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N JJeeeeeef A 2010-2011 M YegJevesMJej W Directorate of Water Management (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India D Printed by : Capital Business Service & Consultancy, Bhubaneswar - 751007 [email protected] Jeeef 2010-11 peue ÒeyebOeve efveosMeeue³e (Yeejleer³e ke=Àef Published by Dr. Ashwani Kumar, Director Directorate of Water Management Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar-751 023, Orissa Editorial Board Dr. Gouranga Kar, Principal Scientist and Chairman, Publication Committee Dr. A.K. Thakur, Member D Dr. S. Ghosh, Member Layout, Graphics and Cover Design Dr. Gouranga Kar, Principal Scientist W Hindi translation by Mr. B.S. Parswal M Printed by Capital Business Service & Consultancy Bhubaneswar, e-mail : [email protected] Suggested citation DWM Annual Report 2010-11 Directorate of Water Management Bhubaneswar - 751 023, Orissa PP RR EE FF AA CC EE It is my pleasure to present the Annual Report of Directorate of Water Management 2010-11 covering the research findings of the institute under different research programmes, viz, rain water management, canal water management, groundwater management, waterlogged area management and on-farm research & demonstration and other related information for the year under report. During the year, significant scientific achievement occurred both through on-station and on-farm research, particularly on multiple use of water, rainwater harvesting through rubber dam technology, conjunctive use of water, water management in light textured acid soils, waterlogged area management, rainwater harvesting, micro-water resources development, SRI technique of rice cultivation etc. Through this Annual Report (2010-11), the institute vividly presents different viable water management research findings and related events & it is hoped that the report will prove worthy to agricultural planners, policy makers, researchers, students and all other stake holders who are directly or indirectly related with agricultural water management of the country. Research accomplishments of DWM got recognized at different research forum and during the year scientists of the centre received many prestigious awards like “ National Fellow of ICAR', 'Gannet Memorial Award' and 'Institution Award' of the Institution of Engineers (India), Orissa Chapter, 'Groundwater Augmentation Award' of Ministry of Water Resources of GoI, and other awards from professional societies. One scientist of the institute also received prestigious 'Fulbright Senior Research Fellowship' of United States-Indian Education Foundation. Based on the research findings, the center published 39 research papers in peer reviewed journals, 7 books/training manuals and 5 research bulletins/brochure. A two-day brain storming programme was organized at AICRP on Water Management Centre, Chiplima, Orissa. To strengthen the statistical computation under NARS, the centre organized eight national level trainings on use of 'SAS software' where 185 scientists / professors were trained. One model training course on water management was also organized at the centre. Twenty five one-week long farmers' trainings were organized under the scheme “Scaling up water productivity in agriculture for livelihood', sponsored by Ministry of Agriculture, GoI in which 1589 farmers were trained. During the period a national level workshop on 'MDS of health Indicators for Soil Resources under Varied Agro climatic Water Regime in India', 3rd ICAR-Industry interface for East Zone, one week long training on “Irrigation management and prevention of waterlogging' sponsored by CADWM, MoWR, GoI were organized by the centre. On the “World Water Day”, a National Seminar was also organized on “Water use in agriculture; challenges ahead". I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. S. Ayyappan, Director General, ICAR and Secretary, DARE, Government of India for his keen interest and support for development of this centre. I am extremely grateful to Dr. A.K. Singh, Deputy Director General (NRM), ICAR for his valuable guidance and suggestion at every stage of research and development planning of the centre. My thanks are due to Dr. P.S. Minhas, Assistant Director General , (Soil Water Management) and Dr. J.C. Dagar, Assistant Director General (Agronomy) for their help and cooperation for smooth functioning of the center. I place on record my sincere appreciation for the hard work done by Dr. Gouranga Kar, Principal Scientist & Chairman, Publication Committee and other members to bring out this Annual Report on time. June, 2011 (Ashwani Kumar) keÀe³e&keÀejer meejebMe 1 C Executive Summery 4 1. Introduction 8 O 2. Research Achievements 11 Rainwater management 12 Canal water management 28 N Groundwater management 45 Waterlogged area management 58 On-farm Research, Extension and Training 71 T 3. Trainings organised for Women Empowerment 82 4. All India Co-ordinated Research Projects (AICRPs) 83 5. List of Publications 95 E 6. Awards/ Honours/Recognitions 99 7. RAC/ IRC/IMC/AICRP Meetings 100 N 8. List of Completed/ Ongoing/ New In-house Projects 102 9. Human Resource Development 104 10. List of Sponsored /Collaborative/Consultancy Projects 108 T 11. Events organized 109 12. Weather Summary 113 13. Promotion/Movement/Transfer 113 S 14. Personnel 114 keÀe³e&keÀejer meejebMe Je DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 1 IeìkeÀ Hee³ee ie³ee ~ ñeer efJeefOe Jeeues KesleeW mes Je 2 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 0,30,60 SJeb 90 efkeÀûee/ns. kesÀ mlej lekeÀ keÀjves mes ³en ieCevee GHepe, Je GlHeeo kesÀ mekeÀue SJeb Meg× ceeve kesÀ Helee ®euee efkeÀ ye[s HeÊes kesÀ HeewOes keÀer TB®eeF& 90 efkeÀûee N DeeOeej Hej keÀer ie³eer ~ peue meblegueve kesÀ efJeefOe kesÀ DeeOeej mlej lekeÀ 98.83 mesceer lekeÀ GuuesKeveer³e Je=ef× oMee&leer mes ef[veesefcevesìj keÀe DeekeÀueve efkeÀ³ee ie³ee ~ nw peye FmekeÀe Òe³eesie DeeOeejer [esme kesÀ ªHe ceW efkeÀ³ee ie³ee nw ~ Fmeer lejn keÀer ÒeJe=efÊe HeCe& keÌueesjesefHeÀue cee$ee KesleeW Hej DevegbmeOeeve SJeb lekeÀveerkeÀer nmleeblejCe leLee efJeefMeä HeÊee êJ³eceeve ceW Yeer osKeer ie³eer ~ G[ermee kesÀ ve³eeieæ{ efpeues kesÀ omeHeuuee KeC[ kesÀ kegÀveefj³ee ceO³ece efmeb®eeF& Heefj³eespevee keÀe ®eeefjef$ekeÀjCe efjHeesì& efkeÀ³es ie³es #es$e ceW Je DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY RAINWATER MANAGEMENT species were worked out. Upto Rs. 30,000/ha net returns were obtained from the adopted ¡ Rubber dam technology was developed for watershed management and installed at 3 sites farming system. of Khurda district of Orissa. The impact of ¡ Water resources were developed in two rubber dam installation for soil and water clusters of villages in the Dhenkanal district conservation, drought proofing, flood control through construction of water harvesting etc. were analysed and documented. structures. Rs. 30,000/ha was obtained from the ¡ Study on micro-catchment rainwater harvesting adopted farming system. for horticultural crops in humid region was CANAL WATER MANAGEMENT conducted at DWM research farm for three ¡ Vermicompst application (10 t /ha) resulted in horticultural crops like Mango, Sapota and 61 and 47% higher fruit yield compared to Banana. Four types of micro-catchments were control in capsicum and tomato, respectively. constructed for Mango and Sapota plants such Application of vermicompost reduced the as square, cup & saucer, diamond and circular incidence of blossom end rots (BER) by 9.6% in shape. Incase, of banana, three different Capsicum whereas the incidence of BER was not spacings were maintained i.e., 2 X 2 m, 2.5 X observed in tomato. Application of 2.5m and 3 X 3 m in the square shape micro- vermicompost invariably improved the catchment. Before imposing the treatments, microbial biomass carbon content and organic initial crop growth parameters were recorded. content of soil. Application of silver colour ¡ Economically important CAM plants like mulch enhanced the fruit yield of Capsicum and pineapple (Ananas comosus) was grown and its tomato by 38 and 47%, respectively. cultivation packages were standardized for ¡ Grain yield with system of rice intensification improving the land use in rainfed up and (SRI) medhod was 44% higher than with medium lands. conventional transplanting flooded practices. ¡ Rice crop grown under integrated nutrient with Enhancement in grain yield in SRI was found at sesbania green manure and chemical fertilizers every N application doses. The highest grain resulted in lower energy input (8095.1 MJ/ha), yield was found at 90 kg N ha-1 under SRI. higher energy output (143496 MJ/ha), and Among six SRI components, use of younger higher energy output: input ratio (17.7) as seedling (12-days) was found the most compared to the crop grown under chemical important component responsible for yield fertilizers alone. The save in chemical fertilizers enhancement under SRI. Harvesting of under integrated nutrient involving sesbania rainwater from SRI field and its use for fish green manure was 36.5 kg N, 5.9 kg P2O5 and culture as well as supplementary irrigation to 11.8 kg K2O/ha. Paired row planting of okra rice significantly enhanced the water produced similar yield (7.43 t/ha) with the productivity to Rs. 7.61 Rs./m3. normal planting but with the less irrigation ¡ Field experiments on groundnut and potato requirement by 18%. revealed that paired row planting of groundnut ¡ Water budgeting in grow-out aquaculture of on beds spaced at 45 cm enhanced pod yield by some commercial important fish and prawn 18-20% and saved a significant amount of 4 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 irrigation water by 26-41% over the flat method ¡ The spatio - temporal studies of wastewater of planting and enhanced crop water use characteristics of city wastewater revealed the efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use quality of water changed with time and space. efficiency (IWUE). For potato, paired row The column study in laboratory on the effect of planting at 75 x 20 cm spacing (paired row at 25 wastewater on soil properties showed that cm) maintained a similar crop yield as in normal increased organic matter and major nutrients planting and reduced the irrigation water (available N, P and K) in surface soils are requirement by 32% and also enhanced crop indicative of increase in fertility with wastewater WUE and IWUE compared to normal planting, irrigation. The field studies showed that physical under rice-based cropping system. properties were not deteriorated with ¡ Results of field experiments showed that the crop wastewater irrigation. Soils with wastewater yield, in terms of rice equivalent yield (pooled irrigation were enriched with nutrient elements over three years) increased by 273, 113, 106 & and organic matter. None of the samples in the 58%, water use efficiency (WUE) by 414, 100, 87 study exceeded the critical concentration limit & 49%, benefit/cost ratio by 77, 38, 43 & 20%, of Cd, Pb and Zn. production efficiency by 201, 50, 50 & 14%, land ¡ An assessment of the impacts of irrigation utilization index by 27, 45, 40 & 42% in rice- markets and economics involved in water trade tomato-okra, rice-sunflower-rice, rice-maize- and transactions reveals that overall cropping rice, rice-cowpea-rice, respectively when intensity in the area is 178.66, irrigation cost is compared to rice-fallow-rice system. In drip Rs. 1616.93 per acre, crop output (yield) Rs. 32263 irrigation method, water saving was 29, 3, 13 per acre. When comparing theses indicators and 30% in maize, cowpea, sunflower and among the water user groups ie.water buyers tomato, respectively when compared to furrow and sellers, indiactors including irrigation cost irrigation. The irrigation WUE increased by was in favour of water buyers groups. This about 36% when drip irrigation was used. suggest a positive impacts of the irrigation GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT services on their sustaining livelihood. The cost ¡ Flow to sea through shallow fresh aquifer was of irrigation water was estimated and average, estimated by analytical approach. per hour irrigation cost worked out to be Rs 43.21, inclusive fuel cost. ¡ The chemical characteristics of the Daya river water and groundwater revealed that these WATRLOGEGD AREA MANAGEMENT contain nitrate and iron beyond the permissible ¡ Practice of brackish water shrimp farming limit as per BIS and FAO standards for irrigation. increases the salt stress of adjacent water The groundwater samples along Daya River resources that varies inconsistently over space were found to be of poor quality and unsuitable and with time. Depending upon soil textural for drinking purpose. The high value of water compositions this practice develop persistent quality index (WQI) was found due to higher soil salinity (ECe) exponentially (y = 1.46e1.09x, values of iron, manganese, magnesium, nitrate, R2 = 0.79) from 0.2 - 1.1 to 1.4 - 5.0 dS/m if the hardness, calcium, alkalinity and bicarbonate in ratio of (silt + clay) / sand, ranged from 0.8 to the groundwater. The impact of poor quality 3.35; whereas it grew as y = 0.29x2 + 0.04x + water on soil characteristics revealed an increase 2.25, R2 = 0.0.79 by 1.33 to 40 times if the ratio of the exchangeable cations and the decrease of was 0.52 to 1.72, with increasing ESP and the major available nutrients N and P. dispersion of soil structure DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 5 ¡ Application of 0, 30, 60 and 90 kgha-1 level of N resulted in lower tuber yield in sweet potato at three different stages of plant growth i.e. (5.90 t ha-1) compared to conventional tillage basal, 3 months and 6 months after planting (6.63 t ha-1) under post flood situation. The revealed that plant height represented by tallest farmers could generate additional net returns leaf showed significant increase at 90kg N level of 19,850/- with sunflower Rs. 27,030/- with upto 98.83 cm when applied as basal dosage. bhendi Rs. 36,600/- with bittegourd and Rs. Similar trend was noted with leaf chlorophyll 24,400/- with sweet potato compared to their content and specific leaf weight of the emerged pre project status of the land (fallow). leaves. ¡ A study was undertaken to assess the ¡ Analysis of soil and water quality in waterlogged waterlogging and land use system in different high rainfall area of Kendrapara district in Orissa coastal districts of Orissa using remote sensing revealed that soil is acidic (pH 6.0). EC, available and GIS. N and available potassium were found as 0.40 ¡ Water productivity of major crops were dSm-1, 241 kg ha-1 and 190.6 kg ha-1, respectively estimated both in physical and economic terms. with EC of the groundwater ranged between The numerator was estimated both in terms of 0.82 to 4.6 dSm-1. Rainfall analysis of the study yield, gross and net value of product. The area established an average annual rainfall of denominator was estimated following water 1452 mm with minimum, maximum and weekly balance approach. average rainfall of 31 mm, 102 mm and 62.3 mm, respectively, which occurred between 24th- ON-FARM RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 41st weeks. A mismatch in occurrence of rainfall DISSEMINATION and canal water supply in the area was ¡ Characterization of Kuanria Medium Irrigation reported, as canal water supply continued from Project at Daspalla block of Nayagarh district 2nd week of July - 3rd week of November, when in Orissa revealed variations of designed and almost 70 per cent of monsoon rain occurs; existing discharge rate of minors and sub- where as a short supply continued during 2nd minors for right as well as left distributary. week of January-1st week of February during Existing discharge rate is on an average 10-12% rabi season with occurrence of no rainfall. Due lower than the designed rate; the variation is to satisfactory functioning of the field drain, higher in case of right distributary (ranging Swarna Sub-1 paddy yielded more (by 140 per from 6 to 76%) as compared left distributary cent) in comparison to yield of the un-drained (ranging from 5 to 20%). About 3757 ha in kharif paddy crop. and 1369 ha in rabi received irrigation out of ¡ The efficacy of alternative crops in rabi/summer the cultivable command area (CCA) of 3780 ha season for post flood management like in kharif and 1908 ha in rabi season which sunflower, okra, sweet potato and bittergourd indicates the gap between potential created and was tested in Raisar village, Kendrapada utilized especially in rabi season. district, Orissa. Okra resulted in superior fruit ¡ To understand the dynamic process for yield of 3.73 t ha-1 under zero tillage compared reducing poverty in the poverty-laden agro- to 3.26 t ha-1 under conventional tillage. Bitter ecologies by tracking the household and village gourd resulted in fruit yield of 4.30 t ha-1 under economies complete enumeration of village zero tillage compared to 4.06 t ha-1 in household popultion was done by household conventional tillage. However, Zero tillage census survey in the first phase in the four 6 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 selected villages across farm size groups in ¡ Farmers prarticipatory action research Orissa. Data being collected on monthly basis programme has been initiated in 5 districts of for household, individual, field specific, plot Orissa viz., Mayurbhanj, Balasore, Puri, level data on agriculture, labour, expenditure, Dhenkanal, Khurda on irrigation efficiency, income and consumption throughout the year conjunctive use of water and treadle pump to address the dynamics of economic, social and technology. institutional development. DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 7 1. INTRODUCTION The Directorate of Water Management (Formerly Bhubaneswar on a 5.71 ha of land along with its Water Technology Centre for Eastern Region) main office-cum-laboratory building, guest house came into existence on 12th May, 1988 with the and residential complex. It is about 8 km north aim to enhance agricultural productivity of of Bhubaneswar railway station and at about 15 eastern India. In pursuance of ICAR letter dated km away from Biju Patnaik Airport, 17.4.2009, the change in the mode of function of Bhubaneswar. The site location is at about 20° WTCER has been ratified by the Governing body 15’ N and 85° 52’ E at 23 m mean sea level. of ICAR as Directorate of Water Management Research farm of the Institute (63.71 ha of farm (DWM) and address agricultural water land) is located at Deras, Mendhasal (20°30’ N management issues throughout the country. The and 87°48’ E) and is at 30 km away from main centre is located at Chandrasekharpur, institute complex. MANDATE ¡ To undertake basic and applied research for developing strategies for efficient management of on-farm water resources to enhance agricultural productivity on sustainable basis. ¡ To provide leadership role and coordinate network of research with the State Agricultural Universities in generating location-specific technologies for efficient use of water resources. ¡ To act as a center for training in research methodologies and technology update in the area of agricultural water management. ¡ To collaborate with relevant national and international agencies in achieving the above objectives. Research Achievements sunken bed technology. Sub-surface drainage and pond based farming system have been designed Core research activities of the centre are carried and implemented to mitigate problems of out under five programmes, viz, rainwater waterlogged areas. Medicinal plant was management, cannal water management, ground introduced to enhance productivity of water water management, waterlogged area management congested areas of coastal region. Modern tools and on-farm research, extension and training to like remote sensing, geographic information system solve the agricultural water management problems. (GIS) have been utilized extensively for Watershed Agricultural water management related problems Management. Contigency plan was developed for at the national level are being addressed by the drought and flood mitigations in the regions. centers under the AICRPs on Water Management DWM’s contribution towards agricultural water and Ground Water Utilization. Comprehensive management is well recognized at national and technology package on in-situ rain water international levels and it is endowed with conservation with crop diversification has been experienced multidisciplinary team of scientists. developed by the center to enhance and stabilize productivity of rainfed areas. Tank-cum-well Infrastructure facilities and Organization system, rubber dam technique have been The centre has state-of-the-art infrastructure developed for water harvesting and runoff facilities and has four well-equipped laboraries, recycling at micro-level. In the canal command area, viz, soil-water-plant relationship laboratory, significant achievements have been made to irrigation and drainage laboratory, hydraulic increase the water use efficiency and cropping laboratory, and plant science laboratory with all intensity with introduction of alternate raised and the latest equipments for research activities. An 8 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 engineering workshop and photographic The institute has linkages with different state and laboratory also cater to the needs of the institute. central government agencies like National Seed Four field laboratories at farm, viz, corporation, Watershed Mission (Government of meteorological laboratory, pressurized irrigation Orissa), CAPART, NABARD, Directorate of system, solar photovoltaic pumping system, and Agriculture (Government of Orissa), Central and agricultural drainage system also add to the State Ground Water Board, Command Area research related inputs. The institute has a state- Development Agency, APICOL, Government of of-the-art communication facility with an Orissa, WALMI to implement viable water automatic EPABX system and LAN. The institute management technologies in the region. The Centre has its own web server and regularly updated did collaborative projects with M/s. Shakti Sugar website (www.wtcer.ernet.in) The entire Ltd, Dhenkanal, Emami Paper Mill, Balasore for network administration of the computers, research on use of industrial effluents in agricultural Internet and website management is looked after perspective. Entrusted by Ministry of Rural by the ARIS cell. The ARIS cell also Development, GoI and Watershed Mission, accommodates a fully developed GIS laboratory. Government of Orissa, the centre evaluated many The air-conditioned library of the Institute has Integrated Watershed Development Projects in more than 1800 reference books and subscribes different districts of Orissa. The centre has also got to 16 international and 17 national journals. It the responsibility of monitoring and evaluating also maintains a CD-ROM Server with CAPART sponsored projects of different NGOs. In bibliographic, database from AGRIS, AGRICOLA addition to ongoing in-house research projects, the and Water Resources Abstracts. These databases institute is awarded with many sponsored projects are available on the desktop of all the scientist by various, organizations like Ministry of Water through LAN. The subscription of electronic- Resources, GOI, Ministry of Rural Development, journals and its accessibility through LAN to all GOI, Department of Science and Technology, GOI, the scientists is yet another worth mentioning WORLP, NAIP, DPCL, ISRO etc. features of the library. The Video conferencing Finances and IP Telephony System have been installed at Summary of fund allocation, and expenditure during the Institute as part of the project ICAR net. the year 2010-11 under plan and non plan budget The DWM has established linkages with various of the centre is presented at the end of this report. agencies through training, consultancy, (chapter 15) collaboration or contract research. It has provided Staff a concrete base for public and private sector institutions dealing with water management At the end of March 2009, DWM had 81 sanctioned research to address their scientific problems, posts (including AICRP) out of which 67 are in monitor research and development activities and position. The break up of the posts under different evaluate them with lesser investment. categories is given below: Cadre Sanctioned In Position Vacant RMP 01 01 Nil Scientific 36 27 9 Administrative 16 12 4 Technical 16 16 Nil Supporting 11 07 04 Total 80 63 17 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 9 ORGANOGRAM RAC Director IMC IRC Research Service & Administration & Programmes Support Audit / Accounts AICRP on WM Main Centre and GWU h Farm h Rainwater Management h Workshop h Canal Water Management h Tecnical Cell h Ground Water Management h Training Cell h Waterlogged Area Management h Library h On-farm Research Extension, Training h ARIS Cell 10 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 y Design and development of rubber dams for watersheds y Forecasting Agricultural Output Using Satellite, Agro- meteorology, and Land Based Observations y Improving the land use in rainfed medium and uplands using CAM plants y Micro-catchment water-harvesting in the rainfed ecosystem of eastern region y Development of water and energy efficient integrated farming system model for the rainfed farmers y Water budgeting in grow-out aquaculture of some commercially important fish and prawn species y Sustainable Rural Livelihood and Food Security to Rainfed Farmers y Prospects of Organic farming with rainwater conservation practices DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF RUBBER DAMS FOR WATERSHEDS Rubber dams are used to function as weirs or barrages which are relatively low-level dams constructed across a river/ streams for the raising of river water level for the diversion of flow in full, or a part, into a supply canal or conduit for irrigation, domestic, industrial use. It can be used in various applications such as raising the crest height of existing dams and weirs to increase their capacity and provide a system of flood control; Constructed Rubber Dam tidal barriers to protect rivers from salt contamination; creating recreational lakes without For inflation of rubber small low lift Krishak the environmental restrictions of other methods; Bandhu Pump was used to inflate in small flow control weirs for flood mitigation and waste prototype dam of 2 m length & 6 mm thickness water treatment works; and replace existing steel up to 0.5 m. But in case of 5 m span it could not gate systems. In this study the Rubber dams were inflate. So 1.5 H.P kerosene operated pump was designed and implemented for watershed used. At 0.6 kg/cm2 pressure it was able to management. inflate up to 0.5 to 0.6 m. For raising dam height up to 1m, more pressure was required (1.2 kg/ Installation of Rubber Dams: Fabricated cm2). rubberized structure made from large rubber sheet prepared by Indian Rubber During July to December 2010, there were several Manufacturers Research Association (IRMRA) dry spells and the fields were dry. Because of was fixed with concrete base structure made stored water in Rubber Dam, irrigation could be earlier through double anchoring mechanism. given through diversion channel on right side of The structure was made leak proof using the dam to around 40 ha area involving for more adhesives like M-Seal, Araldite and Sillica gel than 100 farmers. During flowering stage of the and were tested by filling with water through paddy i.e. the critical stage of the crop (in inlet pipe using 1.5 HP pump. November) there was scanty rainfall and the stored water of the dam saved the crop. During 2nd week of December, there was unusual heavy rain and most of the runoff was stored in the rubber Dam. This became useful for Rabi pulses of 60 ha area. The average yield of paddy (kharif) before installing rubber dam was 2.5 to 3.1 t ha-1 where as after installing rubber dam it was 4.2 to 4.9 t ha-1 because of irrigation facilities. Anchoring mechanism before fixing of rubberized (N. Sahoo, S.K. Jena, A. Kumar, A. Mishra, structure P.S. Brahmanand & D.U. Patil) DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 13 FORECASTING AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT USING SATELLITE, AGRO-METEOROLOGY, AND LAND BASED OBSERVATIONS In the reporting year, WOFOST model was The output of the calibrated model was validated calibrated and validated for two rice varieties viz., for eight years. The result was tested with actual MTU 7029 and Sita under high rainfall zone eastern observations of crop growth and yield attributes. India (Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar). The genetic It was revealed that the WOFOST model coefficients were derived for calibrating the rice satisfactorily simulated the potential growth and varieties (Table 1 and 2). There were 14 most yield of rice. critical genetic coefficients identified for calibration. Table-1: Calibrated genetic coefficients of WOFOST model for rice variety 'MTU7029' Name Description Unit Values CVL Efficiency of conversion into leaves kg/kg 0.910 CVO Efficiency of conversion into storage organs kg/kg 0.995 CVR Efficiency of conversion into roots kg/kg 0.754 CVS Efficiency of conversion into stems kg/kg 0.650 DLO Optimum day length for development h 11.5 RML Relative maintenance respiration rate leaves kg CH2O /kg/d 0.0100 RMO Relative maintenance respiration rate storage organs kg CH2O /kg/d 0.0100 RMR Relative maintenance respiration rate roots kg CH2O /kg/d 0.0100 RMS Relative maintenance respiration rate stems kg CH2O /kg/d 0.0200 SPAN Life span of leaves growing at 35 0C 35.0 TBASE Lower threshold temperature for ageing of leaves 0C 8.0 TDWI Initial crop dry weight kg/ha 150.00 TSUM 1 Temperature sum from emergence to anthesis 0C 2570 TSUM 2 Temperature sum from anthesis to maturity 0C 610 Table-2: Calibrated genetic coefficients of WOFOST model for rice variety 'Sita' Name Description Unit Values CVL Efficiency of conversion into leaves kg/kg 0.604 CVO Efficiency of conversion into storage organs kg/kg 0.500 CVR Efficiency of conversion into roots kg/kg 0.754 CVS Efficiency of conversion into stems kg/kg 0.655 DLO Optimum day length for development h 11.5 RML Relative maintenance respiration rate leaves kg CH2O /kg/d 0.0200 RMO Relative maintenance respiration rate storage organs kg CH2O /kg/d 0.0120 RMR Relative maintenance respiration rate roots kg CH2O /kg/d 0.0100 RMS Relative maintenance respiration rate stems kg CH2O /kg/d 0.0200 SPAN Life span of leaves growing at 35 0C 35.0 TBASE Lower threshold temperature for ageing of leaves 0C 8.0 TDWI Initial crop dry weight kg/ha 150.00 TSUM 1 Temperature sum from emergence to anthesis 0C 2420 TSUM 2 Temperature sum from anthesis to maturity 0C 820 Based on these coefficients, yields were validated and found useful for predicting rice yield of two varieties viz., ‘Sita’ and ‘MTU7029’ with 6-11% accuracy. (Gouranga Kar and Ashwani Kumar) 14 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 IMPROVING THE LAND USE IN RAINFED MEDIUM AND UPLANDS USING CAM PLANTS In eastern India, after the rainy season lands in (T5). At 38-40 leaf stage, or approximately 50 days rainfed areas are left fallow due to lack of assured after planting in the main field, the plants were irrigation. It is difficult to grow C3 plants like rice, forced to flower by ethaphon application (50 ml wheat and C4 plants like sugarcane and maize of an aqueous solution containing 25 ppm which requires more irrigation. Crassulacean acid ethephon, 2% urea and 0.04% calcium carbonate metabolism (CAM) plants like pineapple (Ananas dissolved in distilled water). Flowers appeared comosus), sisal (Agave sisalana), Aloevera (Aloe sp) after 30 days of ethaphon application and fruits are suitable to grow under water scarcity were harvested at 150 days after ethaphon situation. Introduction of water use efficient application. The crop was harvested in first week CAM crop like pineapple after rice would also improve land utilization under rainfed upland situations. As pineapple has a duration of >12 months it is difficult to introduce it directly in the rice based cropping system. This project aimed to explore the possibility of utilizing the CAM properties of pineapple to use fallow lands under rainfed conditions after harvest of kharif rice. As per approved technical programme, approximately 500 g suckers were planted in July, Fig. 1 Change in D leaf weight (g) of pineapple 2010 in ploythene/plastic bags (3-4 kg) that during 2010-11 contains mixture of sand and soil and with all basal of July. Observations were taken on weight of D application of fertilizers. The bags were kept leaf (g), percentage of flowering, fruit weight (g) under full light conditions except for the ones in and fruit yield (q/ha) of pineapple. The largest the shade treatments. Pineapple plants were leaf in the crown (D leaf) did not show significant grown in polybags until the rice fields harvested difference in weight till January (Fig 1). However, and plots are ready. Treatments were imposed from February onwards T1, T2 and T5 showed as per the schedule. When