of Ecolexical Taxonomy

The lexical semantics involves the and other social forces. The selection of meaning of connected interconnections informants was determined purposively in (lexical relations) in certain lexicons such as the categories of elderly, young, and terms in agriculture, economics, health, adolescent females. The secondary data was education, the arts and cooking activities, taken from articles. In addition, personal interconnected like networks (Saeed, 1997: experience methods were also used (Denzin 63). There are several types of lexical and Lincoln, 2009: 497). The method was relations. A special lexeme is likely to have important in the acquisition of data because a number of lexical relations so it is more the reflection of ideas in conversation was accurately referred to as a lexicon as a different in interpreting their interactions network, not a list of words as in a with the environment through different dictionary. The types of lexical relations personal experiences of speech. To include homonym, polysemi, synonym, anticipate data loss, researchers recorded antonym, hyponym, meronym, and and made notes. Furthermore, the data membership collection and the study only obtained was analyzed using the equivalent focuses on the hyponym type. method. (Sudaryanto, 1993: 13; Mahsun, Hyponymy is the relation of the 2007: 120). inclusion of special lexicons (daughter- nodes) that have one lexicon as a common RESULTS AND DISCUSSION source point (mother-nodes). Hyponymy is The Fig. 3 shows the taxonomy of represented by taxonomy, which is a Acehnese peunajoh timphan having three taxonomic lexical hierarchy based on the layers of lexicon categories (top-down). The relationship of taste and reason to the timphan is a general term and it has several meaning of lexical items (Cruse, 1987: 136). specific divisions and terms which are The vocabulary connected in the specific because of their raw materials and participation system will produce semantic the way to produce. networks in the form of taxonomic Acehnese speakers generally hierarchies as explained in the following mentioned the timphan teupong „flour figure: timphan‟ as the timphan for short; it‟s basic Animal material is the teupong leukat „sticky rice flour‟ (or ketan „sticky rice) which is sheep horse combined with fruits such as boh pisang „‟, boh panah „jackfruit‟, boh labu ewe rum mare stallion tanoh „ground pumpkin„, and boh drien Figure 2. Taxonomic hierarchy of animal (Cruse, 1986:136) „thorned fruit‟ or . In this case, the timphan teupong represent all the timphan Taxonomy consists of hyponymy divisions in its layer becomes and the other and taxonomic sisterhood or also called co- four names in the second layer are more taxonomy (Cruse, 1987: 137). To sum up, specific entities which can be distinguished hyponymism is a vertical relationship in from the mixture used. Speakers mentioned taxonomy, while taxonomic sisters are the timphan boh drien because its basic shown in horizontal relations, for example ingredients used include the mixture of the relationship between ewe and rum is co- teupong leukat, boh drien, and timphan taxonomy, as well as mare and stallion. labu. Other types, such as timphan ue „U MATERIALS AND METHODS timphan‟ and timphan asoe kaya, become The paper is descriptive-qualitative. the sub-classification of timphan teupong. Data collection produced written words, or The first is named because it is filled with verbally from speakers, and their behaviors inti kelapa „sweet grated coconut‟ and the were observed through values, group norms, second gets its name because it is mixed

International Journal of Research & Review (www.ijrrjournal.com) 69 Vol.5; Issue: 12; December 2018 Zurriyati A. Jalil et.al. Acehnese Peunajoh of Timphan: A Study of Ecolexical Taxonomy

with a specific fruit of serikaya. Both timphan pisang, timphan labu, timphan boh timphans were made from the mixture of panah, and timphan boh drien.

