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Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology ISSN 2617-2909 (print) Journal of Geology, ISSN 2617-2119 (online) Geography and Journ. Geol. Geograph. Geoecology Geology, 29(1), 206–216. Journal home page: geology-dnu-dp.ua doi: 10.15421/112019 Viktor I. Vyshnevskyi, Serhii A. Shevchuk Journ. Geol. Geograph. Geoecology, 29 (1), 206–216. Use of remote sensing data to study ice cover in the Dnipro Reservoirs Viktor I. Vyshnevskyi1, Serhii A. Shevchuk2 1Institute of Water Problems and Land Reclamation,Ukraine, [email protected] 2Institute of Water Problems and Land Reclamation,Ukraine, [email protected] Received: 20.06.2019 Abstract. The information on the use of remote sensing data when studying the ice cover Received in revised form: 30.06.2019 of the Dnipro Reservoirs is given. The main source of data was the images obtained by the Accepted: 29.12.2019 satellites Sentinel-2, Landsat, Aqua and Terra. In addition, the observation data from the hydrological and meteorological stations were used. The combination of these data enabled to study the patterns of ice regime in the Dnipro Reservoirs, to specify some features that cannot be determined by regular monitoring. A typical feature of the ice cover of all reservoirs of the Dnipro Cascade, besides the Kyivske one, is the impact of hydropower plants (HPP) located upstream. The runoff of the rivers flowing into the Kyivske Reservoir significantly influences its ice cover. This is especially relates to the period of spring flood. Besides the Dnipro and the Pripyat Rivers, relatively small the Teteriv and the Irpin Rivers flowing from the south-west to the north-east have a rather significant effect on the ice cover of this reservoir. The distribution of ice cover in the Kanivske Reservoir, compared to the Kanivske one, is significantly less. In addition to more southern location and warmer climate, the city of Kyiv also influences the ice cover on it, namely due to the discharge of wastewater from several industrial enterprises, Kyivska TPP-5 and Bortnitska Station of Aeration are ones of them. The impact of Trypilska TPP, which located downstream, is also significant. The longest duration of ice cover in the Kanivske Reservoir is observed in its south-eastern part. A point of interest about the Kremenchuts’ke Reservoir is the fact that the ice cover in it remains for the longest period compared to the other reservoirs. The largest duration of ice cover in this reservoir is observed in the Sulska Bay. The typical feature of the Kamianske Reservoir is the accumulation of ice in its narrow parts. Within the Dniprovske Reservoir, the longest freezing period is observed in the Samara Bay. Besides the operation of hydropower station, the industrial enterprises of Kamianske town and Dnipro city have a great effect on the upper part of this reservoir. There are significant differences in the ice regime of the different parts of the Kakhovske Reservoir, which extends from the north-east to the south-west. The distribution of ice in its shallow north-eastern part is usually much larger than in narrower south-western part. Key words: remote sensing, ice cover, air temperature, the Dnipro Reservoirs Використання даних дистанційного зондування Землі у дослідженнях крижаного покри- ву дніпровських водосховищ В. І. Вишневський1, С. А. Шевчук2 1Інститут водних проблем і меліорації НААН, Україна, [email protected] 2Інститут водних проблем і меліорації НААН, Україна, [email protected] Анотація. Наведено відомості щодо можливості використання дистанційного зондування Землі у дослідженнях крижаного по- криву дніпровських водосховищ. Основним джерелом даних були зображення, отримані супутниками Sentinel-2, Landsat, а та- кож Aqua і Terra. Крім того, використано матеріали спостережень на гідрологічних постах, а також метеостанціях, що прилеглі до водосховищ. Поєднання цих даних дало змогу дослідити закономірності льодового режиму у дніпровських водосховищах, знайти деякі особливості, які звичайний моніторинг зафіксувати не може. Характерною особливістю крижаного покриву всіх водосховищ каскаду, за винятком Київського, є вплив розташованих вище за течією ГЕС. Утворення криги у Київському водо- сховищі починається в його північно-східній частині. На крижаний покрив цього водосховища істотно впливає стік річок, що у нього впадають. Особливо це стосується періоду весняного водопілля. У цей час на крижаний покрив, окрім Дніпра та Прип’яті, впливають навіть порівняно невеликі річки Тетерів та Ірпінь, які течуть з південного заходу на північний схід. Поширення льодоставу у Канівському водосховищі, порівняно з Київським, істотно менше. Це зумовлено південнішим розташуванням водосховища, м’якішим кліматом, а також роботою Київської ГЕС і скидами підприємств м. Києва. До них, зокрема, належать Київська ТЕЦ-5 і Бортницька станція аерації. Нижче за течією додається вплив Трипільської ТЕС. Найдовше в Канівському водосховищі крига зберігається в його південно-східній частині. Цікавою особливістю Кременчуцького водосховища є те, що крижаний покрив у ньому звичайно зникає найпізніше. Найбільша тривалість льодоставу тут характерна для Сульської затоки. 