planting in rice field, pineapple was planted on 60 cm raised beds made in paired row of distance 45 cm. Distance between two beds was 90 cm. and distance between plant to plant was 45 cm. In the last week of December, 2010, the plants were planted in a triangular fashion within the paired row. The five treatments were given comprised of removing suckers and slips (T1), removing older leaves (T2), spraying planofix (T3), plants without any manipulation (T4) which were grown under sunlight and plants Fig. 2: Effect of plant manipulation techniques on without any manipulation but grown under shade flowering percent in pineapple DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 15 treatments. The moisture content of the soil under T5 treatment (plant under shade) showed over all increase than other treatments. The FC, AWC and saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil were determined and found that the plant performed well under stress conditions. The photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation, the titratable acidity of ‘D’ leaf and the changes in carbohydrate content of leaves were also studied from nursery to post transplanting stage till Fig. 3 Effect of plant manipulation techniques on March, 2011. Titratable acidity (TA) at nursery fruit weight (g) of pineapple stage in the month of September at 10 a.m. was 8.6 m mol H+g FW-1 which decreased to 7.5 at 1.00 faster growth compared to T4 and T3. However, till the end of March, highest growth was noted noon. Similar decline in TA was noted during day time in November and December also, i.e. from in T5 followed by T3, T1 and T2. Plants without 6.3 to 5.5 in November and 5.4 to 4.7 m mol H+g any manipulation (T4) showed slowest growth. The maximum flowering percentage (Fig. 2) fruit FW-1 at 10.00 a.m. and 1.00 p.m, respectively in weight (Fig. 3) and yield (Fig. 4) was recorded December before planting. The TA under different treatments also showed a decline trend over the with T3 followed by T5 (plants without any manipulation under shade). period of the day from January through March period after transplanting in field. At initial The soil moisture was also recorded from date of Fig. 5 Effect of plant manipulation techniques on titratable acidity of pineapple Fig. 4 Effect of plant manipulation techniques on fruit yield (q/ha) of pineapple period of the day at 8.00 a.m. the maximum TA was recorded in March in all the treatments. The transplanting of pineapple plants (Dec, 2010) after TA thereafter declined at 12 noon and 4 p.m. paddy harvest. Moisture content at the time of steadily, more so in T3 (Fig. 5). At each time during transplanting was recorded as 9.48 and 11% for initial stage, i.e. 8 a.m. the titratable acidity level surface (0-15 cm) and subsurface (15-30 cm) soils, showed an increase from January, through respectively. The moisture content of the soil February to March. The increased level of showed decreasing trend from the time of titratable acid at the beginning of the day and its transplanting i.e. from January to June for all the increase from January to March might be due to 16 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 increase in ambient temperature and more month to warmer March month corroborating nocturnal CAM intensity with increase in ambient temperature dependence of CAM metabolism temperature from January to March period. especially under rainfed condition in rice fallow. Fig. 6 Change in total soluble sugar in D leaf of Performance of pineapple plants in Polybags / pineapple Plastic bags The total soluble sugar in ‘D’ leaf increased over period of a day i.e. being lowest at 8.a.m. and increasing thereafter at 12 noon and subsequently at 4 p. m. (Fig 6). The increase was more apparent at treatment T3 and T5. At any given point of time, in general, the total soluble sugar level showed increasing trend from January to March. Here also like titratable acidity level, the increased diurnal intensity of CAM might be involved in enhancing the level of total soluble sugar from cooler January Performance of pineapple crop in the field after paddy harvest (O. P. Verma, S. Raychaudhuri and M. Raychaudhuri) MICRO-CATCHMENT WATER HARVESTING IN THE RAINFED ECOSYSTEM OF EASTERN REGION Experimental layout for 3 fruit crops such as plants in each treatment) were kept. In case of Mango, Sapota and Banana was carried out during banana, three different spacings were followed the reporting year. About 84 Mango plants were i.e., 2 X 2 m, 2.5 X 2.5 m and 3 X 3 m. Total 275 planted at a spacing of 5.5 X 5.5 m. Four types of numbers (G-9 variety) of banana were planted micro-catchments were constructed inside the where only square shaped micro-catchments were Mango plantation, which were square, cup & constructed for water harvesting. saucer, diamond and circular shape. Under each After construction of micro-catchments, the crop type of micro-catchments, 12 plants were kept as growth parameters such as plant height, number control. Similarly, in case of Sapota, four types of of branches, collar diameter, etc. were monitored. micro-catchments along with control treatment (8 The initial crop growth parameters for Sapota DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 17 varied from 64.39 cm (cup and saucer shape) to 90.67 cm (farmers practice), and number of branches varied from 1.75 (farmers practice) to 4.33 (square shape) (Table -4). In case of banana, the average collar diameter at 10 cm height was obtained as 64.12, 82.5, 65.5 mm; average plant height as 113.12, 140.86, 111.25 cm; average number of leaves per plant as 9.65, 12.79, 12; length of longest leave as 56.59, 73.64, 58.00 cm; and width of longest leave as 25.71, 35.57 cm and 26.96 cm for 2X2m, 2.5X2.5m and 3X3 m spacings, Cup and Saucer shaped Micro-catchment for Mango respectively (Table -5). plant Further, the gas exchange and photosynthesis study were also carried out. Maximum net photosynthesis rate (Pn) in mango orchard was -2 -1 recorded upto 14.3 mol CO2 m s . The stomatal transpiration rate of was noted upto 5.2 m mol -2 -1 H2Om s and corresponding stomatal conductance was 214.6 m-mol m-2s-1 with substomatal CO2 concentration of 302.7 ppm. In banana the net photosynthesis in 3 X 3m spacing was 18.2 mol CO m-2s-1 followed by 16.7 Experimental field on banana with three different 2 -2 -1 spacings mol CO2m s at 2.5 X 2.5m spacing while at 2 X -2 -1 2m spacing it was 16.9 mol CO2m s . The plants before the impose of treatments were as corresponding stomatal transpiration rate was follows: the average value of collar diameter -2 -1 6.6, 6.1 and 6.3 m-mol H2O m s , respectively and ranged between 6.00 mm (farmers practice) and internal or substomatal CO2 concentration was 8.06 mm (diamond shape) micro-catchments, plant 286.4, 291.7 and 292.2 ppm in respective spacing. height varied from 35.75 cm (farmers practice) to 49.25 cm (Circular shape) and number of branches In sapota the net photosynthesis rate was upto -2 -1 varied from 2.13 (farmers practice) to 4.00 10.1 mol CO2m s and transpiration rate was 4.3 -2 -1 (Diamond shape) (Table -3). Similarly, incase of m mol H2O m s and stomatal conductance of -2 -1 mango, the initial average value of collar diameter 204.6 m mol m s with internal CO2 varied from 11.00 mm (diamond shape) to 19.56 concentration of 311.2 ppm. mm (square shape micro-catchments), plant height Table 3. Crop growth parameters of Sapota (average values) before imposing the treatment Shape of the micro-catchment Collar diameter (mm) Plant height (cm) Number of braches Square 7.94 42.81 2.38 Cup & saucer 6.94 40.56 3.38 Diamond 8.06 48.31 4.00 Circular 6.13 49.25 2.75 Farmers practice 6.00 35.75 2.13 18 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 Table 4. Crop growth parameters of Mango (average values) before imposing the treatment Shape of the micro-catchment Collar diameter (mm) Plant height (cm) Number of braches Square 19.56 87.03 4.33 Cup & saucer 15.11 64.39 1.89 Diamond 11.00 64.71 1.83 Circular 13.61 73.64 4.11 Farmers practice 17.52 90.67 1.75 Table 5. Crop growth parameters of Banana (average values) before imposing the treatment Spacing of Collar Plant Number Length of Width of banana plants diameter height of leaves longest leaf longest (mm) (cm) (cm) leaf (cm) 2 X 2 m 64.12 113.12 9.65 56.59 25.71 2.5 X 2.5 m 82.50 140.86 12.79 73.64 35.57 3 X 3 m 65.50 111.25 12.00 58.00 26.96 (A.Mishra, Vishal Nath, S. K. Routray, H. Chakraborty, S. Roychowdhury and M.J.Kaledhonkar) DEVELOPMENT OF WATER AND ENERGY EFFICIENT INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM MODEL FOR THE RAINFED FARMERS Medium duration rice variety ‘Surendra’ was MJ ha-1) when rice was grown with chemical grown during Kharif 2010. Main plot in each fertilizers alone. Low energy input under replication was grown with Sesbania or without integrated nutrient treatment (8095 MJ ha-1) was Sesbania. The green manure crop was harvested due to save in chemical fertilizers. Total energy at 46 days stage with mean fresh biomass yield output from grain and straw was higher with the of 8.5 tha-1. The equivalent dry weight was 1.631 integrated nutrient treatment (143496 MJ ha-1) as t ha-1 with nutrient supply of 36.55 kg N, 5.95 kg compared to the chemical fertilizers alone. Higher -1 P2O5 and 11.76 kg K2O ha . In addition to green output : input ratio of 17.7 under the integrated manure, fertilizers @ 43.45 kg N, 34.05 kg P2O5 nutrient treatment suggests higher energy -1 and 28.24 kg K2O ha were provided through efficiency (Table 6). chemical sources (Urea, DAP and MOP) to make After harvest of kharif rice, each main plot was the total nutrient supply as 80 kg N, 40 kg P O 2 5 divided into 6 sub-plots. Different crops viz., -1 and 40 kg K2O ha . For plots without Sesbania, maize (S1), sunflower (S2), horsegram (S3), full dose of nutrient (80 kg N, 40 kg P2O5 and 40 Babycorn (S4), cabbage (S5), and tomato (S6) were kg K O ha-1) was supplied through chemical 2 gorwn in sub-plots. Thus, 6 different rice based fertilizers alone. Results revealed that mean grain cropping systems were tested. Winter crops were yield under the integrated nutrient management grown with chemical fertilizers in the plots with involving Sesbania green manure was 4430 kg ha-1 the treatment chemical fertilizers alone. Plots with while the yield with chemical fertilizer alone was integrated nutrient treatments received 4510 kg ha-1. The trend was reverse regarding vermicompost and chemical fertilizers. straw yield. Total energy input was higher (10196 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 19 Table 6: Energy input and output in rice cultivation under Chemical fertilizers alone and integrated nutrient management Items Rice grown with Rice grown under chemical Fertilizers Integrated nutrient sesbania and chemical fertilizers Energy input Unit Equivalent Quantity/ha Energy Quantity/ha Energy Energy (MJ) (MJ ha-1) (MJ ha-1) Field preparation Human h 1.96 10 h 19.6 10 h 19.6 Machinery kg 62.1 1.93 kg 119.8 1.93 kg 119.8 Fuel (Diesel+Lubri) L 56.31 32.15 L 1810.4 32.15 L 1810.4 Nursery h 1.96 36 h 70.6 36 h 70.6 Paddy Seed kg 14.70 45 kg 661.5 45 kg 661.5 Sesbania seed kg 14.70 - - 20 294.0 Sesbania seeding h 1.96 - - 12 23.5 Line Transplanting (Male) h 1.96 72 h 141.1 72 h 141.1 Line Transplanting (Female) h 1.60 288 460.8 288 460.8 Gap filling h 1.96 12 23.5 12 23.5 Fertilizer (N) kg 60.6 80 4848.0 43.45 2633.1 P2O5 kg 11.1 40 444.0 34.05 378.0 K2O kg 6.7 40 268.0 28.24 189.1 Weeding (2) h 1.96 318 623.3 288 564.5 Harvesting h 1.96 216 423.4 216 423.4 Threshing h 1.96 144 282.2 144 282.2 Total energy input 10196.2 8095.1 Energy output Grain yield kg 14.70 4510 66297 4430 65121 Straw yield kg 12.50 6080 76000 6270 78375 Total energy output 142297 143496 Energy output : input ratio 14.0 17.7 A separate field experiment was conducted adjacent raised beds. In triple row bed planting, during summer season of 2010 to find out the closer row spacing of 40 cm and wider furrow effect of planting techniques by differential row of 60 cm were maintained but three adjacent arrangement on irrigation requirement and rows on a raised bed. These two modified row yield of okra. In paired row bed planting, two arrangement and planting techniques were rows of the crop were planted at a closer row compared with the normal practice of 50 cm spacing of 40 cm on a raised bed. A wider uniform row spacing. The results (Table 7) furrow of 60 cm was maintained between two revealed that paired row planting on bed Table 7: Effect of planting techniques on irrigation requirement and yield of okra Planting techniques Yield (tha-1) Irrigation water Irrigation Water use(mm) Use Efficiency (kg yield/mm water) Normal Planting (50 x 25 cm) 7.72 625 12.4 Paired Row (40/60 X 25 cm) 7.43 513 14.5 Three row (40-40/60x25 cm) 7.5 447 15.8 CD (0.05) 0.49 - - 20 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 Paired row bed planting (40/60 cm) Uniform row spacing (50 cm) produced similar yield (7.43 tha-1) with the In another field experiment during pre-summer normal planting but with the less irrigation season of 2010, the effect of mulching on the requirement by 18%. Triple row bed planting performance of watermelon and bottle gourd was resulted in lower yield (8.7%) with less studied. Results showed that yield of water melon irrigation requirement (28.5%). The results was 15.4 tha-1 under mulching which was 12.4% suggest that farmers should adopt paired row higher as compared to the plot without mulch. bed planting to save water without sacrificing Yields of bottle gourd were higher than the water yield. However, under water scarcity situation melon. With mulching bottle gourd yield was 21.1 farmers may opt triple row planting to get tha-1 which was 14% higher than that of the plots higher yield per unit water. without mulch (Table 8). Table 8: Effect of mulching on yield (tha-1) of watermelon and bottle gourd Treatments Watermelon Bottle gourd With mulch 15.4 21.1 Without mulch 13.7 18.5 Watermelon and bottle gourd under integrated farming system (S.K. Routray, A. Mishra, R.K. Mohanty) DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 21 WATER BUDGETING IN GROW-OUT AQUACULTURE OF SOME COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT FISH AND PRAWN SPECIES In the reporting year, an attempt was made to Recommended minimum water depth of 2.0 m for estimate the water requirement and water composite culture and 1.0 m for monoculture of productivity along with feeding management for P .monodon was maintained for each treatment. improving water quality and triggering Required depth was maintained on weekly basis compensatory growth performance of Indian either adding or withdrawing water from the major carps (IMC), giant freshwater prawn and experimental ponds. A moderate stocking black tiger shrimp in grow-out culture, at farmers’ density was maintained at 5,000 fingerlings/ha field at Parikhi, Balasore, district of Orissa. for composite culture (30:30:40::SF:CF:BF) and 100,000 PL/ha for BT culture. Management During the first crop cycle, “water exchange (WE) practices and inputs were same for all treatments pattern” was taken as treatment with replications and replications. Various hydro-biological & feeding management will be taken as treatment parameters prevailing in different treatments during 2nd crop cycle. Two sets of experiment were were within the optimum ranges for growth and conducted during the 1st crop cycle such as Exp-I: survival of fish and prawn and did not fluctuate Composite culture of IMCs and M.rosenbergii [T1- No drastically. Increased phytoplankton (13.3 x 104) water exchange (Control) × 3-replications, T2- 10% & chlorophyll-a (41.1mg m-3) concentration did WE on monthly basis ×3-replications, T3- 10% WE not help in maintaining higher dissolved oxygen on ‘demand’ basis depending on water quality (DO) probably due to the decomposition of variables × 3-replications] and Exp-II: organic matter (feed and excreta), resulting in Monoculture of black tiger shrimp, P.monodon [T1- higher oxygen consumption. As the O budget No water exchange (Control) × 3-replications, 2 is strongly influenced by the balance of T3- WE on ‘demand’ basis depending on water autotrophic/ heterotrophic process, lower DO quality variables × 3-replications, where WE was concentration after 120 DOC might be attributed decided on the basis of Kg. shrimp m-2 × (100 to the decreased autotrophic or increased ×EF), where EF= exchange factor i.e., 0.1-0.25 heterotrophic activity. for SD 10-35 pcs m-2]. Table 9. Species and treatment-wise growth performance of Indian major carps and freshwater prawn T1 T2 T3 SPECIES MBW(g) SGR (%) PSI MBW SGR(%) PSI MBW(g) SGR(%) PSI d-1 (g) d-1 d-1 Catla catla 621.8 1.1 543.7 654.5 1.13 626.2 647.9 1.12 610.0 Labeo rohita 418.7 1.3 247.2 439.1 1.36 280.0 432.3 1.35 266.2 Cirhinus mrigala 433.5 1.22 348.7 455.5 1.3 385.1 448.5 1.29 376.1 Macrobrachium 54.2 4.06 24.5 58.1 4.21 28.8 58.4 4.21 28.4 rosenbergii 22 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 Table 10. Treatment-wise crop performance of Indian major carps and freshwater prawn Treatment Productivity, Feed AFCR Water Water (t ha-1) Efficiency, requirement requirement (FE %) (ha-m) (m3 kg-1 biomass) T1 2.72 50.7 1.77 3.89 13.56 T2 2.93 52.6 1.72 4.62 15.75 T3 2.88 52.0 1.74 3.69 13.52 Treatment and species-wise Specific Growth Rate no exchange (T1) protocol (Fig.7). The estimated (SGR) (Table-9) infers that periodic water water requirement ha-1 (ha-m) for composite exchange has no significant impact on growth and culture of IMCs and prawn was 3.89 (T1), 4.62 (T2) biomass gain, but essential on demand basis to and 3.69 (T3). Under composite freshwater fish maintain a cleaner aquatic environment. High SGR & prawn culture, treatment-wise computed water 3 -1 in case of prawn indicates its high performance requirement (m kg biomass) was 13.56 (T1), 15.75 index and compatibility to the prevailing (T2) and 13.52 (T3). In case of Exp.-II, regulated environment. In case of Exp.-I, treatment-wise water exchange (T2) has significant impact (Table- production-size index (Table-9), productivity, 11) on yield (2.4 t ha-1), performance index (19.76) feed efficiency and apparent feed conversion ratio and Production-Size Index (74.1) over no water (Table-10) infers that periodic water exchange (T2) exchange protocol (T1).The estimated water has no significant impact over regulated water requirement (ha-m) for Penaeus monodon mono- exchange (T3). Where as regulated water exchange culture was 2.09 (T1) and 2.43 (T2), while (T3) has significantly higher PSI and yield over significantly higher net water productivity was -3 3 no exchange protocol (T1). Treatment-wise, estimated in T2 (Rs.17.32 m ) over T1 (Rs.13.55 m ). regulated water exchange (T3) has significantly Under monoculture of Penaeus monodon, treatment- higher net water productivity (Rs.8.44 m3) over wise computed water requirement (m3 kg-1 biomass) periodic water exchange (T2) and has an edge over was 9.82 (T1) and 9.97 (T2). (Table-11). Table 11. Treatment-wise growth, yield and crop performance of Penaeus monodon PARAMETERS T1 T2 Mean Body Weight, MBW (g) 28.6 30.4 Per Day Increment, PDI (g) 0.23 0.25 Specific Growth Rate (% d-1) 5.96 6.0 Survival Rate (%) 74.6 80.1 Yield (kg) 1065.4 1218.5 Productivity (t ha-1) 2.13 2.44 Performance Index, PI 17.15 19.76 Production-Size Index, PSI 60.9 74.1 Feed Efficiency, FE (%) 69.9 70.2 Apparent Feed 1.43 1.42 Conversion Ratio Water requirement ha-1 (ha-m) 2.09 2.43 Water requirement 9.82 9.97 (m3 kg-1 biomass) Fig.7. Treatment –wise net water productivity of composite fish culture ((Rajeeb K. Mohanty, A. Mishra, Ashwani Kumar and D. U. Patil)) DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 23 SUSTAINABLE RURAL LIVELIHOOD AND FOOD SECURITY TO RAINFED FARMERS OF ORISSA The study was carried out in two clusters of pisciculture was taken up in ten water harvesting villages in the Dhenkanal district to create water structures. The command areas of the water resources for agriculture through construction of harvesting structures were estimated by analyzing water harvesting pond. The name of the villages the storage volume and yield due to seepage of are Khallibandha, Nuagaon and Mandapala in the water. The storage capacity and the command area Dhenkanal sadar block and Gunadei, Belpada and of the water harvesting structures are shown in Kaunriapala villages in the Odapada block. Table 12. The total command area of the water Multiple use of water in terms of agriculture, on- harvesting structures was 12.75 ha. dyke horticulture, vegetable cultivation and Table 12: Storage volume and command area of different water harvesting structures Sl. No. Name of farmer Village Storage volume (m3) Command area (ha) 1. Surendra Prusty Kaunriapala 350 1 ha 2. Upendra Barala Belpada 750 1 ha 3. Ashok Barala Belpada 425 0.5 ha 4. Gadadhara Dehury Gunadei 550 1 ha 5. Tapan Biswal Khallibandha 500 1 ha 6.. Niranjan Biswal Khallibandha 200 0.5 ha 7. Khageswar Biswal Khallibandha 200 0.75 ha 8. Sribascha Biswal Nuagaon 1500 2 ha 9. Prafulla Biswal Nuagaon 2500 4 ha 10. Daktar Brahma Mandapala 1000 1 ha The water in the water harvesting structures was pumpkin, bitter gourd etc. were cultivated by the used for irrigating vegetables in the post-monsoon farmers. Short duration fruit crops like banana season and supplementary irrigation to paddy in and papaya trees were planted on the monsoon season. Different vegetables like embankments of the pond. tomato, brinjal, ladies finger, cabbage, cauliflower, Two-stage rainwater conservation technique ridge gourd, potato, cowpea, onion, cucumber, developed by DWM, Bhubaneswar was also implemented in 3 fields. The total additional Horticultural plants on the embankment Pigeonpea crop on the embankment of the pond. of the pond. 24 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 income from different activities of the water Odapada block respectively. The rainfall harvesting structure i.e. on-dyke horticulture, received in the year was 10% lower than normal pisciculture, vegetable cultivation and agriculture in Dhenkanal sadar block and 5.5% higher than for all the 10 water harvesting structures was normal rainfall in Odapada block. The weekly computed. The total income from different water data analysis showed that dry spells were harvesting structures varied from Rs. 7,000 to observed during the June/ July month in the Rs. 30,000. The optimum dyke height technology Dhenkanal Sadar block. But the farmers having was also demonstrated in the farmer's field. In water harvesting structures could provide two total, 16 dyke height weir structures were supplementary irrigations to the paddy. The yield constructed in the paddy fields. The height of of paddy within the command of water the dykes varied from 15 cm to 25 cm harvesting structures was 4.9 t ha-1 in comparison respectively. to 2.2 tha-1 in the paddy fields outside the Monthly and weekly rainfall data for the year command area of the pond. 2010 were analyzed for the Dhenkanal Sadar and (S. Mohanty, K. G. Mandal, R. K. Mohanty, Ashwani Kumar) PROSPECTS OF ORGANIC FARMING WITH RAIN WATER CONSERVATION PRACTICES IN EASTERN REGION Field experiments were carried out in a organic sources ( FYM , Poultry manure, Rice randomized block design to assess crop straw compost and Soil Shakthi. In okra plant performance and soil organic carbon status and height, number of branches, per plant, fruit yield stock in the kharif season with okra and cowpea per plant and dry matter per plant were followed by Tomato and French bean in rabi significantly changed under the influence of season under different rates of inorganic and different nutrient rates. The inorganic treatment inorganic nutrient sources. viz.,T0-Control ; T1 – T1 has recorded the highest crop yield followed 100% Recommended fertilizer dose (RFD) for by the treatments T2,T3 ,T4 and T0 respectively. The each crop as inorganic fertilizers (Urea, SSP and dry matter accumulation shows that due to MOP ); T2 -75% N of the RFD in vegetables (okra pronounced and higher crop growth rate the crop and tomato) and 75% of the RFD in legumes yield was maximum in the treatment T1 . In (Cowpea and French bean) substituted with cowpea, mean pod weight has significantly organic sources (FYM, Poultry, manure, Rice straw changed under the influence of different nutrient compost and Soil Shakthi a nutrient rich compost rates. The inorganic treatment T1 has recorded from Sakthi Sugar Industries, Dhenkanal); T3 -50% the highest crop yield followed by the treatments N of the RFD in vegetables (okra and tomato) T2,T3 and T4 and T0, respectively. The effective and 50% of the RFD in legumes (Cowpea and nodule number per plant at the pre-flowering French bean) substituted with organic sources stage was found more under the organic (FYM , Poultry manure , Rice straw compost and treatments with respect to the control (T0) and Soil Shakthi T4 -25% N of the RFD in vegetables inorganic treatment (T1). In tomato also, the (okra and tomato) and 75% of the RFD in legumes number of branches per plant, fruit yield per plant (Cowpea and French bean) substituted with and dry matter per plant were significantly DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 25 different under the influence of different nutrient relation to the initial value.The nitrogen, rates. The inorganic treatment T1 has recorded phosphorus and potassium uptake has different the highest crop yield followed by the treatments uptake values under the different nutrient T2,T3 and T4 and T0 respectively. In French bean treatments. The nitrogen uptake of okra has the inorganic treatment T1 has recorded the highest increased by 64,40,29 and 17 % in the treatments crop yield followed by the treatments T2,T3 and T1,T2,T3 and T4, respectively in relation to the T0 T4 and T0, respectively. The nodule number per (control). Similarly the phosphorus uptake has plant was highest in the organic treatment T2 increased by 83,58,46 and 26 % in the treatments followed by T3, T4 , T0 and T1 respectively. The T1,T2,T3 and T4 respectively in relation to the T0 mean pod length and pod width were found to (control). The potassium uptake was increased by be the highest in the treatment T1 and T2, 69,48,39 and 19 % in the treatments T1,T2,T3 and respectively. There were significant changes in the T4 respectively in relation to the T0 (control). In dominant soil hydro-physical properties under the cowpea however, the nitrogen uptake was influence of different treatments. The addition of increased by 76,60,52 and 24 % in the treatments organic nutrients in the soil has improved the T1,T2,T3 and T4 respectively in relation to the T0 status of the hydro-physical properties, water (control).The phosphorus uptake has increased by availability and transmission characteristics. The 56,36,23 and 13 % in the treatments T1,T2,T3 and mineralizable nitrogen has also increased by 4;13;17;11 and 8%, respectively in relation to control. The available phosphorus content was increased by 28,33,53,46 and 41% in the treatments T0,T1,T2,T3 and T4 respectively in relation to the initial value. The ammonium acetate extractable potassium content also changed considerably under the different nutrient treatments. The potassium content has increased by 8,10,22,16 and 19 % in the treatments T0,T1,T2,T3 and T4, respectively in relation to the initial value. The available micronutrient status of the soil revealed Fig 8 : Nutrient uptake by kharif crops that the DTPA extractable Fe content has increased ( Pooled data for three years) by 16,13,61,42 and 28% in the treatments T0,T1,T2,T3 and T4 respectively in relation to the initial value .Similarly the DTPA extractable Mn content has also increased by 13,37,67,48 and 41% in the treatments T0,T1,T2,T3 and T4, respectively in relation to the initial value. The DTPA extractable copper content was also increased by 21,46,71,63 and 51 % in the treatments T0,T1,T2,T3 and T4 respectively in relation to the initial value. The DTPA extractable zinc content was also increased by 17,31,55,77 and 23 % in the Fig 9: Nutrient uptake by rabi crops treatments T0,T1,T2,T3 and T4, respectively in ( Pooled data for three years) 26 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 T4, respectively in relation to the T0 ( control).The for the three years that the WUE in okra was potassium uptake was also increased by 61,43,18 increased by 79,60,47 and 33 % in the treatments T ,T ,T and T respectively in relation to the T and 10 % in the treatments T1,T2,T3 and T4, 1 2 3 4 0 respectively in relation to the To( control).The (control). In cowpea it has increased by 84,73,43 nitrogen uptake of tomato has increased by and 29 % in the treatments T1,T2,T3 and T4 respectively in relation to the T (control). In 85,73,63 and 48 % in the treatments T1,T2,T3 and 0 tomato it has increased by 60,48,29 and 20 % in the T4 respectively in relation to the To ( control). Similarly the phosphorus uptake has increased by treatments T1,T2,T3 and T4 respectively in relation to the To( control).In french bean it has increased 66,48,24 and 9.5 % in the treatments T1,T2,T3 and by 75,64,40 and 22 % in the treatments T ,T ,T T4, respectively in relation to the To ( control). 