DOCSLIB.ORG

PROCEEDINGS International Conference RHODODENDRONS: CONSERVATION and SUSTAINABLE USE Saramsa, Gangtok-Sikkim, India (29Th April 2010)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PROCEEDINGS International Conference RHODODENDRONS: CONSERVATION and SUSTAINABLE USE Saramsa, Gangtok-Sikkim, India (29Th April 2010) PROCEEDINGS International Conference RHODODENDRONS: CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE Saramsa, Gangtok-Sikkim, India (29th April 2010) Forest Environment & Wildlife Management Department, Government of Sikkim June 2010 PROCEEDINGS International Conference RHODODENDRONS: CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE Editors Anil Mainra, Hemant K. Badola and Bharti Mohanty Editorial Advisory Board Shri S.T. Lachungpa, India; Prof. Wolfgang Spethmann, Germany; Shri K.C. Pradhan, India; Mr. M.S. Viraraghavan, India; Prof. Lau Trass, Netherlands; Dr A.R.K. Sastry, India Published by Forest Environment & Wildlife Management Department, Government of Sikkim, Gangtok, Sikkim, India Citation: Mainra, A., Badola, H.K. and Mohanty, B. (eds) 2010. Proceeding, International Conference, Rhododendrons: Conservation and Sustainable Use, Forest Environment & Wildlife Management Department, Government of Sikkim, Gangtok- Sikkim, India. Printed at CONCEPT, Siliguri, India. P. 100 (The contents, photographs and any published materials in all technical papers, abstracts and presentations are sole responsibility of the authors) Contents Page From the desk of the convener 5 Objectives of the International conference 6 Inaugural session 7 Inaugural Address by the Chief Guest, Hon’ble Chief Minister of Sikkim 11 Address: Shri Bhim Dhungel, Hon’ble Minister, Forest, Tourism, Mines and Geology and 16 Science & Technology Keynote address by Shri K C Pradhan, Former Chief Secretary, GoS 19 Address: Shri S T Lachungpa, PCCF-cum-Secretary, FEWMD, GoS 22 Welcome Address: Dr. Anil Mainra, Addl. PCCF & Convener, FEWMD, GoS 25 Programme 28 Technical Papers 30 Rhododendrons in Germany and the German Rhododendron gene bank - W. Spethmann, G. 31 Michaelis and H. Schepker Diversity, distribution and conservation of Indian Rhododendrons: Some aspects - A.R.K. Sastry 36 Finnish experience on Himalayan rhododendrons: climate responses - O. Jussila, K. Theqvist1 42 and A. Väinölä Phenology and climate responses in Himalayan rhododendrons - H.K. Badola 48 Rhododendron conservation and the protection of the habitat: Perspectives from a south Indian 60 tropical mountain eco-system - M.S. Viraraghavan Rhododendrons in the Netherlands and Belgium - L. Traas 64 Assessment of endangered status and conservation initiatives on the rhododendrons from the 67 Sikkim Himalaya - K.K. Singh and L.K. Rai Abstracts 82 Conservation of selected rhododendron species, and New Zealand hybrids in New Zealand – 83 2010: Aotearoa- Land of the long white cloud - K. Millar Growing Rhododendron species in Sweden - B. Aldén 85 About some rhododendron species, variants and hybrids in Sikkim - H. Eiberg 86 Selected Presentation 87 Wild rhododendrons of Bhutan - R. Pradhan 88 Action Plan and Strategies 93 PROCEEDINGS International Rhododendron Conference From the desk of the Convener… Rhododendrons are viewed as indicators of ecosystem health of forest areas as these plants offer niche for several faunal species. Interestingly buds of rhododendrons being highly sensitive to climate variations can be taken as easy to handle tools for monitoring global warming. Sikkim, having 38 species of rhododendrons out of 80 found in India, is organizing International Rhododendron Festival 2010 and as a part of this year’s long celebration, an international conference on “Rhododendrons: conservation and sustainable use” was organized at Saramsa Garden, Gangtok, Sikkim on 29th April 2010, where over 130 forest managers, experts and scientists shared a common platform to deliberate on strategies required for conservation and sustainable use of rhododendrons and prepared an action plan required in Indian scenario with emphasis on Sikkim rhododendrons. This document is an edited version of the conference proceedings, which includes technical papers and an action plan. I hope that this document would prove useful for the conservation and sustainable use of rhododendrons in Himalaya and elsewhere in the world. Dr. Anil Mainra ©dechen lachungpa Addl. PCCF 5 OBJECTIVES OF THE WORKSHOP Rhododendrons have fascinated people managers to sit together in a common for centuries and represent about 960 forum to interact and share their expert species growing worldwide. Majority of ideas on various issues, concerns the genetic variations of rhododendrons and policies on rhododendrons of the is confined to southeastern Asia, world, with particular reference to extending from northwest Himalayas Sikkim Himalaya. In the International (Nepal, Sikkim, eastern Tibet, Bhutan, Year of Biodiversity 2010 and Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh, north Myanmar Tourism Year 2010, the Government of and west and central China), and Sikkim has organized the International subsequently southward. Of around 80 Rhododendron Festival in April 2010, species of rhododendrons in India, 38 of which International Conference on species are reported from Sikkim. ‘Rhododendrons: Conservation and Rhododendrons have a great role in Sustainable Use’ was a major event. ecological stability of ecosystems, Objectives as indicators of forest health, and for their phenological sensitivity to Owing to individual habitat niches, the climatic change. However over past dynamics of ecological behaviour of few decades, natural populations have different species of rhododendrons offer declined worldwide due to natural major challenges for their conservation, and anthropogenic