BR I T·l S H BRICK SOCIETY

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NQ 45 OFFICERS OF THE BRITISH BRICK SOC IETY

Chairman Mr T P Smith BA, MA, School Flat, Dartford Grammar and M. Litt. , MIFA School for Boys , West Hill Editor of Dartford, Ke nt DA 1 2HW 'Informat ion'

Hon. Sec Mr M Hammett ARIBA 9 Bailey Close, Lucas Road and High Wycombe , HP13 6QA Membe rship Sec (0494 ) 20299 (who al so receives all direct subscriptions £3 p.a . )

Enquiries Sec Mr D Kennett 27.Lords Lane, Bradwell Great Yarmouth No r folk NR31 BNY ( for enquiries on academic or historical ma tters)

Hon. Treasurer Mrs Evelyn Hammersley 68 Bromley Heath Road Downend, Bristol BS16 6JT (only matters concerning the annual a/cs , expenses etc . )

Publications Mrs A Los "Peran", Plaxton Bridge, Officer and Woodmansey, Beverl ey Bibliographer E Yorks HU17 ORT

OFFICERS OF TH E BRICK SECTION OF THE BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

Chairman Mr T P Smith BA , MA (Address as above) M. Li tt., MIFA

Hon. Sec Mr M Hammett ARIBA (Address as above)

Membership Sec Miss I 8 McClure 61 Old Park Ridings BAA Winchmore Hi ll London N21 2ET

Members of the BAA may elect to join its Brick Section and , as such, will be eligible for affiliation to the British Brick Society. They should inform the Hon Secretary of the BBS of their address s o that they can be included in the membership list. BRITISH BRICK SOCIE1 V

INFORMATION 45

JULY 1988

CONTENTS

Editorial: Charles Holden • .•.•. .. . •.•...... 2 Some Early Brick Houses David H. Kennett ...... 3 Book Revi et'l • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 8 Reviews ...... •....•...... •...... 9 Brick in Churches - II , He rtfordshire L .E.Per rins and T. P.Smith ...... 12 Kingston - upon - Eull Bricks David H. Kennett ...... 16 Brickies Beat the Clock ! ...... 16 Brick Flushwork at Feering Church, Essex Terence Paul Smith ...... 17 Stolen Terracottas ...... 18 The East Ang lian Region of the Brit ish Brick Society ... 18 v!hat a Hhopper ! •...... 18 Bool-:: Review ...... 18 Videos ...... -: ...... 19 Wallchart ...... 19 Memories of Thomas Lawrence Brickworks \·Ja 1 t er Spencer ...... 2 0 Queries ...... 23 2

Editorial : Charles Holden (1875-1960)

A small exhibition held recently by the Royal Institute of Architects British celebrated the work of Charles Holden (1875-1960) . Although he was prepared t o us e modern materials as and when t hey we r e - notably, r equired perhaps, at his Uxbridge Station of 1938 - Hol den preferred always the more traditional materials of stone and br ick . The former was used principally for his mo re monumental buildings such as 55 Broadway, London (1926 -9) and the buildi ngs for London (completed University 1937), although some of the earlier stations f or Transport, London such as Clapham South (1925 -6) , are also i n stone. in his Already earlier work Holden was using brick as well as stone often , though combining the two materials. This early work takes vernacular elements but uses them in an altogether freer and bol der way than in the work of , say, C. F . A. Voysey: chunky blocks of brickwork up are piled to culminate i n a high gabled roof , in some ways reminiscent the work of of the Victorian architect James Brooks . Holden , however worked i , n a much more classical mode than than Brooks . His Belgrave Hospital for Children (1900 ~ 03) uses the device just described to produce a composition of breathtaking power and originality , consisting of a series of mostly tall brickwork planes rushing upwards to the high central gable. The same pri nciple is employed more restfully King in the Edward VII Sanatorium at Easbourne Hill , Midhurst, Sussex where a g r eat (1903-06), deal is added by the combination of Luton Greys - sure amongst the l y loveliest bricks ever produced - and r ed bricks from Bracknell i n Berkshire . Perhaps his finest work in brick, however , is to be found in the series of stations built for London Transport from Frank 1930 . It was under Pick ' s direction that London Transport gained its well r eputation deserved for good design - i n posters , name - plates , and well fittings as as in architecture - and it was in 1930 that Pick decided Holden sole to g i ve responsibility for a number of stations on the Piccadilly Line . In that year Pick and Holden, together with W. P . N. Edwards toured , had Northern Europe . Holden ' s ~arlier experience of assembling brick masses and planes was_ drawn upon, but the stations undeniably were in an contemporary idiom, owing more perhaps to Sweden Dudok than to and the Netherlands . There· are elements too from the national ' Inter ­ Modern ', particularly in the corner windows with glazing thin metal bars , but brick is preferred to white r endering concrete) (or real as in the truly ' International Mo dern' buildings . The exhibition catalogue to some extent plays down the continental the influence : ' use of brick,' it states , 'is hardly surprising in a quintessentially view of it being English b uilding material.' True enough , I but it i s w suppose , or th l ooking mor e closely at the brickwork itself . The frequent use of English Bond (e . g . at Acton Town, Chiswick Boston Park , or Manor) is explicable enough - it has always bee n preferred railway architecture, for presumably because of its greater strength . But a number of the stations - Osterley or South Harrow , f or example - use varieties of Monk Bond . This, to be sure, was used by a t Sir Edward Maufe Guildford Cathedral, but it is essentially a North European so too is the mode ; Cross Bond employed at Eastcote and at Rayners Lane . The earliest of the stations - Sudbury Town (1932) simplest . - is also the . The entrance hall is a large r ectangular brick box, punctuated but by finely proportioned windows which combine with the and rise through entries almost the full height of the building . The station was intended to be modest and welcoming; it stands firmly on the and this is emphasised ground by the widely projecting canopy - like flat concrete roof. From the platforms a more varied grouping is seen . The waiting - r oom 3 ranges have r ounded ends (~ la Mendelsohn) which c ontrast effectively with t he r ectangular block-or-the entranc e hall whi ch is seen above them. Here , on the platform, the brickwork is rendered, contrast giving a nice in textures. All the stations differ slightly: Oakwood (1932-3, with C.H.James) in Southgate, for example, resembles but is subtly different from Sudbury Town. But at Arnos Grove, date of the same and also in Southgate, the dominant element is the circular booking -hall; this is, es s entia lly, a rounded version with of Sud bury Town, its wide canopy-roof and its well proportioned windows rising through almost the full height. This principal feature or stands above, rather rises through, a single-storey composition of right-angled forms, the entrance front itself jutting forward and marked by its more solid-looking walling. At Alperton (1933) the Sudbur is again y Town scheme used, but at Eastcote (1939) the principal feature of front face the is a large square window rising directly above a d ouble ­ entrance; the scheme is made less matter-of-fact by the Bond use of Cross in the brickwork portions. At Rayners Lane (1938) the Sudbury Town a rrangement is, as it were, turned round - due to of the site, the exigencies those parts which stand on the platform at Sudbury are here f ormed into an entrance - block on the str eet . Holden took overall respon sibility even when he himself did design a parti not cular station , and his style was f ollowed . The archi ­ tectural partnership of Welch , Cachemaille-Day, and Lander, example, for designed Park Royal , Acton (19}5 - 6) . Here the booking and entrance hall is circular, with the windows forming a just beneath continuous band the canopied roof. There is a tall t ower , topped by a flat roof , i ts plain brickwork relieved by panels of diagonally bricks . The - set view from the up - platform is particularly rewarding: the change of level from street to r ailway line is effectively in the exploited jutting blocks which descend from the booking hall and the bridge to the opposite platform . "It is difficult to think of another English architect of his generation who managed to achieve as easily as Holden fro th~ transition m Edwardian architecture to a distinctly modern idiom . Lutyens, who was only six years older , never managed i t, and in his later works became bogged down in his own brand of classicism, whereas able Holden was to allow his classicism to i nform even his most up - to-date buildings . Lutyens , moreover , remained elitist -a rich man ' s archi ­ tect . Holden, who was born into humble cir cumstances developed and l ater a healthy disdain f or the sheer materialism of Victorian industry and commerce , was able - in his earlier hospital and in his buildings later underground stations - to design for people , in an architectural language which is both easy to read and unsullied mere rhetoric by . All praise to the RIBA for celebrating the life and work of a fine English architect and a patron of that material is of especial which interest and value to readers of this publication . * * * Once again the weather was kind to us for the Annual General Meeting , held in Leicestershire on Saturday 18 June. There was attendance a very good , and thanks is again due to Michael Hammett for his fine organisation of the day . Although I was not able to attend session at the morning Hathernware Ceramics Ltd , I understand that this was a most rewarding visit , and we are grateful to them for their should also hospitality. I like to thank David Kennett for acting as guide at Groby Manor and at Bradgate. - Terence Paul Smith Editor 4