1 2 3 The potassium uptake has increased by 78,65,55 and T4 respectively in relation to the To (control). Thus, it can be seen that the rabi crops have higher and 41 % in the treatments T1,T2,T3 and T4, respectively in relation to the To ( control). In water use efficiency because of measured irrigation french bean however, the nitrogen uptake has water application and higher mean crop yields. increased by 60,53,31 and 16 % in the treatments Inorganic fertilization has maximized the crop yield and vis-à-vis the water use efficiency. T1,T2,T3 and T4 respectively in relation to the T0 (control).The phosphorus uptake was enhanced by 47,30,18 and 6.5 % in the treatments T1,T2,T3 and T4 respectively in relation to the To( control).The potassium uptake was also increased by 56,46,24and 13 % in the treatments T1,T2,T3 and T4 respectively in relation to the T0 ( control).The water use efficiency was estimated based on the effective rainfall received during the crop growth period and the number of irrigations provided. In kharif crops its mostly the effective rainfall received and in rabi crops, the total amount of water applied or received from irrigation Fig.10: Crop yields under different treatments for and rainfall. It can be seen from the pooled data three years. (H. Chakraborty, P.S. Brahmanand, P. Nanda and M.S. Behera) DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 27 y Enhancing water use efficiency in selected vegetable crops through vermicompost and mulches application y Planting techniques for water saving in dry-season crops under rice-based system in canal command areas y Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in rice based cropping systems through multiple use y Enhancing water productivity through integrated system of rice intensification ENHANCING WATER USE EFFICIENCY IN SELECTED VEGETABLE CROPS THROUGH VERMICOMPOST AND MULCHES APPLICATION Field experiment was conducted at the DWM to unmulched. The higher temperature varied for Research Farm to determine the effect of different mulches might have improved the plant vermicompost and mulching on fruit yield of growth and yield attributes consequently higher Capsicum and tomato. The treatments included fruit yield. five levels of vermicompost (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and The result indicated that with increase in doses 10.0 tha-1) and four mulching materials (control, of vermicompost, the fruit yield of capsicum and rice straw @10tha-1, black polyethylene and silver tomato increased. In capsicum, maximum fruit colour polyethylene). The experiment was laid out yield was observed with a dose of 10 tha-1 which in split plot design with three replications. was 61 % higher than the control . With the use Mulching with different treatments was done of vermicompost, the incidence of blossom end manually in such a manner that drip line remained rots (BER) reduced successively with each beneath the mulch film. Suitable package of increment dose of vermicompost. In control, BER practice were adopted to manage the crops incidence was highest (18%) which was reduced optimally. to 7.1% with the application of vermicompost (10 Soil hydro-thermal properties tha-1). The decrease incidence of BER further improved the marketable fruit yield of capsicum. The soil temperature in soil profile indicated that Mulching also influenced fruit yield of capsicum there was a constant increase in soil temperature and reduced the incidence of BER. Application of with use of different mulching material compared to control (unmulched). Maximum temperature was observed with black polyethylene which was 2.9 to 5.3 0 C higher than unmulched treatment. The variation in soil temperature ranged from 1.9 to 3.1 0 C higher with silver polyethylene compared to bare soil. However, the temperature difference in straw mulch varied from 1.5 to 2.3 0 C compared Fig.11: Effect of mulching on soil temperature at 10 cm Plate: 1 Capsicum under black polyethylene mulch depth DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 29 straw mulch increased the fruit yield by 23% compared to control. Application of black and silver mulch also improved the fruit yield of capsicum to the tune of 32 and 38 % compared to control. In tomato, application of vermicompost improved the fruit yield and maximum fruit yield of 25.7 t ha-1 was observed with a dose of 10 t ha-1. Mulching also influenced the fruit yield of tomato and maximum fruit yield was observed with silver colour film which was 47% higher than the control (without mulch) followed by black mulch film (21.3 t ha-1). Tomato plants under straw mulch Capsicum plants under rice straw mulch Tomato plants under silver polyethylene mulch (Rajbir Singh, R.K. Panda, S Raychaudhuri, D.U. Patil, M.S. Behera) 30 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 PLANTING TECHNIQUES FOR WATER SAVING IN DRY-SEASON CROPS UNDER RICE- BASED SYSTEM IN CANAL COMMAND AREAS An experiment was conducted during 2010 at the Three planting techniques for sub-plots viz. DWM Research Farm, Deras, Mendhasal block of planting at 30 x 10 cm spacing on flat-bed (S1); Orissa to study the feasibility of planting of paired planting on ridges spaced at 30 cm on ridge and rows/ bed planting for saving of irrigation water furrow system (S2) and paired row (S3) planting and enhancing WUE of groundnut to study the on beds spaced at 45 cm; planting technique soil moisture distribution, root growth of the crop treatments were superimposed on four irrigation under different planting technique and irrigation treatments viz. one (I1), two (I2), three (I3) & four levels, and to study the physiology of crops, yield, (I4) irrigation assigned in main-plots; thus the nutrient uptake and economics under different experiment was conducted in a split-plot design planting techniques. with three replications. The irrigations were scheduled in critical growth stages viz. vegetative, flowering, pod formation and pod development. The individual plot size was 6 m x 3 m. Before final land preparation and layout, manures viz., paddy straw compost and ‘soil sakti’ was applied and incorporated into the soil. The fertilizers were -1 applied @ 20, 40 and 40 kg ha as N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively. The sources of fertilizers were urea, DAP and MOP. The variety, 'TAG 24' was sown on the third week of January, 2010. Uniform plant population was maintained for all treatments. Results revealed that both the pod and haulm Paired row planting of groundnut yields (adjusted to 15% moisture) in S2 and S3 were significantly greater than S1 (Table 13). However, S2 and S3 were statistically at par. Total dry biomass production i.e., pod yield plus haulm yield, was also significantly influenced by the planting techniques. The higher yield in S2 and S3 was might be due to the better soil moisture extraction and greater interception of photosynthetically active radiation by the crop canopy, as was evident from the recorded data on changes in soil moisture. Regarding irrigation treatments, higher irrigation regimes led to greater yield; highest yield was being in I4, and the lowest in I1. As there was very less rainfall Soil temperature measurement in groundnut plot (39 mm) received during the crop growing period, a continuous and positive response to DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 31 applied irrigation was recorded even at highest irrigation and planting treatments. Thus, on an irrigation regime; and the interaction between average 18-20% higher pod yield was obtained irrigation and planting treatments was also in S2 and S3 compared to S1. significant. However, the harvest index (31.65- The observed physiological parameters viz. 34.48%) was statistically similar for both Table 13: Pod and haulm yields of groundnut as influenced by irrigation and planting techniques Treatments Flat-bed Ridge & furrow Paired row Mean planting (S1) planting (S2) planting (S3) (a) Pod yield (kg ha-1) I1 1041 1084 1170 1098 I2 1350 1525 1531 1469 I3 1387 1560 1755 1567 I4 1646 1795 1931 1790 Mean 1356 1491 1597 Irrigation (I) Planting (S) I x S LSD at 5% 85 43 87 (b) Haulm yield (kg ha-1) I1 1802 2446 2614 2287 I2 2543 2709 3140 2797 I3 3111 3470 3546 3375 I4 3322 3405 3572 3433 Mean 2694 3007 3218 Irrigation (I) Planting (S) I x S LSD at 5% 617 100 201 I1: 1 irrigation, I2: 2 irrigation, I3: 3 irrigation, I4: 4 irrigation, irrigation at critical growth stages; S1: flat-bed planting at 30 x 10 cm spacing; S2: ridge & furrow planting at 30 x 10 cm spacing, S3: paired row planting on beds at 45 cm spacing maximum fluorescence efficiency (Fv/Fm) and 5:00 pm) in 30-min intervals (Fig. 12 a & b). On actual fluorescence efficiency showed higher an average over four depths, the soil values in the higher irrigation regimes than the temperature was greater in dry condition than lowest irrigation (I1) treatment. This indicates a the irrigated plots because of less moisture better efficiency of plants for photosynthesis regime in dry than the irrigated conditions. The under better irrigation regime; however, planting temperature of surface soil (0-5 cm) increased treatments did not show significant variation. at a faster rate and reached to the maximum of 43.60C at 11:30 am under dry; whereas the Soil temperature was measured using manual temperature increase was gradual and soil thermometers. Measurements were made maximum temperature of 35.80C was recorded in the plots receiving full irrigation (irrigated) at 11:30 and 1:30 pm under irrigated condition. and in plots receiving only one irrigation (dry) The falling rate was also very fast after 1:30 pm on 3rd week of April. Temperature was recorded through 5:00 pm. In the soil depth 5-10 cm, the for four depths up to 30 cm (0-5, 5-10, 10-20 maximum temperature reached to 37.8 and and 20-30 cm) during the day time (8:00 am to 32 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 Fig. 12(a) Fig. 12 (a) : Changes in soil temperature (0-30 cm) in the groundnut growing plots in dry (a) and irrigated conditions (b) during the day time (8:00 am- 5:00 pm) 0 33.60 C in dry and irrigated, respectively. Soil greater in S3 and S2 than in S1. The crop WUE depths 10-20 and 20-30 cm, showed less was significantly greater in S3 (5.46) than S2 -1 -1 variation in temperature. The regulation of (4.73) and S1 (3.84 kg pod ha mm ET), temperature in the irrigated condition was however evapotranspiration (ET) decreased in largely due to higher moisture regime in the S2 and S3 compared to S1; the irrigation water soil profile. use efficiency (IWUE) was 8.94, 13.42 and 18.02 kg pod mm-1 depth of irrigation in S , S and The irrigation water depth was 10.58 and 13.17 1 2 S , respectively. The depth of irrigation, ET cm in S and S , respectively compared to 17.79 3 3 2 increased with increase in irrigation regimes, cm in S ; implying a significant reduction in 1 the highest being in I and the lowest in I ; and irrigation water requirement by 41 and 26% in 4 1 both the crop and irrigation water use S and S , respectively compared to S (Table 3 2 1 efficiency decreased with increase in irrigation 14). The crop WUE and irrigation water use regimes. efficiency (IWUE) was also significantly DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 33 Table 14: Irrigation water depth, evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) of groundnut as influenced by irrigation and planting techniques Treatments Flat-bed Ridge & furrow Paired row Mean planting (S1) planting (S2) planting (S3) (a) Irrigation water depth (cm) I1 7.82 5.30 4.04 5.72 I2 13.89 10.75 8.92 11.19 I3 21.06 15.57 12.83 16.49 I4 28.40 21.06 16.55 22.00 Mean 17.79 13.17 10.58 Irrigation (I) Planting (S) I x S LSD at 5% 2.43 0.68 1.36 (b) Evapotranspiration (cm) I1 25.34 23.73 22.12 23.73 I2 32.23 28.75 26.92 29.30 I3 39.22 34.20 32.09 35.17 I4 46.75 40.18 35.85 40.93 Mean 35.88 31.72 29.25 (c) Water use efficiency, WUE (kg pod/ ha mm water) I1 4.11 4.58 5.29 4.66 I2 4.21 5.31 5.70 5.07 I3 3.53 4.57 5.47 4.52 I4 3.53 4.47 5.40 4.46 Mean 3.84 4.73 5.46 Irrigation (I) Planting (S) I x S LSD at 5% NS 0.18 0.35 (d) Irrigation water use efficiency, IWUE (kg pod/ mm irrigation water) I1 13.50 20.80 29.22 21.17 I2 9.86 14.27 17.34 13.82 I3 6.58 10.08 13.73 10.13 I4 5.82 8.53 11.77 8.71 Mean 8.94 13.42 18.02 Irrigation (I) Planting (S) I x S LSD at 5% 3.63 1.18 2.37 I1: 1 irrigation, I2: 2 irrigation, I3: 3 irrigation, I4: 4 irrigation, irrigation at critical growth stages; S1: flat-bed planting at 30 x 10 cm spacing; S2: ridge & furrow planting at 30 x 10 cm spacing, S3: paired row planting on beds at 45 cm spacing Another field experiment on potato crop was row planting at 75 x 20 cm spacing (planting of 2 conducted to study different planting methods rows at 25 cm spacing, and making of 1 ridge with for saving of irrigation water and enhancing WUE 2 rows; furrow spacing 75 cm), and S , paired row of potato in the year (2009-10) at the DWM 3 planting at 100 x 15 cm spacing (planting of 2 rows Research Farm, Mendhasal, Orissa. The design of at 50 cm spacing and making of 1 ridge with 2 the experiment was split-plot with three rows; furrow spacing 100 cm) were superimposed replications. Three planting techniques: S , normal 1 on four main plot treatments viz. two (I ), three planting at 50 x 15 cm spacing (planting in 50 x 15 1 (I ), four (I ) & five (I ) irrigations. The irrigations cm spacing and making ridges in the crop row 2 3 4 were scheduled in critical growth stages viz. after emergence; furrow spacing 50 cm), S , paired 2 vegetative, stolonization, tuberization and tuber 34 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 bulking. The plot size was 5 m x 3 m. Before final land preparation and layout, ‘soil shakti’, organic manure, was applied and incorporated into the soil. The fertilizers were applied @ 150, 100 and -1 100 kg ha as N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively; sources were urea, DAP and MOP. The variety, ‘Kufri Jyoti’ was sown after seed tuber treatment with pesticides. Irrigations were scheduled as per the treatments, and measured by RBC flume. Other agronomic practices like weeding, hoeing, earthing up and spraying of insecticides and pesticides were made for every treatment. Paired row planting of potato Results for the second year experiment revealed that fresh tuber yield of potato in S1 was statistically at par with S2, and both S1 and S2 was significantly greater than S3 (Table 15). Haulm dry matter was significantly higher in S1 than S2 and S3. Irrigation treatments also showed significant variation; highest tuber yield was recorded with I4, and it was similar with I3. The lowest yield was obtained in I1. Similar trend was observed in haulm dry matter of this crop. However, irrigation x planting technique interaction in dry matter Normal planting of potato production was significant. Table 15: Fresh tuber yield and haulm dry weight of potato (2009-10) as influenced by irrigation and planting techniques Treatments Normal planting Paired row Paired row Mean 50 x 15 cm (S1) planting planting 75 x 20 cm(S2) 100 x 15 cm(S3) (a) Fresh tuber yield (t ha-1) I1 12.39 12.03 10.21 11.54 I2 15.35 14.82 12.63 14.26 I3 17.38 16.90 14.88 16.42 I4 18.25 17.88 14.71 16.94 Mean 15.84 15.41 13.10 Irrigation (I) Planting (S) I x S LSD at 5% 1.53 0.45 NS (b) Haulm dry matter (g m-2) I1 25.61 25.21 19.35 23.39 I2 30.58 29.75 22.61 27.65 I3 31.99 28.86 27.07 29.31 I4 35.70 32.50 27.72 31.97 Mean 30.97 29.08 24.19 Irrigation (I) Planting (S) I x S LSD at 5% 1.83 0.93 1.85 I1: 2 irrigation, I2: 3 irrigation, I3: 4 irrigation, I4: 5 irrigation, irrigation at critical growth stages; S1: normal planting at 50 x 15 cm spacing; S2: paired row planting at 75 x 20 cm spacing, S3: paired row planting at 100 x 15 cm spacing DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 35 The water use parameters i.e., the depth of to 21.94 cm in S1; implying a significant reduction irrigation water, evapotranspiration (ET), crop in irrigation water requirement by 22 and 32% in water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water S2 and S3, respectively compared to S1. The ET use efficiency (IWUE) were significantly increased due to increase in irrigation regimes. influenced by irrigation and planting technique The higher ET was estimated for I4 and I3, and treatments (Table 16). The depth of irrigation the lowest in I1. Thus, the increase in amount of increased with increase in irrigation regimes from irrigation water increased ET; and again ET I1 through I4. On the contrary, the depth was 17.06 decreased significantly in S2 and S3 compared to and 14.97 cm in S2 and S3, respectively compared S1; I x S interaction was also significant. The Table 16: Irrigation water depth, evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) of potato (2009-10) as influenced by irrigation and planting techniques Treatments Normal Paired row Paired row Mean planting planting planting 50 x 15 cm (S1) 75 x 20 cm(S2) 100 x 15 cm(S3) (a) Irrigation water depth (cm) I1 11.37 9.40 8.02 9.60 I2 17.86 14.56 12.67 15.03 I3 24.76 17.87 16.09 19.57 I4 33.76 26.39 23.10 27.75 Mean 21.94 17.06 14.97 Irrigation (I) Planting (S) I x S LSD at 5% 1.03 0.75 1.49 (b) Evapotranspiration (cm) I1 28.98 27.83 26.40 27.74 I2 34.68 31.70 29.87 32.08 I3 41.93 35.20 34.19 37.11 I4 51.02 44.07 41.82 45.64 Mean 39.15 34.70 33.07 Irrigation (I) Planting (S) I x S LSD at 5% 1.03 0.75 1.49 (c) Water use efficiency, WUE (kg tuber/ ha mm water) I1 42.82 43.26 38.64 41.57 I2 44.26 46.81 42.28 44.45 I3 41.68 48.01 43.53 44.41 I4 35.77 40.59 35.18 37.18 Mean 41.13 44.67 39.91 Irrigation (I) Planting (S) I x S LSD at 5% 4.95 1.75 NS (d) Irrigation water use efficiency, IWUE (kg tuber/ mm irrigation water) I1 109.68 128.32 127.32 121.77 I2 85.99 102.22 99.76 95.99 I3 70.63 94.77 92.62 86.01 I4 54.08 67.88 63.69 61.88 Mean 80.10 98.30 95.85 Irrigation (I) Planting (S) I x S LSD at 5% 11.56 6.35 NS I1: 2 irrigation, I2: 3 irrigation, I3: 4 irrigation, I4: 5 irrigation, irrigation at critical growth stages; S1: normal planting at 50 x 15 cm spacing; S2: paired row planting at 75 x 20 cm spacing, S3: paired row planting at 100 x 15 cm spacing 36 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 -2 increase in ET with higher irrigation levels (I4) aboveground dry weight was 1476 and 1624 g m , decreased the crop WUE because of not recording root dry weight was 33.2 and 35.4 g per hill and commensurate increase in tuber yield; the the grain yield was 447.2 and 501.4 g m-2 under irrigation treatment for WUE was significant. rice-groundnut and rice-potato sequence, However, the efficient planting techniques, S2 respectively. (44.67) significantly enhanced the crop WUE when Thus, it is inferred that with the paired row compared to S (41.13) and S (39.91 kg tuber per 1 3 planting on beds it would be possible to enhance ha mm water). The IWUE decreased with higher crop yield and to save a significant amount of irrigation regimes, and planting techniques irrigation water and enhance both IWUE and showed similar trend as with crop WUE. WUE of groundnut grown during dry season. For The crop growth, yield attributes and yield were potato, a significant reduction in irrigation water recorded for the kharif rice var. 'Surendra', grown requirement and enhancement in both crop water in the sequence of rice-groundnut and rice-potato use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use during the year 2010, and thus the performance efficiency (IWUE), while maintaining a similar of 'Surendra' variety was compared with respect crop yield of potato, would be possible due to to difference in preceding crop. Results revealed improved planting techniques viz. paired row that the height of tillers was 106.2 and 109.5 cm, planting at 75 x 20 cm spacing (planting of 2 rows number of hills was 31.0 and 31.7 per m2, number at 25 cm spacing, and making of a ridge with 2 of tillers per hill was 12.3 and 13.5, length of rows, and thus furrow spacing of 75 cm) during panicle was 20.2 and 21.5 cm, the test weight of dry season/ rabi season under rice-based cropping grains was 19.9 and 20.4 g per 1000 grains, total system. (K.G. Mandal, H. Chakraborty, A.K. Thakur, S. Mohanty and M.K. Sinha) INCREASING WATER AND NUTRIENT EFFICIENCY IN RICE BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS THROUGH MULTIPLE USE A study was conducted to assess the crop yields cm3 cm-3. The parameters were determined using and water production under different rice-based standard procedures. The crops viz. rice, maize, cropping systems and to compare the land cowpea, sunflower and tomato, okra were grown utilization efficiency, production efficiency and with recommended package of practices. The economics of different systems. nursery for the transplanted rice crop, var. 'Khandagiri' was raised during the second week The soil of the experiment site was sandy loam to of June with water available from farm ponds sandy clay loam, pH ranged from 5.3 to 5.8 i.e. and/ canal water for transplanting the seedlings slightly acidic in reaction, EC 0.24-0.33 dS m-1 in the main field during mid-July. implying very less salinity, low in organic carbon (0.43%), available P and K (14 & 176 kg ha-1, During rabi season, experiments were carried out respectively), bulk density 1.45 g.cm-3, available with maize var. 'Navjot', cowpea var. 'Barabati water capacity (AWC) ranged from 0.159 to 0.168 Long', sunflower var. 'PAC 36' and tomato var. DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 37 'BT 10/ Utkal Kumari' as cereal, pulse, oilseed and than okra in C4. The statistically comparable vegetable, respectively with fertilizer (N- P2O5- parameter i.e. total rice equivalent yield (REY) of K2O) doses of 80-40-40, 20-40-20, 60-80-60 and different systems was estimated. It was found -1 125-50-100 kg ha , respectively. For summer that REY was higher in C4 i.e. rice-tomato-okra season rice and okra were grown as per the sequence due to higher productivity of tomato treatments after harvest of rabi crops. The and okra; and it was followed by rice-sunflower- varieties were 'Surendra' and 'Mahyco 10' for rice and rice-maize-rice due to the higher summer rice and okra, respectively. The productivity of sunflower and maize and higher recommended rates of fertilizers were used i.e., price compared to other crop sequences. Thus, -1 80-40-40 kg ha of N-P2O5-K2O for both the crops. introduction of maize, cowpea, sunflower or Cropping sequences were rice-based; thus rice was tomato in the rabi season and okra in stead of grown during the rainy (kharif) season. During rice in the summer season gave much higher REY the crop growing period, irrigation was provided than conventional rice-rice system. The canal using both pond water and direct canal water in water delivered during kharif season may be the event of withdrawal of rainfall. Rice yields in stored in a farm-pond adjacent to canal. This the kharif season were similar (Table 16). Rabi crop would provide irrigation to rabi crops grown between two rice seasons, and also serve as yields were highest in tomato (C4) and maize (C1) source for fish production. By this cropping compared to cowpea (C2) and sunflower (C3). The intensity could be increased from 200 to 300%. yield of rice in C1, C2, C3 and C5 during summer was also similar, and was comparatively lower The irrigation water use for the crop sequences Table 17. Crop yields and rice equivalent yield (REY) of crops for different cropping systems (pooled data of three years 2007-2010) Cropping systems Kharif crop Rabi crop Summer crop Total REY(t ha-1) yield (t ha-1) yield (t ha-1) yield (t ha-1) C1 3.55 4.57 4.16 15.76b C2 3.55 1.14 3.96 12.11c C3 3.55 1.86 4.18 16.32b C4 3.55 20.99 6.22 28.58a C5 3.31 - 4.36 7.67d LSD 5% 2.08 C1- rice (kharif)–maize (rabi)-rice (summer); C2-rice–cowpea-rice; C3-rice-sunflower-rice; C4- rice-tomato-okra and C5- conventional system (kharif rice-fallow-summer rice); Mean values of REY followed by different letters are significantly different according to Duncan’s multiple range test (P = 0.05). was similar for the systems, C1 to C3. It was order of the systems in terms of greater water slightly less in C5, and the lowest in C4 (Fig. productivity was: rice-tomato-okra (15.33 kg -1 -1 -1 13). In C4, the land was occupied by okra ha mm ) > rice-sunflower-rice (5.98 kg ha during the summer season, thus irrigation mm-1) > rice-maize-rice (5.60 kg ha-1 mm-1) > water use was lesser than the other systems rice-cowpea-rice (4.45 kg ha-1 mm-1) > where rice was grown during summer season. conventional system (kharif rice-fallow- The water use efficient (kg ha-1 mm-1) varied summer rice; 2.98 kg ha-1 mm-1). Thus the significantly. The highest water productivity improvement in water use efficiency for the was estimated for the C4 system where rice was rice-based cropping systems would be possible not grown during summer season and the yield if summer rice was replaced with other of tomato much higher than other crops. The vegetable crops where water requirement was 38 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 much less. The lowest water use efficiency was The effect of drip irrigation to rabi crops viz. maize, estimated in rice-fallow-rice sequence. cowpea, sunflower and tomato with the objective to enhance the water use efficiency of the crops Thus, irrigation water was applied through drip system as well as furrow irrigation for comparison. Though the crop yields under drip and furrow irrigation system were similar (Table 18), water saving was more in drip irrigation than furrow irrigation. The irrigation water use and WUE of crops differ with the type of crops grown (Fig. 13). By drip irrigation method water saving was 29, 3, 13 and 30% in maize, cowpea, sunflower and tomato, respectively over the furrow Fig. 13 Irrigation water use (mm) and irrigation WUE (kg irrigation method. The irrigation water use -1 -1 ha mm ) of different cropping systems; C1- rice (kharif)– efficiency was increased when drip irrigation was maize (rabi)-rice (summer); C -rice–cowpea-rice; C -rice- 2 3 used. The percent increase in irrigation WUE (kg sunflower-rice; C4- rice-tomato-okra and C5- conventional system (kharif rice-fallow-summer rice) (pooled data of ha-1 mm-1) was 11-36, depending upon the type of three years 2007-2010) crops, water use and their yield. Table 18. Rice equivalent yield of rabi season crops grown with furrow irrigation and drip irrigation system under different cropping systems. Rabi season crops Individual crop yield (t ha-1) REY With furrow With drip Mean (t ha-1) irrigation irrigation Maize 5.03 4.90 4.97 8.11b Cowpea 1.13 1.06 1.10 4.13c Sunflower 1.32 1.28 1.30 5.31c Tomato 18.13 16.80 17.47 21.39a LSD 5% - - - 1.21 Mean values of REY followed by different letters are significantly different according to Duncan’s multiple range test (P = 0.05). Drip irrigation to maize Drip irrigation to tomato DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 39 Drip irrigation to cowpea Drip irrigation to sunflower Fig. 14 Irrigation water (mm) and irrigation water use efficiency (WUE, kg ha-1 mm-1) of rabi season crops grown under furrow and drip irrigation systems (2009-10); bars with % values for each crop show the water saving by using drip irrigation compared to surface furrow irrigation. The number of days during which the crops in a sequence occupied the land in a year was considered as the land utilization index (LUI), and was expressed as a percentage. The production efficiency (PE) of the system was expressed as the kg produce per ha per day. Results revealed that the crop duration during which the systems occupied the land were 337, 341, 349, 305 and 240 days in C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5, respectively. Thus, the cropping systems (C1 to C4) had 84-96% LUI compared to C5 (66% LUI) where the land was put to fallow during the rabi season (Fig. 15). The production efficiency (PE) was the highest in C Fig. 15 Land utilization index (%) and production effi- 4 ciency (kg ha-1 d -1) of different cropping systems (pooled -1 -1 (93.8 kg ha d ) followed by C1, C3, C2 and C5 data of three years 2007-2010) treatments in the order. 40 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 The economics (total cost of cultivation, gross rice > rice-sunflower-rice > rice-cowpea-rice > return, net return and benefit-cost (B/C) ratio) rice-fallow- rice. Thus the every cropping of all the cropping system were worked out. system was better than the rice-fallow-rice The gross and net return were the highest in system. The greater benefit/cost ratio was C4 with a highest B/C ratio of 2.46; and the achieved with the systems involving tomato, lowest gross return and B/C ratio was maize, sunflower due to the better price of estimated for C5. Thus, the ordering of outputs compared to the other crops. The cropping systems based on gross return and lowest gross return, net return and B/C ratio B/C ratio was: rice-tomato-okra > rice-maize- was estimated in rice-fallow-rice system. Table 19. Economics of different cropping systems (pooled data of three years 2007-2010) Cropping systems Total cost Gross return Net return B-C ratio (Rs ha-1) (Rs ha-1) (Rs ha-1) C1 66403 132047 65645 1.99 C2 59222 98502 39280 1.66 C3 67407 129298 61891 1.92 C4 65663 161394 95731 2.46 C5 43117 59930 16814 1.39 C1- rice (kharif)–maize (rabi)-rice (summer); C2-rice–cowpea-rice; C3-rice-sunflower-rice; C4- rice-tomato-okra and C5- conventional system (kharif rice-fallow-summer rice) The research findings indicated a comparative and water productivity, production efficiency, assessment of different rice-based cropping land utilization index, water saving potential systems under Deras minor irrigation command through drip irrigation method to dry season on the basis of crop yield, irrigation water use crops, and benefit-cost ratio. (K.G. Mandal and A.K. Thakur) ENHANCING WATER PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION (SRI) Three experiments were conducted to investigate conventional (transplanting flooded) practice of the effect of N-application rates on yield and yield- rice cultivation method (TF), four N rates (0, 60, components under SRI, to understand the effect 90, and 90 kg N per ha) were applied. Grain yield of various SRI-components on grain yield and for and yield-components in various treatments were enhancing water productivity through harvesting recorded. rainwater in a refuge. Grain yield of SRI was significantly greater than Effect of N-application rates on yield and yield- traditional flooding (TF) practice of rice components under SRI and flooded rice cultivation. N-fertilizer applications always An experiment was conducted to study the effect increased the grain yields over the zero-N control. of different nitrogen dose under SRI and Among N treatments, the maximum yield under DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 41 SRI was with 90 kg N ha-1, while the maximum yield under TF was with 120 kg N ha-1. The grain yield achieved under TF with application of 90- 120 kg N ha-1 was equivalent to the yield achieved with two-third or half as much N fertilizer (i.e., 60 kg N ha-1) under SRI method. There was no significant difference in average straw weight between SRI and TF over the whole range of N application rates. Under both cultivation practices, straw weight significantly increased with increase in N fertilizer rate. Fig. 16: Effect of fertilizer N rates on grain yield and straw weight under SRI and TF management. Number of panicles increased significantly (by 21%) under SRI methods compared with TF. Other yield components like spikelet number/ panicle % of filled spikelets and 1000-grain weight were also significantly greater with SRI method - 39%, 12.5% and 3.5%, respectively - as compared with TF. Nitrogen application rate had a significant impact on yield components under both cultivation methods. Overall, panicle number significantly increased with increasing N doses View of rice field SRI method of cultivation Table 20: Effect of management practices and fertilizer N rates on yield components Spikelet number/ Panicle number/m2 % Filled spikelets 1000-grain weight (g) N rate panicle SRI TF Mean SRI TF Mean SRI TF Mean SRI TF Mean N0 226.3 193.8 210.1 118.8 88.8 103.8 78.4 66.1 72.3 23.45 22.15 22.80 N60 314.2 253.8 284.0 141.2 103.3 122.2 80.2 72.3 76.3 24.19 23.50 23.84 N90 347.3 279.2 313.3 167.2 115.7 141.5 84.4 73.1 78.7 24.66 23.88 24.27 N120 347.0 295.3 347.0 165.9 118.7 142.3 80.4 76.1 78.3 24.62 24.06 24.34 Mean 308.7 255.5 148.3 106.6 80.9 71.9 24.23 23.40 LSD0.05 CP 3.2 8.1 2.8 0.29 N 12.8 8.0 1.8 0.45 CP x N 18.1 11.4 2.5 ns CP: Cultivation practice; N: Nitrogen level; ns, not significant at P <0.05 from 0 to 120 kg ha-1. However, spikelet number/ only up to 90 kg N ha-1. Beyond this application panicle, grain filling, and grain weight increased rate there were not significant changes. 42 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 II. Evaluation of SRI components on the grain Results showed that the most important factor yield responsible for enhancing grain yield was To evaluate the effect of various components of seedling age and thus use of younger seedlings SRI (single seedling, 12-days old seedling, wider increased the grain yield significantly under SRI. spacing, intermittent irrigation, mechanical The next three important components were no. weeding, and organic fertilization) and their of seedling, alternate wetting and drying (AWD) synergies a factorial experiment was conducted irrigation method and use of Cono-weeder, which at Deras Research Farm. These components were enhanced the yield. However, use of only organic compared with practices adopted under fertilizer reduced the yield compared to the plots conventional method of rice cultivation (three that received both organic and inorganic seedlings, 25-days old seedling, closer spacing, fertilizers. Overall, SRI components responsible flooded irrigation, hand weeding, and inorganic for 8.23% increase in grain yield in rice. fertilization). Table 21: Effects of various components of SRI on grain yield compared to conventional practice of rice cultivation Grain yield (g m-2) AWD CF Treatments 25 × 25 cm 20 ×10 cm 25 × 25 cm 20 ×10 cm CW MW CW MW CW MW CW MW 1 seedling Organic 492.1 445.8 472.4 439.8 473.5 428.9 421.1 429.4 14-Days Org + Inorg 540.3 480.3 511.2 460.3 511.1 472.8 471.1 441.8 3 seedlings Organic 432.6 432.2 481.1 477.1 401.5 394.2 443.5 389.6 Org + Inorg 459.3 440.2 452.1 401.1 430.2 421.1 421.4 402.1 1 seedling Organic 341.2 329.4 342.1 336.7 331.1 327.5 290.4 251.4 24-Days Org + Inorg 361.1 348.4 371.1 380.2 350.1 334.2 360.1 284.4 3 seedlings Organic 312.2 296.1 332.2 311.8 307.2 288.2 322.7 301.5 Org + Inorg 342.8 312.5 351.1 334.7 322.3 303.4 332.9 321.1 AWD: Alternate wetting and drying; CF: continuous flooding; CW: weeding by cono-weeder; MW: manual weeding by hand Table 22: Effect of various SRI components on grain yield Components Grain yield (g m-2) Change in SRI SRI practices Conventional practices (g m-2) (%) No of seedlings 400.98 374.13 26.85 7.18 Seedling age 449.10 326.00 123.10 37.76 Fertilization 377.39 397.71 -20.32 -5.11 Spacing 389.49 385.61 3.88 1.01 Weeding method 399.53 375.57 23.97 6.38 Water management 400.67 374.43 26.24 7.01 Mean 402.86 372.24 30.62 8.23 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 43 Table 23: Grain yield, net profit, net water and gross water productivity under different systems of rice production in Kharif, 2010 Treatments Grain Water Total Income Income Net Profit Net water Gross water yield required expenditure from rice from fish (Rs. ha-1) Productivity Productivity (t ha-1) (m3 ha-1) (Rs. ha-1) (Rs. ha-1) (Rs. ha-1) (Rs. m-3 (Rs. m-3 water) water) T1 2.41 7421 16900 19253 - 2353 0.32 2.59 T2 4.61 7421 16500 36907 - 20407 2.75 4.97 T3 5.43 11551 17500 43467 - 25967 2.25 3.76 T4 6.09 7421 21500 35728 20757 34985 4.71 7.61 Enhancing water productivity through during flowering and grain filling stage); and T4 integrated SRI (Rice grown with following SRI method, no An experiment was conducted during kharif, 2010 stagnant was kept in the field (excess water was with four treatments viz., T1 (Rice grown with stored for fish culture in the refuge) and three following conventional method and all rain water supplementary irrigation was provided during was harvested in the field with no supplementary flowering and grain filling stages through stored irrigation); T2 (Rice grown with following SRI water).The grain yield was recorded 2.41, 4.61, -1 method and all rain water was harvested in the 5.43, and 6.09 t ha in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. -3 field with no supplementary irrigation); T3 (Rice Net water productivity (Rs. m ) were 0.32, 2.75, grown with following SRI method, no stagnant 2.25 and 4.71 respectively, in different treatments. was kept in the field (excess water drained) and Refuge water was used for fish culture with three three supplementary irrigation was provided types of feeding practices. (A.K. Thakur, R.K. Mohanty, S. Raychaudhuri, O.P. Verma) 44 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 y Ground Water modeling to determine safe yield of coastal aquifer y Suitability of the available poor quality water resources for agriculture under different agroclimatic region y Characterisation and Utilization of Sewage Water of Urban/ Peri-Urban areas for Agricultural purpose. y Enhancing Crop Productivity through Conjunctive Use of Ground Water y Ground Water Extraction Mechanisms and Pump Irrigation Markets In Mahanadi Basin GROUND WATER MODELING TO DETERMINE SAFE YIELD OF COASTAL AQUIFER The determination of safe yield for shallow fresh 50% of this flow can be harnessed without water aquifers is essential to avoid sea water considering sea water intrusion. Small pumps up intrusion in coastal aquifers. The shallow fresh to 3 lps can be used for pumping groundwater. water layer floats over saline water in coastal Pumped water can be used for agricultural crops areas. The flow of groundwater through shallow during dry season with provision of micro- aquifer layer to the sea, from 1 km strip irrigation. Assuming average 4 hours working of perpendicular to sea coast, was estimated using pumps, 5 pumps of 3 lps capacity can be installed. thickness of layer, hydraulic gradient, and aquifer Avoiding any pumping for irrigation in 4 km properties. Groundwater surface elevations at from coast line (except drinking water hand distance of 1 km from coast line were taken up to pumps) to avoid reversal of hydraulic gradient 10 km. Observations of depth to fresh water table in close vicinity of sea, 5 pumps with 3 lps with were also taken at each km and corresponding average 4 working hours for 6 sq km will not elevation of fresh water with reference to mean disturb hydrological equilibrium in the coastal sea elevation was determined. Average gradient area. Thus 1 pump (3 lps capacity with 4 hours of shallow fresh water was estimated as 0.00093. working) for 1.2 sq km after 4 km from coast Using thickness of fresh water layer as 9.3 m at line can be sustainable in long-term. These 10 km from coast line, average hydraulic gradient initial results are based on analytical modeling and hydraulic conductivity of 50 m/day, flow to with limited field observations from Ersama sea through 1 km strip perpendicular to sea was block and will be further refined with estimated as 432.50 m3 per day. It is assumed that additional field data. (R.R. Sethi, M.J. Kaledhonkar and M. Das) SUITABILITY OF THE AVAILABLE POOR QUALITY WATER RESOURCES FOR AGRICULTURAL UNDER DIFFERENT AGROCLIMATIC REGION The wastewater/ effluent of Bhubaneswar city is collected from irrigated farmers’ field along the being discharged directly in the Daya river 20 km stretch of Daya river from its origin from through nine drains and indirectly by one drain the Kuwakhai river (Lingipur water supply station through Kuwakhai river which deteriorates the from where water is being supplied to the entire quality of water. This river water is uplifted city of Bhubaneswar) to the point where through 20 lift points and used for irrigation Ganguanala carries load from nine drains meets extensively for crop production in the rabi season. Daya river at Barimullah village. An attempt was made to assess the impact of use Evaluation of Groundwater and Daya River of Daya River water for crop production on water Quality groundwater and soil characteristics of the irrigated area. Water samples were collected The important physico-chemical parameters were during pre-monsoon season from the lifting tested for ascertaining the water quality of stations of river and tubewells. Soil samples were groundwater and Daya River water. 