Timphan

Timphan Timphan Timphan Timphan Timphan Iem Baloen Teupong Sage Ubi

Timphan Timphan Timphan Boh Timphan Boh Pisang Labu Panah Drien

Timphan Timphan U Asoe Kaya Figure 3. Hyponym hierarchy of peunajoh timphan

The timphan sage „sago timphan‟ „eggs‟ and formed like kulit „spring was made from teupong sage „sago flour‟ rolls‟ and filled with inti kelapa. mixed with ripe pisang wak „monkey All types of timphan are rectangles, banana‟ which has been completely cooked filled with sweet grated coconut (inti and filled with asoe u or inti kelapa, then it kelapa), wrapped with banana leaves, and was wrapped with half-old banana leaves. steamed except timphan baloen which has The timphan ubi „cassava timphan' was different manufacturing process and is not made from boh ubi „cassava‟ that was wrapped with banana leaves and also not grated and then squeezed to eliminate the steamed. Almost all Acehnese speakers water it contains and then flattened on mention all types of timphan in Acehnese banana pateun „banana leaves' and filled language because they communicate with inti kelapa; after all, it is wrapped and then the same speech community. But, when steamed „di-seuop‟. The timphan iem was communicating with different speech made from breuh leukat „sticky rice‟ which communities, they translate the types in was soaked with ie „water‟ for several hours Bahasa Indonesia. In case of the levels of and mixed with ripe wak banana which was closeness, speakers (elders, adults, youth, crushed or blended; then, all this was adolescents, and children) are still very wrapped using young banana leaves and familiar with the timphan teupong or steamed. The timphan baloen was made timphan asoe kaya both types of wealth and from teupong gandong „wheat flour‟ with a richness, but small number of them mixture of several other materials such as understand the timphan iem. There are also santan „‟ and boh manok speakers who have never heard, seen, or eaten this food; this is due to the lack of

International Journal of Research & Review (www.ijrrjournal.com) 70 Vol.5; Issue: 12; December 2018 Zurriyati A. Jalil et.al. Acehnese Peunajoh of Timphan: A Study of Ecolexical Taxonomy

interaction between them and the food. Acehnese speakers in recognizing such Although timphan is used for some types varies among age groups. There are purposes, such as for adat ceremonies, several types that are still understood by all speakers do not preserve the food. groups; other types are a little known by Dialectical Ecolinguistics of Peunajoh elders but not known by children, Timphan Lexicons adolescents, and youth. With regard to In the concept of dialectical dialectical ecolinguistics, the timphan has ecolinguistics, there are speakers (S1), religious, social, and economic values, as speech partners (S2), third persons (S3) who well as important roles in people's lives influence S1 and S2 and bring them into because of its benefits as a means of S3‟s social context (s3) in one language fulfilling life's needs. The existing ideology environment (topos), with the presence of is due to mutual connection and dependence objects (O) which are influenced by between the community and the peunajoh sociological, biological, and ideological timphan. This can encourage the emergence factors. The timphan teupong is especially of ecological characteristics for Acehnese provided for festivals or ceremonies, such as society to preserve the environment and the Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha as well as wealth of the timphan as well as to realize khanduri seuneujoh „the seventh day of good relations between human beings and death, peutron aneuk „placing baby down on the Creator. the ground‟, peusijuk lueng „seventh month of pregnancy‟ and other formal and non- REFERENCES formal banquet events. The types of  Bang, J. Chr. dan Door, J. (1996). timphan sage, timphan iem, and timphan Languange and Ecology. Ecolinguistics. baloen are provided for ie sirap eaten for Problems, Theories and Methods. AILA. breakfast or for snacks by farmers, laborers,  Bang, J. Chr. and Door, J. (1993). traders, employees, and other professionals. Ecolinguistics: A Framework. Blackwell Publishers. In case of biological aspects,  Bogdan, Robert and Steven J, Taylor, timphan becomes one of Acehnese food for (1992). Pengantar Metode Penelitian peunajoh, which has a diversity of Kualitatif. A translation. Ali Furchan. materials, shapes, tastes and functions. Surabaya: Usaha Nasional. Thus, the presence of timphan is to meet the  Cleuziou, Guillaume, Davide Buscaldi , needs of traders who should do business. Gael Dias, Vincent Levorato, Christine With reference to ideological aspects, the Largeron, 2015. QASSIT: A Pretopological food teaches Acehnese to maintain their Framework for the Automatic Construction natures, so that a harmony between human of Lexical Taxonomies from Raw Texts, beings and nature remains available. Proceedings of the 9th International Moreover, the peunajoh timphan could give Workshop on Semantic Evaluation influence to the society to regulate their (SemEval 2015), pages 955–959, Denver, Colorado, June 4-5, 2015. c 2015 relationship with the Creator by the Association for Computational Linguistics. principle of establishing good relations https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e3d8/ between them and environment. The 187b71b5bcbe59b4fdf1cf5368a38bffe3fa.p concept of life is used as a practice of df. worship to God.  Cruse, D.A. (1987). Lexical Semantics. New York: Cambridge University Press. CONCLUSIONS  Denzin, Norman K dan Lincoln, Yvona S. The hyponym taxonomy of (2009). Handbook of Qualitative Research, Acehnese peunajoh of timphan has several Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. types which are ecolinguistically can be  Enghoff, Henrik. (2009). What is taxonomized into the biotic, abiotic, flora, taxonomy? – An overview with and fauna ecolexicons. The knowledge of myriapodological examples, SOIL ORGANISMS Volume 81 (3) 2009, International Journal of Research & Review (www.ijrrjournal.com) 71 Vol.5; Issue: 12; December 2018 Zurriyati A. Jalil et.al. Acehnese Peunajoh of Timphan: A Study of Ecolexical Taxonomy

