DOCSLIB.ORG

PDF: Transforming Chernobyl

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PDF: Transforming Chernobyl The works to transform Chernobyl into a safe and on the ground. Total costs for the Shelter secure state are nearing conclusion. The New Implementation Plan – of which the NSC is the Safe Confinement (NSC), a gigantic steel arch, most prominent element – were estimated to be has been erected and is now being equipped €2.1 billion in 2014, leaving a large funding gap with systems and tools to make the site safe for of €615 million. generations to come. The EBRD shareholders’ decision in November Impressive progress has been made and we are 2014 to commit an additional €350 million confident that the NSC will be completed and (from the Bank’s reserves) for the NSC and operational by the end of 2017. an anticipated €165 million from the G7/ European Commission have significantly The Chernobyl project would not have been reduced the funding gap. However, a shortfall of possible without the active involvement and €100 million remains. generous contributions of the international community and Ukraine. The fact that to date Ukraine is currently in a vulnerable state and more than 40 countries and the EBRD have cannot be left to bear this uniquely hazardous provided funds speaks for itself. burden alone. The EBRD welcomes the leadership of the G7 to secure the full funding As the project is now far-advanced it is possible of the project. to make a reliable cost estimate based on the final design of the NSC and the progress Suma Chakrabarti, EBRD President PART OF A LARGER The New Safe Confinement (NSC) is a structure intended to the international community’s work together with Ukraine cover the destroyed reactor unit 4 at Chernobyl, the site of got under way. Before the construction of the NSC could the world’s worst nuclear accident. The NSC is being built commence, extensive preparations had to be implemented, under the framework of the Shelter Implementation Plan (SIP), ranging from research and engineering for conceptual designs a strategy document developed by Western and Ukrainian to the development of the site infrastructure and procedures experts and funded by the European Commission and the for worker protection. As work progressed, adaptions were United States of America. This plan set out a step-by-step made as necessary to achieve the overall goals of the SIP. approach addressing the immense challenges faced at The Plan includes over 300 sub-projects, most of which have Chernobyl. While the SIP defined five central goals, it did not been completed. Here is an overview of the main achievements: prescribe specific technical solutions but outlined a route to meeting the key safety objectives. This approach provided the necessary balance between clarity and flexibility as Infrastructure The necessary infrastructure has been put in place without which the construction of the New Safe Confinement could not take place. The main construction area has been cleared, a clean platform for arch assembly, a modern access control system installed and decontamination facilities comprehensively refurbished. A new changing facility for workers has been built featuring medical and radiation-protection facilities. Protection and safety for workers Stabilisation A radiological protection strategy, a programme for workers and an emergency plan for accidents have The roof and the western wall of the existing Chernobyl been developed and implemented. State-of-the-art Shelter were successfully stabilised between 2004 and biomedical protection and screening programmes have 2008. Eighty per cent of the roof load was transferred to been installed and radiation protection equipment has a new external support structure. Extremely challenging been procured. A new safety culture has been introduced tasks inside the Shelter such as the installation of and health and safety records have been outstanding. new structural supports in the “de-areator” were also successfully carried out, reducing the risk of collapse. Monitoring Detailed studies has been carried out to assess risks at the site. The probability of criticality incidents was examined and assessed as virtually non-existent. Today an integrated monitoring system is in place which tracks data on parameters such as radiation levels but also seismic activity and the structural behaviour of the old shelter. OF A KIND The New Safe Confinement (NSC) is a unique feat of In its final position the NSC will enclose the shelter and engineering. The arch-shaped structure is a huge lattice prevent the release of radiation. At the same time, it will of tubular steel members built on two longitudinal protect the shelter from external impacts such as extreme concrete beams. The NSC has been constructed in two weather; the NSC will be strong enough to withstand a halves which have now been lifted to their full height tornado. Its sophisticated ventilation system will minimise and moved together, to be joined in early 2015. The next the risk of corrosion, ensuring that there is no need to step will be to install heavy-duty cranes and auxiliary replace the coating and expose workers to radiation during systems for the safe operation of the NSC and for future the structure’s lifetime, which is a minimum of 100 years. dismantling and waste-management activities. A monster cage to contain the beast Big bones 260m Sixteen enormous steel trusses run from one side of the NSC to the other. Knitted together by over 500,000 custom-made bolts, this structure forms the backbone to which the cladding, cranes and other dismantling equipment are attached. 