46 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 The pH of groundwater and Daya river water significantly lower than the groundwater. As per samples ranged from 6.47-7.30 and 8.62-9.98 the BIS standards the river water was found respectively. The EC of Daya River water and suitable and the groundwater was found groundwater samples ranged from 0.16 to 0.45 unsuitable for irrigation on the basis of TDS. The and 0.33 to 2.60 dsm-1, respectively. The alkalinity anions viz., bicarbonates, carbonates, sulphate, as CaCO3 of Daya river water and groundwater chloride, phosphate and nitrate content showed samples ranged from 69.6 to 169.4 and 132.4 to similar trends as that of the cations. The 487.2 mg l-1 respectively. The hardness of river groundwater contained significantly higher water and groundwater ranged from 100.7 to 395.9 amount of anions compared to the river water. and 172.3 to 1707.2 mg l-1 respectively. The hardness The heavy metal content viz., Fe, Zn, Mn, Cd and was highest (315.9 mg l-1) in Bikipur village and Pb in groundwater was also found higher than lowest (100.7 mg l-1) in Barimullah village in case of the river water. In case of Fe and Mn both river river water. The NO3-N content of river water and and groundwater exceeded the BIS standard groundwater samples ranged from 34.1 to 62.0 and concentration and found to be unsuitable for 59.7 to 169.6 mg l-1 respectively. irrigation purpose. The Fe content of river water and groundwater Assessment of groundwater quality samples tested ranged from 0.229 to 1.078 and 0.329 Water quality index (WQI) is one of the most to 7.31 mg l-l, respectively. The Mn content of river effective tools to communicate information on the water and groundwater samples ranged from 0.0142 quality of water to the concerned citizens and to 0.306 and 0.0892 to 1.356 mg l-1, respectively. The policy makers. It, thus, becomes an important Zn content of river water and groundwater samples parameter for the assessment and management ranged from 0.0446 to 0.180 and 0.0835 to 3.248 mg of groundwater. WQI is defined as a rating l-1, respectively. reflecting the composite influence of different The chemical characteristics of Daya river water water quality parameters. WQI is calculated from as well as the surrounding groundwater samples the point of view of the suitability of groundwater varied widely along the 20 km stretch. It has been for human consumption. observed that the groundwater quality declined The chemical analyses of the groundwater and wherever there is a higher water table depth i.e. the percent compliance with the Indian Standards mostly between 30 to 60 ft from the origin of Daya were estimated. For computing WQI three steps river. were followed. In the first step, each of the Assessment of Groundwater and Daya River parameters has been assigned a weight (wi) water quality for irrigation according to its relative importance in the overall quality of water for drinking purposes as well as The average pH and EC of river water were 9.08 per cent deviation from the standards. A deviation and 0.25 dS m-1, respectively. According to FAO of 0-20, 21-40, 41-60, 61-80 and 81-100 % has been and BIS standards the river water was found assigned weight of 5,4,3,2,1 respectively. The unsuitable for irrigation purpose. On the other maximum weight of 5 has been assigned to the hand the average pH and EC values of groundwater parameter nitrate due to its major importance in were 6.97 and 0.949 dS m-1. According to FAO and water quality assessment. Magnesium which is BIS standards the groundwater was found suitable given the minimum weight of 1 as magnesium by for irrigation purpose. itself may not be harmful. In the second step, the The total dissolved salts and the cations viz., Na, relative weight (Wi) is computed from the K, Ca and Mg present in the river water were DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 47 following equation: Fig 17. Water Quality Index of groundwater along Daya river (1) Where, Wi is the relative weight, wi is the weight of each parameter and n is the number of parameters. In the third step, a quality rating scale (qi) for each parameter is assigned by dividing its concentration in each water sample by its respective standard according to the guidelines laid down in the BIS and the result multiplied by 100: The computed WQI values ranges from 102.83 at qi = (Ci / Si ) x 100 (2) Barimullah to 584.97 at Jaypur (Fig 17) and categorized into five classes (Table 24). It also Where qi is the quality rating, Ci is the shows the percentage of water samples that falls concentration of each chemical parameter in each under different quality. The high value of WQI water sample in mg L-1, and Si is the Indian at these stations was been found mainly due to drinking water standard for each chemical higher values of iron, manganese, magnesium, parameter in mg L-1 according to the guidelines nitrate, hardness, calcium, alkalinity and of the BIS 10500, 1991. bicarbonate in the groundwater. The WQI for the 20 study villages ranges from For computing the WQI, the SI is first determined 102.8 to 584.9 (Fig 17). All the samples collected for each chemical parameter, which is then used exceeded 100, the upper limit for drinking water. to determine the WQI as per the following About 57.1% of water samples were poor in equation quality. In this part, the groundwater quality may improve due to inflow of freshwater of good SI = W . q (3) i i i quality during rainy season. The analysis reveals SIi is the subindex of ith parameter; qi is the rating that the groundwater of the area needs some based on concentration of ith parameter and n is degree of treatment before consumption, and it the number of parameters. also needs to be protected from the perils of contamination The computed WQI values are classified into five Impact of use of Daya River water on soil types, “excellent water” to “water, unsuitable for characteristics drinking” and presented in Table 24. Soil samples collected from the farmer’s fields of same villages where Daya River water was not used Table 24. Classification of Groundwater quality based on Water Quality Index for irrigation served as control. The rainfed soil WQI Water quality % of was acidic in nature with sandy loam texture. The water samples fertility status of the soil was found to be poor <50 Excellent 0 with 0.33% organic carbon, 0.0266 % NO3- N, 4.37 50-100 Good 0 ppm available P and 0.264 cmol (p+) kg-1 K. 101-200 Poor 57.14 201-300 Very Poor 14.28 The texture of the soil irrigated with Daya River >300 Unsuitable 28.57 water varied from sandy clay to sandy clay loam. 48 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 The percent variation in chemical characteristics ppm in Lingipur to 613.5 ppm in Suabari is presented in Fig 18. The DTPA extractable Fe respectively. On the other hand the DTPA and Mn content of the soils varied from 12.23 ppm extractable Zn, Pb and Cd content varied from in Lingipur to 314.6 ppm in Suabari; and 41.67 1.654 ppm in Itipur village to 4.188 ppm in Nuagaon; 0.93 ppm in Poparanga to 3.45 ppm in Fig 18. Percent changes in physico-chemical parameters of soils irrigated with Daya River Lingipur water station; 0.03 ppm in Lingipur to water 1.2 ppm in Nathpur respectively. The results depict that after being irrigated with Daya river water the availability of NO3-N and P in the soils declined (Fig 18). On the other hand the pH and the exchangeable cations increased in the order Ca (98.5) > K (82.2) > K (56.5) > Ca (28.9). The results showed that Daya river water has some ameliorative effect on the acid soils owing to its alkaline nature. (Mausumi Raychaudhuri, S. Raychaudhuri, S. K. Jena and Ashwani Kumar) CHARACTERISATION AND UTILIZATION OF SEWAGE WATER OF URBAN/PERI-URBAN AREAS FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSE The water samples collected from all the major drains Analyses of sewage samples for physico- (10 major drains) from Bhubaneswar city during chemical, microbiological properties summer, rainy and winter seasons were analysed. Physico-chemical characteristics To ascertain the temporal variations in drain water The mean pH values of each drain varied between characteristics the sampling was carried out in early 6.40 and 7.08, with mean values of 6.78, 6.93 and morning, peak hours (10 – 12 noon) and afternoon 6.55 for all the drains in summer, rainy and winter from the same points. The same protocol was followed seasons. Maximum pH among the drains was in both the summer and winter. For spatial changes found in Nicco Park both in rainy and winter the samples were also collected from different points seasons whereas lowest was found in VSS Nagar of the same drain. The samples were collected in clean in summer and rainy seasons, respectively. plastic bottles with three subsets viz. two for acidified samples and one empty for undisturbed samples. The The mean EC of water samples of all seasons varied -1 -1 samples were analysed for physical parameters viz. between 0.3 dSm at Sanik School and 0.62 dSm at Turbidity, TS, DS, TSS, Chemical parameters viz. pH, Ligaraj Temple area of the city. The mean EC level of -1 EC, acidity, alkalinity, major cations and anions, all the drains was 0.47 dSm . metals and Biological parameters viz. BOD and The higher mean dissolved solids of all seasons respirometric parameter. were found at Lingaraj Temple (401 mg l-1), Sainik DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 49 School, Nicco Park and lowest at Goudinagar (129 Mean concentrations of cations of all the drains mg l-1). Whereas mean suspended solid was are below critical limits for irrigation. The SAR is maximum at Joydev Vihar (605 mg l-1) followed well within acceptable range (less than 9). The by Vani Vihar (687 mg l-1). Among all the drains, water in drain near Lingaraj Temple has highest the mean total solid concentration was maximum quantity of Calcium and Magnesium. All the drain at Joydev Vihar. waters had favourable Calcium to magnesium ratio (>1). Because in a magnesium dominated Alkalinity is not exactly a pollutant. It is a total water (ratio of Ca/Mg < 1) the potential effect of measure of the substances in water that have sodium is increased. In other words, a given SAR “acid-neutralizing” ability. The alkalinity of waste value will show slightly more damage if the Ca/ water was maximum near Lingaraj Temple (218 Mg ratio is less than 1. mg l-1), Nicco park drain and and Science Park, Sainik School drain had lower alkalinity. Nitrogen and phosphorus are the major nutrients for plants and animals and are considered as the Among all the cations, sodium was found in limiting factors for the growth of plants and maximum concentration followed by ammonium, animals. The level of mean nitrate nitrogen varied calcium, potassium and magnesium. The mean from 5 ppm at VSS Nagar to 25 ppm at Nicco sodium concentration of all the samples was 38 Park with a mean value of 15, ppm in all the ppm, having a maximum of 64 ppm at Nicco Park seasons. From agricultural perspective, while (winter) and minimum at VSS Nagar (17 ppm). The excess nitrogen may cause injury and excessive mean potassium concentration varied between 12 vegetative growth, eutrophication in aquatic ppm to 19 ppm at Kedargouri to Airport area environment, then, potential of this nutrient ions respectively. The Ca+Mg in all the samples varied for productivity can be exploited with proper between 11 ppm and 34 ppm. The total mean cationic concentration of all seasons (alkaline) was Fig. 19 : Mean nitrate concentrations in major drains (ppm) found highest in Lingaraj Temple, followed by Airport, whereas, lowest alkaline cationic load was found in VSS Nagar drain. In the figure only non- toxic metals are shown having least negative or no health implications. However, excessive amounts can impart adverse characteristics to water, like, hardness, high salinity affecting irrigational potential. Fig. 20 : Mean phosphates concentrations in major drains (ppm) 50 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 management taking into account of it's fertilizer Biological characteristics value. The acceptable limit for nitrate level in The BOD of water in the major drains sampled irrigation water is 45 ppm as per BIS 1991 while at morning, day time and in the afternoon of rejection level is 100 ppm or more. summer summer season 2010, suggests that Phosphorus exists in many forms viz. waters in the drains at Science Park , Nicco Park Orthophosphates, metaphosphates and Niladri Vihar had higher organic pollutant (polyphosphates) and organically bound load than that at Joydev Vihar,or Vani vihar. The phosphates. Ortho forms are in general produced BOD levels in the drains at Sainik School and in natural processes and are found in Gourinagar were very low. BOD values were wastewaters. The phosphate P in water samples higher in day time in majority of drains than from all the major drains are given in Fig. 20 morning hours. The BOD of drain water varied Chloride is very common and major ions in in the same drain at different points indicating domestic as well as industrial waste waters. varied level of pollutant discharge in the drain. Because chloride is part of common table salts Respirometric study was conducted to ascertain used and present in drinking water. The mean degradable organic matter. The values of BOD chloride concentration of waters in the drains in and cumulative carbon dioxide of a given sample all seasons varied between 122 ppm near had similarity in trend but quanititative Goudinagar, Sainik School to 205 ppm near proportionality did not exist. Lingaraj Temple area. Trace /heavy metals Fig. 21 : Temporal variaton of wastewater Among the trace elements/heavy metals of all characteristics the drain water samples iron was dominant having mean concentration of 2.9 ppm followed by Manganese 0.34 ppm, Zinc 0.09 ppm and Cadmium 0.05 ppm. Manganese and iron both were found maximum at VSS Nagar whereas Zinc and Cadmium were maximum in Joydev Vihar and Lingaraj Temple respectively. The phytotoxic limit of Manganese in irrigation for long term use is 2 ppm while for longshort time it is 20 ppm, whereas for iron it is 5 ppm and 20 ppm for long and short terms respectively. The quantity and characteristics of domestic None of the water samples was found having discharges is dependent on various domestic iron and manganese concentration higher activities and other routine courses. Samples than the phytotoxic limit even for long term were collected from the major drains in use as irrigation water. Zinc was also found within the safe limit for long term use Bhubaneswar city at same location at different (phytotoxic limit for short term 0.5 ppm and times in a day viz. Morning, Noon and for long term 2 ppm). However, the Cadmium Afternoon. Again samplings were done in concentration in 60% of the samples was different seasons viz. summer, rainy and winter found higher than the critical limit of 0.005 to ascertain the seasonal variation of drain ppm for short term use. waters characteristics. DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 51 Fig. 22 : pH of major drains in different seasons Fig. 26 : Mean P concentration of major drains (ppm) comparison to summer and winter seasons. Fig. 23 : EC of major drains in different seasons However, in many cases EC in winter season was higher than that in summer. The total dissolved solides were also found to be slightly higher in winter, less use of water in domestic activities could be the probable reason. The mean nitrate concentrations were much higher in summer and winter than that in rainy season. The phosphates also showed similar trend. Effect on wastewater on soil properties The mean pH in drain waters were lower in both Laboratory Study - Column study the summer and winter than rainy seasons. The To understand the movement of nutrients, a EC values were also lower in rainy seasons in leaching experiment was conducted. The Fig. 24 : Total dissolved solids in different experiment was conducted by filling polyvinyl seasons (g/l) cylinders with dimensions of 7.1 cm diameter and varying length of 15, 30 and 45 cm length with a sandy clay loam soil uniformly having same mass/ volume ratio (1.16 g/cc in all the columns). A constant head of 0.5 cm was maintained above the surface of soil column with water collected from Ganguah nalah for 96 hours. Thereafter, leachates were collected from all the columns (i.e. Fig. 25 : Agerage NO concentration of major 3 15, 30 and 45 cm columns) and samples were drains (ppm) treated. The pH was higher in surface leachate (0 - 15 cm) thereafter decreased with depth. The conductivity of leachates progressively increased with depths. The increase in exchangeable potassium and decrease in sodium in leachates indicate retention of potassium in soil column whereas sodium was washed out with percolating water. Calcium and 52 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 magnesium concentrations in leachates also higher MBC in Gangua irrigated soils is indicative increased. Increase in conductivity in leachates of the fact that wastewater irrigation, probably, with higher depths is evinced due to dissolution has no negative impact or rather positive impact of salts. The concentration of nitrates in leachates on microbial community of soils. decreased while the ammonium concentrations Fig. 27 : Respiration rate of soils irrigated with were found increased. both irrigation type The nitrates in wastewaters were retained by the soil, while increase in ammonium concentrations in leakages from the original inundating wastewaters reflects the dissolution of ammonium ions from soil to percolating waters (wastewaters) thereby increase in ammonium concentration. The general trend was observed that while the cations are leached more than the anions viz. nitrate and phosphates are retained in soil columns except chloride because Field Studies chloride is not adsorbed or held back by soil (Ayers A large area (more than 2000 ha) on both the sides and Westcot 1976). Soils at different depths leached of Gangua nala are irrigated with Gangua nala with wastewater were air dried in the same way water, which receives all the major drain waters the original soil samples were prepared and of Bhubaneswar city receiving mostly domestic analysed for pH, EC, organic carbon, nitrate- and some industrial discharges in and around nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen, available Bhubaneswar city. phosphorus, exchangeable sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. pH was higher in surface The samples were collected from paddy fields soil (0 - 15 cm) leachate and decreased with depth. (post harvest) in the month of January and August, 2009 - 10 from Jaypurpatna, Dihipur , Incubation studies Lingipur in the Bhubaneswar Block of Khurda The respirometric study of wastewater irrigated district. Gangua water is used for cultivation of soils and those with other irrigation sources paddy and other crops in absence of any other showed that both the cumulative carbon dioxide assured irrigation source. The physical properties production and rate were higher with Gangua of soils irrigated with Gangua water and those irrigated soils. The microbial biomass carbon was with other irrigation sources in before and after also found higher in Gangua irrigated soils. The rainy seasons are shown Table-25. Table 25: Physical properties of soils in dry and rainy seasons Physical parameters Before rainy season After rainy season Other Gangua Other Gangua sources irrigated sources irrigated sand (%) 62 ± 13 46 ± 10 60 ± 15 49 ± 12 silt (%) 7 ± 4.82 10 ± 3.6 9 ± 4.82 12 ± 4.6 clay (%) 31 ± 9.01 44 ± 7.6 31 ± 8.31 39 ± 9.8 MHC (%) 39 ± 5.2 43 ± 4.8 41 ± 6.2 47 ± 3.7 pore space (%) 47 ± 2.8 49 ± 3.0 45 ± 3.8 47 ± 2.0 Volume expansion (%) 12.3 ± 8.6 16.2 ± 2.7 12.3 ± 8.6 16.2 ± 2.7 Hydraulic Cond(cm/hr) 1.39 ± 1.4 0.15 ± 0.16 1.10 ± 1.1 0.19 ± 0.14 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 53 The results show that Gangua irrigated soils were The yield advantage ranged from 5% for okra to having higher clay fractions and moisture holding 9% with ridge gourd. When the crops were capacity but lower density. Higher expansibility, irrigated alternately with Daya and Gangua water, pore space is conducive to microbial activity in yield advantage was also noted which ranged from wastewater irrigated soils. 1% with okra to 6% with ridge gourd. The nitrogen content was higher in grain than straw part in all the paddy samples. In straw, it varied between 0.13 and 0.49% with a mean value of 0.23 with Gangua water irrigation whereas it was from 0.12 to 0.27 with a mean value of 0.17% with other irrigation sources. Fig. 28: Available N, P and K in wastewater irigated soils in compare to other irrigation source Fig.30: Nutrient concentration in paddy grain Fig. 29: Available Ca and Mg in wastewater irrigated soil in compare to other irrigation source Wastewater irrigation has improved the major and micronutrient levels in soil. Higher organic matter in soil provides better soil health. However, lower available phosphorus could be due to lower soil Fig.31 : Nutrient concentration in paddy straw pH in wastewater treated fields rendering P Among the trace/heavy elements Zinc and iron fixation. None of the samples exceeded the critical concentration were higher in grains in Gangua concentration limit of Cd, Pb and Zn. irrigated soils. Cadmium was found in lower concentration in grain part. However, while the Studies on effect of sewage water on plant yield concentrations of iron, manganese and zinc are and quality within acceptable range, cadmium was found in The effect of irrigation water treatments was not higher concentration than acceptable limit in significant statistically. However, there was an grains not only with wastewater irrigated soils increasing trend for the yield and yield attributes but in other soils also. Heavy metal concentrations of test crops irrigated with Gangua water as in some other agricultural crops mainly sugarcane compared with those irrigated with Daya water. and vegetables are shown in table-26. 54 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 Table 26 : Heavy metal concentration in different parts of Sugarcane Sugarcane parts Irrigation Zn(ppm) Mn(ppm) Cd(ppm) Pb(ppm) Root Other source 165.8 ± 29.7 379 ± 215.8 0.45 ± 0.11 2.35 ± 0.11 Wastewater 180.3 ± 57.6 479 ± 205.8 0.75 ± 0.17 2.30 ± 0.17 Stem Other source 169.5 ± 56.4 279 ± 165.1 0.27 ± 0.14 4.20 ± 1.37 Wastewater 199.5 ± 96.1 409 ± 265.1 0.40 ± 0.17 4.10 ± 2.74 Leaf Other source 109.3 ± 53.6 235 ± 133.3 0.19 ± 0.11 2.00 ± 1.56 Wastewater 119.3 ± 33.6 265 ± 165.3 0.27 ± 0.07 2.30 ± 0.97 (S. Raychaudhuri and M. Raychaudhuri) ENHANCING CROP PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH CONJUNCTIVE USE OF GROUND WATER In this study attempt was made to enhance the Another field experiment was conducted on productivity of okra through conjuction use of Paddy during kharif, 2010 to study the effect of water. different fertilizer treatments on growth and yield of rice. A medium duration rice variety’ Surendra’ The treatments comprised of 3 levels of was planted with five different fertilizer conjunctive use viz. ground and surface/pond treatments viz. control, 100% NPK, bio-compost water and with 5 levels of fertilizer viz. control, alone, 75% NPK+ bio-compost and 50% NPK+ bio- 100% NPK, bio-compost alone, 75 % NPK+ bio- compost. During dry spells one or two irrigations compost and 50 % NPK+ bio-compost. The variety was applied through ground water as conjunctive MAHECO Hybrid no. 10 was sown in first week use. The results shown that the biometric of May, 2010. The irrigations were applied at the observations like average tillers/hill, number of critical stages of the crop. The fertilizers were 2 -1 tillers/m , average panicle/hill number of applied @ 20, 40 and 40 kg ha as N, P2O5 and panicles/m2 were significantly increased with 75% K2O, respectively. Growth and yield observations NPK+ Bio-compost application compared to were recorded. The maximum growth parameters control, BC alone and 50% NPK+ BC. However, like plant height/ dry matter and number of it was at par with 100% NPK fertilizer application. branches were recorded with the application of The percentage of bearing panicles (effective two irrigations through pond water (2.50 cubic tillers) were also higher in 75% NPK + BC applied m water) and two irrigations through ground plots (37-38%) than control. water (1.80 cubic m water). The highest growth, yield attributes and yield of okra was obtained With respect to yield components and yield, with the application of two irrigations through panicle length, 1000 grain weight, grain number/ pond water and two irrigations through ground panicle, grain and straw yields were significantly water (Table 27 and Fig 32). The fertilizer higher with 75% NPK+ Bio-compost compared to application of 100% NPK+ biocompost and 100% control, BC alone and 50% NPK+ BC. 75% NPK+ NPK alone gave significantly maximum fruit yield Bio-compost treatment was statistically similar of okra as compared to control, biocompost alone with 100% NPK fertilizer application (Fig. 33 and and 50% NPK+ biocompost (Fig. 35) 34). The percent increase in grain yield was 19% DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 55 Table 27 Influence of conjunctive use and fertilizer levels on growth attributes of okra Treatment Plant height (cm) Stem diameter (cm) Branches/plant Leaf area index Conjunctive use levels C1 (Pond water only) 46.25 1.77 2.06 1.47 C2 (2GW+1 PW) 51.78 1.98 2.84 1.71 C3 (2 GW+2PW) 55.17 2.29 3.63 1.84 CD(P=0.05) 3.51 0.21 0.35 0.13 Fertilizer levels F0 43.77 1.61 1.91 1.50 F1 56.58 2.29 3.58 1.76 F2 46.34 1.74 2.20 1.60 F3 56.75 2.45 3.82 1.81 F4 52.15 2.01 2.71 1.70 CD(P=0.05) 3.51 0.21 0.35 0.13 Fig.32 Influence of conjunctive use and fertilizer levels Fig.34 Influence of fertilizer levels on straw yield of on fruit yield of okra rice Fig.33 Influence of fertilizer levels on grain yield of rice Fig.35 Nitrate leaching in different fertilizer treatments at various soil depths in rice field with 75% NPK+ BC application over control. The growth stages of kharif rice. The greater nitrate maximum ammonia volatilization was occurred leaching was estimated with application of 100% with application of 100% NPK compared to that NPK compared to that of 75% NPK+ Bio-compost of 75% NPK+ Bio-compost application at different application (Fig. 35). (O. P. Verma, M. Das, R. B. Singandhupe, R. R. Sethi and B. K. James) 56 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 GROUND WATER EXTRACTION MECHANISMS AND PUMP IRRIGATION MARKETS IN MAHANADI BASIN The study aimed at assessing the impacts of irrigation groups (183.3%) than the water seller groups markets and economics involved in water trade and (165.43). The intensity among buyers is high, not transactions in the selected areas of Cuttack district. due to irrigation, but due to small acreage, which Multistage purposive sampling design used to select is part of sustaining their livelihood among small sample block, villages and the ultimate farmers. Three and marginal farmers. study villages namely Icchapur, Vishwanathpur and The cost of irrigation water was estimated after Atoda in Salipur block of Cuttuck district were taken considering the fixed costs as well as variable for the study. A sample of 52 farmers engaged in costs concepts. On an average, per hour cost of water trade and transactions were selected as irrigation water was estimated to be Rs 8.21, with responded across sample villages having different Rs 1.48 as fixed expenses and Rs 7.01 as variable size of land holding. expenses. It was further observed that the per The cropping across water users groups are hour fixed irrigation cost was highest on small presented in Table-28. Study revealed that the farms (Rs 3.26) and lowest on medium farms (Rs cropping intensity was higher in the water buyers 0.34).This was due to larger acreage and more Table 28 : Cropping pattern and intensity across water user gruops Crops Water Sellers (30 numbers) Water Buyers (22 numbers) Area (Acres) %age Area (Acres) %age Paddy 70.90 34.20 38.5 41.87 Pumpkin 46.00 22.19 21.9 23.81 Potato 28.00 13.51 8.02 8.72 Brinjal 17.32 8.35 6.36 6.91 Bittergroud 6.76 3.26 2.90 3.15 Blackgram 6.55 3.15 1.14 1.52 Green gram 9.30 4.48 2.24 2.43 Chilli 4.48 2.16 1.16 1.26 Others 17.98 8.67 9.46 10.28 Total 207.29 100.00 91.94 100.00 Cropping Intensity 165.43% 183.36% no. of irrigation used with large farmers reduces among the water user grops ie.water buyers and the cost per irrigation/per acre. On an average, sellers, indicators including irrigation cost was per hour irrigation cost worked out to be Rs 43.21, little in favour of water buyers groups. This inclusive fuel cost. suggest a positive impacts of the irrigation services Agricultural indicators like cropping intensity, on their sustaining livelihood. The crop irrigation cost per acre, productivity in tems of productivity across farms size groups suggests yield per acre were analysed to assess the water that medium farmers having better productivity user groups. It was found that overall cropping as they enjoy more sense of security in terms of intensity in the area is 178.66, irrigation cost is irrgation and the land size. Rs. 1616.93 per acre, crop output (yield) Rs. 32263 (Mukesh K. Sinha, K.G.Mandal, S.Mohanty and per acre. When comparing theses indicators B.K.James) DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 57 y Optimum use of farmland interface with shrimp farming in coastal water logged area y Growth and production physiology of cat tail (Typha) under waterlogged condition y Assessment and development of water resources for diversified agriculture in waterlogged high rainfall area y Enhancing Water Productivity and Rural Livelihood Options Through Multiple Use of Water y Crop management interventions and contingency crop planning for post flood management in Orissa y Assessment of water logging and land use system in different coastal districts of Orissa using remote sensing and GIS OPTIMUM USE OF FARMLAND INTERFACE WITH SHRIMP FARMING IN COASTAL WATER LOGGED AREA Water quality characterization with type of water was 11 to 188% and 55 to 92% in Paddy field and source and time periods pond water, respectively. The Na, Ca and Mg Data pertaining to water salinity of brackish water stress was also intensified over time with the shrimp farming area in coastal Orissa (Fig. 36), highest value registered as. 1.11 to 2.45 times for revealed an increasing trend across the sources Na, 0.39 to 3.78 times for Ca and 0.33 to 2.32 times from monsoon to summer periods. It was almost for Mg in shrimp pond water. Frequent water at par in river / canal / drain water with brackish exchange during the practice in the pond may water shrimp pond followed by water of paddy resulted in high salt load and its constituents in field, rainwater harvesting pond and the water. This consequently indicates about high groundwater. The groundwater was not much salt load on soil and water resources in paddy constrained by the rising of salt stress while it growing area in coastal Orissa. Fig: 36: Distribution of salt stress and major cations across the water sources and with time-periods in brackish water shrimp farming area An impact assessment of brackish water shrimp where traditional and extensive scientific farming on soil salinity practices are being followed in regular manner. Soil samples were tested for saturated hydraulic To study the impact of shrimp farming practice, conductivity with naturally available saline water Astarang and Erasama Blocks were selected DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 59 of EC 7.00±1.0 ds/m followed by leaching with result of increasing ESP > 15 (Table 30) leading normal water. Soil salinity (ECe) shot up to disperse clay particles, blocks pores and exponentially (y = 1.46e1.09x, R2 = 0.79) from 0.2 – reduce the permeability of soil. Loss of 1.1 to 1.4 – 5.0 dS/m if the ratio of (silt + clay) / permeability was also prominent but at moderate sand, ranged from 0.8 to 3.35; whereas it grew as extent in the soil containing 30 - 35% clay. No y = 0.29x2 + 0.04x + 2.25, R2 = 0.0.79 by 1.33 to 40 difference in type of shrimp farming on salt times if the ratio was 0.52 to 1.72 (Fig. 36, Table content was marked. It is thus evident that 29). Soils with high sand content get desalinized conversion of paddy land into brackish water even from its initial value in some cases. Apart shrimp pond induces the risk for developing from developing salt stress soils with 35% clay persistent salt stress and cann't be bring back content, have shown severe loss of permeability to cultivation without proper measures to after saline water treatment. This may be the desalinize it up to the crop tolerance level. Fig. 37: Variation of salt stress with soil textural components Table 29: Quantitative measures for goodness of fit of the Regression Models (R2 Statistics) Mathematical expression ofvarious measures Model 2 ∑ 2 ∑ 2 bx 2 R1 = 1 - (y – ý) / (y –ym) y = ae y = a + bx + cx 2 ∑ 2 ∑ 2 R2 = (ý -y) / (y –ym) 0.74 0.79 2 ∑ 2 ∑ 2 R3 = (ý -ým) / (y –ym) - 0.79 2 ∑ 2 ∑ 2 R4 = 1 - (e -ê) / (y –ym) , e = y – ý 0.74 0.79 2 R5 = Squared multiple correlation coefficient 0.74 0.79 between regress and regressors 2 R6 2 = Squared correlation coefficient between y and ý 0.74 0.79 Table 30: Cation Exchange Capacity and Exchangeable cations of soils varied in ‘(clay+ silt)/sand’ ratio A.Before determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity (Ks) with Saline water (EC, 6.7 ± 0.5) Soil (clay + CEC Na K Ca Mg Na ESP Textural silt)/sand (me/100 (me/100 (me/100 (me/100 (me/100 saturation Class gm) gm) gm) gm) gm) scl 1.31 38.48 30.76 6.82 0.14 0.28 0.80 13.54 sc 1.13 20.64 10.43 2.73 0.33 0.4 0.51 8.3 sl 0.49 20.68 13.91 2.39 0.09 0.23 0.67 17.01 c 3.66 70.8 54.7 11.21 0.7 0.75 0.77 28.61 cl 2.64 50.36 35.53 11.91 0.38 0.42 0.71 13.77 c 3.5 70.38 47.72 14.9 0.33 0.54 0.68 6.09 60 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 B. After the Ks determination with Saline water (EC, 6.7 ± 0.5) followed by normal water Soil (clay + CEC Na K Ca Mg Na ESP Textural silt)/sand (me/100 (me/100 (me/100 (me/100 (me/100 saturation Class gm) gm) gm) gm) gm) scl 1.31 42.68 38.05 7.5 0.12 0.16 0.89 23.35 sc 1.13 49.08 40.92 7.5 0.19 0.33 0.83 18.3 sl 0.49 16.96 10.31 5.11 0.14 0.14 0.61 13.71 c 3.66 77.8 63.7 11.08 0.52 0.61 0.82 32. 