SOME EARLY BRICK HOUSES

David H. Kennett

Pioneer works often have the disadvantage of being incomplete in the •gazetteer which they provide for their after subject, and fifteen years its publicat ion, it is possible to note given by Ja additions to that ne Wight in her study of early brick 1 notes draw attention work. The present to houses pre-dating 1550 . The lis alphabetica l order fortuit ting in ously c orresponds to that of their date of constructi on : Castle Camps , Cambs ., brick with a fifteenth-century t ower; Kentwell Ha l l , Suffolk, from the onwards; Pillaton fifteenth century Hall, Staffs. , of the first three decades sixteenth century but incorporating of the and a chapel consecrated in 1488; Place House , Great Staughton , Hunts . notes which , from 1539 to 1 557 . The follow have utilised secondary source Each house would s available to me . repay further study . The earlier houses interesting d etails, have which have been briefly examined by case of Kentwell Hall. me in the 1 . Castle Camps , Cambridgeshire (TL 424626) Castle Farm , Castle Camps , Cambs . is a nineteenth- century in the centre of the brick house earthworks of the castle built by Aubrey Earl of Oxford , at the de Vere , end of the eleventh century . The present house replaces that constructed f arm ­ ~1738 , itself the successor to buildings sketched by Buck 2 the in 1730 (fig . l) . Buck's sketch shows four-storey brick tower , already a in a state of decay . Attached to is a substantial house , which , it it by has been suggested, is that built Thomas Skinner , who purchased the site Earl of Oxford in 1584 from Edward , 17th . The principal front has four gables transomed three above long , -light windows on both floors and with fenestration in the gables much smaller . There is a doorway visible below the ground- floor window of the third gable from the right . The north- east front has small cross-gables , two levels of mullioned and transomed windows , and a lighted c ellar. Access is by a doorway apparently cut into the mullioned and transomed window of the ground floor at the south . To the left of this is a two- storey Fi g. 1 structure , with a single cross -gable . to the brick tower . linking the main house . _ The latter has been suggested as a fifteenth-century addition to a previously work, an existing house of which no details are known . Interpretation is as "difficult but as a lways with a Buck drawing , some of the horizontal lines shown are On the l eft-hand certainly string- courses . side of the north-west face is a doorway, in its lower half . The right-hand blocked side is divided vertically in the 5 drawing up to the fourth string, though the significance of this unclear. is There is an opening just below the second string on the right-hand side and another at the level of the third {?)string (which latter is not present on the right-hand portion of There is a this face). three-light window without transoms immediately above the fifth string and another immediately above the sixth string. Against the north-east face, at the northern angle, is what appears to be a garderobe projection, reaching to the level second of the string. In the centre of the face is a square-headed two-light window . Some.way above this is a horizontal feature, possible but possibly a string a corbel-table. and a little way above this is a two­ light window with arched heads under a square label. rises The third string to the centre in two steps, and at the southern angle this appears t o coincide with a narrowing of the wall-thickness. less clear This is at the northern corner , though a similar narrowing can be seen at the l evel of the fourth string at the s outh a angle~ Th ere is square-headed three - light window with its sill formed by string and the fifth another, wider, example above , with its sill formed by the sixth string . The tower is presumably contemporary with the brick buildings constructed by John, 13th Earl of Oxford , at Castle Hedingham, who succeeded Essex , to the title in 1461 but enjoyed the estates only from 1485 until 4 his death in 1512. In 1607 the s i te was purchased by Th omas Sutton , who assigned it four years .later to his the London foundati on , Charterhouse. In 1738 the Charterhouse reconstructed the farmhouse. A modern commentator , William Palmer, asserts tower that the had fallen by 1744, though Lysons noted that it was still standing in 1779. 2 . Kentwell Hall, Long Melford, Suffolk (TL 863479) The 'new mansion house of Kentwell' referred to in her by Katherine will of 1563 Clopton (nee Roydon) was not the first brick house on this l a rge moated site. 5 On the west side of the moat the great is a fragment of hall of a fifteenth-century brick h ouse , known today as Moat House. Three the building periods have been postulat~d by Patrick Phillips ·Q. C., the present owner of .Kentwell Hall. It is that the suggested earliest part of the structure i s the central section, which is timber-framed and jettied with brick n agging to both upper storey, storeys, the although partly over the screens-passage , forming the solar . This portion of the 'M·oat House has been dated builder to ~1475. The was John Clopton ( 1423-97) , wh o also built Long Melford The southern church. portion is the former great hall of the house. It is of brick and is entered from the screens - passage archway by a double of brick . The hall was open to t he roof, although an attic floor was inserted at a l ater date . On the west side is projection a garderobe , emptying into the moa t . There appear to be no breaks in the south gable of the moat house , suggesting that rooms south- west, to the now demolished , were not directly accessible from the great hall . This part of the building may have been built Sir William ~1 500 by Clopton (1450-1530), who became the owner of the house on his father 's death in 1497. To the north is another brick structure, of two a slightly storeys, with different roof-pitch. It has a window on the upper storey, overlooking the moat , and another in the eastern storey half of the lower of t he north gable-end. The latter window may have been inserted when the building was reduced in status to servants' accomodation and storerooms. North of the Moat House is a brick bridge over the west side of the moat. Beyond this is a small gazebo , on the north-west the moated angle of platform. The gazebo is of eighteenth- century date but rests on the foundations of the corner-turret of the fifteenth-century 6 house . Similar f ounda tions may be seen at the three other a ngles of the original moat. The east side of the moat was along the gar front of the present den east wing, which was much rebuilt in 1826 . a later work, a From great east bay to the room on the north - east corner of the house , it may be possible to sugg est an original entran the east side. When ce on this was erected, after 1826, the builders did not provide foundations, and it may be that their decision was prompted by a belief that a former entrance - bridge would suffice. The present Kentwell Hall has its north wing set back from northern edge the of the moat by approximately 1 0 m. (30ft). This suggest that may the mid-sixteenth-century house was built inside earlier one, the a possibility which is reinforced by the presence the angle-turrets. of The house was approached from the east until 1678, present when the south avenue was laid out . The moated platform divided was originally by a channel along the east side of the pr esent Possibly east wing . there were fifteenth-century buildings (now demolished of unknown materials) and on the eastern part of the platform , perhaps forming an incipi ent front court. 3 . Pillaton Hall , Pillaton , Penkridge, Staffordshire (SJ 943129 ) Ha rry Thorold described Pillaton Hall as ' a remarkable gem 6 and precious ' . What survives is the north, gatehouse, r ange quadrangular of an originally moated h ouse buil t between ~14 25 80 and ~ 1530 . It had hearths in 1666 , when it wa s still occupied by the the descendants of builders, Richard and Alice Littleton . An incised Michael s l ab in St ' s church , Penkridge recor ds their deaths in r espectively 1 518 and 1529 . Richard Li ttl eton was the son of a fifteenth j udge , Sir - century Thomas Littleton ; his wife , Alice , was the heiress William Winnesbury of , wh o died in 1 502 and had held the pr operty 1473 . from To Willi am Winnesbury's time dates the ear liest buil site, the chapel ding on the of St Modwena , consecrated in 1488 , and occupying the eastern end of the gatehouse r ange . The main body of the house is ascribed to Richard and Alice Littl eton . Surviving remains include the gatehouse of three storeys with four circular angle - t urrets , each capped by a cupola , on upper half. The the turrets begin at the l evel of the transom of windows of the the first floor and are supported by projecting buttresses of V- section . Much of the upper half of the gatehouse block is a r ebuild of 1706 . The fenestration to the main part of the range is of three windows wi - light th a single t r ansom ; in the raised gatehouse block a r e very tall there windows of two lights with a single transom . The building has early sixteenth - century timber- framed partiti ons and a newel - stair of unrecorded materials . Near the west end of the gatehouse block is a single chimney - stack , isolate d , which has been suggested as part of the kitchen fronts a . It wide fireplace with baking - ovens . Elsewhere on other fireplaces the site are , including one suggested as that of the The great hall . building was occupied by a Lady Littleton in 1754 a farmer in 1 , but by 786 : the Littletons had built a new house at Teddesley Hey , 2 miles to the north . By 1799 the east , south , and we st ranges had been demolished , but eight tall chimneys had Many been left standing . of the latter had fallen down by 1841 . The gatehouse r estored by Lord range was Hatherton , a descendant of the Littletons , between 1884 a n d 1888 . Great