http://www.senckenberg.de/files/conten/ Person, and Agent. Dialectical forschung Ecolinguistics Three Essays for the /publikationen/soilorganisms/volume_81_3 Symposium 30 Years of Language and / 16_enghoff.pdf. Ecology in Graz Desember 2000. Austria:  Fill, A. and Muhlhause. (2001). The University of Odense Research Group for Ecolinguistic Reader: Language, Ecology, Ecology, Language and Ecology and Environment. London and New York:  Mashun. (2007). Metode Penelitian Bahasa. Continum. Tahapan, Strategi dan Tekniknya. Jakarta:  Halliday, M. A. K. Teubert, Wolfgang. Raja Grafindo Persada. Yallop, Colin. and Germakova, Anna.  Mbete, Aron Meko. (2009). Problematika (2004). Lexicology and Corpus Linguistics: Keetnikan dan Kebahasaan dalam Persfektif An Introduction. London. New York. Ekolinguistik. Medan. Universitas Sumatera  Haugen, E. (1972). The Ecology of Utara. Language. In Dil, A.S. (ed) The Ecology of  Pateda, Mansoer. (2001). Semantik Leksikal. Language: Essays by Einar Haugen. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. Stanford: Stanford University Press.  Ress, Reinout Van. (2003). Clarity in The  Haugen, E. 2001. The Ecology of Language. Usage of The Terms Ontology, Taxonomy In A. Fill and P. Mühlhäusler (Eds.), The and Classification, Ecolinguistics Reader: Language, Ecology http://reinout.vanrees.org/_downloads/2003 and Environment. London: Continuum, pp. _cib.pdf. 57-66.  Saeed, John Ibrahim. 1997. Semantics.  Hedden, Heather. (2010). The Accidental Oxford: Backwell Publisher Ltd. Taxonomist,  Sudaryanto. (1993). Metode dan Aneka http://books.infotoday.com/books/The- Teknik Analisis Bahasa, Pengantar Accidental-Taxonomist/At- Penelitan Wahana Kebudayaan Secara SampleChapter.pdf Linguistik. Yogyakarta: Duta Wacana  Horodyski, John. (2014). Metadata & University Press. Taxonomy Fundamentals,  Sugiyono. (2008). Metode Penelitian https://community.nten.org Kuantitatif Kualitatif and R&D. Bandung : /HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentF Alfabeta ile.ashx?DocumentFileKey=1ebfad98-7570-  Zurriyati and Suadi. (2014). Makanan Khas 4040-b1e5-f3ac1d428505, Tradisional Aceh dan Potensi http://cogsci.uci.edu/~ddhoff/interface.pdf Pengembangan Ekonomi Masyarakat di  Kridalaksana, Harimurti. (2001). Kamus Kota Lhokseumawe. Laporan Penelitian Linguistik. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka LPSDM, Banda Aceh. Utama.  LindØ, Anna Vibeke dan Simon S. Simonsen. 2000. The Dialectics and Varieties of Agency-the Ecology of Subject,

How to cite this article: Jalil ZA, Sinar TS, Widayati D et.al. Acehnese peunajoh of timphan: a study of ecolexical taxonomy. International Journal of Research and Review. 2018; 5(12):66-72.

******

International Journal of Research & Review (www.ijrrjournal.com) 72 Vol.5; Issue: 12; December 2018