08 cl 2.64 73.3 60.57 10.59 0.23 0.33 0.83 30.39 c 3.5 81.46 70.66 8.99 0.23 0.45 0.87 16.32 (Madhumita Das, D. P. Sinhababu,O. P. Verma R. R. Sethi, N. Sahoo, and Ashwani Kumar) GROWTH AND PRODUCTION PHYSIOLOGY OF CAT TAIL (TYPHA) UNDER WATERLOGGED CONDITION. Field experiments were conducted to grow cat discarded. Nevertheless, both N and stages of tail (Typha) crop in split-plot design with four application showed significant effect on plant levels of N i.e. 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg N ha-1 in main height. Leaf number per plant also was more in both plots and fertilizer application at three different 90 and 60 kg N ha-1 level applied as basal ha-1 stages of crop i.e. basal, 3 months after planting compared to rest of the treatments. (MAP) and 6 MAP as subplots. The electrical The application of higher N at basal stage also -1 conductivity of soils ranged from 0.2 to 0.4 dSm . improved leaf chlorophyll content in leaves The soil pH range was found to be varied from compared to other treatments (Fig.38) at initial 4.2 to 4.6. The N content ranged between 0.16 to stage but submergence during monsoon caused 0.28% whereas the P content waried between 4.4 steady decline in leaf chlorophyll content till 9 -1 to 15.5 mg kg soil. The labile K concentration of MAP in all the treatments from 2.99 to 2.89 mg the experimental soil was found to be 210 to 295 leaf tissue. Here also decline was least in mg/kg soil at the experimental site. The organic treatments with higher N level i.e. 60 and 90 kg/ carbon content ranged between 1.6 to 2.8%. ha N as basal application from 3.8 to 3.11 at 90 kg The measurement of tallest leaf was taken as plant N level and 3.46 to 3.03 mg at 60 kg N level. height and has shown an increase from 81.1cm at However, at 12 MAP there was no further decline 3 months after planting (MAP) to 98.83 cm at 6 in leaf chlorophyll level rather showed increase MAP at 90 kg N ha-1 compared to 57.9 to 81.80 cm at higher N treatments. with no N at 6 MAP. With submergence during The thickness of the leaf was monitored through monsoon, the leaf length reduced in all treatments measurement of specific leaf weight (SLW). The and reduction was least at treatment 90 kg N per SLW also showed a similar trend of decline due to ha N level applied at basal at 9 MAP. Thereafter submergence to upto 12.66 mg cm-2 at treatment plant height showed improvement with without N. However in treatment with 90 kg ha-1 subsidence of water. Prolonged submergence N the specific leaf weight (SLW) was up to 14.22 induced leaf rot and rhizome rot in patches in mg cm-2 was achieved and SLW was 14.03 mg isolated plants which were uprooted and cm-2 at 60 kg N ha-1 level. DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 61 From January to June, the crop experienced weed in festation at an increasing level. Initially, the aquatic weeds like Marselia quadrifolia, Cyperus difformis, Aeschynoene aspera and Eleocharis sp. dominated the ecosystem followed by weeds like Panicum sp. and Echinocloa colona during summer season. The weed biomass was found to be significantly higher in all fertilizer treatments compared to that of control at 4 MAP. It was Fig. 38 : Changes in chlorophyll level of Typha leaves in found to be the highest when N is supplied @ 90 response to N application at different stages of plant kgha-1 followed by 60 kgha-1 and 30 kgha-1. growth. (Legend for figure : I1,I2,I3 and I4 are level of N applied @ 0,30,60 and 90kg/ha. The F1 ,F2 and F3 are stages of application i.e. F1 basal,F2 30 days after planting and F3 60 days after planting) (S.Roy Chowdhury, PSB Anand, Shisir Raut, N,Sahoo and Ashwani Kumar) ASSESSMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES FOR DIVERSIFIED AGRICULTURE IN WATERLOGGED HIGH RAINFALL AREA During the year under report, studies on soil and probability model revealed that there are 45-95 water quality, probability model for rainfall per cent and 32-75 per cent probabilities that two distribution, occurrence of dry spell and detailed consecutive dry weeks and wet weeks will prevail canal operational schedule were carried out. It during weeks 1-22 and 23-40, respectively. Weeks was found that soil of the waterlogged high ranging from 40-52 remain under stress with rainfall area of Kendrapada district in Orissa is negligible rainfall at 60 per cent probability level acidic with pH 6.0 and EC 0.40 dSm-1. Available (Fig. 39). Study revealed that there is mismatch N is low (241 kgha-1) and available potassium is in occurrence of rainfall and canal water supply in the range with 190.6 kg/ha. Groundwater is in the area. Present canal water supply schedule saline with EC ranging between 0.82 to 4.6 dSm-1. (2006-2009) revealed that the supply of canal water Analysis of daily rainfall for the period from 1990- continued from 2nd week of July - 3rd week of 2009 inferred an annual average rainfall of 1452 November, when almost 70 per cent of monsoon mm with minimum, maximum and average rain occurs; where as a short supply continued weekly rainfall of 31 mm, 102 mm and 62.3 mm, during 2nd week of January to 1st week of respectively occurring between 24th-41st weeks. February during rabi season when there is no When modeled through two-parameter Gamma rainfall. Thus, it revealed that the monsoon crops distribution at 30 per cent probability level, no could survive with monsoon rainfall alone. significant difference was established between the However, provision of creation of supplemental observed and predicted weekly rainfall for the irrigation with rescheduling of canal water supply above period (Fig. 39). Weekly dry and wet spell can address the requirement for post monsoon analysis computed through Markov chain crops in the area for higher productivity. 62 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 Fig. 39: Prediction of assured rainfall employing Fig. 40 : Occurrence of dry weeks using Markov Gamma distribution Chain model Modulation of submergence through field drain drain was 76 cm). A newly introduced waterlogged The efficacy of functioning of the field drain in terms paddy HYV cultivar Swarna Sub-1 was grown to of modulation of submergence in crop field was mitigate waterlogged areas. This Cultivar produced studied on daily basis during the period from 140% higher yield in the well drained paddy field 10.08.2010 till 16.11.2010. Spatial submergence in the in comparison to the water congested paddy field. well-drained and water congested paddy fields were monitored with respect to the field drain. It was observed that the field drain successfully modulated the submergence in the nearby paddy field. As a result, on 8th October 2010 when a peak rainfall event of 152 mm occurred in the study area, there has been a reduction of 49 cm depth of submergence in paddy crop field (Fig. 41) with respect to field drain. On that day, the depth of water in the field drain was 109 cm. Similarly, during the 2nd peak event of rainfall of 94 mm, which occurred on 12th September 2010, a reduction of 54 cm was observed (the depth of water in the field Gauged ‘Swarna Sub-1’ paddy field Fig. 41: Spatial submergence in drained paddy field and field drain (Rabindra Kumar Panda, Rajbir Singh and Gouranga Kar) DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 63 ENHANCING WATER PRODUCTIVITY AND RURAL LIVELIHOOD OPTIONS THROUGH MULTIPLE USE OF WATER The project was formulated to document the measured against gross inflows, net inflow, depleted present status of the technologies of multiple uses water, process depleted water, or available water. The of water for productive and environmental expression is most often given in terms of mass purposes and standardizing the methodology for of produce, or monetary value, per unit of water. estimation of water productivity for different Depending on how the terms in the numerator agricultural systems; also evaluation of different and denominator are expressed, water systems of multiple use of water in terms of productivity can be expressed in general physical livelihood options, gender issues, poverty or economic terms (Table 31). It is normal to alleviation, employment generation under represent WP in units of kgm3. If production is waterlogged eco system. measured in kgha-1, water use is estimated as mm of water applied or received as rainfall, Productivity, in general, is a ratio referring to the convertible simply to m3ha-1 (1mm = 10m3ha-1). unit of output per unit of input. The term water Alternative notations include food (kcalm-3) or productivity (WP) is defined as the physical mass monetary value (Rupees m-3). of production or the economic value of production Table 31. Possible forms of the numerator for estimating water productivity. Parameters Numerator Physical water productivity at field, Yield (kg) of total biomass, or above ground biomass, or farm or system level. grain, or fodder. Economic water productivity at farm level. Gross value of product, or net value of product, or net benefit of irrigated production compared with rainfed production. Economic water productivity at basin scale. Any of the above valuations including those derived from raising livestock, fish or agro-forestry. Macro-economic water productivity at Monetary value of all direct and indirect economic regional or national scale. benefits minus the associated costs, for all uses of water in the domain of interest. In this study, following physical and economic water productivity indicators are decided (Table 31) Table 32: Indicators of physical and economic water productivity Physical (kg/m3) Economic (Rupees/m3) WPY_Ig = Y / Ig WPGVP_Ig = GVP / Ig WPGM_Ig = GM / Ig WPY_Irr = Y / Irr WPGVP_Irr = GVP / Irr WPGM_Irr = GM / Irr WPY_ETa = Y / ETa WPGVP_ETa = GVP / ETa WPGM_ETa = GM / ETa WPY_Ta = Y / Ta WPGVP_Ta = GVP / Ta WPGM_Ta = GM / Ta WP: Water Productivity; Y: Yield; GVP: Gross Value of Production; GM: Gross Margin; Ig: Gross Inflow; ETa: Actual Evapotranspiration; Ta: Actual Transpiration] Estimating the denominator: Water consumed agricultural system and water depleted by it. WP A key distinction when computing WP is to is estimated from the amount of water directly differentiate between water input to an consumed by the agricultural system (that is, 64 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 evaporation and transpiration), not simply the Where: Wgrain =Equivalent weight of grain at amount of water supplied. This distinction is standardized moisture content (MCs) for better increasingly important as we move upscale from storage field to farm to basin, because water that is Wgreen fodder =Equivalent weight of green fodder at taken into a system, but not consumed, is standardized moisture content (MCs) for better available downstream and hence is excluded storage (say 86%) from calculation. In measuring depleted water, W =Equivalent weight of dry fodder at we account for flows not used by the crop and dry fodder standardized moisture content (MC ) (say 10%) returned to the hydrologic system. Quality of s downstream water is potentially an important The standardized moisture content for different types 0 factor. Activities that damage water quality of grain for one year’s storage at 27 C and relative effectively reduce or even remove water that humidity of 70% is provided in the following table would otherwise be available to downstream (Table 33) as recommended by FAO, 1995. users. If the actual moisture content (MCa) (wet basis) The denominator can also be estimated from of any useful crop component (Grain, green water balance approach. The basic expression of fodder, dry fodder) is different than the standard water balance is (input – output), accounting for moisture content and the actual weight of the change in water stored in the system: product is Wa, then Q = Q + DS Table 33: Guideline moisture content for safe grain in out storage Where: Q includes rain, groundwater and in Grain crops Maximum moisture surface-supplied irrigation and run-on, content (%) Maize 13.5 Qout includes runoff, drainage and Milled rice 13.0 evapotranspiration, and Millet 16.0 DS is change in soil water content. Paddy rice 15.0 Sorghum 13.5 At the field scale, the key term is Wheat 13.5 evapotransiration, considered as: ⎛1− MC ⎞ ⎜ a ⎟ Et = P + I + G + Q –DS Wgrain = Wp ×⎜ ⎟ ⎝1− MCs ⎠ Where: Et = evapotranspiration, that is evaporation from soil and water surfaces plus crop Vnet= Net volume of water diverted /depleted = transpiration, P = rainfall, I = irrigation inflow, rain+ surface irrigation+ groundwater irrigation+ G = net groundwater flow, Q = run on (positive) net capillary rise + incoming overland flow – runoff or runoff (negative), and DS = changes in soil – deep percolation loss. water content within the root zone Considering the above approach water Estimation of crop water productivity productivity of different major crops were calculated. Crop water productivity can be estimated in the following manner. Crop Water Productivity = Wgrain + Wgreenfodder + Wdryfodder (S.K. Jena, P. Nanda, Santosh Kumar Sahoo, N. Bhola, V net D.U. Patil, P.S. Brahmanand, and R.K. Mohanty) DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 65 CROP MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS AND CONTINGENCY CROP PLANNING FOR POST FLOOD MANAGEMENT IN ORISSA For contingency crop planning in post flood evaluated by conducting a field experiment in period in Orissa a study was undertaken in farmers' field. Kendrapara district, of the state. The results of the first year experiment revealed The farmers were suggested for maintaining that the plant height of sunflower was found to nursery of over aged rice seedlings of 45 days be 63.9 cm and 68.5cm with normal cultivation to 60 days duration, growing waterlogging and zero tillage, respectively at 60 days after resistant varieties like Durga, Sarala, planting (DAP) (Table 34). Similarly, the plant Varshadhan and Hangseswari and planning for height of okra, bitter gourd and sweet potato alternate crops like sweet potato under zero were recorded to be 30.3 cm, 17.9 cm and 33.1 tillage. The prospects of crops like sunflower, cm at normal cultivation and 33.5, 21.8 and 29.7 sweet potato, okra and bitterguard under cm at zero tillage, respectively. normal cultivation and zero tillage were Table 34 : Plant height (cm) of sunflower, okra, bitter gourd and sweet potato at 60 DAP as affected by type of tillage Treatment Sunflower Okra Bitter Sweet Mean gourd potato Conventional tillage 63.9 30.3 17.9 33.1 36.3 Zero tillage 68.5 33.5 21.8 29.7 38.3 Mean 66.2 31.9 19.8 31.4 CD (Main) NS CD (Sub) 4.3 CD (MxS) 5.7 The number of leaves of sunflower was found to condition than at conventional tillage at 30 DAP. be 12.1 and 13.5 at normal cultivation and zero At 60 days after planting the leaf area per plant tillage, respectively at 60 DAP. Similarly, the in sunflower rose to 441.2 cm2 in normal and number of leaves of okra and bitter gourd were 526.8cm2 under zero tillage condition. Similarly recorded as 6.8 and 13.6 at normal cultivation and in okra it was 53.4 and 78.3 cm2 plant under 7.1 and 15.1 at zero tillage, respectively. conventional and zero tillage respectively. At 60 DAP in bitter gourd leaf area per plant was 171.1 Performance evaluation of canopy growth of and 211.5 cm2 plant and in sweet potato it was crops like sunflower, okra bitter gourd, and sweet 198.5 and 356.06 cm2/plant at normal and zero potato under normal cultivation and zero tillage tillage condition respectively. were also evaluated in post flood situation. The leaf area developments of these four crops were The zero tillage resulted in superior yield attributes continuously evaluated at different growth of sunflower, bittergourd and okra compared to stages. The initial trends of canopy development conventional tillage. In case of sunflower, the head of okra, bitter gourd and sweet potato showed diameter was found to be highest with zero tillage satisfactory growth till March 2011. In general (15.7 cm) compared to conventional tillage (14.8 cm) except for okra (till 30 DAP) all other crops (Fig 42). The number of seeds per head of sunflower showed better canopy development at zero tillage were also found to be highest with zero tillage (236.2) 66 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 compared to that of conventional tillage (224.5) (Fig 0.91 tha-1 under zero tillage compared to 0.82 tha-1 43). In case of okra, the number of fruits were found under conventional tillage (Table 34). This might to be higher with zero tillage (13.2) relative to be attributed to number of seeds per head and conventional tillage (11.4) (Fig 44). Similarly, the larger head diameter under zero tillage. number of fruits of bittergourd were found to be However, the superiority noticed was statistically superior with zero tillage (7.3) compared to non significant. conventional tillage (6.8) (Fig 45). However, in case of Okra resulted in superior fruit yield of 3.73 t ha-1 sweet potato, the reverse trend was observed. The under zero tillage compared to 3.26 t ha-1 under number of tubers per plant in sweet potato were found conventional tillage. Bitter gourd resulted in fruit to be higher with conventional tillage (3.6) compared yield of 4.30 t ha-1 under zero tillage compared to that of zero tillage (3.1) (Fig 46). to 4.06 t ha-1 in conventional tillage. This is due Conventional tillage resulted in lower crop yield to higher number of fruits per plant and fruit compared to zero tillage in sunflower, okra and weight under zero tillage. However, the bitter gourd. Sunflower resulted in seed yield of difference of result was statistically non Fig 44 : Effect of type of tillage on number of fruits per Fig 42 : Effect of tillage on head diameter (cm) of plant in Okra sunflower Fig 43: Effect of type of tillage on number of seeds per Fig 45 : Effect of type of tillage on fruit number per head in sunflower plant in bittergourd DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 67 Table 35 Productivity of sunflower, okra, bitter gourd and sweet potato (t/ha) as affected by type of tillage Treatment Sunflower Okra Bitter Sweet Mean (Seed yield) (Fruit yield) gourd potato (Fruit yield) (Tuber yield) Conventional tillage 0.82 3.26 4.06 6.63 3.69 Zero tillage 0.91 3.73 4.30 5.90 3.71 Mean 0.86 3.50 4.18 6.26 CD (Main) NS CD (Sub) 0.17 CD (MxS) 0.25 significant. Zero tillage resulted in lower tuber fallow in non flood prone areas who could yield in sweet potato (5.90 tha-1) compared to generate net returns of Rs. 13,400/-. conventional tillage (6.63 tha-1). Though the crop establishment was good under zero tillage, the tuber penetration and tuber development were facilitated by better aeration under conventional tillage in case of sweet potato. After implementation of contingency crop plan for one year, the socio-economic status of the farmers was studied and was compared to pre project scenario. The farmers could generate additional net returns of 19,850/- with sunflower, 27,030/- with okra, 36,600/- with bittegourd and 24,400/- with sweet potato compared to their pre project status i.e. fallow land. This has given advantage Fig 46 : Effect of type of tillage on tuber number per for farmers who even practice green gram in rice plant in sweet potato (P.S.Brahmanand, S.Roy Chowdhury, N.Sahoo, S. Ghosh and S. Raut) ASSESSMENT OF WATER LOGGING AND LAND USE SYSTEM IN DIFFERENT COASTAL DISTRICTS OF ORISSA USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS To study the extent of waterlogging in different Plain, Alluvial Plain and Flood Plain. Marsaghai distircts available geomorphological and land use block consists of deltaic plain and Basudevpur maps (2002-03) of the four blocks were collected block consists of Young Coastal Plain, Old Coastal from Orissa Remote Sensing Application Centre Plain and Alluvial Plain. The deltaic plain and (ORSAC), Bhubaneswar. The main landforms of flood plains are depressed areas which support the Ersama block are Young Coastal Plain, Old the land to be waterlogged. The total extent of Coastal Plain, Alluvial Plain and Flood Plain. waterlogging were studied from the land use Whereas, the different landforms of Kujang maps. The inland waterlogging areas were blocks are Young Coastal Plain, Old Coastal approx. 2.5 sq km in Basudevpur, 1.5 sq km in 68 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 Ersama, 1.1 sq km in Kujang and 0.23 sq km in Basudevpur blocks (47.0 sq km and 174.0 sq km Marsaghai blocks. The respective figures for respectively) come under kharif crop (Table 37; coastal waterlogging area are 9.8 sq km in Fig. 47). In Ersama, area surrounding Gopalpur Basudevpur, 5.1 sq km in Ersama, 6.6 sq km in and Deuli villages are most waterlogged. In Kujang and 0 sq km in Marsaghai blocks (Table Kujang, the area comes near Bagadia suffers 36). About 70% of the area of Ersama and Kujang severe waterlogging. Similarly, the Barandua (118 sq km and 110 sq km respectively) come near Basudevpur and Kuarpal of Marsaghai under kharif crop (mainly rice), whereas, about faces severe waterlogging as observed in the 80% of the total area of Marsaghai and land use map (Fig. 48). Table 36. Waterlogged areas and kharif cropped cultivated areas in different waterlogged coastal blocks of Orissa (2002-03) Name of blocks Inland Coastal Kharif crop Total area waterlogged waterlogged area (sq km) (sq km) area (sq km) area (sq km) Ersama 1.5 5.1 118.0 (70%) 169 Kujang 1.1 6.6 110.0 (70%) 157 Marsaghai 0.2 0.0 58.8 (80%) 47 Basudevpur 2.5 9.8 174.0 (80%) 218 Table 37. Spectral signatures and Normalized Difference Vegetation Indices (NDVI) of different surface covers of the study area Cover type Red reflectance (%) Infra-red reflectance (%) NDVI Bare soil 5.7-32.0 6.2-34.0 0.025 Water body 4.2-6.7 4.7-6.6 0.010 Waterlogged rice 5.6-22.2 5.9-24.6 0.034 Grass cover 6.7-29.0 6.9-28.0 0.030 Fig. 47. Geomorphological maps of different coastal blocks of Orissa (Source : ORSAC, Bhubaneswar) DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 69 Spectral signatures of rice, bare soil, grass covers, Vegetation Index (NDVI) was calculated and it is water bodies etc. were studied during 1st week of found that NDVI value for bare soil is 0.025, grass Nov. to end of Nov., 2010. The average red cover is 0.03, rice field 0.034 and water body 0.01. reflectance of waterlogged rice is 5.6-22.2%, of bare These signatures along with lat. long. values soil is 5.7-32.0%, grass is 6.7-29% and water body collected from different land covers and canal- is 4.2-6.7%. Similarly, the average infra red canal, canal-road intersections will be useful in reflectance of waterlogged rice is 5.9-24.6%, of bare selecting spectral distances and 'seed' pixel during soil is 6.2-34.0%, grass is 6.9-28.0% and water body Maximum Likelihood Supervised classification of is 4.7-6.6%. The average Normalized Difference IRSP6 satellite image (Oct., 2010). Fig 48: Land use map (2002-03) of different coastal blocks (Source : ORSAC, Bhubaneswar) (Shishir Raut, G. Kar & N. Sahoo) 70 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 y Sustainability of Water User Associations and Effect of Participatory Irrigation Management on Agriculture and System Performance y Tracking Change in Rural Poverty in Household and Village Economies in South Asia y Scaling up of Water Productivity in Agriculture for Livelihoods through teaching cum demonstration and training of trainers and farmers y Strengthening Statistical Computing for National Agricultural Research System y Farmers' Participatory Action Research Programme (FPARP) SUSTAINABILITY OF WATER USER ASSOCIATIONS AND EFFECT OF PARTICIPATORY IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT ON AGRICULTURE AND SYSTEM PERFORMANCE Farmer participation in irrigation management has monsoon (March-May) :163.3 mm (10.6%), taken the center stage moving from a peripheral Monsoon (June-September) 1134.5 mm (75.8%), issue. Transfer of irrigation management Post-monsson (October-December) 162.6 mm responsibilities from government agencies to (10.4%) and Winter (January-February) 48.6 mm farmers under water user association (WUA) (3.2%). 