pressures. Any management, scientific study, and sustainable use, including aesthetic strengthening potential gene resource value of rhododendrons for tourism base for posterity, both in-situ and ex- would be possible by scientific situ. The conference intended to seek conservation and management of inputs and share views on the following natural populations. Sikkim is one of broad areas, specifically restricted to the perfect examples of practicing rhododendron conservation: biodiversity conservation programmes with over 31% geographical area coverage under protected area network • Diversity and distribution including one Biosphere Reserve and • Habitat diversity and ecological eight wildlife sanctuaries, of which adaptation two are exclusively designated for the • Phenological behaviour and climatic conservation of rhododendrons, viz. relationships Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary (43 • Sustainable use and future potential sq. km) and Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary (104 sq. km) • Field oriented ex-situ conservation • Eco-tourism potential Realizing the enormous conservation potential of rhododendrons, need • Education, awareness and peoples’ has emerged for experts, scientists, participation practitioners, policy makers and forest • Role of policies and acts 6 PROCEEDINGS International Rhododendron Conference Inaugural session 7 8 PROCEEDINGS International Rhododendron Conference 9 10 PROCEEDINGS International Rhododendron Conference INAUGURAL ADDRESS BY THE CHIEF GUEST Honourable Chief Minister of Sikkim Shri Pawan Chamling steemed delegates from to determine the richness of the different countries attending this rhododendron species in Sikkim Erare conference, experts and Himalayas and also reinforce its resources persons working in the area aesthetic values that blend into the of biodiversity conservation, Hon’ble overall living experience of the beautiful speaker, Deputy Speaker and the people of Sikkim. other members of Sikkim Legislative Assembly, Officials, distinguished I am very glad to see experts, scientists, guests, esteemed member of media policy maker and forest managers from fraternity and friends different part of the country and the world sitting together in a common It gives me immense pleasure to forum with a common theme to interact attend the inaugural functions of and share their expert findings on the International Rhododendron various issues, concerns and policies Conference, one of the rare occasions on rhododendron of the world with 11 particular reference to North Eastern resource the rhododendrons. The Himalayas and Sikkim. It is only in Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve, conference of kind that new ideas are which is soon expected to be the part of created, discussed and the distilled ‘Man and Biosphere Reserve’ network wisdom is recorded in the form of action of UNESCO, supports immensely rich plan which form the foundation stones depositories of rhododendrons. for deciding the future course of action with a view to conserve this important In fact, the, level of environmental natural resources. awareness among our people is very high because of their proximity to Over past few decades, anthropogenic nature and their age old belief in nature and natural calamity has threatened the as their local deity. The people of Sikkim natural population of rhododendrons revere the third highest mountain peak widely. The Himalayan State is not Khangchendzonga as their local deity exception to this. Here I am happy to and worship the various natural features share that the State of Sikkim has been like natural lake, tree and mountain able to conserve the rhododendron peaks, rivers and hot springs. This has species. The government’s role and intimately linked our way of life with approaches used for conservation of the existing nature making significant biological diversity in Sikkim have been impact upon our lifestyle and also our eco-friendly and has proved immensely livelihood pattern. beneficial over many decades. I fully agree with the idea that sustainable use And in the midst of scientific community of biodiversity including rhododendrons and nature lovers, I would like to inform is possible by scientific
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Indumentum June 2008
    TAM end of season - no General meeting Annual Potluck Dinner - sunday june 8, 2008 4:00 p.m. at the home of Joe and joanne ronsley. See Page 7 for the Ronsley’s contact information to obtain directions to their home. www.rhodo.citymax.com President’s Message By Joanne Ronsley The VRS activity year is inexorably drawing to a close—a sad time in some ways, but I think we all need a couple months to recharge. And a quiet, lazy summer, or one of distant adventures, is always appealing. But we do not close with a whimper! Our potluck supper was to be held at the home of Richard and Heather Mossakowski. But due to Richard’s hospital stay, the venue has been changed to the home of Joe and Joeanne Ronsley. The date is the same -Sunday, June 8th, at 4 o’clock. Everyone always has a good time at these events, which have a long tradition dating back all the way to the last century. If you have not signed up to bring a specific item for the menu, please contact either Vern Finley or me. But in any case, don’t miss the event. Our Show and Sale appears to have been quite successful, but I’m afraid I don’t yet have the final figures. They will be available by September. And speaking of September, next year’s speakers’ programme is one we can all look forward to, beginning with Garratt Richardson from Seattle, who has been participating in Asian plant expedition for many years, initially while he was a practicing physician, and since his recent retirement.