The brick- built Place House , Great Staughton , Hunts . was built by Sir 7

Oliver Leader between 1539 7 and 1 557 . Sir Oliver and his wife Frances, died within the , L ady same year, without dir e c t heirs . Ownership of the house and its lands, the Rectory Manor, with the advowson S t Andrew ' s church , of passed t o Frances ' uncle, Thomas Baldwin Baldwins owned the property . The until 1678, when it passed to t distant kinsman , John Conyers, heir but from 1 558 until 1633 they were not resident at Great Staughton. Instead, · they leased the property to the Dyer family, until Sir Lodowick Dyer disposed of his interest in Great Staughton in 1653. At an unknown date in the early seventeent century the house suffered a serious fire, the surviving portions then being refurbished, probably for Sir married. Ludowick and possibly when he He would need to be resident in Huntingdonshire year of office during his as High Sheriff of the county in 1635. What was restored is the south range and part of the west of an originally much larger range house, thought t o have had i ts rooms in the west ran principal ge and to have possessed also a north equivalent size t o r ange of that on the s outh . The house was of stone mullioned windows, brick with of which fiv e survive on the the south wing . A south side · of f our- light window on the gr ou nd- floor original brick dressings retains some . The ground floor of t he west brick arcade of three front has a bays which was at one time longer. the arcade and i ts If primary , accompanying loggia are amongst the examples of such earli est features in England . An original window lights with transoms of four can be seen above the a r cade . Few of the fittings and internal wa lls are of the sixteenth century, except perhaps for the staircase blocked in the west range and a fireplace i n its easternmost r oom . There i s a substantial chimney- stack towards the east south side of the south end of the range . This is pr imary but it is not how many of the other four clear stacks t o be seen on published photographs of before 1916 were primary . They seem to contain fourteen separate chimneys . The largest house in Great Staughton in the Hearth Tax taken in 1 666 had 11 hearths, but no Oliver connexion of its occupi er , Jackson , with Place House is known 10 . Neither of the houses with hearths , occupied respectively by Mr would Glotaly and Mr James Beverley , appear to be Place House , but an assessment Mr Baldwin of 6 hearths for seems rather beneficial . However, this of only a half could be a r ecord year' s payment on a house of 12 hearths hearths might . Twelve repr~sent the actual assessment in 1666. Notes and References

1 . J . A . Wight , Brick Building in England from the Middle Ages to 1550 London , 1972 , pp . 222 ~ Some Derbyshire been buildings have already considered in D. H. Kennett , ' Three Early shire ' , BBS Buildings in Derby­ Information , 39 , May 1986 , 16 - 17 . 2 . VCH Cambridgeshire , vol . 6 , London , 1978 drawing , pp . 36- 40 , with Buck ' s r eproduced opp . p . 256 ; D. Watkin in Gu i de Burke ' s and Savills to Country Houses , volume 3 , East Anglia with reproduction , London , 1981, p . 9 , of Buck ' s drawing ad l oc . 3 . [ Interpretation of Buck ' s drawings is notoriously difficult because of the often meagre draughtsmanship see . I am inclined to the features mentioned here as an attempt rather than to show buttresses offsets in the actual structure . But well be right as Mr Kennett may against me on this matte r. TPS]. -· 4 . The Castle Hedingharn buildings are illustrated in Hedingham guidebook , 1983 Castle , , p . l3 , in · an infuriatingly small reproduction somewhat larger original of a on show in the building itself . 5 . N . Pevsner , The Buildings of England : Suffolk , 2nd ed., Harmondsworth , 8 1974, p. 351 makes no mention of the fifteenth-century P.Ph illips,Kentwel building ; l Eall, Lon~ Melford, Suffolk , guide undated but fold e r, ~19 8 4 , with photographs of the 11oat House; Burke's and Savills P.Reid in Guide to Country H ouses, vol.3, East London , 1931, pp.243-9, Anglia, with photograph of main building; south gable of the Moat the House can be seen on the left of this photograph; E.Sandon, Suffolk Houses: a Studv of Domestic Archi­ tecture, Woodbridge, 1977 , p.191 and House. pl~l 88 , showing the Moat 6. N.Pevsner, The Buildings of England: Stafford§hire, 1974, p.222; H.Thorold, Harmonds worth, Staffordshire: a Shell Guide, London, with photograph; VCH Staffordshire, 1978, vo1.5, London, 1959, pp.ll9-20, with plate opp.p.l05, showing house shire ~18 00 . Hearth Tax: Stafford­ Historical Collections, 1927, p.23. 7. RCHM, An Inventory of ... Huntingdonshire, London , 1926, pp.251 with pl . 92 ; VCH Huntingdonshire, - 3 , vol . 2 , London , 1932 sketch, and pp.359-60, , p . 355 , with and pl.opp . p . 356 ; H.G.Watson , A Historv the Parish of Great Stau of hton , Huntin donshire, St Neots , esp. pp .ll-15 , with pl.opp 1916, . p . l l the latter is the original of plates in the RCHM and V the CH volumes). F or the Dyer family see Kennett , ' The Dyers of Great D. H. Staughton, Part One : the Making of the Estate', Records of Hunts. 1 , forthcoming 1987, and D ••• Part Two: .H.Kennett, the Breaki ng of the Estate', Rec 1987. Hearth . Hunts ., forthcoming Tax: microfilm of PRO doe . El79/249/l Cambs . Coun ty available in Record Office , Huntingdon Branch .

BOOK REVIEW Gerald Brodribb , Roman Brick and Tile~ 164pp Gloucester ., 62 illustrations , , Alan Sutton Publishing, 1987 , £14 363 - 6 . - 95 , ISBN 0-86299 - Brick and tile , as Dr Brodr ibb correctly commonest points out. (p . 4) form ' the of all Roman remains '. Some are in much in museums standing structur es , , and a good deal re-used in Anglo-Saxon churches , notably and later the great monastic church of St Albans the excavated material, . Much of as Dr Brodribb l aments , has suffered fate ' of being instantly the cast on the spoil heap. ' (p . 4) It seems indeed , incredible that it , is only in recent years that this most frequent of materials has been studied that in anything like the detail it deserves. In this book Dr Brodribb own and brings together both his others ' investigations into the subject explici tly in a work offered as ' a mere starting point for further r esearch by recording and others'. One wonders whether a work really appropriately of such a k ind is placed between hard covers time acknowledging , though at the same that it is quite nicely pr oduced . The covered is mostly British material (a point not made clear i n the title), although instances from elsewhere in the Empire are referred to time to time , usually to aid interpretation from of the British examp les . The first chapter deals with roofing imbrex - the familiar tegula and tiles, as well as ridge-tiles (scantily ted in the or dubiously represen­ British corpus), antefixae , and ' chimney-pots what they are) . Of ' (if that is particular interest here is the variety that the tegulae can take, of form s especially with respect to the cut at the botto ms of the flanges - outs and to the flang e -profiles . This followed by a chapter on bricks, is covering b essales (usually square 9

but s ometimes circular) used f or t he oilae of hypocausts; pedales , used primarily for capping the pilae but wi th bricks other uses t oo ; L ydian for bonding -courses, flooring , and other uses; bioedales, the sesauioedales; largest of all Roman bricks; and cuneati or solid voussoir-tiles used in constructing arches and joints enabling the mortar to be kept uniform (a sophistication with which and Norman builders Anglo-Saxon did not bother). Methods of using bricks for walling and for flooring are considered, as also are bricks of various shapes used for building up columns. Miscellaneous with types are dealt in a section entitled 'Oblong Brick and other and the chapter brick oddities', ends with a consideration of various facing bricks. The next chapter deals with cavity walling - with hypocausts used in connexion - and utilising tegulae mamrnatae (delicately u nt ransl left ated ~ ) , box- tiles, and 'space - bobbins ' . Hollow v are also considered ou s soir-tiles here, though they perhaps belong mor e properly to the previous chapter . A chapter headed ' Miscellaneous' deals furthe with ceramic drain - pipes , r hypocaust mater ials , and ' Unclassified or Unidentified Objects ', and this is followed by a chapter on ' Markings ' - or otherwise - such deliberate as signatures , combing and scoring to a i d mortar adhesion, tile-stamps , animal (including human) imprints , tally-marks , and , in some ways most fasci nating of all , graffiti give : these above all a glimpse at the human side of the Roman brickmaking Two industry . short chapters discuss c olour, fabric , and texture manufacturing industry , and the itself as well as the dissemination of t he products . Clearly , there is great scope f or further Appendix research here . I gives some details of the sampled material Appendix II briefly , whilst consider s ' high- standing walls ' (a meagre enough subject in Britain ~ ) . Appendices III and mammatae IV give details of tegulae and of box- tiles respectively . There is a glossary bibl i ography . and a Purists in this Society may wonder about the frequent use of the word ' baked ' applied to fictile materials and (for about the u~e of 'rows ' courses) and of ' cement ' (for mortar) . But these So too perhaps are small matters. ,_ though it can be irritating , is the failure when the text to refer - calls f or it - to the illustrations . More serious absence of any proper is the reference system for unpublished material . Too often ones comes across references to brick Halt , or 'a from . . . ' (Canterbury , wh erever) or ' a tile in the museum at ... ', with number or other means no accession of identification . This is serious , because it does make it difficult to check details or to not noting be certain that one is something that Dr Brodribb has already recorded that , the work . For all is a useful pioneer study in a surprisingly neglected area , and will give future researchers a valuable framework into which they may fit their own findings . T. P .Smith REVIEW Brick cosmetics , being a review of Timothy Easton , ' The Decor ative Treatment Internal of 16th- and 17th - Century Brick in Suffolk' , Post-Medieval Archaeology , 20 , 1986 , l-17 . Here is a straightforward introduction to yet anothe brickwork. Easton r approach to ' s subject is internal , as opposed to the better known external, covering of brickwork with pigment Eleven , mortar, or plaster . photographs and one half - tone sectional drawing study of illustrate a eight interiors , the majority of wh i c h hale from An exception is Bedfield Debenham . Hall , where he and his family dwell in increasing elegance as his patient work of restoration paper bears proceeds . The the mark of a man wh o besides being a student nacular knows much about of the ver­ how to resurrect a ruin without affront t o 10 tradition. The first word I l earnt was 'ruddle'. Well, yes, I kne~ it in context of marking sheep. Here, the though, it means a coating 'of red ochre pigment and size ... [w hich] not only gives t he brickwork a uniform colour but reduces the grittiness more Alternatively, of the surface texture.' the decorator applied mortar and, finally, incised first, then the ruddl l . this along the join~ ~ines and painted with 1a thin line of these white pigment'. In that age of new prosperity pride imitation did not stop and there. There are examples both of timber so treated to look like brickwork and imitation of brickwork painted.with 'four ruddled timbers sloping in to resemble chimney'. Boldest a timber-framed of all is the imitation ashlar which internal walls of a room. covered all the Where it exists in the fir eplace, the plasterer stops short of the near vicinity of the fire because he was 'aware that the hea t of the fire woul brittle d cause the "ashlar" to become a nd detached i f it were continued . 1 Easton's paper could send us searching f or local examples ; there ­ fore, his advice about how to recogn trace ise the treatment even when all of it has vanished is to the point . the colour He writes: ' If no trace of is visible , the appear ance of appa •.. is the r ently careless pointing most positive evidence that colour once brick face. 1 existed over the He is anxious to know of other examples, graph preferably with a photo­ . BBS members who know of such and are widen his willing to help him to field of enquiry should write to h im Woodbridge , Suffolk at Bedfield Hall, IP13 ?JJ (Tel. : Worlingwor th 380) . Geoffrey Hines REVIEW