165m 110m Thick-skinned Consisting of multiple layers, the cladding is designed to resist moisture, radiation and heat, and even a class-3 tornado. The space between the external and internal cladding will be depressurised to minimise the potential for any release of radioactive substances. Nerve centre Heavy-handed The ‘technological building’ forms the Two remotely operated cranes will hang just brains of the NSC operations, under the roof of the NSC. A set of 96 metre a high-tech centre housing the bridges will enable both cranes to operate crane control and monitoring systems together or independently. To allow workers that are critical for the safe operation access to high-radiation areas, one of the of the NSC. crane carriages is equipped with a shielded protective box. The remains of unit 4 Many hands make light work Underneath the hastily constructed Analysis shows that less than 5 per cent A mobile tool platform can be fitted to concrete sarcophagus lies the damaged of the radioactivity contained in Unit 4 either carriage, which includes a reactor itself. Approximately 5,000 metric was released to the environment during manipulator arm, core drill, concrete tonnes of sand, lead and boric acid – was the accident. crusher and 10 tonne dropped from helicopters during the weeks Studies of the existing sarcophagus (the vacuum cleaner. that followed the accident – is mixed with 'object shelter') are well advanced and Carriage specifications more than 200 tonnes of uranium, forming deconstruction of its most unstable parts Size: 6.5x7.0 m a lava-like mass. These so-called Fuel can commence once the NSC is Speed: 0-15 m/min Containing Materials (FCMs) remain highly completed. The FCM removal will start Capacity: 50 tonnes radioactive and represent the most at a later stage and will take decades Lifting speed: 0-10 m/min Vertical lifting distance: 73 m significant radiological hazard at the site. to complete. Source: EBRD, Bechtel International Systems Human resources Workers have had to fit over To ensure that workers on the NSC are safe from excessive exposure to radiation, THE Located two hours drive strict dose limits are observed. Dose rates north of the Ukrainian in the main arch construction area are: capital Kiev, the 500,000 accident at Chernobyl specially manufactured bolts spread radioactive dust IN NUMBERS mSv/hr across Europe and 0.0075 1,200 An average dental x-ray is poisoned the workers on site during peak surrounding area. construction periods 0.014 mSv Chernobyl Kiev UKRAINE Safety is paramount. An international The project has an excellent workforce of over safety record with first class safety procedures in place. 27 Watch the NSC nationalities take shape http://bit.ly/1Fe9Pjc Built to last The test of time Moving heaven and earth Huge doesn’t begin to describe this structure With an expected minimum Once joined and fitted with cranes the NSC A sophisticated Tracks will guide the NSC as it is pushed life time of 100 years the will be slid the final 250 metres and begin ventilation system into position over the course of The metal frame alone weighs... ...nearly three times the weight of Eiffel Tower NSC will need to deal with all final commissioning. will minimise the that Mother Nature risk of corrosion, can throw at it. The foundations contain ensuring that there days o 2 45 C is no need to replace tonnes 25,000 the coating. 20,000m3 of concrete The confinement is built to withstand Exterior cladding temperatures ranging from -43˚C to +45˚C m2 o 86,000 -43 C equivalent to And at Total equipped weight equivalent to 12 metres 110 31,000tonnes football pitches ... is tall enough to cover Notre-Dame de Paris The majority of the steel structure ...and a category-3 tornado 3,200 Watch an animation has been fabricated in Italy. (wind speeds of 254–332km/h) truckfuls of concrete http://bit.ly/1MtWzqN of the construction Big and smart History in the making Vaguely similar to an aircraft hanger remotely-operated cranes will allow 2007 2008 ... longer than 1986 1997 2002 the total length of the NSC is workers to dismantle and remove Stabilisation of the Nuclear accident at unit 4 Some 200,000 people, Agreement was Essential preparatory The contract for the highly radioactive material without existing Shelter was of the Chernobyl Power including all those living reached on the Shelter work was undertaken on construction of the New 2x completed.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • General Assembly Distr.: General 27 September 2019
    United Nations A/74/461 General Assembly Distr.: General 27 September 2019 Original: English . Seventy-fourth session Agenda item 71 (d) Strengthening of the coordination of humanitarian and disaster relief assistance of the United Nations, including special economic assistance: strengthening of international cooperation and coordination of efforts to study, mitigate and minimize the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster Persistent legacy of the Chernobyl disaster Report of the Secretary-General Summary The present report is submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolution 71/125 on the persistent legacy of the Chernobyl disaster and provides an update on the progress made in the implementation of all aspects of the resolution. The report provides an overview of the recovery and development activities undertaken by the agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations system and other international actors to address the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster. The United Nations system remains committed to promoting the principle of leaving no one behind and ensuring that the governmental efforts to support the affected regions are aimed at achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals. 19-16688 (E) 041019 151019 *1916688* A/74/461 I. General situation 1. Since the Chernobyl nuclear plant accident on 26 April 1986, the United Nations, along with the Governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine, has been leading the recovery and development efforts to support the affected regions. While extensive humanitarian work was conducted immediately after the accident, additional recovery and rehabilitation activities were conducted in the following years to secure the area, limit the exposure of the population, provide medical follow-up to those affected and study the health consequences of the incident.