3756.6 ha in kharif and 1369 ha in rabi umbrella is now an important policy. To received irrigation out of the cultivable command understand sustainability of participatory process area (CCA) of 3780 ha in kharif and 1908 ha in rabi in irrigation management and the factors season which indicates the gap between potential influencing it, present study focuses on farmers’ created and utilized specially in rabi season. perceptions towards utility of irrigation service Comparison of designed and existing discharge and performance of WUA besides evaluation of rate of minors and sub-minors for Right (RD) as agricultural situation over space and time in the well as Left distributary (LD) was done that command of selected irrigation systems. revealed existing discharge rate is on an average Characterization of a medium irrigation 10-12% lower than the designed; the variation is system higher in case of RD (ranging from 6 to 76%) as compared LD (ranging from 5 to 20%). Month Kuanria Medium Irrigation Project at Daspalla wise average water supply from Left and Right block in Nayagarh district of Orissa was selected distributary for 15 years (1995-2009) is analysed for the study. The geographical area of Daspalla that indicates the supply is >500 ha-m during 2 block is 571.57 km . Mean annual rainfall in August, September and October while it is about Daspalla block is 1509 mm; minimum rainfall 993.5 100 ha-m during four months (January to April) mm and maximum rainfall 1901.8 mm with period. A total of 10 Pani Panchyats (WUAs) are standard deviation 231.7 and coefficient of formed and the system is handed over to the variation 15.4. Rainfall distribution in Daspalla respective Pani Panchayat. The jurisdiction area block over different seasons (for the period from of the Pani Panchayats varies from 274.95 ha to 1995 to 2009) reveal following pattern: Pre- 501.70 ha (Table 38 and Fig. 49). Table 38: Pani Panchayats under Kuanria Irrigation Project, Daspalla, Nayagarh Sl. No. Name of the Pani Panchayat (PP) Area in ha Location of Date of election / Pani Panchayat handed over WUA1 Nilakantheswar PP 351.96 Sariganda 28.05.07 / 07.11.07 WUA2 Jaya Mahabir PP 436.74 Andharkote 29.05.07 / 07.11.07 WUA3 Baradayeeni PP 274.95 Nachhipur 30.05.07 / 07.11.07 WUA4 Jaleswar PP 366.82 Madhupur 31.05.07 / 07.11.07 WUA5 Maa Bankamunda PP 428.82 Dwaragaon 01.06.07 / 07.11.07 WUA6 Maa Odasriani PP 287.01 Odasara 07.09.07 / 07.11.07 WUA7 Bira Bajaranga PP 313.25 Haridabadi 07.09.07 / 07.11.07 WUA8 Bhuinani PP 501.70 Khamarsahi 15.10.07 / 07.11.07 WUA9 Baladevjew PP 491.67 Subalaya 10.06.08 / 20.06.08 WUA10 Kapileswar Dev PP 327.08 Sorada 30.03.10 / 04.04.10 72 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 Fig. 49: Jurisdiction area of Pani Panchayats under Kuanria Irrigation Project Assessing irrigation performance from farmers' mentioned parameters. There is not much perspectives difference in the perceptions of farmers regarding sufficiency of irrigation water received during An analysis considering farmers' perceptions kharif; however, it is not sufficient during rabi towards irrigation water distribution over space season; tail end farmers being worst hit (score was carried out through a questionnaire survey varies from 2.0 to 3.0 in case of WUA4). Same is of 75 farmers (15 farmers selected as respondents the fact for the stream size of irrigation water, from each of the five WUAs viz. WUA1, WUA2 timeliness and equity in water supply and water and WUA4 under left distributary and WUA6 and availability at the time of need. No control WUA7 under right distributary). Tractability, mechanisms at outlet level, continuous supply in convenience, predictability and equity of kharif resulting wastage and injudicious use, irrigation service were assessed on the basis of unpredictable supply may be attributed to the various parameters with a scale of 5 point existing inefficient irrigation performance continuum (Table 39). All the four factors viz. especially in dry season. tractability, convenience, predictability and equity and sub-factors under each scored high (>4.0) Assessment of the performance of Water User showing better scenario in kharif season over Associations (WUAs) space; however, majority of farmers mentioned Performance of WUA was assessed from the about irregular water supply and low/non farmers' perspectives through a questionnaire availability of water during rabi season which survey of 75 farmers (15 farmers selected as reflected in the lower scoring (<3.0) of the above- respondents from each of the five WUAs viz. DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 73 Table 39. Irrigation performance as perceived by the farmers of different WUAs Parameter Mean perception of farmers* WUA 1 WUA 2 WUA 4 WUA 6 WUA 7 (n=15) (n=15) (n=15) (n=15) (n=15) 1. Quantity of water supply Kharif 4.20 4.13 4.03 4.30 4.16 Rabi 3.67 3.53 2.37 3.60 3.27 2. Point of water delivery Kharif 4.27 4.07 3.93 4.33 4.00 Rabi 3.47 3.27 2.83 3.20 3.13 3. Stream size of water Kharif 4.20 4.07 4.00 4.27 4.17 Rabi 3.60 3.20 2.27 3.27 3.20 4. Duration of water supply Kharif 4.27 4.17 4.00 4.33 4.23 Rabi 3.47 3.27 2.33 3.20 3.13 5. Timeliness of water supply Kharif 4.33 4.00 4.00 4.33 4.27 Rabi 3.33 3.30 2.03 3.40 3.30 6. Frequency of water supply Kharif 4.57 4.47 4.07 4.53 4.37 Rabi 3.47 3.33 2.00 3.47 3.27 7. Equity in water supply Kharif 4.87 4.80 4.17 4.73 4.47 Rabi 3.23 3.00 2.00 3.27 2.87 8. Water supply against demand Kharif 4.20 4.13 4.13 4.40 4.00 Rabi 3.53 3.27 2.17 3.27 3.20 9. Awareness of irrigation supply schedule Kharif 4.57 4.47 4.27 4.67 4.57 Rabi 3.40 3.33 2.07 3.47 3.37 *Minimum and maximum possible score is 1 and 5, respectively WUA1, WUA2 and WUA4 under left distributary participation and financial management. Water and WUA6 and WUA7 under right distributary) management by the WUAs (WUA1 and WUA6) in taking farmers' responses on a total of 20 parameters head reach is found to be poor with score <2.0 related to issues like participation, operation and especially with respect to the efforts to save water management, water management, financial (Table 40). It is interesting to note that performance management and organizational linkage on 5 point of WUAs in head reach is relatively less effective as continuum scale. WUA's performance with respect compared to middle and tail reach as head reach to operation and management and organizational always faces fewer problems related to irrigation linkage is found better (score >3.0) as compared to service to the farmers. Table 40. Performance of WUAs as perceived by the farmers Particulars Performance mean score* WUA1 WUA2 WUA4 WUA6 WUA7 (n=15) (n=15) (n=15) (n=15) (n=15) A. Level of participation 1.Leadership capability 3.13 3.80 3.53 3.07 3.87 2. Members awareness about WUA status 1.73 2.80 2.60 1.53 3.00 3. Productive meetings 1.80 2.67 2.53 1.60 3.00 4. Voluntary physical/ labour contribution 1.80 2.20 3.00 1.80 2.93 74 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 5. Voluntary financial contribution 1.73 2.20 3.00 1.73 2.93 6. Social Audit/ Transparency 1.87 2.60 2.60 1.67 3.33 Mean value 2.01 2.71 2.88 1.90 3.18 B. Operation and Management 7. Removal of silt and weeds 2.93 3.40 3.20 2.80 3.67 8. Repairs/maintenance of structure 2.33 3.13 2.60 2.27 3.20 9. Protection of structure 2.27 3.07 2.60 2.00 3.20 10. Dispute management 2.13 3.40 2.93 2.07 3.47 Mean value 2.42 3.25 2.83 2.28 3.38 C. Water management 11. Adequate and timely water supply 2.70 3.47 3.20 2.53 3.40 12. Information about water distribution 2.20 2.80 2.40 2.07 2.87 13. Efforts to save water 1.05 1.60 1.20 1.07 1.60 Mean value 1.96 2.62 2.27 1.89 2.62 D. Financial management 14. Fund generation 2.80 3.20 3.33 2.80 3.60 15. Utilisation of maintenance and 2.07 2.87 2.93 1.93 3.27 operation fund 16. Financial audit 2.07 2.87 2.53 1.80 3.27 Mean value 2.31 2.98 2.94 2.18 3.38 E. Organizational linkage 17. Horizontal linkages with other WUAs 2.60 4.07 3.73 2.20 4.00 18. Vertical linkages 2.33 3.60 3.40 2.13 3.47 19. Information and communication 2.07 3.00 3.00 1.93 3.00 20. Discussion with competent authority 1.93 2.33 2.60 1.80 2.87 Mean value 2.23 3.25 3.18 2.02 3.33 Overall WUA performance 2.19 2.96 2.82 2.05 3.18 *Minimum and maximum possible score is 1 and 5, respectively Performance of agriculture in the command 6 (31% i.e. 135 ha out of 491 ha CCA). Maximum Out of 3780 ha cultivable command area (CCA) of cropped area (70%) in rabi is under WUA 7 (220 ha the system, 3756.6 ha in kharif and 1369 ha in rabi out of 313 ha CCA) followed by WUA 1 (58%) and cultivated and received irrigation (Table 41 and WUA 3 (55%) due to relatively better irrigation 42). The CCA under the WUAs varies from 275 ha availability being located at head reach. Vegetable to 501 ha. The CCA under WUA 5 and WUA 10 followed by greengram and sugarcane are being located in the tail end of right distributary dominant crops in rabi while rice is predominant and left distributary respectively did not receive crop followed by sugarcane during kharif. Head any irrigation in rabi season that resulted no and tail end dichotomy is reflective in term of cropping. WUA 9 covered 27% area under cropping inequity in availability of irrigation and lower (135 ha out of 287 ha CCA) in rabi followed by WUA cropping intensity, production and income. Table 41: WUA wise cropping area (ha) irrigated during kharif season Crop WUA1 WUA2 WUA3 WUA4 WUA5 WUA6 WUA7 WUA8 WUA9 WUA10 Total Paddy 318.96 410.83 248.30 327.77 375.59 252.30 284.60 461.80 467.77 310.08 3458 Maize 10 3 2 10.60 15 12 12.5 12.5 11.4 0 89 Vegetable 8 4 7 7 6.5 5 6 5 6.5 0 55 Chilli 0.5 1 24020.5000 10 Sugarcane 14.5 14.91 15.65 17.45 24.73 15.71 9.65 18.40 0 13.60 144.6 Total 351.96 433.74 279.95 366.82 421.82 287.01 313.25 497.7 485.67 323.68 3756.6 Command area 351.96 436.74 274.95 366.82 428.82 287.01 313.25 501.7 491.67 327.08 3780 Irrigated 100.00 99.31 100.00 100.00 98.37 100.00 100.00 99.20 98.78 98.96 99.51 area (%) DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 75 Table 42: WUA wise cropping area (ha) irrigated during rabi season Crop WUA1 WUA2 WUA3 WUA4 WUA5 WUA6 WUA7 WUA8 WUA9 WUA10 Total Paddy 17 0 5604300 0 35 Maize 1 0 2202021 0 10 Mung 28 90 17 32 0 7 35 56 15 0 280 Biri 4 10 2502575 0 40 Pigeon pea 0 0 1100111 0 5 Groundnut 2 0 1301111 0 10 Mustard 0 2 0000000 0 2 Sunflower 8 4 6 10 0 4 5 6 5 0 48 Potato 1 1 1201211 0 10 Onion 2 2 3201110 0 12 Vegetable 111 63 90 84 0 41 156 121 91 0 757 Chilli 0 0 0101111 0 5 Garlic 0 1 1101000 0 4 Coriander 3 2 3402312 0 20 Sugarcane 27 5 18 22 0 24 8 15 12 0 131 Total 204 180 150 175 0 91 221 213 135 0 1369 Command area 351.96 436.74 274.95 366.82 428.82 287.01 313.25 501.7 491.67 327.08 3780 Irrigated 57.96 41.21 54.56 47.71 0.00 31.71 70.55 42.46 27.46 0.00 36.22 area (%) To understand farming scenario in the whole Although direct sown paddy area is higher in both command areas a survey was conducted covering middle and tail reach; however, about 45 % area a total sample of 90 farmers (30 farmers is found under transplanted paddy. The representing each of head, middle and tail reach productivity of paddy ranges from 1.3 to 1.5 t of the system). The average farm size in the head per ha. Fertilizer application is less than the reach is about one ha while it is 2.42 and 2.06 acre recommended dose. Greengram, groundnut and in middle and tail reach, respectively. The sunflower are the main crops during rabi season cultivated area both in kharif and rabi season is less which fetch higher income for the farmers. The in tail reach as compared to head and middle average yields of sugarcane, vegetable, maize, reach. Paddy is the main crop in kharif season. pulses and oilseeds crops are 60, 8, 5, 0.68 and Transplanted paddy area is higher in head reach. 0.74 t per ha, respectively. (S. Ghosh, P.S. Brahmanand, P. Nanda and D.U. Patil) TRACKING CHANGE IN RURAL POVERTY IN HOUSEHOLD AND VILLAGE ECONOMIES IN SOUTH ASIA The project aims to understand the dynamic household population was done by household process for reducing poverty in the poverty-laden census survey and later 40 sample from each four agro-ecologies by tracking the household and villages across farm size groups were identified village economies continuously. The project is as sample farmers. Regular high frequecy data initiated in four selected villages of Dhenkanal being collected on monthly basis to enhance and Balangir district in Orissa. Two villages from availability of reliable household, individual, field two blocks in each district were taken as sample specific, plot level data on agriculture, labour, villages. Complete enumeration of village expenditure, incomes and consumption several 76 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 times throughout the year to address the castes and other backward castes are in almost dynamics of economic, social and institutional equal proportion of.13.75%. Schedule Tribes are development. less in number. Most of the large farmer households are forward caste and landless Social and demographic data of household are schedule castes. Mostly Khandayat Chandrasekharpur study village reveals that paika (General caste), Pana and Hadi (Schedule maximum number of people belongs to the age caste) and Milk man (Other backward class) live group of 31 to 60 years i.e. 545 followed by the in the village. age group 17 to 30 years. By combining these two groups, a large portion (65.91%) of population are No land in the village is irrigable. So the agriculture in this earning age. But out of this, sizable is fully depended on rainfall. The average operated population has little land or no land. The land land area in case of Landless is 0.21 acre which is distribution suggests 747 out of 1376 have no land more than the size of land holding. So they cultivate or little land. So it is clearly visible that wide available land more intensively contrary to the spread disparity in land distribution is present in large farmers, as the average operated land area village and contributes to their poor economic is less than average size of land holding. Inequality status and non-availability of agricultural of land distribution in the village household can livelihood options. be best observed by the Lorenz curve (Fig 52), the curvature distance from the equalitarial (straight) Among working population, 53.55% of line in the unequal distribution of the land in the households earn their livelihood from agriculture village. Almost 75 percent population household (40% as cultivator and 13% as agricultural worker) enjoy only 25 percent of village land. This is also followed by 32.60% of people by non-farm worker supported by the Gini Coefficient (0.597.459) and (Fig 1). Most of the people from landless category Theil Index (0.698958) in the chandrasekharpur sustain by working in others field as they have village. Migration from the village also reported inadequate land to cultivate. About 13.11 percent as 49.10% of people among large farmers migrate households are employed in different in order to get a job fallowed by 16.77% for government. works, provide an additional source education. But the picture is completely reverse of income with agriculture and strengthen the among landless farmers, who migrate for earning economic status of these groups. Social daily wage (35.71%) and to do miscellaneous composition in the village suggests that 68.04% works (25%). households are of forward caste (Fig 50). Schedule Fig. 50: Occupational Diversification DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 77 Fig. 51 : Social composition across farmers category Fig 52: Lorenz curve of land distribution in the Chandrasekharpur sample village (Mukesh Kr. Sinha, Prabhakar Nanda, Ashwani Kumar) SCALING UP OF WATER PRODUCTIVITY IN AGRICULTURE FOR LIVELIHOODS THROUGH TEACHING CUM DEMONSTRATION AND TRAINING OF TRAINERS AND FARMERS During the year 2010-2011, 25 farmers training poverty line (APL). Caste wise distribution of programmes were organized under various the farmer-trainees revealed that 786 farmers ecosystems in ten districts of Orissa where were of general category while 572,182, 49 were agricultural water management issues were of OBC, SC and ST respectively. Based on discussed. A total of 1589 farmers were trained, location specific problems of the farmers, out of which 1308 were male and 281 were trainings were also imparted to them on efficient female farmers. Out of total farmers, 878 were utilization of water in crop production for below poverty line (BPL) and 711 were above enhancing water productivity. Table 43 : Details of Training Programmes organized during 2010-11 Slno Duration of Place Name of the Coordinators Training 1 12-18 Nov 2010 Durgapur, Khurda Dr. N. Sahoo, Dr. PSB Anand 2 12-18 Nov 2010 Pattamundai, Kendrapara Dr. R.K. Panda, Dr. Rajbir Singh 3 12-18 Nov 2010 Belpada, Dhenkanal Er. S. Mohanty, Dr. K.G. Mandal 4 12-18 Nov 2010 Ranital, Bhadrak Dr. S. Roy Chowdhury, Dr. S. Ghosh 5 12-18 Nov 2010 Purana Pradhan, Khurda Dr. G. Kar, Dr. M.J. Kaledhonkar 6 7-13 Dec 2010 Erasama, Jagatsinghpur Dr. M. Das, Dr. O.P. Verma 7 7-13 Dec 2010 Erbang, Puri Dr. P. Nanda, Dr. M.K. Sinha 8 7-13 Dec 2010 Brahmagiri,Puri Dr. S.K. Rautaray, Dr. M. Ray Chaudhuri 9 7-13 Dec 2010 Kotapur,Jajpur Dr. S.K. Jena, Dr. H. Chakravorty 10 7-13 Dec 2010 Nuapur Sindhia,Balasore Dr. R.K.Mohanty, Dr. A.K. Thakur 11 15-21 Jan 2011 Mendhasal, Khurda Dr. A. Mishra, Dr. M.S. Behera 12 15-21 Jan 2011 Bhuinpur, Kendrapara Dr. P.Nanda, Dr. M.J. Kaledhonkar 13 15-21 Jan 2011 Matikot,Athgarh, Cuttack Dr. Rajbir Singh, Dr. R.K. Panda 14 15-21 Jan 2011 Nathpur, Sisupal,Khurda Dr. S. Raychaudhuri, Dr. S.K.Srivastava 15 15-21 Jan 2011 Daspalla,Nayagarh Dr. K.G. Mandal, Dr. S. Ghosh 16 6-12 Feb 2011 Madan, Kendrapara Dr. N. Sahoo, Dr. PSB Anand 78 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 17 6-12 Feb 2011 Bhailipur, Puri Dr. S. K. Routaray, Dr. S. Raut 18 6-12 Feb 2011 Tikarpara, Khurda Dr. M. Raychaudhuri, Dr. S. Raychaudhuri 19 6-12 Feb 2011 Kamakhyanagar, Dhenkanal Dr. M.K. Sinha, Dr. O.P. Verma 20 6-12 Feb 2011 Mendhasal, Khurda Dr. Rajbir Singh, Dr. M.S. Behera 21 21-27 Feb 2011 Durgadevi, Balasore Dr. G. Kar, Dr. O. P. Verma 22 21-27 Feb 2011 Kurangapradhan, Cuttack Dr. S.K. Jena, Dr. H. Chakraborty, 23 21-27 Feb 2011 Kantapada, Cuttack Er. S. Mohanty, Dr. S. Ghosh 24 21-27 Feb 2011 Bayanapada, Khurda Dr. K.G. Mandal, Dr. Deepa Samant 25 21-27 Feb 2011 Babujang, Cuttack Dr. A. K. Thakur, Er. D.U. Patil Table 44: Category of the farmers participated in Training Programmes during 2010-2011 Slno Duration of Place Total Male Female GN SC ST OBC BPL APL Training Trainee 1 12-18 Nov 2010 Durgapur, Khurda 61 59 2 61 0 0 0 29 32 2 12-18 Nov 2010 Pattamundei, Kendrapara 61 58 3 5 14 0 42 35 26 3 12-18 Nov 2010 Belpada, Dhenkanal 58 34 24 20 10 0 28 34 24 4 12-18 Nov 2010 Ranital, Bhadrak 68 37 31 33 14 4 17 23 45 5 12-18 Nov 2010 Purana Pradhan, Khurda 60 60 0 20 3 0 37 28 32 6 7-13 Dec 2010 Erasama, Jagatsinghpur 60 47 13 55 0 2 3 34 26 7 7-13 Dec 2010 Ebarang, Puri 71 55 16 21 7 0 43 39 32 8 7-13 Dec 2010 Brahmagiri,Puri 65 60 5 3 0 0 62 52 13 9 7-13 Dec 2010 Kothpada,Jajpur 60 54 6 60 0 0 0 30 30 10 7-13 Dec 2010 Sindhia,Balasore 66 43 23 28 0 14 24 31 35 11 15-21 Jan 2011 Mendhasal, Khurda 62 26 36 35 3 4 20 47 15 12 15-21 Jan 2011 Bhuinpur, Kendrapara 60 58 2 52 8 0 0 26 34 13 15-21 Jan 2011 Matikot, Athgarh 60 55 5 16 8 8 28 19 41 14 15-21 Jan 2011 Nathpur, Sisupal,Khurda 68 56 12 64 1 0 3 20 48 15 15-21 Jan 2011 Daspala,Nayagarh 67 67 0 13 4 1 49 35 32 16 6-12 Feb 2011 Madan, Kendrapara 60 60 0 40 11 3 6 43 17 17 6-12 Feb 2011 Bhailipur, Puri 60 57 3 54 1 0 5 55 5 18 6-12 Feb 2011 Tikarpada, Khurda 64 60 4 56 8 0 0 50 14 19 6-12 Feb 2011 Kamakhyanagar, 63 63 0 11 16 1 35 15 48 Dhenkanal 20 6-12 Feb 2011 Mendhasal, Khurda 58 8 50 18 0 7 33 44 14 21 21-27 Feb 2011 Durgadevi, Balasore 74 68 6 10 15 3 46 44 30 22 21-27 Feb 2011 Kurangapradhan, Cuttack 60 60 0 24 13 1 22 26 34 23 21-27 Feb 2011 Kantapada, Cuttack 75 63 12 8 37 0 30 59 16 24 21-27 Feb 2011 Bayanapada, Khurda 63 40 23 58 3 0 2 40 23 25 21-27 Feb 2011 Babujang, Cuttack 65 60 5 21 6 1 37 20 45 Total 1589 1308 281 786 182 49 572 878 711 Table 45: Details of District wise Training conducted under SWPA scheme during 2010-2011 Slno Name of Total Total Male Female GEN SC ST OBC BPL APL the District Training trainee 1 Khurda 7 436 309 127 312 18 11 95 258 178 2 Puri 3 196 172 24 78 8 0 110 146 50 3 Cuttack 4 260 238 22 69 64 10 117 124 136 4 Nayagarh 1 67 67 0 13 4 1 49 35 32 5 Kendrapada 3 181 176 5 97 33 3 48 104 77 6 Jajpur 1 60 54 6 60 0 0 0 30 30 7 Jagatsinghpur 1 60 47 13 55 0 2 3 34 26 8 Dhenkanal 2 121 97 24 31 26 1 63 49 72 9 Balasore 2 140 111 29 38 15 17 70 75 65 10 Bhadrak 1 68 37 31 33 14 4 17 23 45 Total 25 1589 1308 281 786 182 49 572 878 711 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 79 STRENGTHENING STATISTICAL COMPUTING FOR NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SYSTEM (NAIP COMPONENT 1 PROJECT) The Statistical Computational Hub of Directorate of advance statistical tools and techniques using of Water Management was assigned to conduct the SAS software. Out of these, 165 scientists one Software Installation Workshop, one completed 6-days training and 20 scientists trainers’ training program of one month and 6 received 30-days training. Besides, 22 nodal officers training programs of six days each for the have been trained for software installation and 17 scientists of 28 ICAR institutes and SAUs of research scholars of CARI, Port Blair have been eastern India. The "Software Installation trained under data analysis using SAS’. Institute- Workshop" was conducted at DWM, wise participants are given below: Bhubaneswar during 18-19 June 2010. In this 1. Bidhan Chnadra Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya workshop, installation training of the SAS (B.C.K.V), Klayani: 5 software was imparted to the 22 nodal officers 2. Birsa Agricultural University (BAU), Ranchi: 23 under the DWM Statistical Computing Hub. The SAS software was also handed over to all NARS 3. Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore: 22 organization of eastern India, which would be maintained by the nodal officers. The 30-days 4. Central Agricultural Research Institute trainer’s training program on "SAS: A (CARI), Port Blair: 37 Comprehensive Overview" was organized at 5. Central Inland Freshwater Aquaculture DWM, Bhubaneswar during 16 August-22 (CIFA), Bhubaneswar: 6 September 2010. Twenty scientists from eastern 6. Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI), India participated this training. Experts from the Cuttack: 6 SAS foundation company imparted the training. 7. Indian Institute of Natural Resins & Gums The first two 6-days training on "Data Analysis (IINRG), Ranchi: 2 using SAS" were organized during 22-27 8. Orissa University of Agriculture & November and 13-18 December, 2010 at DWM, Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar: 23 Bhubaneswar. The third 6-days training on "Data 9. West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Analysis using SAS" was organized during 17- Science (WBUAFS), Kolkata: 11 22 January, 2011 at Birsa Agricultural University 10. Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwa (BAU), Ranchi followed by the training at Jawalal Vidyalaya(IGKVV), Raipur: 1 Neheru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya (JNKVV), Jabalpur during 24-29 January 2011. The last two 11. Jawalal Neheru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya training programs "Data Analysis using SAS" (JNKVV), Jabalpur: 26 were conducted at Central Inland Fisheries 12. Directorate of Water Management (DWM), Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore and at Bhubaneswar: 11 Central Agricultural Research Institute (CARI), 13. Directorate of Women in Agriculture (DWA), Port Blair during 14-19 February and 01-07 Bhubaneswar: 1 March, 2011, respectively. 14. Directorate of Weed Science(DWS) , A total of 185 scientists and researchers of Jabalpur: 2 National Agricultural Research System in eastern 15. ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region region were trained regarding the application (RS), Ranchi: 3 80 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 16. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources. 18. IASRI: 1 Ranchi: 1 19. Uttar Banga Krishi Vishwavidyalaya , Cooch 17. National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Vihar: 2 Planning (NBSS & LUP), Kolkata: 1 (D.K. Panda and Gouranga Kar) FARMERS' PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH PROGRAMME (FPARP) The farmers' Participatory Action Research purchase of 25 treadle pump is in process which Programme (FPARP) in 2nd Phase has been will be installed in Dhenkanal district to extract started in January, 2011 at DWM, Bhubaneswar shallow ground water table. The selection of site in five districts of Orissa, viz., Puri, Dhenkanal, and farmers in Khurda district has been Balasore, Mayurbhanja and Khurda. The existing completed for demonstrating conjunctive use of climate, soil and socio-economic data of 5 study poor quality and fresh water with efficient districts were documented. In 2010-11, integrated irrigation method for crop production. technologies of irrigation, soil and crop management for higher productivity and water use efficiency in upland acid soil were demonstrated in 17 ha area involving 57 farmers of Mayurbhanj and Balasore districts. Efficient water harvesting, control of seepage, conveyance losses and effective utilization for supplemental irrigation were demonstrated in 7 farmers' field of those two districts. Improved on - farm irrigation system, irrigated scheduling and adoption of appropriate crops with agriculture through pond based farming under waterlogged ecosystems were demonstrated in Puri district Demonstration of pond based farming system in Puri of Orissa in 10 ha area involving 35 farmers. The district (Gouranga Kar, S.Raychaudhuri, R.K.Panda, Ashwani Kumar and O.P.Verma) DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 81 3. TRAININGS ORGANIZED FOR WOMEN EMPOWERMENT Altogether 281 women farmers were trained on at Nuagaon, Dhenkanal on 30.1.2011 and at different aspects water management through Mandapala, Dhenkanal on 1.2.2011. in which 11 farmers’ training on “Scaling-up water women farmers were trained. One-day exposure productivity in agriculture for livelihood”, visit of the farmers was organized for the farmers organized at 25 different locations covering 10 of Gunadei, Belpada and Kauniapala villages of districts Orissa. The duration of each training was Dhenkanal district. 51 farmers attended the one week. An orientation to achieve exposure visit program out of which 18 were empowerment through group approach was women. given to the women farmers during this training. The women farmers were also made aware about different schemes of state and central government for their empowerment and various vocations. Two one-day farmers training programs on 'Rainwater management for sustainable agriculture and rural livelihoods' were conducted On-going training session Women farmer giving feedback during training Director, DWM interacting with the women farmers during training 82 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 4. ALL INDIA CO-ORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECTS (AICRPs) AICRP ON Water Management for 70 to 80 minutes during winter and 80 to 155 minutes during summer on alternate days Salient achievements ¡ Farmers of AES III of South Gujarat heavy 25 network centres of AICRP on Water rainfall zone growing spider lily in canal Management are engaged in developing region command are advised to apply 20 irrigations, specific water use-efficient technologies for (IW/CPC= 1.0) each of 60 mm depth at an enhancing productivity and use-efficiency of interval of 13-15 days during winter (Nov. to available water resources in different agro- Feb.) and 7 – 10 days during summer (March ecological regions of the country. Following to June) for realizing higher bud yield and net recommendations have been brought out at profit as compared to farmers’ method different centres after extensive experimentation (standing water). Alternatively, farmers during the period of report. growing lily using canal as well as ground ¡ On the basis of three years study, it can be water conjunctively are advised to adopt drip recommended that spring sown rajmash should method of irrigation for saving irrigation water be planted on flat bed and should be irrigated up to 40 per cent without any reduction in the at seven days interval for higher yield and bud yield as compared to surface method of water use efficiency in sub-tropical plains of irrigation. Jammu region. Lateral spacing 1.80 mm ¡ Three year experimentation indicated that line Dripper spacing 0.90 mm sowing of maize resulted in at par yield with Drippier discharge 8 lph ridge sowing but significantly higher than Operating pressure 1.2 kg/cm2 dibbling/zero tillage method. Application of three irrigation at knee high stage, tasseling, Operating frequency Alternate day and silking stage was the most appropriate Operating time Winter: 75-100min schedule for higher yield under Jammu Summer:100-150 min condition. ¡ From the results obtained from ¡ Based on three years study, it can be experimentation, the farmer of AES – III of recommended that rabi chilli in lateritic soils South Gujarat heavy rainfall zone growing of Konkan should be grown under pointed gourd (local) as rabi-summer crop microsprinkler irrigation system scheduled at (spacing 1 x 2 m ) are advised to adopt drip 1.0 PE with recommended dose of fertilizers irrigation system along with black plastic mulch to achieve maximum productivity. (50μ) with 50 per cent area coverage for getting ¡ In light of the results obtained from 47, 37 and 42 per cent more yield, water saving experimentation, it is recommended that and net return, respectively than un-mulched banana (Cv. Grande Naine) should be grown control along with water saving up to 37 per as inter-crop in Arecanut plantation in its early cent. The system should be laid out at a lateral stage of development under drip irrigation distance of 2.0 m, dripper (4 lph) spacing of with irrigation schedule of 0.6 PE to get extra 1.0 m and be operated at 1.2 kg/cm2 pressure DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 83 income from intercropping in latertic soils of soybean, Bt-cotton, mustard, green gram, Konkan region. brinjal, etc. ¡ In Tawa command, on the basis of ¡ Water-use efficient cropping systems (paddy experimentation, it is recommended that based cropping system, rice-tomato, rice soybean should be planted either on raised groundnut; potato – onion) and intercropping bed or ridge furrow system for higher yield. systems (rice-maize + Potato; wheat + rajma) The best system was found under broad bed and their water requirement in relation to furrow (180 X 30 cm) planting which also other inputs have been evaluated in three resulted in maximum net monetary return and agro-ecological regions respectively. B.C. ratio. ¡ Surface irrigation methods with tillage and ¡ It is recommended that in Jayakawadi planting techniques have been standardized for command, sprinkler irrigation system (twin sandy loam soils for different crops and nozzle size of 3.18x5.55 mm) at with 12.2 x 12.2 cropping systems at Hisar, Pantnagar and 2 m spacing should be operated at 3.0 kg/cm Rahuri. operating pressure for irrigating wheat with 5 ¡ Assessed water demand and supply at cm depth at 5 critical growth stages (CRI, tillering, late jointing/ booting, flowering and distributaries/minor/sub-minor levels in milk stage) with one pre-sowing irrigation as different reaches of 12 command areas of the compared to raingun and surface irrigation country located in different agro-ecological methods for better yields and water use situations. Cropping system and plans have efficiency. been suggested for existing supply situation and canal rescheduling suggested for proposed All the net work centres are devloping location cropping systems. specific water use-efficient technologies for enhancing water productivity in major commands ¡ Irrigation scheduling under Sprinkler/ of different agro-ecological regions. Salient microsprinkler irrigation system have been research achievements for 2010-11 are briefly standardized for wheat in Hasedeo Bango summarized below. command, West Yamuna command in HIsar, and Jayakwadi command. ¡ Optimum irrigation schedules have been developed in System of Rice Intensification ¡ Irrigation scheduling for medicinal and (SRI) with respect to spacing, nutrient aromatic plants like Sarpgandha, Ashawganda management and weed management at and Spider lilly have been standardized in four Bilaspur, Gaeshpur, Jammu, Pantnagar, and agro-climatic regions. Pusa. ¡ Optimum drip irrigation schedules and ¡ Water management of cereals, pulses, oil seeds, fertigation levels have been standardized vegetables and cash crops have been evaluated for rice (Madurai), Bt-cotton (Bhatinda, in relation to other inputs like fertilizers, tillage Sriganganagar), sugarcane (Madurai, and integrated nutrient management etc. Rahuri), brinjal (Bhawanisagar, Bhatinda, Optimum irrigation schedules and critical Kota, Sriganganagar, ), capsicum and carrot growth stages for irrigation have been (Jorhat), okra (Prabhani) pointed gaurd identified in respect of rice, wheat, maize, (Navsari). 84 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 ¡ Basic studies were conducted with the objective system for higher profitability was developed. to determine consumptive use and stage-wise Similarly, technology has been developed for crop coefficients of newly released variety of in-situ conservation and carry-over of moisture late-sown wheat and sunflower. Nitrate for succeeding rabi crops. Improvement in movement in rice-wheat cropping system was hydrothermal regime has been achieved by use also studied at different soil depths under of organic mulches. Packages were also varying nitrogen doses. Production functions developed for enhancing productivity of for targeted yield in vegetable pea were rainwater by collection of run-off and land studied in rice-pea cropping system. Studies modification at Almora, Dapoli, Palampur and were made to evaluate the hydraulic Shillong. performance of overhead sprinkler and raingun Technology Assessed, Refined and Transferred irrigation systems were evaluated to optimize operating parameters for wheat under During the period of report, water management different irrigation schedule and fertilizer technologies developed at experimental stations levels. in different agro-climatic regions, have been tested in front line demonstrations on farmers’ ¡ Technologies of conjunctive cyclic use of saline fields. The important results are summerised underground water with canal water have below: been developed for wheat, and cotton at Bhatinda and Hisar. New studies have been ¡ Demonstration of improved water management initiated for other crops like potato and okra. technology of scheduling 5 cm irrigation at 3 Similarly, integrated use of different DAD in shallow tubewell command of Jorhat -1 amendments (gypsum, Zinc and press mud) produced 4.40 and 5.62 t ha grain yields of with the use of saline water were studied in Ahu and Boro rice respectively which was at cotton, wheat and grapes in Bhatinda. par with farmers’ practice of continuous submergence and irrigation at 1 DAD. ¡ Performance of soyabean was demonstrated Improved practice saved 50 and 46 percent of under surface drainage in sandy loam soils of irrigation water and attained higher water-use Bilaspur, Jorhat and Pantnagar. Similarly, efficiency of 99.53 and 77.67 kgha-1 cm-1 optimum depth of drainage and spacing of respectively for Ahu and Boro rice. Similarly, channels were determined for sesamum in demonstrations conducted at Bilaspur with Jorhat. improved water management technology of ¡ Water management of horticultural crops like transplanting, recommended dose of fertilizer banana, coconut, cashew nut, oil-palm, mango, and continuous submergence (5+2 cm) papaya, pineapple, were evaluated in relation increased rice yield to the tune of 27percent to fertigation doses and mulching at Jorhat, over traditional method. Bilaspur, Celukudy, Chiplima, Gayeshpur, ¡ Improved water management technology of Navasari, Prabhani, and Jorhat. scheduling irrigation at 5 ±2 cm standing water ¡ In high rainfall hilly areas, packages were and refilling it 1-3 days after disappearance of developed for soybean-wheat; rice-wheat; ponding water produced 3.97 and 4.07 t ha-1 broccoli-French bean and other vegetable grain yield of rice in Andheri and Manasgaon based cropping systems. Diversification with distributory respectively which was 5.1 and 5.7 vegetables in traditional cereal based cropping percent higher over farmers’ practice of DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 85 continuous submergence and saved about 53 tillage practices (cultivation with cultivator one cm irrigation water. Further, system of rice pass followed by rotavator) produced 2.38 t ha- intensification (SRI) with planting of 10-12 days 1 grain yield of wheat which is about 29% higher old seedlings (Cv. Pusa Sugndha-4) at a spacing as compared to conventional practice of two of 25 x 25 cm and maintenance of saturated pass of cultivator followed by one planking condition by intermittent light irrigation up under flood irrigation. However, at Pusa, to panicle initiations and then shallow standing improved water management practices of water (2 cm up to panicle initiation. and 4 cm. scheduling three irrigations each of 6 cm depth for rest of the period) produced 16 and 15 per at CRI+ jointing+milking stages produced 3.19 cent higher grain yield respectively at LMC t ha-1 wheat grain yield, 14 percent higher over and RMC distributory. In SRI, 67 cm of farmers practice and saved 6 cm irrigation irrigation water was applied as compared to water. At Kota, improved water management farmers practice where 135 cm irrigation water technology of four irrigations of 6 cm depth each was used. Thus, a saving of 68 cm of irrigation at CRI, late tillering, flowering and milk stages water was observed in paddy cultivation under by border strip method of irrigation produced -1 system of rice intensification. 