John McCann , ' Brick Nagging in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth with examples drawn mainly Centuries , from Essex', Transactions of. the Ancient Monuments Society , 31 , 1987 , 106 - 33 . John McCann ' s text is supported by a gazetteer of t en counties , 57 buildings from detailed r eferences to 39 sources., and of which 11 are photographs 18 illustrations , . The drawings include fourteen patterns brick nogging (henceforward 1 1 of , nogging ), ~ach of which is defined accorded site examples . I would wish and paper, to call this an ' author itative ' but believe that the author would agree splendidly breaks that although it new ground where , as he rightly notes, has been written ', any authoritative ' ver y little catchment study must stern from a wider area . Instead , I assert that it the history is a s em inal contribution to of brickwork . By this I mean that so and clearly presented carefully resea rched a work must , perforce , stimulate fur ther investigations outside of Essex . I hope that John McCann will himself undertake some at least of this . The study opens with a good tempered, objective survey more important published material of the - by R. W. Brunskill, Alec Clifton ­ Taylor , Eric Mercer , and Margaret Wood 'lower . Discussion follows on the date' for brick nagging . Wood , with a 1550 , and Mercer single exception dated , offering evidence of some late fifteenth-century nagging, c onclude that ' Elsewhere there is no convincing evidence the use of nagging between .£...:_1500 for paper and .£...:_1650 .' (Mercer) ' This ,' a dds McCann , ' will provide such evidence concludes : ' .' It does so , and Six examples from one county should suffice brick nagging was practised to prove that in the sixteenth century ; other examples are given in the Appendix .' TP these own instanc one might add , Mr Editor , your e , illustrated by plate 5 of ' A Demolished Building 1 Timber-Framed at Luton ' , and dated by you fr om observation the wall in wh ich the of a window in n agging occurs as ' l ate medi eval - fifteenth sixteenth century - i n appearance '. or This l ast example and McCann ' s many mentions of nice detail in 11

the timber- framing associated with t he nogging, sounds a caveat: 'Useless to embark upon dating nogging unless one knows one's timber construction.' And this means much~ His impressive knowledge of this last mentioned technique apart, McCann includes four other aspects of the aesthetic topic. He discusses 'the attraction of brick nogging', which he believes for its earliest may account use rather than as a replacement for wattle-and-daub. Regarding the 'replacement' use, he l i sts four means of 'distinguishin between original brick nogging c of the fifteenth and sixteenth centurier and its later use as a replacement for practical decayed wattlework'. His third aid to fieldwork consists in a list of fourteen each of which is accompanied patterns, by a line drawing, definition, and one site example. Finally, there is 1 a short section on 'Repair tion • and Restora­ In such small compass no-one can deal with as it deserves the subject as fully . We could hope that McCann might extrapolate references to upon his bonding. When treating of the fifteenth and centuries he remarks that sixteenth 'Much brickwork of the period is in random bond' and 'The more elaborate bonds .. . until did not become practicable the improved firing methods of the late seventeenth produced bricks of consistent century size ' . Anthea Brian's records of brick bonds of dated buildings 2 -not mentioned some in McCann's paper - suggest modification in this part of the study . Another form of compression, implied in what has just been written, has occasioned, perhaps , a too generous discussion time - span for periods under . For example , the following words which referred to a paper are McCann's are by the late L.S.Harley, our Founder President.3 McCann writes: 'There were buildings of solid the twelfth brickwork in Essex · from century , and plenty by the fifteenth 1 had in century. What Harley mind, and what he instanced, were the examples Brick ' at Coggeshall of the ' Great and Waltham Abbey , each of the mid- twelfth century, followed to late by that early appearance of what he aptly names the 'one-hand' brick 4 at Little Wenham (1260-68), which, while its brickwork is indeed 'solid' , by no structure means accounts for the entire of that fortified house. If McCann has , here, long a leap and so taken too ignored even the broad steps in brick construction and brickmaking across these four vital centuries, to hope for a fuller this too is occasion development of his own paper than for throwing one of the 'subjects' at him . Others better qualified than I am may write in agreement or disagreement of this or that point . What is certain is that, hereafter , anyone entering this challenging field will into account. have to take his paper

Geoffrey Hines Notes and References 1 . T. P . Smith , 'A Demolished Timber-Framed Building at Luton' , Arch .J., 7 ,1972 ,73-77. Beds . 2 . A.Brian, 'The Distribution of Brick Bonds in England up to 1800 1 , Vernacular Archit ., 11, 1980, 3 -11. 3 . L. S . Harley , 'Bricks of Eastern England to the End of the Middle Ages ', Essex J ., 10, 4, Winter 1975/6 . 4 . The date of Little Wenham has been checked with the owner as the most recent and reliable one . 12

BRICK IN CHURCHES -11, HERTFORDSHIRE

L. E. Perrins and T. P. Smith

In a previous issue of Information D.H.Kennett advocated the compila­ tion of a national register of brickwork and specifically of brick- • • work in churches, a task which he began with a list of pre-1840 churches in Berkshire.1 After publication of that paper, Lyle Perrins sent to the editor a list of brick churches in He r tfordshire, extracted from his own records; to that l ist the editor was able to add examples from his own investiga tions within t he same c ounty , and these are now combined i n the list whi ch forms Appendix I to the present paper . Although Dr Perrins' list i ncluded some pos t - 1840 examples; the e ditor has omitted these for the sake of uniformity : Mr Kennett had argued for a terminal date of 1840 a nd had limited hims elf to such a period . We have also followed the earlier paper by including only Angli can churches . It is suggested that others who may contribute to this series will follow suit in these respects . Like M r Kenn ett , we we re troubl ed by the fact of boundary changes affecting the historic county ; in the event , examples have been included both fr om within that part of the county l ost to Greater London i n 1 974 -viz . the area of the Barnets - and that gained at the same time - viz . the area a r ound Potters Bar a nd South Mimms . In our own list we have more or less followed the scheme used by Mr Kennett , except that details of the non - brick parts of the chur ches are given in much shorter form or omi tted altogether . The re - use of Roman tiles/bricks i n Hertfordshire churches has been noted where i t is known to one or other of us , but there are doubtless many minor 2 examples that we have missed . . It is, of course , the re-used Roman bricks/tiles that form the earliest examples of medieval brickwork in the county , the great abbey (now cathedral) church at St Albans being the best known . This i s of Norman date, but ear lier still s ome of the handful of Anglo -Saxon churches had also used Roman bricks/tiles . At St Stephen ' s chur ch , St Albans, for example , the brick- built quoins at the west end clear ly indicate the extent of the Anglo-Saxon nave , whilst the material was also used for window dressings . Similarly, St Michael ' s church , St Albans includes re - used Roman material . In that ci ty r e - usable material was, of course , readily available from the ruins of Veru ­ l amium . Elsewhere too , however , the material was re-used , possibly from abandoned villas or the like , as at Northchurch , near Berkham­ sted ,3 where the Anglo-Saxons used i t to form apparently ill-understood bonding - courses . All these examples are late in the Anglo -Saxon period , certainly after 900 A. D. The Normans continued to use the material , not only in the great abbey , but also in parish churches , as at Ippollitts and Sandridge . Slowly , however, t he material was abandoned , perhaps , as P . J . Drury has suggested i n connexion with central Essex , because supplies were being exhausted .4 There follows , in Hertfordshire , the usual gap in t he history of brick. Although in some parts of eastern England brick was used in churches as a structural material - not intended to be seen but hidden behind stone facing or rendering - it was, generally--speaking , not used as a material in its own right for churches until the advent of the Tudor period . Wher e brick is exposed , within t he county, it is used only in minor ways , as at Abbots Langley and Flamstead and perhaps for the crenellated parapets at Newnham . Some of the brick patching at Caldecote is in narrow bricks and may be late medieval in date . But IJ