    [Show full text]
  • Dil Limbu.Pmd
    Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 13, No. 2 (2012) 87-96 A Checklist of Angiospermic Flora of Tinjure-Milke-Jaljale, Eastern Nepal Dilkumar Limbu1, Madan Koirala2 and Zhanhuan Shang3 1Central Campus of Technology Tribhuvan University, Hattisar, Dharan 2Central Department of Environmental Science Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 3International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management Lanzhou University, China e-mail:[email protected] Abstract Tinjure–Milke–Jaljale (TMJ) area, the largest Rhododendron arboreum forest in the world, an emerging tourist area and located North-East part of Nepal. A total of 326 species belonging to 83 families and 219 genera of angiospermic plants have been documented from this area. The largest families are Ericaceae (36 species) and Asteraceae (22 genera). Similarly, the largest and dominant genus was Rhododendron (26 species) in the area. There were 178 herbs, 67 shrubs, 62 trees, 15 climbers and other 4 species of sub-alpine and temperate plants. The paper has attempted to list the plants with their habits and habitats. Key words: alpine, angiospermic flora, conservation, rhododendron Tinjure-Milke-Jaljale Introduction determines overall biodiversity and development The area of Tinjure-Milke-Jaljale (TMJ) falls under the activities. With the increasing altitude, temperature middle Himalaya ranging from 1700 m asl to 5000 m asl, is decreased and consequently different climatic and geographically lies between 2706’57" to 27030’28" zones within a sort vertical distance are found. The north latitude and 87019’46" to 87038’14" east precipitation varies from 1000 to 2400 mm, and the 2 longitude. It covers an area of more than 585 km of average is about 1650 mm over the TMJ region.
    [Show full text]
  • Case Study of Rhododendron
    Utsala A case study on Uses of Rhododendron of Tinjure-Milke-Jaljale area, Eastern Nepal. PREPARED BY: UTSALA SHRESTHA GRADUATE IN AGRICULTURE (C ONSERVATION ECOLOGY ) DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE IAAS, RAMPUR , CHITWAN FUNDED BY: NATIONAL RHODODENDRON CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE (NORM), BASANTPUR -4, TERHATHUM , NEPAL MARCH 2009 Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. i 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 2. HISTORY OF RHODODENDRON ................................................................................ 3 3. DISTRIBUTION OF RHODODENDRON ...................................................................... 3 4. RHODODENDRONS OF NEPAL ................................................................................... 4 5. SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF STUDY ..................................................................... 5 6. OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................... 6 7. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 6 8. STUDY AREA ................................................................................................................. 7 9. IMPORTANCE OF RHODODENDRON IN TMJ .......................................................... 9
    [Show full text]
  • National Mission on Himalayan Studies (NMHS) HALF YEARLY PROGRESS REPORT
    National Mission on Himalayan Studies (NMHS) HALF YEARLY PROGRESS REPORT (Reporting Period from April 2018 to September 2018 ) 1. Project Information Project ID NMHS/2015-16/LG03/03 Project Title Timberline and Altitudinal Gradient Ecology of Himalayas, and Human Use Sustenance in a Warming Climate Project Proponent Prof. S.P. Singh Central Himalayan Environment Association, Nainital 2. Objectives 1. To characterize and map timberline zone in the IHR using satellite and ground based observations including smart phone applications 2. To determine the temperature lapse rate (TLR) and pattern of precipitation along altitudinal gradients in different precipitation regimes across the IHR; 3. To study plant diversity, community structure, tree diameter changes and natural recruitment pattern along the three principal sites in the IHR; 4. To understand tree phenological responses, nutrient conservation strategies and tree-water relations in response to warming climate 5. To study relationship between tree ring growth and past climatic changes in different climate regime across IHR; 6. To understand the impact of depletion of snow-melt water on growth of tree seedlings, grasslands species composition and selected functional processes; 7. To promote participatory action research (Citizen Science) on innovative interventions to improve livelihoods, women participation in conservation and management of timberline resources. 3. Progress Quantifiable Deliverables Monitoring Progress made against indicators deliverables in terms of monitoring indicators 1 2 3 Creation of database and • No of long • Three long term monitoring knowledge products on term (LTM) sites/ plots established vegetation science and tree- monitoring in 3 states (Uttarakhand, sites/ plots soil water relations of Himachal Pradesh and established timberline in 3 principal sites in 3 states Sikkim) (J&K, Sikkim and (Nos.) • Spatial data on timberline of Uttarakhand).