    [Show full text]
  • Present and Future Environmental Impact of the Chernobyl Accident
    IAEA-TECDOC-1240 Present and future environmental impact of the Chernobyl accident Study monitored by an International Advisory Committee under the project management of the Institut de protection et de sûreté nucléaire (IPSN), France August 2001 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Waste Safety Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria PRESENT AND FUTURE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT IAEA, VIENNA, 2001 IAEA-TECDOC-1240 ISSN 1011–4289 © IAEA, 2001 Printed by the IAEA in Austria August 2001 FOREWORD The environmental impact of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident has been extensively investigated by scientists in the countries affected and by international organizations. Assessment of the environmental contamination and the resulting radiation exposure of the population was an important part of the International Chernobyl Project in 1990–1991. This project was designed to assess the measures that the then USSR Government had taken to enable people to live safely in contaminated areas, and to evaluate the measures taken to safeguard human health there. It was organized by the IAEA under the auspices of an International Advisory Committee with the participation of the Commission of the European Communities (CEC), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Labour Organisation (ILO), the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The IAEA has also been engaged in further studies in this area through projects such as the one on validation of environmental model predictions (VAMP) and through its technical co-operation programme.
    [Show full text]
  • Construction of the Protective Shelter for the Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor Faces Schedule Delays, Potential Cost Increases, and Technical Uncertainties
    United States Government Accountability Office Report to the Ranking Member, GAO Subcommittee on National Security and Foreign Affairs, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, House of Representatives July 2007 NUCLEAR SAFETY Construction of the Protective Shelter for the Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor Faces Schedule Delays, Potential Cost Increases, and Technical Uncertainties GAO-07-923 July 2007 NUCLEAR SAFETY Accountability Integrity Reliability Highlights Construction of the Protective Shelter for Highlights of GAO-07-923, a report to the the Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor Faces Ranking Member, Subcommittee on National Security and Foreign Affairs, Schedule Delays, Potential Cost Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, House of Representatives Increases, and Technical Uncertainties Why GAO Did This Study What GAO Found In 1986, an explosion at the Although two of three construction components—site preparation and Chernobyl nuclear power plant in stabilization of the existing shelter—are nearly finished, construction of the Ukraine destroyed the reactor new shelter has fallen about 7 years behind schedule. Over the past couple building and released massive of years, the main reason for schedule slippage has been the failure to award amounts of radioactive a construction contract. The lack of a contract is partly the result of a contamination. A temporary lengthy disagreement between Ukraine and the European Bank for shelter was built over the damaged reactor to prevent further Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). In late 2006, the Chernobyl contamination. The United States nuclear power plant director told GAO that the donors should not make any is a major donor to an international additional contributions to the project until contracting issues were project to build a new shelter to resolved.