medieval church brickwork remains unimpressive this within the county . In respect there is a marked contrast with fords secular building . Hert ­ hire was certainly in the van of fas the mid-fifteenth hionable brick building in century, notably in the cases onwards and of Rye House of ~144 of t he great towerhouse at Hunsdon, now from William Worcestre's known to us only contemporary description.5 English builders, it seems, were remarkably conservative ecclesiastical in admitting brick into structures before the 1480s, and was no exception. in this Hertfordshire During the Tudor period, however, this attitude changed, and brick was used in some parts with increasing there emphasis on display. If is nothing in Hertfordshire to match towers of the magnificent Tudor brick Essex, there is at least the fine work and out - including at Wyddial - inside tracery of moulded bricks and an arcade incorporates moulded brickwork. which also The inventive label-stops , carved or moulded from brick, are a particular chapel delight. The east window of the i s a r are example of Perpendicular tracery cinquefoiled archlets with super mullions , to the main lights , and trefoiled archlets the heads , all carried out in moulded in brick brick . Thz tracery of the other windows is simpler, with uncusped li former rendering. ghts . All show traces of All t his dates fr om 1532 . Of approximately date is the south porch at the same Meesden , complete with stepped gable , moulded brick doorway and windows , trefoil-head table ed niches , and corbel­ of trefoiled archlets . The latter f eature i n secular architecture had been established within the county at Rye House in fifteenth century and was the mid­ also used at Watton Ha l l and , in an elaborat form probably deriving fr om Rye e House , at Rickmansworth Rectory. In church building trefoiled archlets were parapets used beneath some of the at Redbourn church , perhaps fairly century ; early in the sixteenth here, the details appear to be cut rath shape . The same er than moulded to century saw also the addition of brick Hunsdon , Little Hadham chapels at (with moulded - brick kneelers to the gable with traces of rendering and on· the moulded- brick windows) , and Stanstead Abbots , all -and perhaps significantly At Hunsdon -close to the Essex border . a further example was added at the (~1600) very end of the century , still using Perpendicular tracery . The delightful little chapel at Buntingford had all its tion and its topmost courses fenestra ­ renewed when the porch and apse were in 1 899 . But the moulded - brick kneelers added (that is, and gable - copings are primary of 1614- 26) . At theii heads the gabl square tops es a r e finished with reminiscent of Dutch tuitgevels. Perpendicular still being used in the seventeenth tracery was century in the little vestry added to Kings Walden church . Min or works continued window a t this time , as in the inserted into a blocked door.way at Littl utilitarian buttresses e Hadham , the purely added to the ageing tower at Sandon rebuilding of the sides , or the of the timber-framed south porch at Ippollitts The r ound-headed windows at Throcking . the tower , part of the completion of ~1660 , are presumably influenced by architecture . classical tastes in Of more overtly classical building there enough in the brick churches is little of Hertfordshire , and what there is belongs to the eighteenth rather than we to the seventeenth century . The st front at Hoddesdon (1732), with its and unsurprisingly broken cornice , is still, , baroque . Gibbs surrounds w windows of the ere applied to the new church at Totteridge as late as Beach was way off beam 1790. Sir William when he described the new chur ch at Lawrence as a ' Byzantine horro Ayot St r'; J . E. Cussans was much closer , though no more sympathetic, when he spoke of it as ' a heathen temple '~ It i s in fact, a Greek temple~ of stuccged , behind, orick on its front f~ce , though where the compositiop is more Palladian work is than Greek , the brick­ left exposed . It was built in 1778 - 9 remarkably ea by Nicholas Revett , a rly instance of Greek influence . At Shenley the mid-eighteenth century the work of is entirely artisan , untouched by the fashions of ' polite ' architecture . In the n ext century , up to the terminal date of 1840 , the Gothic 14 Revival is beginning, as al~ays at this date i n rat at Rickrnansworth, of which her weak form, as only the aisles of 1826 survived alterations. Even meaner is the later Perpendicular-style Waltham Cross, an aisleless tracery of building with yellow 1832 - almost i nevitably, it brick. At East Barnet a neo-Norman see~s, of brick again~) tower was a dded (in yellow in 1829. At Flaunden, an Scott, the style early work by Sir George Gilbe: is still very much that of - deplored and vilified the Commissioners' Gothic by Pugin - but at' least there interesting, and more suitable, is a core dressings. use of materials: flint It was erected in 1838. with red bric}: Notes and References

1 . D.H.Kennett, 'Bricks in Churches- 1, Berkshire', BBS Information, 43, November 1987, 10-14 . 2 . As explained in the text, the lation l ist (Appendix I , infra) is by both authors, with final a compi ­ text has editing by TPS; the introductory been added by TPS. Dates, and in the sometimes brief desc list , are sometimes in part derived ri~ti ons Buildings of England from N. Pevsner, The : Hertfordshire, 2nd ed. , revised Harmondsworth , 1977 . B. Cherry, 3 . T. P.Smith , The An glo-Saxon Churches History of Hertfordshire, Herts . Council Occasional Paper no . 3, Local pp.l0- 11. Wheatharnpstead London and Chichester , 1973, church is interesting tile is re-used in the later in that Roman brick/ medieval church but not in of the south transept which seem those parts op .ci to be of Anglo -Saxon date t ., p . 34 ; for more recent work : Smith , A.B . Havercroft, on this church : C. Saunders , and R. Powers, ' Excavations at Wheathampstead ', Herts St Helen 's Church , . Arch ., 8 , 1980- 82 , 102-11 . 4 . P.J . Drury , ' The Production of Brick and Tile in D.W. Crossley, in Medieval England' , ed ., Medieval Industry , CBA Research London, 1981, p .l26 . Report no . 40 , 5. T. P . Smith , ' Rye House, Hertfordshire in England , and Aspects of Early Brickwork ', Arch . J ., 132 , 1975, 111 Worcestre : Itineraries, - 50 ; J . H.Harvey , ed ., William Oxford , 1969, p . 51 . 6. The quotations are derived Landscape from L.M. Munby, The Hertfordshire , London, 1977, p . l62 .

Appendix I - Brick Churches in Hertfordshire- pre-1840 Parish, Use of Dedication, brick , Colour, Date Parish , Use of brick, Grid Reference Deaication , Colour, Date Grid Reference Abbots Langley South chancel St Lawrence chapel of Caldecote flint and stone chequer Much brick patching in rubble TL 095023 mixed with St Mary Ma gdalene walls, some brick; r ed ; Cl4 . TL 236384 with narrow bricks , (Plain brick parapet to also on buttresses; red in tower; uncertain date . ) English and random bond ; ?Cl5 Ayot a nd ?Cl8. St Lawrence Brick with stuccoed New St Lawrence Grecian East Barnet front; red; by Nicholas Tower added in neo-N orman TL 1 91169 Revett, 1778-9 St Mary style to Norma . TQ 277946 n a nd Cl9 work: Bishops Stortford yellow; by R.Kelsey , 182 Tall upper stage added to 9 . St ~1ichael Cl5 tower Flamstead Three ; light r ed brick , St courses of bricks in TL 1.86213 originally Leonard flint wa ll r endered; 1812 . TL 079146 s of sacristy; r ed ; Bramfield Brick Cl4 . Also patches of brick , spire , rendered; including St An drew 181.0 . Roman brick , in W TL 291157 tower of flint and stone; red; ? medieval Buntingford and l ater. Creek-cross Flaunden St Peter plan , moulded­ Brick dressings brick windows , still beneath St Mary K2gdalene to flint TL 363291. f our-centre structure ; red; by Sir George d arches , simple TL 017010 Gilbert Scott eaves-cornice of stepped , 1838 . projecting Gilston bricks, gables; Upper part of t ower and stair­ red in English St Mary turret Bond; 1611. - 26 . TL added in b~ick ; red; (Additions of 1899.) 136440 prob . Cl6 . 15