4.97, 4.87 and 4.67 t ha wheat grain yield respectively in Head, Middle and tail of ¡ In vertisol of Powarkhera, improved practice Andheri and Manasgaon distributory, of irrigation at 1 DAD under System of Rice respectively. Improved practice saved 16 cm Intensification (SRI) resulted into production irrigation water over farmers’ practice and -1 of 4.43 tha grain yield of rice which was 25 % resulted in 4-7% higher grain yield. more than conventional farmers’ practices of ¡ At Jorhat, improved practice of 6 cm irrigation transplanting method with continuous at flowering stage in rapeseed grown after submergence. However, at Pusa, improved kharif rice produced 54 % higher over farmers’ practice of 7 cm irrigation at 3 DAD under SRI practice. The technology clearly demonstrated along with recommended dose of fertilizer that instead of keeping the land fallow after produced 5.79 t ha-1 grain yield of rice, which kharif rice, rapeseed may be feasible rabi crop were 27 % higher over farmers’ practice and in deep and shallow tube-well command area saved 12 cm irrigation water. Further, of Assam. Further, improved practice of comparative performance of SRI and provision of surface drainage at (15 cm deep conventional transplanting across the locations, and 25 cm wide) at 6 m spacing resulted in 36% the results of demonstrations showed that SRI higher yield of Kharif moong than the farmers’ practice was superior to conventional practice of provision of no drainage. No water transplanting in lower hills, Bhabar and in Tarai stagnation was observed in the fields where areas. The response of SRI practice was less in drainage demonstrations were placed. Tarai area due to high level of management under conventional transplanting. The mean ¡ In North-western Rajasthan, front line advantage with SRI was 20.3 per cent higher demonstrations on drip irrigation in cotton were organized at 45 locations in grain yield over conventional transplanting. Sriganganagar and Hanumangarh districts ¡ At Bilaspur, improved water management indicated 19 percent higher seed cotton yield technology of border strip irrigation along with and resulted into 35 percent saving in water. 86 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 ¡ At Faizabad, growing of pigeon pea on raised The new system also provides nutritional beds in paired rows intercropped with 5 rows security to the farmer in addition to higher net of rice in sunken beds or pigeon pea on raised returns. beds in paired rows at 50 cm intercropped with ¡ During the period of report, more than forty 3 rows of urd (black gram) on raised beds were research papers were published and more than found more productive and remunerative over eighty papers were presented in national pure stand of both the crops at tail end of the seminars/conference/symposium etc. About 13 minor under poor availability of water whereas technical bulletins and more than fifty popular at head of distributor rice-potato-okra is the articles in national and local magazines were most remunerative cropping system with published besides more than twenty five maximum net return (Rs. 104294/ha) and B:C manuals on different aspects of water ratio (1.98) with conjunctive use of water management in different agro-ecological zones. resources. More than 35 radio and television talks on ¡ At Powarkhera, coriander produced 1.12 t ha- different issues of efficient water management 1 seed and 4.04 t ha -1 green leaves yield as were delivered. against 4.47 t ha-1 of wheat under assured AICRP on Ground Water Utilization irrigation. The value of net return (Rs.48630 ha-1) and B.C. ratio (4.0) with coriander were Nine centres were operating under the All India considerably higher as compared to wheat coordinated Research Project on Optimization of (Rs.38548 ha-1). Groundwater Utilization for taking research and extension work in the field of regional groundwater ¡ Demonstration of improved practice of 4 cm assessment and modeling; conjunctive use of irrigation at 20 days interval in shallow surface and groundwater in canal command areas; tubewell command produced 17 and 19 percent artificial groundwater recharge studies; higher fruit yield of tomato and chilli over groundwater pollution studies and transfer of farmers’ conventional practice and resulted into technologies developed at different centres. Salient 35 and 27 percent saving in water in tomato research achievements of the AICRP centres during and chilli, respectively. Similarly, in brinjal, 2010-11 are given below. improved practice of 4 cm irrigation at 18 days interval produced 17 % higher brinjal fruit Regional groundwater assessment and modeling yield and resulted into 31 percent saving in The long-term behaviour of water table in Punjab water in Jorhat district of Assam. for 1998-2009 was studied using GIS and it is ¡ Raised and sunken bed technique for revealed that during the last 11 years (1998 – 2009), improving water productivity in lowlands is the state faced an average groundwater fall of 38 very effective than conventional system of rice cm due to rice-wheat crop rotation. Districts with cultivation. Rs. 35000 - 40000/ha required for an average fall of greater than 50 cm were modification of land into raised and sunken identified as Sangrur (92 cm), Moga (74cm), bed system can be recovered within 1 to 2 Jalandhar (71 cm), Patiala (60 cm), Kapurthala (59 years in most of the cases. It is observed that cm) and Ludhiana (53 cm). The average water the net return from the land using the raised table depth was 7.54 m in 1998 and 11.76 m in and sunken bed system is more than 1.5 times 2009 thus indicating an average annual fall of 38 compared to that of the conventional system. cm. The area under water table depth of 3–10 m DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 87 is treated as safe. Area under this category has water towards recharge was estimated as 41.87 decreased from 75.25 percent of state area in 1998 percent. to 39.13 percent in 2009. The area under 10-20 m Ground water Assessment study was conducted increased from 19.17 percent of state area in 1998 in Upper Narmada Basin, comprises of five to 41.25 percent in 2009. From 1998 to 2006, the districts namely Mandla, Dindori, Jabalpur, trend in rate of groundwater fall was increasing; Narsighpur and Hoshangabad. Based on the however, the rate has decreased after 2006. water level fluctuation method proposed by GEC The study was planned to estimate pump discharge 1997 the ground water recharge during monsoon and power requirement of the agricultural pump comes to be 56525, 59843, 75431 and 79743 ha-m sets for different agro climatic zones of Punjab for Dindori+Mandla, Jabalpur, Narsinghpur and for different farm sizes. Discharge requirement Hshangabad district, respectively. A GIS based of pump was found as 3.13 l/s for wheat crop method is proposed and used to compute ground and 5.25 l/s for paddy crop for an area of 1 ha water recharge. The values for ground water assuming 8 hours pump operation. Power recharge were computed as 94570, 116405,108163, requirement for paddy-wheat rotation for depth 130849 ha m for Dindori+Mandla, Jabalpur+ Katni, to water table as 5 m to 35 m was found out to be Narsinghpur and Hshangabad districts, 4.98 H.P. to 24.92 H.P. for an area of 4 ha, respectively. respectively. Thus, power requirement of The static and dynamic groundwater potential of irrigation pump, for paddy-wheat rotation, for different blocks of Rajsamand district of Rajasthan zone 1 and zone 5 of Punjab was 7.64 HP, for zone was estimated. The groundwater potential of 2 and 3 was 10.3 HP and for zone 4 was 6.32 HP Railmagra block (10.81 million m3) is lowest for an area of 4.0 ha. followed by Khamnore block (31.01 million m3). The study was conducted for estimation of The stage of groundwater development is highest ground water potential of Tarai region of in Bhim block followed by the Railmagra block. Uttarakhand and to establish experimentally the All the blocks are over exploited as stage of return flow from irrigation in cropped area. On groundwater development is more than 100 the basis of recharge due to rainfall and irrigation percent. water and net ground water draft, stage of The Thematic maps of soil, drainage, and land development, for year 2009 was found to be use were generated for Wakal basin. The pumping 65.89 percent putting the district under grey tests were conducted at four locations viz Mokhi, category. Out of six blocks of Udham Singh Kirat, Falasia and Ogna. Transmissivity and Nagar district, three blocks namely Kashipur, storage coefficients were determined by Sitarganj and Khatima come under grey category analysis of pumping test data by Papadopulos- while remaining three block namely Bajpur, Cooper method and varied from 88 to 240 m2/ Gadarpur and Rudrapur fall under white day and from 0.0011 to 0.015, respectively. category. It was observed from the chemical analysis of the ground water of the study area Ground water resources for irrigation in Southern that, in general, the ground water was suitable districts of Bihar were assessed on Pilot basis. The for irrigation purposes. Contribution of rainfall net ground water availability was worked out to -m to recharge was estimated as 7.87 percent. be 82731.93 ha for Patna district and 88783.47 -m Similarly, average contribution of irrigation ha for Gaya district. The net ground water 88 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 availability for future irrigation development for Conjunctive use of groundwater Patna and Gaya district were 35403.33 and Block wise assessment of water resources in Bist 45643.27 ha m, respectively. The stage of ground Doab Tract of Punjab showed that total available water development in Patna and Gaya districts water resource for irrigation was 505 mm out of were found to be 57.20 and 48.59 percent, which groundwater, rainfall and canal water respectively, indicating that Patna and Gaya contribute 68, 26, and 6 percent, respectively. The districts fall under the safe category and have average seasonal ET demand of the region was good potential for future ground water 521 mm for kharif season and 275 mm for rabi season. development. There was average annual water deficit of 255996 The Visual MODFLOW can simulate hydraulic ha-m i.e. 145945 ha-m (57%) in kharif and 110052 head for a multi-layered aquifer system of Upper ha-m (43%) in rabi season. There is a need of crop Mahanadi watershed satisfactorily for both steady diversification as well as adoption of different state and transient state condition. The calibrated techniques for saving of irrigation water. values of hydraulic conductivity (1.9282 x 10-5 m/ The 100 percent adoption of laser leveller in rice- sec) and storage coefficient (9.09 x 10-5 m-1) for wheat system of Punjab can reduce the first layer were found to be appropriate for groundwater draft 19 cm. Assuming 2700000 ha modelling the groundwater levels satisfactorily area under paddy, per year working period for under both steady state and transient state laser leveler as 90 days and per day output of conditions. Similarly, calibrated values of laser leveler as 2 ha, total number of laser leveler hydraulic conductivity and storage coefficient required in Punjab to cover the entire paddy belt were found for second and third layers also. within 3 years is estimated as 5000. The use of Adequately calibrated Visual MODFLOW can be laser leveler in rabi season need to be popularized applied for developing the management scenario to make the efficient use of laser leveler. for both kharif and rabi seasons by simulating the hydraulic heads for different years. The study was taken up in Mahadev distributary canal command area of Tumaria Bahalla feeder The groundwater potential of South West in district Udham Singh Nagar of Uttarakhand Saurashtra region, Gujarat was estimated as 4230 and district Moradabad of Uttar Pradesh. The million cubic metre. Recharge from direct rainfall surface texture of the soil varies from sandy loam estimated as 1505.06 million cubic metre in the to clay loam. The major crops grown in the region. Based on these two recharge values, command are paddy and sugarcane in the kharif recharge from recharge structures in region was season and wheat in the rabi Season. The ground estimated as 2724.94 million cubic metre. The water development is under safe and semi critical region was also divided on the basis of category. Optimal crop plan for the command area groundwater quality classes for irrigation. During was developed considering canal water and post- monsoon season about 91.37 % area is under ground water availability. Crop areas under Good class, remaining 8.63 % area under degraded optimal conjunctive water plan are 4988, 110, 85, classes namely Marginal Saline and < 1% area 110, 175, 1400, 90, 5341 and 217 ha, respectively, under Marginal Alkaline. Area under good class for wheat, lahi, potato, pea, vegetable, sugarcane, decreases and area under other classes increases berseem, rice, and soyabean. The aggregate net during pre monsoon period. Maps showing return obtained is Rs. 50.4463 million. The increase irrigation classes for groundwater were prepared. in aggregate net return is about 13.34 percent over DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 89 existing plan. If the excess canal water supply The water productivity of two rice varieties was flowing wastefully during kharif season is stored estimated in Pusa block of Samastipur District of by constructing the water harvesting structures in Bihar. The water productivity for gross irrigation the command area, it can be used for irrigating ranged from 0.26 kgm3 to 0.41 kgm3 for hybrid the crops in rabi season, when crop water demand 6444 with an average of 0.35 kgm3 and 0.31 kgm3 is more than the availability of canal water or when to 0.42 kgm3 for MTU-7029 with an average of there is no canal water supply and this will also 0.38 kgm3. It indicated that 2858 liter water was reduce the actual net ground water requirement. used to produce one kilogram of paddy of hybrid variety whereas MTU 7029 variety of paddy In order to evaluate the irrigation system physical, required 2632 litre water for same purpose. The financial, maintenance and sustainability average cost of watering for hybrid 6444 was Rs parameters were computed for Jhansi, Jamuniya, 5536 compared to Rs 4529 for MTU7029 variety Pipariya and Dulhakheda minor commands in of paddy. Madhya Pradesh during the year 2009-10. It was found that Jhansi minor command area has very Conjunctive water use planning of Selud poor performance.Three blocks of the Jabalpur distributary command of Tandula canal command district are irrigated by the L.B.C. of RABS project in Durg district of Chhattisgarh was planned. viz. Bargi, Shahapura and Patan. The designed Present share of surface and ground water under potential command area is 51376 ha but the actual conjunctive use is 58.37 and 41.63 percent, irrigation is only in 8399 ha. Reasons for less respectively. Suitable water harvesting structures irrigated area are seepage from canals, rising are required to harvest monsoon runoff. Use of water table, poor maintenance of water courses surface water at 80.12 percent and ground water and not functioning of WUAs. Seepage in Lalpur at 19.88 percent is suggested to keep the stage of and Khulri minor command area is creating development as 65 percent (i.e. safe category). It problem. In order to control this situation strategy may help in irrigating entire net sown area without of implementation of conjunctive use of surface undesirable effects on groundwater. and ground water in high water table areas was Artificial groundwater recharge planned. Additional ground water structures are proposed in Bargi Command Area to control rise The performance of modified composite filter of water table. using surface runoff through gravity well was studied at Ludhiana, Punjab. It was estimated that Conjunctive use of canal water and marginally recharge rate up to 32 lps can be achieved by saline groundwater for wheat cultivation under modified design of the filtration unit. In general calcareous soil of Bundi District of Rajasthan recharge rate was higher than 26 lps was revealed that growth, yield attributes, and yield observed. There is need to regularly monitor the of wheat, similar to canal water use, were filtration unit especially during rainy season as achieved under conjunction of water use mode there are chances of clogging of filter material due of two irrigations with canal water followed by to presence of foreign matters in surface runoff. one-irrigation with marginally saline Also performance evaluation of two gravity type groundwater. There was no significant reduction recharge tube wells (installed near university Gate in economic production of wheat. Thus 33 percent No.4 and Gate No. 6) was continued during rainy fresh water can be saved under conjunctive water season. Recharge rate of structure at Gate no. 4 use of canal and saline groundwater. was comparable with structure at gate No.6. 90 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 However, it was observed that recharge rate Parambikulam Aliyar Project basin in Tamil Nadu reduced drastically after heavy storm due to with an average recharge of 10.94 percent. The damage nylon filter mesh and entry of eroded recharge was found highest in the year1992 and soil from side walls. Damaged nylon meshes of lowest in the year 2000. The recharge contribution both the structures were also replaced and filter is varying with rainfall and water withdrawal material was cleaned. pattern in the area. The recharge due to North- East monsoon is better than South west monsoon. The experiment was conducted by Rahuri centre This recharge contribution is not sufficient for to study time of filtration and filtration efficiency sustainability of groundwater resources in the of different sand gravel filters developed for the basin. Effectiveness of different artificial recharge artificial groundwater recharge through irrigation structures is being studied in Vadachitur watershed wells. It was found from the study that, the of Tamil Nadu. different filter materials with different thickness and grades influenced the velocity of flow, time On the basis of groundwater recharge assessment study for constructed pond by Udaipur centre it of filtration, discharge and filtration efficiency. The was observed that average recharge was10.34 cm filtration efficiency increased with increase in per day whereas net recharge volume was 7873.20 thickness of filter material. The three layer filter m3. The water level in nearby irrigation wells comprising of Angular Gravel Grade I (9.5 to 15.5 increased significantly due to recharge. mm) and Pea Gravel Grade II (6.0 to 10.0mm) of 45 cm thickness each and Coal Grade I (4.0 to 8.0 Performance of artificial groundwater recharge mm)of 15 cm thickness should be recommended structures in the Kurudihnala watershed in for the high discharge while the four layer filter Chhattigarh was evaluated. The three percolation comprising Sand Grade I (0.6-2.0 mm), Pea Gravel tanks and nine check dams existed in the study Grade I (2.0-6.0 mm) and Angular Gravel Grade I area were considered. Recharge from percolation (9.5-15.5 mm) of 45 cm thickness each and Coal tanks and check dams was estimated as 15651.841 3 3 Grade I (4.0-8.0mm) of 15 cm thickness should be m and 1334.2064 m , respectively. The artificial recommended for low discharge. ground water recharge structures showed positive impact on water levels of tube wells. A laboratory experiment was conducted by Farmers were benefited from improved Jabalpur centre for evaluation of a suitable filter availability of groundwater resulting in increased with combination of different size of gravel, sand, crop production. and coir. In all water filters with coir pad as part Quantity of groundwater recharge and the crop of water filter had lower value of turbidity i.e. water requirements in Meghal River Basin of 22.33 NTU than water filters without coir pad Saurashtra region were assessed using remote which had turbidity as 32.26 NTU. In case of long sensing and GIS. The efficient utilization of duration (24 hrs) experiment, water filter 10 cm available groundwater in region was suggested sand depth exhibited significantly higher water so as to bring additional area under irrigation. pass rate (12.35 lph) and water filter with coir Out of total groundwater recharge of 12592 ha-m, pad and 30 cm sand thickness had significantly 7473 ha-m can be used to irrigate horticultural crops lower (9.97 lph) water pass rate than rest of the through micro-irrigation system. Remaining 5119 water filters. ha-m water can be used for field crops. If this 5119 The groundwater recharge is varying between ha m water is applied through sprinkler, 11201 3.39 -21.61 percent hard rock areas of the ha area can be brought under wheat. DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 91 Groundwater pollution of effluent in water body. Effluent discharge in Groundwater samples of Ballipur village near Gola River was the main cause for its pollution. Hambran road along Budha Nala were assessed Concentrations of all chemical parameters were by Ludhiana centre for heavy metals Cd, Fe, Cr, decreasing along the course of effluent indicating Pb, As, Zn and Ni. The concentrations of nickel that effluent was getting diluted by interaction and iron were 4.12 mg l-1 and 15.09 mg l-1 in Budha with ground water and/or surface water. There Nala compared to maximum permissible limits of is a possibility of the ground water being 0.1 mg l-1 and 0.3 mg l-1, respectively. The contaminated. Suitability of effluent channel concentration of lead and Cadmium in sewage water, ground water, Beni and Gola river waters water was within permissible limit. Chromium, was assessed for domestic and irrigation arsenic, and zinc were absent. The concentrations purposes. At many places these sources waters of nickel and iron were 3.02 mg l-1 and 10.08 mg -1, were not fit for these purposes. respectively, in groundwater samples collected The Jamrani Dam Command consists of parts of from tube well at a distance of 1.0 km away from Nainital district and Udham Singh Nagar district Budha Nala. All the groundwater samples of Uttarakhand, and parts of Rampur and Bareilly collected beyond 1.0 km away from Budha Nala district of Uttar Pradesh in Ganga basin. The were found to be having normal concentrations Ground water of Jamrani Dam Command was of arsenic and iron and no traces of lead, assessed for their quality and suitability for chromium, nickel, cadmium, and zinc were found. different uses. Analysis of depth to water table Groundwater samples of south west Punjab, data showed that water table has declined in selected for groundwater quality analysis, were major part of the Command area from 1990 to assessed in the month of June 2010. The water 2010. Magnesium content and alkalinity in 2+ samples were analyzed for EC, RSC, cations (Ca groundwater were higher than permissible and and Mg2+) and anions (HCO ¬and Cl¬) 3 desirable limits. The pH of ground water was quantitatively using standard methods. According higher than desirable range at many places in Tarai to irrigation water quality criteria majority of the and Gangetic sub-region making it unsuitable for samples (90 percent) in the Bathinda district have drinking purpose without proper treatment at Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) between 2.5- those places in Jamrani Dam Command. As iron 5.0 and falls under category 2 of marginal saline content at all the places is more than 0.2 mgl-1, to highly saline, which are suitable after mixing use of such waters is objectionable for the with canal water. While 10 percent of the samples industrial uses. For irrigation purpose, it comes have RSC values less than 2.0, which falls under under good, permissible and excellent water class category 1, suitable for irrigation. for irrigation. The study was carried out in Uttarakhand to find Effect of polluted groundwater on yield and out the physico-chemical properties of pulp and quality of onion was studied by Rahuri centre. paper mill effluent, and effect of effluent on The analysis of normal well water indicated that ground water of shallow aquifer of nearby area the water was of C S class with medium salinity of mill. It was observed that the effluent channels 2 1 and safe use for irrigation while groundwater were heavily loaded with pollutants and polluted was of C S class with the very high turbidity, nitrate, BOD, and COD in the effluent 4 1 salinity and not suitable under ordinary were out of the permissible limits. It means that conditions. The analysis of soil samples collected the mill is not following the norms for discharge 92 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 after the harvesting of onion crop indicated the hence should not be used or injected directly for increase in TDS and soil salinity. The heavy metal purpose of ground water. concentration was also found increased in soil but Thirty five water samples from open wells, bore within the limits. The yields of onion were not wells and dug cum bore wells of PAP basin in statistically significant among the treatments of Tamil Nadu were analyzed during this year for groundwater polluted by municipal wastewater irrigation water quality parameters. As per the and normal well water. It was concluded that the USSL classification most of the samples come maximum yield and good quality of onion can be under high salinity class (C3), followed by very obtained by one-irrigation of groundwater high salinity class (C4) and medium salinity class polluted by municipal wastewater followed by (C2). There is no sodicity problem and associated two irrigations of normal well water. This can be permeability hazard. a good solution to reuse the groundwater polluted by municipal wastewater. The heavy metal accumulation in groundwater irrigated vegetables in vicinity of Ahar River of A study was conducted for the analysis of Rajasthan was found to increase with the pollution load in industrial effluent and ground increasing contamination of these metals in the water of Ahmednagar Industrial Estate, groundwater at different locations. However, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra. It was found that all metallic accumulation in all the selected vegetable the parameters of industrial effluent were within crops (cauliflower, cabbage, brinjal, spinach, the permissible limits for industrial effluents set tomato and radish) were found within the by NEQS. The industrial effluent was of C S class 3 1 maximum permissible limits as prescribed by indicating low sodium and high salinity water WHO at all locations. In urban effluent irrigated which can be used for irrigation on almost all soils spinach, accumulation of Fe, Zn and Cd was higher with good drainage but not good for sodium than the maximum permissible limit at all three sensitive crops. It was that all the parameters of selected locations and the levels were unsafe for groundwater were within the permissible limits human consumption. prescribed by US-EPA and WHO. All the samples The impact of use of poor quality waters in of groundwater were of C3S1 class except sample irrigation on soil, crop, and groundwater No. 3 and 4, which is of C4S1 class. The C3S1 class indicates low sodium and high salinity water. The characteristics was studied along Patna bye-pass area where farmers grow a variety of vegetables C4S1 class indicates the low sodium and very high salinity water. and field crops. It was found that municipal waste water contained a variety of inorganic substances A survey was conduced to assess the surface including a number of potentially toxic elements water quality in Narshingpur and Jabalpur causing soil pollution. Continuous use of these district of Madhya Pradesh. There is a large wastes in soil would result in accumulation of variation of pH (8.42 to 10.75), EC (51.0 to 208.0 heavy metals hazardous to animals and human μs/cm), Iron content (0.11 to 8.10 mg/l), Copper health. content (0.19 to 2.71 mg/l), Fluoride (0.05 to 7.52 mg/l) and dissolved oxygen (0.1 to 0.9 mg/l). Transfer of technology The water samples collected from the villages In order to propagate the technologies related to Majhouli Road , Majhauli, Singod and Sihoda groundwater utilization, scientists of Ludhiana showed that pH was above permissible limits centre delivered 17 invited lectures to user DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 93 departments and farmers in training scarce water resources were discussed programmes.The centre provided technical interactively. guidance about groundwater recharge structures Udaipur centre organized 4 training programmes to Ludhiana Municipal Corporation, government of 7 days duration for farmers. One training of 5 departments and local institutes.Scientists also days duration was organized for Sadguru Water attended four Kisan melas. and Development Foundation on “Water Pantnagar centre educated the farmers about Management for the progressive farmers of selection of pumps and pipe fittings to achieve Jhalawar district, Second training of 5 days high efficiency of the pumping system, optimal duration was organized for Rajasthan and for utilization of available land and water resources. Ambuja Cement Foundation, Rabriyawas District Total 19 farmers’ meetings were organised at Pali on Water Resources Development. different places in Udham Singh Nagar, Nainital, Pusa centre organised 20 farmers’ trainings one Almora, Chamoli, Bageshwar and Tehri Garhwal week duration. Scientists participated in Kisan districts of Uttarakhand and 1118 farmers were mela. Farmers were made acquainted with new benefitted. technologies available for enhancing the Jabalpur centre organised 9 training of 5 days agricultural production with limited water use duration for state government officials. and various schemes implemented by government Demonstration on Singhara –growing in Haveli for benefits of farmers. area, ground water recharge structures and water Raipur centre organized Krishak Diwas on “Bhujal management in command areas were organized Bharan, Prabandhan avm Upyog” at different for farmers. The farmers were convinced about villages. Many pamphlets related to groundwater improving water productivity of Haveli fields by recharging and its optimum utilization using introducing Singhara crop during kharif besides precise irrigation technologies were distributed wheat during rabi. Scientists of centre participated to the participating farmers. in Kisan Melas and field days. Scientists of Junagadh centre participated in Coimbatore centre organized 6 farmers’ trainings Krushimahotsav -2010. Farmers were educated of one week duration. Also training was about watershed management, drip irrigation and organized for 6 days for officers of government groundwater recharge. The centre organized of Rajasthan. The centre organized workshop on Chief Scientists meet of AICRP on Groundwater Hydrological Modelling System during 4-9 Utilization for 2009-10. Scientists from all the October 2010. Field visits/ demonstrations on centres participated in state/ national level various aspects were also organized. Various meetings / workshops/ seminars as well as scientific approaches for making best use of international conferences. 94 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 5. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS A. RESEARCH PAPERS IN REFERRED JOURNALS Behera, U. K., Rautaray, S. K., Ghosh, P.K. and cropping system productivity. Archives of Mahapatra, P.C. 2010. Pond-based farming Agronomy and Soil Science (Taylor and Francis). systems for sustaining marginal farmers’ DOI: 10.1080/03650340.2011.554401, 12p. family under flood-prone coastal Kar, G., Ashwani Kumar and Sahoo, N. 2011. Deep ecosystem. Journal of Soil and Water water rice production as influenced by time Conservation 9(4): 264-270. and depth of flooding in east coast of India. Chakraborty, H., Sethi, R.R., Brahmanand, P.S., Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science (Taylor Mandal, K.G., Singandhupe, R.B. and Kumar, and Francis). DOI: 10.1081/ A. 2010. Effect of irrigation regimes and 03650340.2011.554401, 18p. nitrogen levels on herbage and oil yield, oil Kar, G. and Ashwani Kumar. 