    [Show full text]
  • Chernobyl: Chronology of a Disaster
    MARCH 11, 2011 | No. 724 CHERNOBYL: CHRONOLOGY OF A DISASTER CHERNOBYL; CHRONOLOGY OF A DISASTER 1 INHOUD: 1- An accident waiting to happen 2 2- The accident and immediate consequences ( 1986 – 1989) 4 3- Trying to minimize the consequences (1990 – 2000) 8 4- Aftermath: no lessons learned (2001 - 2011) 5- Postscript 18 Chernobyl - 200,000 sq km contaminated; 600,000 liquidators; $200 billion in damage; 350,000 people evacuated; 50 mln Ci of radiation. Are you ready to pay this price for the development of nuclear power? (Poster by Ecodefence, 2011) 1 At 1.23 hr on April 26, 1986, the fourth reactor of the Cherno- power plants are designed to withstand natural disasters (hur- byl nuclear power plant exploded. ricanes, fl oods, earthquakes, etc.) and to withstand aircraft The disaster was a unique industrial accident due to the crash and blasts from outside. The safety is increased by scale of its social, economic and environmental impacts and the possibility in Russia to select a site far away from bigger longevity. It is estimated that, in Ukraine, Belarus and Russia towns." (page 647: "Zur Betriebssicherheit sind die Kraftwerke alone, around 9 million people were directly affected resulting (VVER and RBMK) mit drei parallel arbeitenden Sicherheit- from the fact that the long lived radioactivity released was systeme ausgeruested. Die Kraftwerke sing gegen Naturka- more than 200 times that of the atomic bombs dropped on tastrophen (Orkane, Ueberschwemmungen, Erdbeben, etc) Hiroshima and Nagasaki. und gegen Flugzeugabsturz und Druckwellen von aussen ausgelegt. Die Sicherheit wird noch durch die in Russland Across the former Soviet Union the contamination resulted in moegliche Standortauswahl, KKW in gewisser Entfernung van evacuation of some 400,000 people.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident : Its Decommissioning, The
    The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident : its decommissioning, the Interim Spent Fuel Storage ISF-2, the nuclear waste treatment plants and the Safe Confinement project. by Dr. Ing. Fulcieri Maltini Ph.D. SMIEEE, life, PES, Comsoc FM Consultants Associates, France Keywords Nuclear power, Disaster engineering, Decommissioning, Waste management & disposal, Buildings, structures & design. Abstract On April 26, 1986, the Unit 4 of the RBMK nuclear power plant of Chernobyl, in Ukraine, went out of control during a test at low-power, leading to an explosion and fire. The reactor building was totally demolished and very large amounts of radiation were released into the atmosphere for several hundred miles around the site including the nearby town of Pripyat. The explosion leaving tons of nuclear waste and spent fuel residues without any protection and control. Several square kilometres were totally contaminated. Several hundred thousand people were affected by the radiation fall out. The radioactive cloud spread across Europe affecting most of the northern, eastern, central and southern Europe. The initiative of the G7 countries to launch an important programme for the closure of some Soviet built nuclear plants was accepted by several countries. A team of engineers was established within the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development were a fund was provided by the donor countries for the entire design, management of all projects and the plants decommissioning. The Chernobyl programme includes the establishment of a safety strategy for the entire site remediation and the planning for the plant decommissioning. Several facilities that will process and store the spent fuel and the radioactive liquid and solid waste as well as to protect the plant damaged structures have been designed and are under construction.
    [Show full text]
  • Community Contribution to EBRD Chernobyl Shelter Fund: 4Th Pledge, 5Th Instalment
    Community Contribution to EBRD Chernobyl Shelter Fund: 4th Pledge, 5th Instalment Description Background The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (ChNPP) is situated 110 Km north of Kiev. Its construction began in the 1970s and by 1983 four units were in operation producing about 10 percent of Ukraine’s electricity. Two additional units were under construction. On 26 April 1986, the world’s worst nuclear accident occurred, which destroyed Unit 4 of the power plant and resulted in the release of radioactive materials into the environment. The nearby city of Chernobyl, located about 15 km away from the power plant had a population of 12,500, but the city was not the residence of the power plant workers. When the power plant was under construction, Prypiat, a city larger and closer to the power plant, had been built as home for the power plant workers. It had a population of just under 50,000 at the time of the accident. Evacuation of the population of Prypiat began about 40 hours after the accident. Later other population areas within a 30km radius were evacuated, including the city of Chernobyl. By 14th May 1986, some 116,000 people had been evacuated. In the years following the accident, a further 220,000 people were resettled into less contaminated areas, and the initial 30 km radius exclusion zone (2800 km2) was modified and extended to cover about 4300 km2. Following the accident a Shelter (sometimes referred to as a ‘sarcophagus’) enclosing the remains of ChNPP Unit 4 was constructed under exceedingly hazardous conditions. Units 1, 2 and 3 (adjacent to Unit 4) were put back into operation, raising the fear of another accident.