206 Viktor I. Vyshnevskyi, Serhii A. Shevchuk Journ. Geol. Geograph. Geoecology, 29(1), 206–216. У Кам’янському водосховищі часто утворюються скупчення криги в його звужених місцях. У Дніпровському водосховищі найбільша тривалість льодоставу властива для Самарської затоки. На крижаний покрив у верхній частині цього водосховища, окрім роботи ГЕС, впливають скиди промислових підприємств міст Кам’янське та Дніпро. Значні відмінності в льодовому режимі має Каховське водосховище, що витягнуте з північного сходу на південний захід. Поширення криги в його мілководній північно-східній частині звичайно значно більше, ніж у звуженій південно-західній. Ключові слова: дистанційне зондування Землі, крижаний покрив, температура повітря, дніпровські водосховища Introduction. It is well known that ice cover on water ice cover shortened and the ice layer became less thick. bodies has an effect on water quality as well as on the The longest period of ice cover, which was observed living conditions of fish and other hydrobionts. This on reservoirs, lasted 140 days. It was recorded at Ada- also refers navigation and the stability of hydraulic mivka hydrological station on the Kremenchuts’ke engineering facilities. Reservoir in a cold winter of 1995-1996. The thickest The regular monitoring of ice regime in the ice cover was also recorded on this reservoir at Svit- Dnipro Reservoirs and other water bodies has lovodsk hydrological station in February 1976, when some disadvantages. The obtained data enable to it reached 77 cm. Some results of this issue, based on characterize only local conditions near the banks. The remote sensing data, were presented in the research conditions in the remote parts of the water area remain work of Vyshnevskyi V.I. and Shevchuk S.A. (2018). unexplored. In this regard, the use of remote sensing Despite the large number of studies, the patterns data gives additional information on the ice cover. At of ice regime, primarily in the water areas, which are the same time, these data also have some lacks, in far from the banks, remain insufficiently studied. particular, due to essential cloudiness in winter period. The study area. The study area covered all six In turn it makes harder to get a sufficient number of reservoirs of the Dnipro Cascade. The average length high-quality images. of the reservoirs is 100–150 km, while the longest Analysis of previous research. There are quite a Kakhovske one exceeds 200 km. The average width lot studies devoted to the ice cover on water bodies. of the reservoirs is 10–15 km, while the largest Over the last decades, the most popular issue is the (Kremenchuts’ke one) is 28 km. The maximum depth changes of ice cover caused by global warming. the majority of reservoirs is approximately 20 m; the Based on the long-term observations many authors Dniprovske one, which is the deepest, is 62 m (Fig. 1). (Klavins et al, 2009, Korhonen 2006, Rakhmatullina, Under natural conditions before the construction Grebin’ 2011, Stonevicius, Stankunavicius, Kilkus, of reservoirs the average water runoff of the Dnipro 2008, Strutynska, Grebin’ 2010, Yaitskaya, Magaeva, River in its mouth exceeded 50 km3 per year. Nowadays 2018) state that the freezing of water bodies starts it makes 42–43 km3 per year. The decrease in runoff is later while the ice break-up starts earlier compared to caused by withdrawing water for economic needs and the previous decades. The study of Magnuson J.J. et evaporation from the water surface. al (2000) devoted to many water bodies in Northern Materials and methods. The main source of data for hemisphere showed that the freezing of water bodies studying the ice cover was the images obtained by over the last 100 years in average started 5.7 days Sentinel-2 and Landsat satellites. In fact, there are two later while the ice break-up for the same period in Sentinel-2 satellites which were launched in 2015 and average started 6.3 days earlier. The similar results 2017. The advantages of this data are quite high spa- were obtained for some lakes in Northern Poland tial resolution (10 m) and relatively small revisit time (Marszelewski, Skowron, 2006) and for the Nemunas (2–3 days). The spatial resolution for the majority River in Lithuania (Stonevicius et al, 2008). bands of Landsat satellites, starting from Landsat 4 (it The next important point of the relevant studies is was launched in 1982) is 30 m, revisit time is 16 days. establishing the dependencies between the hydrome- The greatest attention was paid to the data of Land- teorological conditions, the dates of freezing, dates of sat 8 satellite, which has been providing the images ice break-up and ice thickness as well (Brown, Du- starting from March 2013. These data are available guay, 2010, Efremova et al, 2010, Kalinin, 2012). on the site of the US Geological Survey (www.glovis. Baklagin V.N. (2018), which carried out the research usgs.gov). Another important source of data was the of Onega Lake using remote sensing, found the essen- images, obtained by Aqua and Terra satellites.
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