International Journal of Research and Review www.ijrrjournal.com E-ISSN: 2349-9788; P-ISSN: 2454-2237 Research Paper Acehnese Peunajoh of Timphan: A Study of Ecolexical Taxonomy Zurriyati A. Jalil, T. Silvana Sinar, Dwi Widayati, Gustianingsih Doctoral Program of Linguistics, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia Corresponding Author: Zurriyati A. Jalil ABSTRACT The richness of lexicos in a language becomes the diversity of natural, social, and cultural representation of a society. Lexicons that are related to nature are known as the ecolexicons, such as timphan which is one of the Acehnese peunajohs and very popular among the local people. Its diversity of species is sufficient to represent and reflect the Acehnese nature, language, and social culture although some people only know a small number of types of timphan. The paper aims to identify the taxonomy of lexicons and ecolexicons in peunajoh timphan and uses descriptive and qualitative approach. The data was taken from oral interview, observation, and written sources and the interview was video-recorded and involved several informants. The results showed that the peunajoh timphan consisted of local biotic, abiotic, flora, and fauna ecolexicons. Since peunajoh timphan has religious, social and economic values, the Acehnese speakers‟ knowledge in recognizing types of timphan varied among age groups. Keywords: Taxonomy, ecolexicon, Acehnese peunajoh, preservation, and ecology INTRODUCTION words, the richness of the Acehnese The diversity of peunajoh or lexicons becomes the representation of Acehnese food reflects the abundance of various natural, social and cultural natural resources, either from sea or from environments, as well as the lexicons land. The natural wealth can be utilized by associated with Acehnese peunajoh in local community to fulfill their livelihood which its lexicons can be seen from the and, at the same time, to be used as a diversity of names, types, shapes and culinary. The Acehnese peunajoh is a term functions as well as the source of their raw used to describe various types of traditional materials. foods, which are made from plants and The certain types of local food, such animals. Linguistically, the food is related to as Apam U and Haluwa were only 20 ecology or to nature as well as to socio- percent consumed, and of 14 types of culture. traditional food surveyed, only two types, Since language, culture and nature for instance Kue Lapeh (55%) and Pulot are interrelated and even systematic, in (65%) were consumed (Zurriyati and Suadi which if there is a change in one element, 2014). The paper is limited to the taxonomy then the other elements also change, thus, and the taxonomic description is explained the existence of the Acehnese language can based on the type and materials used in the describe or represent the culture and the manufacturing process of timphan which are environment of the language, both the seen through the relation of lexical meaning. natural and the social environment. In other Ecolinguistics International Journal of Research & Review (www.ijrrjournal.com) 66 Vol.5; Issue: 12; December 2018 Zurriyati A. Jalil et.al. Acehnese Peunajoh of Timphan: A Study of Ecolexical Taxonomy Muhlhausler (2001) argued language way combined with ecology". Furthermore, ecology is a study of functional reciprocal more specifically, ecolinguistic studies - the relationships and Mbete (2009: 1) stated ecolexicon is the dissection of the ecolinguistics examines language and sociological (natural) meanings behind the environment. Bunsgaard and Steffensen lexicon, and language is specified at the argued ecolinguistics includes the whole level of the lexicon (Lindo and Bundegaard, aspects of language, covering the 2000: 10). Bang and Door (1996: 10) argued dimensions of pragmatics, semantics, that ecolinguistic theory is the link between syntax, morphology, phonetics and others ecology that reflects humans and problems (in Lindo and Bundsgaard (eds), 2000: 33). in language phenomena. More clearly, Haugen (in Fill dan Muhlhausher, 2001: 57) Bunsdgaard and Steffensen explain argued “Language ecology may be defined ecolinguistics is the study of the as the study of interactions between any interrelation of the dimensions of biological, given language and its environment. The sociological, and ideological languages (in definition of environment might lead one‟s Lindo and Bundsgaard, (eds), 2000: 11). In thoughts first of all to the referentialworld to the ecolinguistic study the existence of these which language provides an index. three dimensions is known as the dialectical However, this is environment not of the model proposed by Bang and Door (1993) language but of its lexicon and grammar.” as a tool to solve the