Pnr~ :lh, U:11 • ,, ( h r- ~ r. k , r.olou ~, fl n •. o t ..J l en ll on , P8rlsh, Uaa o( brick, Colour o~Jtcult , Da t e Cr1 J Rcf•·r,•r. c ..- on, Gr i d Ru( t: r llnce Great GaJ1es:len Horth -ea~t c~ a ~el (P.alse7 St Alta::s S t J o~.n the Ba~t1H Chapel ); red Nor ; 17)0. Cl2 chancel Abbe7 :an ~ o ~~! o ~' o f rc- ~ '~1 TL 029112 has quoin Chu rch Rc: s an:l bu t~reaaes TL 10070 an trlc~ '• or!. ~ l~ a: l y al l atrensthened vith Ro:an re~ d ercd; red; ~cr :e r.. br~c k. St Albans •Hex ton ~uc h vork in brick; r end ~uc~ r~·use or ~ o St Faith er ed; St IHcha el :a n br!. c'- ? ~ 1 807. TL lJ607J 1n An clo-Saxon ve rY.; r ed; P.!nx Ans lo-5axon. ..,orth Brick chancel; r ed: Cl8 St !:ichollls . St Albans St Stephen Hu ch r e-use of Ro:ar. brick TL 2J7J.OJ for - TL 142061 vindovs a nd G~ ~!. r.s - 1:: Hitchin Hu ch An glo-5axon c hu rc~; red ; brick used f or repa irs to Anelo S t ~a r:; t -Saxon . over , particularly at hisher Sar. don T~ 18 ~:<9~ levels, L also !or cha ncel para­ All Sa!.nts a~ ~e sl o~~r.r. . u~ :~ !:n ~ :n~ pe t s ; red: b~ttrc~ses uncer~ain date . TL .32=<3!.6 added : ~ ClL ~ t o., er; Hodde!':i~n West f r ont classica r ed ; Cl/ . St. raul l vith Sa nd r ici;;e cornice broken by blir.d arch, St C~an cel ar c~ o~ re-us ed TL J 7J085 steep Le on ard Ro:ar. gable vith bellcote ; red ; TL 171106 bricks ; rec ; prob. 17)2. (R est of church a ltered 1094 -1119 . 1861.-5 and 1888.) Sarrat t Uppe r s torey or Hu ns:: or: Holy Cross W tower vith NE and SE chapels , both brick vindovs and ouoins; St Dunstan vith TQ OJ998 I. red c oulded-brick tracery; red in C16. Also Roca~ bricks TL 1.18128 Engli r e ­ sh Bond; NE chapel Cl6 ; used in church; red; me dieval SE cha pe l ~ 1600 . Sawbridgeworth St Low brick s tair - t urret added I ppollitts S porch of Mary the Great t o Cll. St timber - framing , s ides TL 48514 and Cl5 W tover: red Ippo1yts reneved in brick ; r 9 i n English TL 198271 ed in various Bond; Cl6. bonds ; prob . Cl7. Also Roman Shenley bricks St Walls of squared flints with r e-used in ~laces. Botoloh brick TL 18)01 9 dressings and pa tter ns ; Kings Wa1den NE vestry vith Per r ed ; mid-Cl8 S t Mary pendicular­ . s tyle vindovs ; red; Cl7 . South Mim ms TL 1612)6 St Giles N aisle and vestry added to ear lier church; red i n Little Hadham N TL 222012 transept vit h simple Perpen­ English Bond ; 1523- 6. Also St Cecilia dicular tracery; Roman bricks TL 446228 details of re -used in flint r end ered brick : moulded brick fabric. {Restored by G. £ . kneeler s to north gable; red St reet in 1877- 8 . ) English in Stanstead Bond; prob . Cl6. A~so, Abbots NE in N vall of St James chapel added t o ear lier nave , insertea church , moulded vindow wi th moulded -brick TL 400111 - brick mullion windows; r ed in English Bon d ; s; red ; Cl7 . 1577 . Markyate Some Stevenage St Jo bricks in nave; thin A fev Roman br hn the Bap~ist W tower with St Nicholas i cks re- us ed TL 059169 chequer pattern; in buttresses , a lso upper red and purcle ; 1734, TL 241262 par ts of tower and buttre sses enlarged 18il. {Chancel 1892.) of brick ; Meesden red ; Cl5 or Cl6. S porch of Thr ocking St Mary bri~k with moulded W tower {Cl3) completed in brick openings , trefoiled Holy Trinity brick TL 4J9J26 niches TL JJ9J01 with round- heade d a nd corbel-tabl e ; windows , corbelled-out stepped gable; red ; pr stair­ ob . t urret, and parapet ; red ; ~15JO. 1660 - date Ne ttleden recorded on Brick c hurch brick plate on St Lawrence exceot for Cl5 exterior. W tover: red in English Bond ; Totteridge Simple TL 21.JJ77 1811 . St Andrew nave wi t h arched windovs vith Gibbs surrounds, Newnham Some , a TQ 21.7 941 heavy W pedimen St Vincent pparently early , bricks t ; red ; 1790. 1 in r eoairs Walt TL 24JJ77 t o rubble fabric, ham Cross Rather mean Gothic including brick parapet Holy Tr inity aisleless , all building vith Perpendicula cement- render ed; red ; ? post TL )61008 style r­ medieval. ­ tracery ; yellow , by E. Blore , 1 832 Northchu . (E parts re­ r ch Roman bricks modelled 1911. . S t Ha r y in Anglo-Saxon ) stonework , partly as bonding Wheathampstead SP 97 4089 courses; ­ Roman bricks re - used haphazardly r ed ; Anglo-Saxon. S t He len in post- Saxo TL 1 n pa r ts (but not in Offley W tower added 77140 Anglo-Saxon po St Mary Magdalene to medieval rtions) ; red; church : red; 1800 . ? Cl J . Red bourn Parapets Wyddial N aisle St Mary on S side with St and NE chapel vith trefoiled corbel Giles s imple vindov TL 100116 - table ; Tt J7JJ18 tracery ; E a pparently cut to shape; red; windov of cha pe l with cusped prob. Cl6. Also , Roman bricks panel-tracery of moulded brick , re- used in f lint fabric. one label of stone , fi ve of brick, Rickman swo r th Aisles of lozenge - shaped stops - S t early Gothic some vith Mary Reviva l church ; r osettes or fleu r s ­ TQ 061942 yellow; by de- lys and t vo vith William Atkinson, 1826. (Much carved additional heads , inside brick arcade vith work by Sir Arthur moulded Bl omfield i n 1890.) - brick bases and capitals , arch-mouldings f orm ed by squinchons ; r ed i n English Bond ; 1532 . 16

Kin~ston - uoon - Eull Bricks . Many membe r s of the E r i ti ~h Br ick Soci ety will be awa r e of t h e im of Kingston-up po rta n c e o f t he cit ~ on - Hull in the histor y o f early brick Holy Trinity church wor k . The survi v in[ is just one of t he many bui ldings wh up using brick in the fourteenth ich wer e pu t century and later. Hull is one provincial towns with a seventeenth-century of fe ~ plan showing the brick walls and gates. \o/enceslaus Hollar' s times, plan .has been reproduced several for example in G.Parry, Hollar's England, Thompson, The 1980, pl.lO, and M.W. Decline of the Castle, 1 98 7, pl.77. The advantage of a panoramic form er has the view along the River Humber, itself backed t~e wall; t he shipping rode in the by clear. River Hull, as Hollar's plan makes The walls were excavated in 1969 Walls (see J .Bartlett, 'The Medieval of Hull', Kin s ton-u on-Hull Muse 197 ums Bulletin, 3 and 4 , 1 969 , 0 , revised issue 1971 and Henry t VIII's brick de fences ea st of he r iver in 1970 ( s ee A. Cook , 'Hull Castle uoon - Hull Museums Excavation, 1970, Kine:ston­ Bull etin , 6 , March 1971, 1 - 8) . More recently excavations have been r eported , on the Beverley Gate at Hull by P . A Armstr ong (briefly s ummarised in . Medieval Archaeoloe:v, 31 , 1987 , 147) . Situated at the nor t h-west angl e of the was the defences, the Beverley Gate pri ncipal entry i nto the town; i t s urvived sieges by the two unsuccessf ul Royalists in 1642 and r emained until 1776 located the south side . The e x cavatio~ of the brick gate and exposed the north to a height of 2 . 45 m (about front 8 ft) or 34 courses , as well as the guard house and an adjoi ni ng portion of ­ of wall . Both gatehouse and wall we r e brick , but better bricks and higher quality i n the former. workmanship were evident Potter y evi dence suggests a buildi ng date the gate , thirty years of ~1350 for after the licence to crenellate . Documentary evidence suggests that work began elsewhere , probably on the sea wall on the foreshore of the Ri ver Humber . The intention is to incorporate the surviving r emains in a pedestrian scheme for the city . Another development emphasising Hull early brickwork in the history of was reported i n The Guardian ·on 4 March School is 1988 . The Old Grammar being restor ed to become a Museum of Hull planned to open and its People , in May 1988 . To restore this brick building many old bricks were of 1583 , needed . Some were found stacked at Burton a great house of the same year as Agnes , demolished the school ; they had been saved from farm buildings there ; Another contractor them, so had not paid for when Trevor Francklin , · foreman of the restoration of the group working on the school , heard about them he and his workmates to collect them, paying for went them with five - pound notes stuffed in back pockets : hardly the way local their government usually works ~ There good photographs in the report , showing were use the stacked bricks ready for and showing also the Victorian Fish Street Hull School Board Da y School , erected by in 1871, which is to become the local for the city. In a very history archive different way, it demonstrates the continuation of the bricklayer's craft in Hull . David H. Kennett

Brickies Beat the Clock ~ Geoffrey Hines has sent in the following item fr ' They om the Ipswich Mercury , 19 May 1988: ' re absolute bricks~ I Hardworking bricklayers Council 's project working on Ipswich to pedestrianise parts of the town new record . I They centre have set a laid a total of 4 , 000 bricks in one, day manager Dennis Needham set after site them the challenge to pave Westgate Street before they clocked off . I The record Bartlett - breakers are George Self, Nicky , Brian Askew and Roier Hoski ns . g r a ft in blazing I And after their hard day ' s sunshine they c el e bra ted in the t radit wi th ca n s of cold beer .' i ona l way . .. 17