    [Show full text]
  • The Congress of Local and Regional Authorities
    THE CONGRESS Appendix OF LOCAL AND REGIONAL T�e Sl�vut��� Appe�l AUTHORITIES l�un��ed �� t�e Inte�n�tion�l �onfe�en�e “��e�no��l 20 �e��s on lo��l �nd �egion�l �ut�o�ities de�ling wit� dis�ste�s” Resolution 215 (2006)1 Slavutych (Ukraine), 2-4 March 2006 on ��e�no��l 20 �e������s on lo��l We, �nd �egion�l �ut�o�ities de�ling wit� dis�ste�s The participants in the International Conference “Chernobyl, 20 years on: local and regional authorities dealing with disasters”, local and regional elected representatives, parliamentarians and representatives of . The date of 26 April 2006 marked the 20th anniversary governments, international and non-governmental of the unprecedented catastrophe in the history of mankind organisations and experts, which took place at the Chernobyl nuclear power station. Meeting in Slavutych on the 20th anniversary of the Chernobyl disaster, 2. The consequences of the Chernobyl disaster have long been a subject of speculation and the issue is a no less Resolve to adopt an appeal, which will be forwarded to the topical subject today, which is why the Congress decided to Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council hold a conference on “Chernobyl, 20 years on: local and of Europe and to other interested organisations. regional authorities dealing with disasters” in Slavutych in Ukraine, from 2 to 4 March 2006. Here in Slavutych, some 50 kilometres from Chernobyl and twenty years after the worst technological disaster in the history of humankind, we feel the need to solemnly 3.
    [Show full text]
  • International Initiative for the Chernobyl
    GC(41)/RES/21 October 1997 International Atomic Energy Agency GENERAL Distr. GENERAL CONFERENCE Original: ENGLISH Forty-first regular session Agenda item 22 (GC(41)/28) INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVE FOR THE CHERNOBYL SARCOPHAGUS Resolution adopted on 3 October 1997 during the 9th plenary meeting INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVE FOR THE CHERNOBYL SARCOPHAGUS The General Conference. (a) Recalling the Chernobyl accident of 1986, which destroyed Reactor 4 of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, (b) Mindful that the sarcophagus enclosing the remains of Reactor 4 was built under extremely adverse conditions, was intended to serve only as an interim measure and does not represent a long-term solution to the problems posed by the destroyed reactor, (c) Noting that the Group of 7 and Ukraine have adopted the Shelter Implementation Plan developed by an international team of experts to transform the sarcophagus to an environmentally safer condition over the long term, (d) Noting that Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States and the European Union are committed to raise US$300 million to support the approximately US$750 million Shelter Implementation Plan and that Ukraine will contribute in kind, and (e) Aware that Ukraine currently expends nearly 12 per cent of its national budget on dealing with consequences of the Chernobyl accident, 1. Welcomes the decision of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development to establish the Chernobyl Shelter Fund, to administer the implementation of the Shelter Implementation Plan and to convene meetings at least annually of the countries contributing to the Fund for the purpose of reviewing and approving projects to implement the Plan; and GC(41)/RES/21 page 2 2.
    [Show full text]
  • After the Chernobyl Accident... More Than 1.8 Million People Still Inhabit the Contaminated Territories
    ALEGRIA MONTORO PASTOR (PhD) Laboratorio de Dosimetría Biológica Servicio de Protección Radiológica WHY? After the Chernobyl accident... More than 1.8 million people still inhabit the contaminated territories. 502,377 children, residents of Ukraine, were born in families where the parents have been exposed to ionizing radiation. Countries from EU offer hosting programs for Ukranian Non-Government Organization which has a program of hosting children Ukranian children with families from Valencia (Spain). Our biodosimetry laboratory reviewed the literature in order to obtain more information on the level of human hazard due to such accidental exposure: Various cytogenetic studies reported an increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations in children from contaminated areas (Padovani et al. 1997; Barale et al. 1998). WHO found in a report (2006) a complete lack of analytical studies (Stepanova et al. 2008). One proven way to obtain information related to the absorbed radiation dose is to quantify the cytogenetic effects. OBJECTIVES To assess whether the children living in the areas contaminated by the Chernobyl accident are exposed to ionizing radiation... Started a collaboration program to assess the radiation dose absorbed by children living near Chernobyl as NGO (Spain) Biodosimetry laboratory well as the health and nutritional (Hospital La Fe, Spain) status. The aim of this study was to carry out a cytogenetic analysis of 55 Ukrainian children and adolescents living in the Chernobyl area and whose parents were exposed to ionizing radiation due to the nuclear accident. For this purpose we carried out a dicentric chromosome assay to elucidate a possible exposure to radiation from different contaminated sources.