problems in this study. Haugen (2001: 57) described that language can only exist in the minds of its users, and only functions in the user's relationship with others and with their environment, both social and natural. So, the language ecology includes psychological aspects, namely the interaction with other languages contained in the minds of bilingual or multilingual speakers; and sociological aspects, namely the interaction with the community that functions as a medium of communication. Thus, the environment of a language is determined by the people who learn it, use it and transmit it to others. Haugen (1972) also argued the Figure 1. Interconnected ecolinguistic dimensions by Bang and efforts to save the language from its rapid Door (1993) extinction are also related to the salvation of Taxonomy the natural environment and with Etymologically, taxonomy is derived biodiversity reflected in the vocabulary. In from the Greek words taxis „arrangement or an ecolinguistic perspective, diversity, division‟ and nomos „law‟. The arrangement interaction, interplay and interdependence often appears in a hierarchical structure and of various entities in an environment, is associated with each other in the including humans with language and certain supertype-subtype relationship (Enghoff, environments are ecological parameters 2009: 442). Similarly, O'Malley and Griffin (Odum 1996), which include human stated taxonomy is the science of ecology and the ecology of particular identifying, naming and qualifying living languages. organisms in a hierarchical structure from Fill (1993) in Lindo and Simonsen broad or general categories to special (2000: 40) stated "Ecolinguistics is an categories. Thus, classification of umbrella term for ... all approaches in which information into groups or classes can the study of language (and language) is any International Journal of Research & Review (www.ijrrjournal.com) 67 Vol.5; Issue: 12; December 2018 Zurriyati A. Jalil et.al. Acehnese Peunajoh of Timphan: A Study of Ecolexical Taxonomy explain its characteristic similarities (in 4. Study of variation (genetic) in species (≈ Horodski, 2014: 30). gamma-taxonomy). There is a difference between 5. Formation of tools for identification taxonomy and classification, where (keys, barcode DNA). taxonomy means classifying in structure 6. Identification of specimens (by referring according to several relationships between to taxa, using tools). entities on an internal basis, while 7. Inventory taxa in specific areas or classification uses external grounds. For ecosystems (using tools for example, the taxonomy of internal grounds, identification). spinach is vegetables and each vegetable is Regarding the language discipline, not spinach, so spinach is a subclass of especially in the lexicon aspect, taxonomy vegetables. The decision to place spinach in of the lexicon is the organization of words the vegetable category is based on the data into classes and sub-classes (etc.); not on the attached to the entity. This means that a basis of form but on the basis of meaning, taxonomic relationship is a relationship not grammatical class but semantic class between entities in a subclass relationship (Halliday, 2004). The taxonomy of the (Ress, 2003: 2). lexicon plays an important role in Currently, the term taxonomy has information retrieval and the process of been used in a broader sense, exceeding forming natural language. For example, by aspects of biological or organic life, so that encoding the semantic relationship between it does not only mean the classification of terminological concepts, the taxonomy of hierarchies or system categorization, but the lexicon can enrich application reasoning also refers to any way of organizing capabilities in information retrieval and concepts of knowledge even though some language formation processes (Cleuziou, at professionals do not like taxonomic terms, al., 2015: 955). because they are too often ambiguous and often misused (Hedden, 2010: 1). Relations in Lexical Meanings Furthermore, although a classification is A language expressed by a person arranged in a hierarchical structure and will contain certain meanings that are applies to certain domains and is often used captured by the opponent, according to his to refer to the classification of living social and cultural context. Kridalaksana organisms according to physical (2001: 132) defined meaning as the characteristics, taxonomic terms and intention of the speaker; influence of principles can be applied in various language units in understanding human disciplines to carry out classifications, perception or behavior; relationship in the which are usually not included synonyms sense of equivalence or incompatibility and associative relationships.