2011. Drought quality, nutrient uptake and economics of management through crop diversification and lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) in a sandy rainwater harvesting. Journal of Sustainable loam soil of Orissa. Indian Journal of Planet 1(2): 12-26. Agricultural Sciences 80(8): 713-718. Mishra, A., Ghosh, S., Nanda, P., Kumar, A. 2011. Das, M., Chakraborty, H., Singandhupe, R. B., Assessing the Impact of Rehabilitation and Muduli, S. D. and Kumar, A. 2010. Utilization Irrigation Management Transfer in Minor of distillery wastewater for improving Irrigation Projects in Orissa, India. A Case production in underproductive paddy grown Study. Irrigation and Drainage 60: 42-56. area in India. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 69: 560-563. Mohanty, R. K., Thakur, A. K., Ghosh, S., Mohanty, S. and Patil, D. U. 2010. Das, M., Sethi, R. R. and Sahoo, N. 2010. Evaluation and integration of soil salinity and Performance evaluation of rice-fish prawn water data for improved land use of culture with and without cull harvesting. underproductive coastal area in Orissa. Aquaculture Research, 41: 1402-1412. Irrigation and Drainage 59(5): 621 – 627. Mohanty, R.K. 2010. Dynamics of the Ghosh, S. 2010. Evolution and reforms in Compensatory Growth Response in Fish. irrigation institutional arrangements in Fishing chimes, 30 (1):78-80. Orissa. Journal of the Indian Society of Coastal Mohanty, R.K. 2010. Impact of phased Agricultural Research 28 (1): 23-31. harvesting on population structure, feed Ghosh, S. and Kumar Ashwani 2010. Performance intake pattern and growth performance of of irrigation and agricultural sector in Orissa: Macrobrachium rosenbergii DeMan (giant an analysis of missing links. Indian Research freshwater prawn) in polyculture with Journal of Extension Education 10 (2): 48-54. carps in concurrent rice–fish culture. Aquaculture International 18:523-537. Kar G., Ashwani Kumar and Burla Chadrabhaskar. 2011. Organic manure Mohanty, R.K., Thakur, A. K.., Ghosh, S., and supplementation effects on rice–pulse Patil, D.U. 2010. Impact of rice–fish–prawn DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 95 culture on rice-field ecology and productivity. Rai, D. R. and Rajbir Singh 2010. Package The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 80(7): headspace dynamics for babycorn under 597–602. modified atmosphere packaging with macro Mohanty, S., Jha, M. K., Ashwani Kumar and perforations. Journal of Food Process Engineering James, B. K. 2010. Characterization of stream- DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4530.2010.00580.x aquifer system and dynamics of stream- Rautaray, S.K. 2010. Benefits of mulching with aquifer interaction in Kathajodi River basin, dried water hyacinth or paddy straw. Potato Orissa. Journal of Indian Water Resources Society Journal 37 (1-2): 32-36. 30(3):1-9. Raut, S. Sundara Sharma, K.S., Das, D.K. 2010. Mohanty, S., Jha, M. K., Ashwani Kumar and Studies on irrigation distribution equity and Sudheer, K. P. 2010. Artificial neural network crop growth performance in a Canal modeling for groundwater level forecasting Command using remote sensing. J. Indian in Kathajodi River basin of Orissa, India. Society of Remote Sensing. 38: 55-65. Water Resources Management 24:1845-1865. Rout, S. Sundara Das, D.K. 2010. Study of Mohapatra, A., Mohanty, R.K., Mohanty, S.K. and irrigation and crop water requirement in Dey, S. 2010. Carapace width and weight relation to growth of two rabi crops grown relationships, condition factor, relative in a semi arid region using agrometerology condition factor and gonado-somatic index and remote sensing. J. Indian society of (GSI) of mud crabs (Scylla spp.) from Chilka remote sensing, 38: 321-333. Lagoon, India. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 39(1):120-127. Roy Chowdhury, S. Anand, P.S.B., Kundu, D.K. and Kumar, A. 2010. Performance of Swamp Panda, D. K. and Kumar, A. 2011. Evaluation of taro cultivars (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott.) an overused aquifer in eastern India as affected by brief submergence. Journal of (Balasore, Orissa) using the statistical Root Crops 36 (2): 204-209. approaches. Hydrological Science Journal 56(3): 486-497. Sahoo, P.K., Rautaray, S. K. and Behera, U.K. Panda, D. K., Ashwani Kumar and Mohanty, S. 2010. Farming system based composite 2011 Recent trends in sediment load of the pisciculture in harvested pond water under tropical river basins of Orissa. Global and eastern Indian situations. Journal of Soil and Planetary Change 75(3-4): 108-118. Water Conservation 9(3): 143-147. Panda, R. K., Gore, K. P. and Naik, B. S. 2010. Verma, O.P. Singh, Subedar and Parihar, S.S. 2009. Investigation on extreme hydrologic events Growth performance of Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata) with different irrigation, – a study in a hilly watershed of Southern nitrogen and sulphure levels. Journal of Orissa. Journal of Indian Society of Coastal Water Management, 17(2) : 126-135. Agricultural Research 28 (1):32 – 39. Samant, Deepa, Singh, A.K., Srivastava, M. and Panda, R. K., Gore, K. P., Sudhishri, S. and Lenka, Singh, N.K. 2010. Assessment of genetic N. K. 2010. Groundwater recharge through diversity in mango using inter-simple sequence conservation structures – a study in ghat area repeat markers. Indian J. Hort., 67: 1-8. of Orissa. Journal of Agricultural Engineering 47 (1):34 – 39. Sethi, R.R., Kumar, A. Sharma, S. P and Verma, 96 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 H. C. 2010. Prediction of water table depth plant spacings. Journal of Agronomy & Crop in a hard rock basin by using artificial neural Science 196:146–159. network. International Journal of Water Thakur, A.K.., Ghosh, S. and Mohanty, R.K. 2011. Resources and Environmental Engineering. 2 (4): Saving water in rice cultivation: Technological 95-102. options. Kurukshetra, 59(4): 30-33. Singh, D. B, Rajbir Singh, Singh, D. and Saharan, Tiwari, V., Rautaray, S.K. and Singh, U.D. 2010. V K. 2010. Effect of modified atmospheric Response of rice genotypes to cold packing on the quality and shelf-life of Malus temperature in boro season. Rice Genetics domestica. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Newsletter 25: 40-41. 80 (3): 224–228. B. RESEARCH BULLETIN/ INFORMATION Singh, Rajbir Gupta, R. K., Patil, R.T., Kumar, BROCHER /LEAFLET Ashwani and Jangra, K. K. 2010. Sequential foliar application of Vermicompost leachates Kumar Ashwani and Singh Rajbir. 2010. Lining of improves marketable fruit yield and quality. water storage structures. Research Bulletin. No.50, Directorate of Water Management, Scientia Horticulturae 124: 34-39. Bhubaneswar. Singh, Rajbir Sharma, R. K. and Singh, D. B. 2010. Mausumi Raychaudhuri, Panda, R.K., Gulati, Effect of vermicompost on plant growth, fruit J.M.L., Raychaudhuri, S., Ghosh, S., Tripathy, yield and quality of strawberry in irrigated V. K. Kumar, Ashwani. 2011. Souvenir: Seminar arid region of northern plains. Indian Journal on Water Use in Agriculture; Challenges Ahead. of Horticulture 67(4): 410-414. Indian Society of Water Management, Orissa Srivastava, R. C., Mohanty, S., Singandhuppe, Chapter, Bhubaneswar. 48p. R.B., Mohanty, R.K., Behera, M.S., Ray, L.I.P. Mishra, A., Adhikary, A.K., Mohanty, R.K., and Sahoo, D. 2010. Feasibility Evaluation of Anand, P.S.B., Ghosh, S., Panda, S.N. and Pressurized Irrigation in Canal Commands. Kumar, A. 2010. Performance Enhancement Water Resource Management 24:3017-3032. of Minor Irrigation System through Secondary Srivastava, S.K., Sivaramane, N. and Mathur, V.C. Storage and Multiple Use Management. 2010. Diagnosis of Pulses Performance in Research Bulletin, No.49, Directorate of Water India. Agricultural Economics Research Review Management, Bhubaneswar, 38p. 23: 137-148. Mishra, A., Verma, H.C., Kannan, K., Singh, R., and Kumar, A. 2010. Development of alternate Tara Satyavathi, C., Bharadwaj, Ch. and canal delivery schedule for better water use Brahmanand, P. S. 2010. Role of Farm Women efficiency and crop performance. Research in Agriculture: Lessons Learned. Gender, Bulletin, Publication No.51, Directorate of Technology and Development 14 (3): 441-449. Water Management, Bhubaneswar, 31p. Thakur, A.K. 2010. Critiquing SRI criticism: Panda, R. K., Sudhisri, S. and Dash, A. 2010. Jhola Beyond skepticism with empiricism. Current Kundi: A low cost water harvesting Science 98 (10):1294-1299. technique for augmenting production of Jhola Thakur, A.K., Rath, S., Roychowdhury, S. and lands in Eastern Ghat High Land region of Uphoff, N. 2010. Comparative performance Orissa. Technical bulletin: CSWCRTI, of rice with system of rice intensification (SRI) Research Center, Sunabeda, Dist. Koraput and conventional management using different (Orissa), 7p. DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 97 C. BOOKS/ TRAINING MANUAL Kar G, Ashwani Kumar, Panda R.K, Ananda P.S.B. Brahmanand P.S., Ghosh Souvik, Kumar, 2011. Irrigation management for increased Ashwani, Parswal, B.S. 2010. JewéeerkeÀjCe Deewj Yeejleer³e productivity and prevention of waterlogging. KeeÐe megj#ee (Globalisation and Indian Food Directorate of Water Management, Security), Directorate of Water Management Bhubaneswar. 103p. (ICAR), Bhubaneswar. P 158. (ISBN-978-81- Mohanty, S., Jena, S.K., Mohanty, R.K., 910947-0-1). Mandal, K.G., Behera, B. and Ashwani Ghosh, Souvik; Rautaray, S.K. and Ashwani Kumar 2011. Samanwita Jala Parichalana Kumar. 2010. Water Resource Management dwara Krushi O Garmina Jeevikare Unnati for Sustainable Agriculture and Livelihood (Integrated Water Management for Improved Improvement. Training Manual. Directorate Agriculture and Rural Livelihood) DWM of Water Management (ICAR), Bhubaneswar, Publication, P.104. Orissa, India. 183 P. Panda, D.K., A. Kumar and Kar G. 2010. Data Kar G, Ashwani Kumar, Nanda P., Panda R.K., analysis using SAS. Directorate of Water Ghosh, S. 2010. Systematic evaluation of IWDP Management, Bhubaneswar. 122p. and DPAP watershed project in different Singh, Rajbir and Kaledonkar, M J. 2010. districts of Orissa. Evaluation report. Evaluated Compendium: Issues and opportunities of by Directorate of Water Management, water management in Eastern Region. Bhubaneswar, and Sponsored by Ministry of Directorate of Water Management, Rural Development, Govt. of India.293p. Bhubaneswar. 98 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 6. AWARD/HONOURS/RECOGNITIONS Awards 2010, Organized by Banaras Hindu Dr. Gouranga Kar, Pr. Scientist awarded with University, Varanasi and Indian Society for ICAR NATIONAL FELLOW (2011) for his Plant Physiology, New Delhi. significant contribution in the field of Water Dr. S.K. Srivastava, Scientist received Dr. R.T. Management and for the project Doshi Foundation Award (First Prize) for the “Development of GIS based decision rules for best research article (Extent of Groundwater enhancing productivity and profitability in Extraction and Irrigation Efficiency on Farms rainfed and coastal ecosystems and planning under Different Water-market Regimes in of mitigation strategies for climate change Central Uttar Pradesh), published in resilience in agriculture” Agricultural Economics Research Review in Dr. M.J. Kaledhonkar, Pr. Scientist and the the year 2009. team received “Groundwater Augmentation Drs. S Raychaudhuri, Senior Scientist and S.K. Award” by Ministry of Water Resources, Srivastava, Scientist received Best Paper Govt. of India. This award was given jointly Certificate in National Seminar on Water Use to CSSRI, Karnal and CRIDA Hyderabad in Agriculture: Challenges Ahead, 22nd March, “Gannett Memorial Award” on the paper entitled 2011 by Indian Society of Water Management “Reuse options of wastewater and impact on (Orissa Chapter), Bhubaneswar. Soil-Crop Environment - A Case Study of DWM Proficiency Award Bhubaneswar City Wastewater” by DWM proficiency Award for the year 2008 and Raychaudhuri, S., Ashwani Kumar, and 2009 was given by Director, Dr. Ashwani Kumar Mausumi Raychaudhuri, awarded by to different categories of staff (Scientific Institute of Engineers (India), Orissa Chapter. administrative, technical and supporting) on the A medal and certificate handed over by His foundation day of the Institute (12th May) for Excellancy, Governor of Odisha during the their good work. The recipients of the award in Annual Day function of Institute of Engineers different categories are given below. on 27th February, 2011. Er. S. Mohanty, Scientist (SG) received YEAR 2008 YEAR 2009 ‘INSTITUTION’ award from ‘The Institution I. Scientific Category of Engineers, Orissa Chapter’ for the research 1. Dr. N. Sahoo 1. Dr. B.K. James 2. Dr. G. Kar 2. Dr. A. Mishra paper ‘Design and development of low head 3. Dr. P.S.B. Anand 3. Dr. D.K. Kundu low cost filter for gravity fed drip irrigation 4. Dr. S. Ghosh 4. Dr. M. Das in hilly areas’, authored by S. Mohanty, R.C. II. Administrative Category Srivastava and Ashwani Kumar. 1. Shri N.S. Rao 1. Shri B.K. Mohanty 2. Shri R.C. Behera 2. Shri A. Mallick Dr. S. Roy Chowdhury, Pr. Scientist received Best poster paper award during National III. Technical Category 1. Shri M.S. Behera 1. Shri D.U. Patil Conference of Plant Physiology on “Physiological 2. Shri S. Lenka 2. Shri B.K. Acharya and Molecular Approaches for Crop Improvement IV. Supporting Category under Changing Environment” November 25-27, 1. Shri H.K. Bal 1. Shri S.K. Panda DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 99 Recognitions Dr. Rajbir Singh, Principal Scientist has been Dr. A. Mishra, Pr. Scientist conferred with nominated as Member of Editorial Board of Fellow of the Indian Water Resources Society, American Journal of Plant Science, USA. Roorkee. K.G. Mandal, Sr. Scientist has been selected as a Dr. R.K. Panda, Pr. Scientist conferred with Fellow faculty for International Journal of Plant Membership in Indian Association of Physiology and Biochemistry by Academic Hydrologists, Roorkee. Journals, Nairobi. 7. RAC/ IRC/ IMC/ AICRPS MEETING RESEARCH ADVISORY COMMITTEE (RAC) water resource management approach has also MEETING been emphasized. The Chairman appreciated the scientists for the achievements of DWM and The 2nd Meeting of 5th Research Advisory AICRP on WM as well as AICRP on GWU projects Committee of Directorate of Water Management during the reporting years. was held on 13th & 14th September, 2010 under the Chairmanship of Dr. S.S. Magar, Ex-Vice INSTITUTE RESEARCH COUNCIL (IRC) Chancellor, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi MEETING Vidyapeeth, Dapoli. The other members along During the year 2010-11, Institute's Research with the scientists of the Directorate of Water Council (IRC) meeting was organized twice under Management attended the meeting were Dr. A.P. the chairmanship of Director, DWM, Dr. Ashwani Mishra, Ex Dean, RAU, Pusa, Dr. K.V.G.K. Rao, Kumar. The first meeting was organized on 3rd - Former Head (Engg.), CSSRI, Karnal, Dr. 4th November 2010 and the second meeting on Benudhar Bhuyan, Ex-Dean (Research), OUAT, 28th March 2011. The results of the on-going Bhubaneswar, Shri Digambar Mohapatra and Shri research projects were presented in the meeting Prahallad Nanda, Farmers' representative, Dr. and new research project proposals were Ashwani Kumar, Director, DWM, and Dr. P. discussed. Nanda, Principal Scientist and Member Secretary, AICRP MEETINGS RAC. At the outset of the meeting, Director presented the progress and achievements of the Biennial Scientists' Meet of AICRP GWU at institute along with the screening of video film Junagadh 'DWM: a profile'. The Chairman and other RAC The Biennial Scientists' Meet 2010 of All India members gave their opening remarks. The Coordinated Research Project on Groundwater Chairman emphasized on the networking mode Utilization (AICRP GWU) was organized during of research under leadership of DWM for 27th - 29th April 2009 at Junagadh Agriultural avoiding duplications and optimal use of scientific University, Junagadh. All the Chief Scientists and and financial resources. The members of the RAC Scientists from centres operating in India under highlighted the growing importance of scientific the AICRP GWU viz., PAU, Ludhiana, GBPUAT, water management and contribution of it in Pantnagar, JNKVV, Jabalpur, Rahuri, TNAU, improving livelihoods of the people. Integrated Coimbatore, MPUAT, Udaipur, JAU, Junagadh, 100 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 IGKV, Raipur and Pusa attended the meeting and Management was organized at CSK Himachal presented their salient achievements for the year Pardesh Krishi Vishvidaylya, Palampur, 2008-09 and 2009-10 in the technical session held Himanchal Predesh during 25-28 June 2010. Dr. during 27th and 28th April'2010. The Project S. C. Dhiman, Member, Central Ground Water Coordinator (Director, DWM) and the Scientists Board was the chief guest of the meeting. Dr. Tej from the Coordinating Unit interacted and Partap, Vice Chancellor, CSK HPKV, Palampur suggested certain modifications. The technical and Dr. Ashwani Kumar, Director, Directorate of programmes for the year 2010-11 of the respective Water Management, Bhubaneswar, Dr. C. L. centres presented and were also got approved by Acharya, Ex Chief Scientist and Ex Director, IISS, the House. During the technical session while Bhopal were the guests of honour. At the outset, appreciating the good work being done by the Dr. K.K. Katoch, Head, Department of Soil Science, centres, Dr. Ashwani Kumar, Director WTCER, welcomed the dignitaries and the chief scientists Bhubaneswar insisted that the recommendations of the meeting. The Chief Scientists from 25 of the research programmes may be of use to the coordinating centres under AICRP (WM) planners at state level as well as to be adopted by presented the progress reports of respective centre the beneficiaries. Dr. M. J. Kaledhonkar and Dr. for the year 2009-10 in eight technical sessions. Dr. (Mrs) Mausumi Raychaudhuri both the Scientists Ashwani Kumar, Director DWM, Bhubaneswar, from coordinating unit DWM presented the chaired the plenary session of the meeting. Dr. K.K. salient achievements of the four AICRP GWU Katoch, Head, Department of Soil Science, Centres (PAU, Ludhiana, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, CSKHPKV was the guest of Honour. Dr. Prabhakar Rahuri and JNKVV, Jabalpur) and five AICRP Nanda, Principal Scientist, and Dr. Rajbir Singh, GWU Centres (TNAU, Coimbatore, MPUAT, Principal Scientist from DWM also participated in Udaipur, JAU, Junagadh, IGKV, Raipur and RAU, the plenary session on 27th June 2010. Pusa) respectively in the technical session chaired by Dr. A. K. Singh, Deputy Director General. The Annual Report 2009-10 of AICRP GWU was released in the inaugural session by the Hon'ble Deputy Director General, NRM, the Chief Guest during the inaugural programme. About 50 delegates attended the meeting. Chief Scientists Meet of AICRP (WM) at Palampur, H.P, 25-28 June' 2010 The Chief Scientists' Meet of AICRP on Water DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 101 8. LIST OF COMPLETED / ONGOING / NEW IN-HOUSE PROJECTS A. LIST OF IN-HOUSE RESEARCH PROJECTS COMPLETED DURING 20010-11 Sl. No. Project Code Project Title PI Name 1 WTCER/06/115 Enhancing water productivity in rice based Dr. D.K. Kundu cropping systems in canal commands of eastern India. 2 WTCER/06/116 Studies on future climate change impact on river flow Dr. D. K. Panda and regional drought. 3 WTCER/06/118 Increasing water and nutrient use efficiency in rice Dr. K.G. Mandal based cropping system through multiple use. 4 WTCER/06/119 Water management and other agronomic practices Dr. D.K. Kundu for aerobic rice in eastern India. 5 WTCER/06/121 Prospects of organic farming with rain water Dr. H. Chakroborty conservation practices in the eastern region. 6 WTCER/07/123 Irrigation, agriculture, livelihood and poverty Dr. S. Ghosh linkages in eastern region of India. 7 WTCER/07/125 Investigating the inter-relationship of surface and Dr. D.K. Panda groundwater hydrologic parameters, and characterization of trend and variability in river basins of Orissa. B. LIST OF IN-HOUSE ONGOING RESEARCH PROJECTS DURING 2010-11 Sl. No. Project Code Project Title PI Name 1 WTCER/07/126 Optimum use of farmland interface with shrimp Dr. M. Das farming in coastal water logged area. 2 WTCER/07/128 Planting techniques for water saving in dry season Dr. K.G. Mandal crops under rice based system in canal command areas. 3 WTCER/07/129 Economic perspectives of ground water extraction Dr. M.K. Sinha mechanism (GSMs) and irrigation markets in Mahanadi basin. 4 WTCER/08/131 Improving the land use in rainfed medium and Dr. O.P. Verma uplands using CAM plants. 5 WTCER/08/132 Enhancing water productivity through integrated Dr. A. K. Thakur system of rice intensification. 6 WTCER/08/133 Enhancing crop productivity through conjunctive Dr. O.P. Verma use of ground water. 7 WTCER/08/134 Enhancing water productivity and rural livelihood Dr. S.K. Jena options through multiple uses of water. 8 WTCER/08/135 Suitability of the available poor quality water Dr. Mausami resources for agricultural use under Raychaudhuri different agro climatic region. 9 WTCER/08/136 Evaluation of energy requirement in groundwater Dr. B. K. James utilization for enhancement of cropping intensity in Orissa during rabi and summer seasons. 10 DWM/09/137 Characterization and Utilization of Sewage Dr. S.D Raychaudhuri Water of Urban/ Peri-Urban areas for Agricultural Purposes 102 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 11 DWM/09/138 Micro-catchment water harvesting in the Dr. A. Mishra rainfed ecosystem of humid region 12 DWM/09/139 Growth and production physiology of cat tail Dr. S. Roychowdhury (Typha sp.) under waterlogged condition 13 DWM/09/140 Assessment and development of water resources Dr. R.K. Panda for diversified agriculture in waterlogged high rainfall area 14 DWM/09/141 Enhancing water use efficiency in selected vegetable Dr. Rajbir Singh crops by improving soils through vermicompost and mulches application 15 DWM/09/142 Crop management interventions and contingency Dr. P.S.B. Anand crop planning for post flood management in Orissa. 16 DWM/09/143 Development of water and energy efficient Dr. S.K. Rautaray integrated farming system model for the rainfed farmers 17 DWM/09/144 Water budgeting in grow-out aquaculture of some Dr. R.K. Mohanty commercially important fish and prawn species 18 DWM/10/145 Sustainability of water Users associations (WAUs) Dr. S .Ghosh and effect of participatory irrigation management (PIM) on agriculture and system performance. 19 DWM/10/146 Ground water modeling to determine the safe Mrs. R.R. Sethi yield of coastal aquifer 20 DWM/10/147 Conservation agriculture practices in maize Dr. H Chakraborty based cropping system with special emphasis on nutrient and water availability for the rainfed sub-humid agro-ecosystem. 21 DWM/10/148 Assessment of water logging and land use system in Dr. S. Rout different coastal district of Orissa using remote sensing and GIS C. LIST OF IN-HOUSE NEW RESEARCH PROJECTS UNDERTAKEN DURING 2010-11 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 103 9. HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT 104 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 105 106 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 107 10. LIST OF SPONSORED / COLLABORATIVE / CONSULTANCY PROJECTS 108 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 11. EVENTS ORGANISED Orientation Workshop on District-wise Thambi, Regional Director, Central Ground Contingency Planning Water Board (CGWB), SECR, Chennai was the Orientation Workshop on District-wise Chief Guest, in the inaugural function. Contingency Planning was organized at DWM, Dr. Ashwani Kumar, Director, DWM and guest Bhubaneswar on 24.5.2010 for the eastern region. of honour highlighted the role of modelling in Nodal officers from six SAUs, state govt. management of groundwater resources. In the functionaries from five eastern states and scientists workshop many subject matter specialists, from CRIDA along with their Director scientists from Coordinating unit and centres of participated in the workshop. The meeting was AICRP on Groundwater utilization and TNAU organized by Dr. A.Mishra, principal scientist and presented their their research papers on the Nodal Officer of contingency planning for groundwater management. eastern region. Sensitization cum training workshop on PIMS_ICAR The “Sensitization cum training workshop on PIMS_ICAR” was organized at DWM, Bhubaneswar on 30.10.2010 in collaboration with IASRI, New Delhi to understand the process of online entry of the research project proposal. Nodal officers from 13 ICAR institutes including IASRI participated in the Workshop. The meeting was organized by Dr. Atmaram Mishra, Principal Scientist and Nodal Officer and chaired by Dr. Workshop on "Modelling Hydrological Ashwani Kumar, Director, DWM, Bhubaneswar. system" Hindi Pakhavada celebrated The Workshop on "Modelling Hydrological System" was held at Water Technology Centre, Hindi Pakhavada was celebrated in the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Directorate of Water Management, Coimbatore during 4-9 October 2010 under aegis Bhubaneswar during 14-23 September 2010. of AICRP on Groundwater Utilization. Shri D.S.C. Several Hindi competitions under two different categories of staff were organized during this period. Closing ceremony of the fortnight was organized on 23rd September 2010 where Director, Dr. Ashwani Kumar addressed the staff of the institute and distributed cash prizes and certificates to the winners of different competitions. A Hindi Workshop was also organized on 24th September 2010 for administrative staff. DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 109 Orissa Chapter of Indian Society of Water entrepreneurs from ICAR, SAUs and Industry Management - General Body Meeting participated and exchange their ideas. The generated technologies which are to be The General Body Meeting of the Orissa chapter commercialized are also discussed in the meeting. of Indian Society Water Management was held This meeting was jointly organized by ZTM – BPD on 18th September' 2010. The house unanimously unit of NIRJAFT & DWM, Bhubaneswar. Dr. elected office bearers in the new executive of the Gouranga Kar, Principal Scientist of the centre was chapter for the year 2010-11. Director, Dr. the organizing secretary. Ashwani Kumar has been elected as President of the chapter. Brain storming session on "Emerging Issues of Water Management" Two-day brain storming session on "Emerging Issues of Water Management in Changing Scenario of Eastern Region" was organized during 13-14 December 2010 by coordinating unit of AICRP on WM in collaboration with Chiplima centre on Water management of OUAT. CADWM MoWR sponsored training organised Dr. N. K. Tyagi, member, ASRB graced the A 1-week long training programme was occasion as Chief Guest and Dr. Ashwani Kumar, organized on ‘Irrigation management and Director, DWM was the guest of honour. Dr. preventation of waterlogging’ at DWM, Tyagi emphasized on strategic planning in Bhubaneswar from 2nd -7th March , 2011 sponsored agriculture water management keeping the need by CADWM, Ministry of Water Resources, GOI of competitive sectors in the back drop of climate and organized by DWM, Bhubaneswar. Thirty change. Dr. Ashwani Kumar highlighted the engineers were participated in that training emerging issues and need for the holistic future programme. Different aspects of irrigation plan for enhancing water productivity. management for increased productivity and prevention of waterlogging were discussed in that training. Dr. Gouranga Kar, Principal Scientist of the centre was the Course Director for that training programme. ICAR-Industry meet organized for east zone ICAR- Industry meet organized at DWM, Bhubaneswar for 16 east zone ICAR Institutes from 17-18th February, 2011, where 70 scientists / 110 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 WORLD WATER DAY Seminar Organized ¡ Exhibition in the vent of ICAR-Industry Meet for East Zone held at DWM, Bhubaneswar (17th The Orissa Chapter of Indian Society of Water to 18th February 2011). Management, DWM, Bhubaneswar organised Seminar on ‘Water Use in Agriculture; Challenges Ahead’ on 22nd March’ 2011 at DWM, Bhubaneswar on the occasion of World Water Day’2011. His Excellency Sri B. L. Joshi, Honorable Governor of Uttar Pradesh visited DWM stall and evinced interest on water saving technologies National Level Workshop Visit Abroad A national level workshop was organized on Dr. Ashwani Kumar, Director and Dr. (Mrs) ‘MDS of health indicators for soil resources under Mausumi Raychaudhuri, Senior Scientist visited to varied agro-climatic water regime in India’ on 29th- Faculty of Agronomy, University of Forestry, th 30 January, 2011 sponsored by National Centre Sofia, Bulgaria for 17 days from 30th May to 17th for Organic Farming, Dept. of Agril. & Co- June 2010 under Indo-Bulgarian Inter- operation, GoI. Total 39 experts / scientists in the Governmental Programme of Cooperation in field from different parts of country attended the Science and Technology, DST, GoI. workshop. Dr. S. Raychaudhuri, Sr. Scientist was the organizing secretary. Dissemination of water management technologies through exhibition ¡ Put up DWM Exhibition on the occasion of National Seminar of ORYZA at CRRI, Cuttack (27th to 29th November 2010). ¡ Exhibited DWM accomplishments at 10th Agricultural Science Congress organized at NBFGR, Lucknow from 9 -12 February, 2011. ¡ Exhibited DWM accomplishments on the event Dr. Ashwani Kumar, Director visited Adelaide, of KRISHI-MAHOTSAV (State level Australia as a Member of the Indian delegation Agricultural Fair) organized by Deptt. of of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for Agriculture, Govt. of Orissa, Bhubaneswar participation in the ISO/TC/23/SC18 Committee (14th to 17th February 2011). Meeting during 18 - 22 October 2010. DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 111 Dr. Amod Kumar Thakur, Senior Scientist (Plant undergoing one week training program on Physiology) visited Hanoi, Vietnam to attend 3rd "Integrated Land management system" sponsored International Rice Congress held during 8-12 by ICAR, NAIP C-4 project on "Design and November, 2010. His oral presentation was on development of rubber dams for watersheds". "Influence of system of rice intensification (SRI) practices on grain yield and associated physiological changes in rice plants compared to conventional flooded rice" under theme Closing the yield gap during the Congress. Dr. S.K. Jena, Sr. Scientist visited on deputation Department of Geoinformatics and Hydrologic modeling, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany during 30th March to 5th April 2011 for 112 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 12. MAJOR WEATHER PARAMETERS DURING THE YEAR The daily rainfall and USDA open pan evaporation data recorded at DWM Central Research Farm, Deras, Khurda were collected and analyzed. The monthly rainfall and mean monthly evaporation data are presented in Fig. 53. Total of 1664.5 mm rainfall occurred during 2010-11 with the highest rainfall being 430.2 mm in month of August. The monthly average pan evaporation data varied from 2.9 mm in December to 5.65 mm in May. Fig. 53: Rainfall and open pan evaporation data of DWM research farm during 2010-11 13. PROMOTION / TRANSFER / RETIREMENT ¡ Dr. A.K. Thakur, was promoted to Senior at Hyderabad. Scientist (Plant Physiology) from Scientist (SS) ¡ Shri N.S. Rao, Personal Assistant retired w.e.f. 23rd September 2008 voluntarily on 01.11.2010 from ICAR after ¡ Dr. P.S. Brahmanand was promoted to Scientist rendering 23 years of active service. He (SG) Agronomy from Scientist (SS) Agronomy worked at DWM, Bhubaneswar for about 10 w.e.f. 19th December 2008 years and retired from this institute. ¡ Dr. R.B. Singandhupe, Principal Scientist ¡ Shri B.K. Mohanty, P.A. has been promoted to (Agronomy) transferred from Directorate of the post of Private Secretary on 8.10.2010 and Water Management, Bhubaneswar on Shri Abhimanyu Mallick, UDC has been 12.10.2010 to Central Institute of Cotton promoted to the post of Assistant w.e.f. Research, Nagpur. 11.10.2010. ¡ Dr. D.K. Kundu, Principal Scientist (Soil ¡ Dr. Deepa Samant, Scientist, Horticulture Chemistry) left DWM, Bhubaneswar on completed FOCARS training during 1st 26.11.2010 and joined as Head, Natural September to 29th December, 2010 at NAARM, Resource Management Division at CRIJAF, Hyderabad. Barrackpore after direct selection by ASRB, ¡ Shri R.C. Mahapatra, Assistant and Finance New Delhi. officer, of the institute retired on 31.03.2010. ¡ Dr. Shivendra Kumar Srivastava, Scientist ¡ Shri B.K. Mohanty, Private Secretary retired (Agril.Economics) joined this institute on from the institute on 31.03.2010. 28.07.2010 after completing NAARM training DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 113 14. PERSONNEL 114 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 a – Transferred; b – Superannuated; c- VRS DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11 115 15. FINANCE (Rupees in Lakh) AICRP WM-PC Unit 116 DWM ANNUAL REPORT 2010-11