BRICK FLUSHWORK AT FEERING CHURCH, ESSEX

Terence Paul Smith

East Anglia is the region par excellence for cut ashlar and contrasting flushwqrk combining finel . black flints, often themselves knapped to neat squares and finely rectangles. It is in t his same many of our earliest brick buildings region that a occur . One might expect, fair number of buildings to combine therefor work the ma t eri als by crea t ing panels with flint infilli ng, f brick­ we ll t o or not on l y wou l d brick l end itsel such trea t ment but also t h e t echn f i q ue of for ming brick panel s was well establ ished by the later Fl int Middl e Ages . and brick were occasionally combined the foot of the , as a · l ate fourteenth - century Cow· at Nor wich and , fu Towe !· r ther afield , at the Dent- de ­ Li on gatehouse at Ga rlinge , Kent where (before 1445) , br i ck a nc f l i nt occur in a series acr os s the whole of bands external wa l l -face . At Chelms ­ for d Cathedr a l (formerly the parish Essex t church) , he l ate medieval porch is of stone flint f l us and hwork uti lising a number of patterns immediatel y beneath ; t he parapet on each of the east and west sides is a series s eparated of brick panel s , Fig.1 by f l us hwork panels and each a s i ngl e l cont aining oz enge in black bricks ; but , although occurr ing i n the context of flushwork work its elf is not flushwor k . , the brick - In fact , brick flushwork i nstances seems r a r e l y to have been a ttempted. to which t his note dr aws a The of the sixteenth ttention occur within the plinth - centur y b rick- built south ~ aisle at Feer ing Church , ~ Essex , TvTO patter ns ~~ are found . Towards the west ,~ (fi g . l) the panels are ~ of f ormed by three cour ses plain br icks with t he heads formed __.// Q L special squa from I r ish br icks with cusping cut into ono 1 the·m; two ·such br icks _;I ~ ~ for m a simple trefoil ed L_ head . Further eastwards (fig . ~ r--:i) formed 2) , the heads are ~~bPnor-- by specially shaped bricks (familiar L____ corbel- tables and from other features i n a number of 0 [] {l)I J buildings) , with once ...d ~~ again a pair of such bricks __) forming a simple trefoiled head . was necessary . With these , it to cut to shape the bricks .--- the spandrels . within Fig. 2 The filling of the panels in both types is of knapped flints , type though in neither are they carefully shaped : r oughly squar ed but most are a few are verv lef t in their natural shapes . The r eason for the paucity of be that examples i s not clear . It cann l ate medieval and Tudor builders ot r ed and black , disliked the combination of since this is precisely the contrast exploi ted i n brick diaper that was so often work . Possibly , it was the ease the l atter could be achi eved which with which the use made it unnecessar y to resor t of flint i n o r der to cr eate decorat to I s hould be i on . g l ad to hear of a ny other s uggestions may have , and to · that members learn of an~ f urther exampl es . 18

Stolen t e r rac ottas. In recent years Great Yarmouth and Gorleston have temporarily had a plethora of hospitals, and some old one very new. The workhouse (still in use as the local geriatric hospital) was built in 1834; the James Pag~t District Hospital opene was d by Dame Dorothy Hodgkin in May 1982. One of those which latter the replaced was the Gorleston Hospital, Lowestoft Road, Gorleston­ on-Sea, .next to t~e brick church designed by Eric Gill for the Roman Catholic Diocese of East Anglia. The hospital was a mid-Victorian brick building whose chief feature was a porch decorated with fine terracottas. some When this was demolished in late 1987, the terra­ cott as wer e stored, all markedandnumbered, for re-erection in on e of the c o urtyards of the James Paget Hos pital, as a r eminder of the ol d Gorleston Hospi tal. Unf ort unatel y , thieves s t r u cottas ck and the ter ra ­ have not been seen s ince bei ng s tolen i n January 1988. thought that And we brick r ustling was c onfined to Chi c ago ~ DHK

The East Anglian Re~ion of the Br itish Bri ck Societv . The Br itish Brick tituted Society is cons ­ on the basi s of r egi ons defined by geology r ather than by county or other boundaries . Since the Society ' s incepti on Co - or dinato , the Regional r for East Anglia has been Geof frey Hines. At the Essex meeting on Saturday 14 May , Adrian Car der-Bir ch accepted invitation Geoffrey' s to take on a responsi bility f or which he had, a s it were 1 won his 1 , spurs by virtue of t he per fect organisation of a well attended and thoroughl y useful day . Enquiries - other than those proper to the various officers of the Society - regar ding East Anglia should now go to Adrian Maltings , at The North End Road, Little Yeldham , Ha l stead , Essex C09 4LE. GCH What a whopper ! The last issue of Infor mation (44, March 1988 , 20) included a q uery f r om Richard Mor ris r egarding a frogged brick from Netley Abbey , Hants . Inadvertently which , the dimensions he included on his accompanying sketch we r e given in centimetres r ather than, as they should have been , in millimetres . He me to point has asked out this error. The brick is not really large enough to form a dining - room table ~ TPS

BOOK REVIEW

Alec Clifton - Taylor , The Pattern of En~lish Building 480 , 4th edition, pp. , numerous unnumbered illustrations , London , Faber , 1987 £14 . 95 , , paperback , ISBN 0- 571- 13988 - 4 (hardback : 0- 571-14890-5) . The fi r st edition of this work was published in 1962; there were further editions in 1 965 and 1972 . T his fourth edition completed was nearl y when the sad death of the well known author occurred in 1985 . Professor Jack Simmons of the University of friend Leicester , and a of long- standing , compl eted the new edition with much new material , drawn from Al ec Clifton - Taylor ' s notes , thus book fully bringing the up - to- date . The wo r k is divi ded into sixteen chapter s and ther e are also a glossar y , bibliogr aphy , place index , index . and general Chapter 9 deals wi th br ick , chapter 10 with tiles, and chapter 11 with unbaked earths ; together these cover pages 210 work is most to 293 . The informative , very well illustrated , and ~ay unique be said to be in its field . · It will be a most valuable asset to anyone 19

inter ested in brick and/or domestic a r chitectur e in general . W. Ann Los

VIDEOS

HAND MADE BRI CK S This v i deo was produced at one of the f ew brickyar ds that sti l empl oy women l hand - moul der s and f oll ows the r aw c l ay thr ough finished bricks to the . I t was wr itten and narr ated by f or mer brickmaker and BBS member John Cooksey . VHS and Betamax formats are both available . The video is about 12~ minutes long and costs £28 . 75 I . A. Recordings , Unit from 3 , Maws Tile Works , Jackfield , Shropshire . · (Telephone 090722 4509) .

A HOUSE EVERY HOUR Elm Bank Teachers ' Centre has recently produced brick a 12 - minute video on manufacture called ' A House every Hour '. The the collaboration video was made with of a major brick manufacturer and shows , in acceptable to terms a non - technical audience , not only how the process brickmaking is of carried out , but how modern technology has been applied to a production technique that , i n essence , has r emained unchanged for thousands of years . The video is available in Betamax formats VHS and at £19 . 99 , inclusive of postage , from Elm Bank Teachers ' Centre , Mile Lane , Coventry CVl 2LQ . (Telephone 0203 28258). DESIGN IN CONTEXT Lawrence Thompson of the Brick Development Association producer was the of this 26- minute video , produced as part of Regeneration the BDA Urban presentation in 1986 . The video programme encapsulates all the es sential elements of Professor Duglass Wise ' s personal point of view on t he use of brick in urban regeneration location . Extensive shots at five sites in London as well as in and Wakefield, York , Windsor , and interviews with architects , giv e a full interesting and very video . The video is available fr om the BDA , Woodside House , Winkfield, Windsor , Berks . SL4 2DX , at a cost of £5 . W. Ann Los WALLCHARTS

Wallcharts produced by the Brick Devel opment Association intended , and f or g eneral interest and as environmental studies form a fascinating material, full - colour display of various aspects of B brickwork . The topics ritish include : brief history, design details , technical characteristics , special shaped bricks , and conservation chart is notes. Each 32 by 22 inches and i s printed in colour on good art paper . Available quality for £5 the set from the BDA , Woodside House , Winkfield, Windsor , Berks . SL4 2DX . W. Ann Lo s 20

MEMORIES OF THOMAS LAWRENCE BRICKWORKS

Wafter Spencer In Januar y of this year Brick Development Association Mr Walter Spencer. r eceived a letter from He had seen the Association's name support of the and address listed in fund for the r esto~ation of the church . brick tower of our local

Mr Spencer is 93 years old and in a subsequent meeting told us that of three he shook hands with at the age Queen Victoria during a military review Bracknell! I suggested that in B.B.S. members would be interested in recollections and he kindly his consented to their reproduction in "Information". Two letters, dated 1st and 14th January their 1988, are reproduced here virtually entirety . He also sketched a diagramatic i n describes plan of the brickworks he but lack of space prevents its inclusion follow next time. in this issue - but it will

(Mich ael Ha mmett - Hon . Sec. - B. B.S . )

(Jan 1) "Seeing the name of your company on the brochure which yo donated to the fund for the restoration u kindly of the Caroline Tower at St Church, Winkfield, I thought that Mary's you might be interested in some facts relating to the old Brickyard owned by Thomas Laurence, the owner of grocery shop in Bracknell High a large Street, also of the old Swinley Brickyard. My father was employed there for 30 years and it was employing about 150. a large concern,