    [Show full text]
  • European Amazonia Nature-Based Tourism Development Scenario for Polesia
    European Amazonia Nature-based tourism development scenario for Polesia © Daniel Rosengren/FZS #VisitPolesia December 2019 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 3 Aims................................................................................................................................................ 4 Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 5 1. Destination Polesia ................................................................................................................. 6 1.1 Tourism on protected areas .............................................................................................. 9 1.2 Wildlife and birdwatching tourism ................................................................................... 13 1.3 Nuclear tourism ............................................................................................................... 15 1.4 Cultural heritage of Poleshuks ........................................................................................ 17 1.5 Agritourism....................................................................................................................... 19 1.6 Flood tourism ................................................................................................................... 21 2. Profiles of potential nature-based tourists ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Press Pack: EU Work on Nuclear Safety in Chernobyl European Union
    Press Pack: EU work on nuclear safety EuropeAid Press Pack: EU work on nuclear safety in Chernobyl Background material for the Kiev/Chernobyl press visit 22-25 February 2011 European Union actions and projects in the Chernobyl zone: making the area safe again 1 European Commission actions and projects in the Chernobyl zone: about € 470 million invested Since the Chernobyl accident, the European Commission has been working continuously to improve nuclear safety and to deal with legacy of the disaster. The European Commission has so far committed some €470 million to Chernobyl and related projects. In addition to contributions to international funds (the Chernobyl Shelter Fund and the Nuclear Safety Account) the Commission has also funded projects to study, assess and mitigate the consequences of the Chernobyl accident. Other projects addressed the social and regional consequences of the accident and provided for power replacement following the closure of the plant, as well as reform of the energy sector in Ukraine. Context Situated 110 km north of Kiev, the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant’s (ChNPP) construction began in the 1970s. By 1983, four units were in operation, producing approximately 10 percent of Ukraine’s electricity. At the time of the accident in 1986, two additional units were under construction. The nearby city of Prypiat had a population of about 50,000 before the accident. The accident took place on the night of 25 to 26 April 1986 during a test that went dramatically wrong due to design weaknesses and safety rules not being adhered to. Following the Chernobyl accident, some 200 000 people were evacuated from the vicinity of Chernobyl and a shelter (sometimes referred to as “sarcophagus”) enclosing the remains of Chernobyl NPP Unit 4 was constructed under exceedingly hazardous conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • SCIENTIFIC YEARBOOK Issue Twelve
    SCIENTIFIC YEARBOOK Issue Twelve Compilers Leonid Guberskiy, Pavlo Kryvonos, Borys Gumenyuk, Anatoliy Denysenko, Vasyl Turkevych Kyiv • 2011 ББК 66.49(4УКР)я5+63.3(4УКР)Оя5 UKRAYINA DYPLOMATYCHNA (Diplomatic Ukraine) SCIENTIFIC AN NUALLY Issued since November 2000 THE TWELFTH ISSUE Founders: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine Diplomatic Academy at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine General Directorate for Servicing Foreign Representations Historical Club Planeta The issue is recommended for publishing by the Scientific Council of the Diplomatic Academyat the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, Protocol No of September 28, 2011 р. Publisher: General Directorate for Servicing Foreign Representations Chief Editor Anatoliy Denysenko, PhD (history) Deputy chief editors: Borys Humenyuk, Doctor of History, Vasyl Turkevych, Honored Art Worker of Ukraine Leonid Schlyar, Doctor of Political Sciences Executive editor: Volodymyr Denysenko, Doctor of History ISBN 966-7522-07-5 EDITORIAL BOARD Kostyantyn Gryschenko, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine Leonid Guberskiy, Rector of the T.G. Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Member of the NAS of Ukraine, Doctor of Philosophy Borys Humenyuk, Rector of the Diplomatic Academy of Ukraine under the MFA of Ukraine, Deputy Chief Editor Volodymyr Khandogiy, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Ukraine to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Volodymyr Yalovyi, Deputy Head of the VR Staff of Ukraine Oleh Bilorus, Head of the VR Committee of Ukraine for Foreign
    [Show full text]