Father dug clay in winter and l oaded it into small trucks which ran railway to the moulding sheds. on a light He was up to his knees in mud and pence a cubic yard for this, received 5 the "clay bay" being carefully measured day by the foreman, William Read, out each who also owned a "beer-off" near the and lived there. (A "beer- off" is yard consumption a premises licensed to sell intoxicants off the vender ' s premises) . for In the summer father worked a "PRESS", a machine bricks as they for stamping and trimming came from the "Moulder" (or brick maker). This press was mounted on 4 wheels and pushed along a stack 100 yards long, 5ft 6" high of bricks about and 4ft broad, all neatly stacked i n from the Moulder. Each brick was rows, direct taken separately from the stack, placed the press and stamped "T L B" then in Thi replaced on the stack and left to dry s operation was done by pulling a l eve out. brick r causing a movement down when the went in and a return as it came out . For this operation father received 3 shillings and 3 pence per 1,000 bricks. These rows of bricks would stand and be "weather to be hard enough ed" for about a week, for them to go into the kiln to be "fired" . In wet weather they would need "covering" and "boards" 6ft long and 5ft 6" high were used for the sides, and "caps" together consisting of straw, battened by 2 strips of wood 6ft l9ng and 3ft wide placed on top of the r ow . In summer father worked from 6am to 6pm except Saturday finished at 1pm. (pay day ) when he 21

Should it rain ~ither Saturday aft~rnoon or Sunday h~ would have to "cove r-up" to go 2 miles his row of bricks. H~ receivE'd no extra pay for this, neglected to do but if he it was s topped 3 pE'nce a thousand on his pressing. After bricks had been "kilned" they were loaded on to railway trucks on a single track railway which ran from the yard to Ascot West Station, London to Reading branch a mile away . This line was on a gradiant from the brickya rd to the main line, so that trucks loaded with bricks 3 ran wi th no form of locomotion but 3 strong shire horses were driven down to Ascot West to pull 3 trucks back to the yard loaded with coal for the kilns and these trucks were unloaded and filled again wi th bricks the following da y. T L B bricks were famed in their day, and the ''Rubbers", a slightly bigger better quality brick, and were used to build the forts outside Portsmouth Harbour. A brick maker received 1 penny a brick and a brick maker (who shall be nameless) who rode a 3 wheeled tri-cycle to work, took 2 bricks home every day in his saddle bag of the tri-cycle, total 12 bricks a week, and l aid them on Saturday afternoons. He built his own bungalow at Bu l lbrook by the time he retired from Swinley Brickyard! On a visit recently to Ascot I searched and found a "T L B" brick, greatly treasure. which I now

I was born at Oak Cottages, North Road, Chavey Down on November 29 1894 now 93 years old. and am Oak Cottages were built by my father and his father and still stand in 1885 in good repair . The pair were built for about £500 was sold for £74,000 and one last year by a lady doctor who migrated to Australia. My wife and self spend a week at Ascot every summer, and usually Cottages. call at Oak

I joined the Grenadiers from there in 1914 and went all through the war with them . 1914-1918 I joined Nottingham City Police then and retired with rank in 1945 . of Police Inspector

I write an article for the Winkfield Church Magazine each month happy memories and still have of Winkfield and Chavey Down and ha ve many friends still" . there

(Jan 14) "Still having memories of Swinley Brick Yard, and of there, I realise my father's work that not many of the local inhabitants are still worked there. alive who I got a great deal of information by strolling around took father' s midday when I meal, and was known personally to many of the employees. After my father loaded the clay on to small flat bottomed trucks which ran th~ ' Clay bay' on to light metal trucks, it was pulled on an endless chain, suspended by a large hook, and gradually lifted to about 10ft from the ground It moved along at about . 4 miles an hour, and by a succession of wheels, fixed horizontally on a wooden structure, reached a moulders cylindrical mill, wh ere a iron tank, about 6ft wide and 10ft deep was fixed . Inside the tank were two steel propeller blades which r evolved, and clay contained in as the the truck arrived at this "Pudlock Hole" a man, known "Hooker" who stood o as a n a platform with a hooked pole and liberated the truck end and disgorged the clay into the Pudlock. 22

It was made more soluble by the steel blade as it decended and finally dropped on to the "Moulders table" which was circular . roofed The whole of the Mill was in with sheets of corrugated iron and there were a Mill. usually 4 moulders in The moulder handled the clay with two boards, about placed 1ft long and 6" wide, and it into a wooden mould, with a detachable board sliced covering the bottom. He the spare clay off the top with a wire cutter contained and passed the brick in the wood mould, on to the "stacker" who loaded barrow and it on to a flat conveyed it to a "stack" when the barrow was full. started from the This stack Mill and ran for about 100 yards down to the kiln. This wa s also running parallel with other stacks and each Mill had 4 stacks where the bricks were "pressed" and "weathered" until they were hard enough be handled by the "Kilner". to The stack was about Sft 6" tall and 4ft wide, and after being a shallow frog were "pressed" TLB in stacked diagonally on their t hin side by the "presser" allow them to be "weathered''. to Boards 6ft long and Sft 6" wide, and "caps" made of straw wood baton and fastened with 2 s , 6ft long and 4ft wide were provided to cover weather. the stack in wet When properl y weathered the "Kilner" would stack the bricks fire them until into the kiln and they were hard enough to handle and load into which stood on railway trucks a single track on the further side of the kiln. Each day 3 trucks would be loaded and despatched to the main Reading line, running L & SWR London to entirely by gravity to Ascot West Station. Three loaded with coal were trucks shunted off the main line train, were pulled back yard by 3 large Shire horses, to the to fire the next day's supply of bricks. Another brick yard was opened about half a mile from the old yard, on discovering that more "Cla y Bays" had been found with clay of a much more refined quality. The yard was called 'Klondyke ' and the celebrat ed TLB RUBBER was produced here. These wer e s lightly larger faced. bricks and were more smoothed

They were ve r y durable and consequently dearer in price. The forts defending Portsmouth Harbour are faced with TLB RUBBERS and have stood the test weather, and salt water. of time,

My Un cle, Robert Godson, was a large London contractor, and founded the firm of Godson & Son, Builders, Kilburn, London NW. He built the LCC Buildings on the Thames Embankment with Swinley and they were famou (T LB ) bricks s all over the country in my yo unger days . The site of the Brick Yard is now entirely obliterated and except undulations for the of the "clay bays" cannot be traced . It was situated of the Ascot to Bagshot on the left road just before the gradient to Tower Hill commences and covered over a square mile of land. My father 1914 . worked there from 1880 to

TLB actually stands for Thomas Lawrence Bracknell (not Brick) . He also another brickyard at Wokingham, owned where the "Star" brick was produced. A much cheaper brick because of the qualit y of the clay, and did not sell very well" . WALTER SPENCER .. - 23

Horrabridge Bricks. Mr C.G.Stone is seeking information about a 1 brick found at Hexworthy, Devon, at a metal mining site. Embossed on the frog is: (unknown) SHIRE Co Ltd .. HORRABRIDGE The brickworks is adjacent to the River Walkham, next to Bedford near Bridge, Ho~rabridge, Devon. The particular brick was used at Hexw ort hy ~1901, but ma y be re-used from a n earlier b uilding , not earlier t han 1880 . Mr Stone would like to know the manufa ctur er ' s name a wh nd anythi ng i ch ma y be kn own a bout him . Replies to : Mr C. G. Stone , 69 Chilter n Str eet , Aylesbury , Bucks. HP21 8BW .

Charles Hebbes , Bri ckmaker . Mr J . K. Hebbs is r esearching ___ his family history and has come across a reference to Charles Hebbes , brick ··- and t i le manufacturer, .of Keeley Green , Wootton , Beds . 005462) (NGR : TL . Anyone having any further information beyond t hat contained in Survey of Bedfordshir e : Brickmaking , 1 979, p.l05 , site Gl79 , i s asked contact Mr to Hebbs . Replies to : Mr J . K. Hebbs; 22 Key Street , Sittingbourne , Kent MElO lYU (Tel .: 0795 -27287) .

P & L Bricks . A hor se- mill at Stratton , 3 miles north- west of ~~ Dorchester , Dorset , where excavati ons have recently been conducted , is beautifully constructed of bri ght orange/r ed hand They - made br icks . have no frogs , but each i s heavily stamped ' P & 1 1 ( see illus tion) . t r a ­ There is some evidence that the mill , which ground chalk , wa s used in connexion with brickmaking for the structures of the Wilts ., Somerset and Weymouth Railway , which would have r eached the point ~1855(?) . It is at the point where the railway crosses the turnpike and road (now A37) the River Frame . Martin Hammond suggested Pr octor and Lavender, but they, who still have showrooms in Poole , a r e quite certain not that it is one of theirs of ·any date . Th.ey may have come from elsewhere on the line , but Brian Murless has been unable to i dentify them fr om his extensive index of pre- 1974 Somerset. Any help will be gratefully received . Replies to : Mr W.G . Putnam, Head of Archaeology, Dorset Inst itute of Higher Education , Wallisdown Road , Poole , Dorset , BH 12 5BB.