    [Show full text]
  • Rubiaceae, Ixoreae
    SYSTEMATICS OF THE PHILIPPINE ENDEMIC IXORA L. (RUBIACEAE, IXOREAE) Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades Dr. rer. nat. an der Fakultät Biologie/Chemie/Geowissenschaften der Universität Bayreuth vorgelegt von Cecilia I. Banag Bayreuth, 2014 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde in der Zeit von Juli 2012 bis September 2014 in Bayreuth am Lehrstuhl Pflanzensystematik unter Betreuung von Frau Prof. Dr. Sigrid Liede-Schumann und Herrn PD Dr. Ulrich Meve angefertigt. Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften der Universität Bayreuth genehmigten Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.). Dissertation eingereicht am: 11.09.2014 Zulassung durch die Promotionskommission: 17.09.2014 Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium: 10.12.2014 Amtierender Dekan: Prof. Dr. Rhett Kempe Prüfungsausschuss: Prof. Dr. Sigrid Liede-Schumann (Erstgutachter) PD Dr. Gregor Aas (Zweitgutachter) Prof. Dr. Gerhard Gebauer (Vorsitz) Prof. Dr. Carl Beierkuhnlein This dissertation is submitted as a 'Cumulative Thesis' that includes four publications: three submitted articles and one article in preparation for submission. List of Publications Submitted (under review): 1) Banag C.I., Mouly A., Alejandro G.J.D., Meve U. & Liede-Schumann S.: Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Philippine Ixora L. (Rubiaceae). Submitted to Taxon, TAXON-D-14-00139. 2) Banag C.I., Thrippleton T., Alejandro G.J.D., Reineking B. & Liede-Schumann S.: Bioclimatic niches of endemic Ixora species on the Philippines: potential threats by climate change. Submitted to Plant Ecology, VEGE-D-14-00279. 3) Banag C.I., Tandang D., Meve U. & Liede-Schumann S.: Two new species of Ixora (Ixoroideae, Rubiaceae) endemic to the Philippines. Submitted to Phytotaxa, 4646.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Vascular Plants Occurring Along the Jomokungkhar Trail and Their Abundances
    Appendix 1: List of vascular plants occurring along the Jomokungkhar Trail and their abundances. Study Plots Family Scientific Name Habit Voucher 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Monilophytes Davalliaceae Araiostegia faberiana (C. Chr.) E. Fern 2 K.J1, K.D, T.G. 178 Ching Dryopteridaceae Polystichum sp. T. Fern 2 K.J, K.D2, T.G. 176 Hymenophyllaceae Hymenophyllum polyanthos L. Fern 2 K.J, K.D, T.G3. 174 Bosch Polypodaceae Lepisorus contortus (H. Christ) E. Fern 2 K.J, K.D, T.G. 173 Ching. Phymatopteris ebenipes E. Fern 1 K.J, K.D, T.G. 177 (Hook.) Pic. Serm. Prosaptia sp. E. Fern 2 K.J, K.D, T.G. 179 Eudicots Araliaceae Panax pseudoginseng Wall. Herb 1 K.J, K.D, T.G. 185 Asteraceae Anaphalis adnata DC. Herb 2 K.J, K.D, T.G. 129 Anaphalis nepalensis var. Herb 1 K.J, K.D, T.G. 150 monocephala (DC.) Hand.- Mazz. Anaphalis sp. Herb 2 K.J, K.D, T.G. 86 Cicerbita sp. Herb * K.J, K.D, T.G. 183 Cremanthodium reniforme Herb * K.J, K.D, T.G. 159 (DC.) Benth. 1 Karma Jamtsho 2 Kezang Duba 3 Tashi Gyeltshen 156 Appendix 1: List of vascular plants occurring along the Jomokungkhar Trail and their abundances. Study Plots Family Scientific Name Habit Voucher 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Ligularia fischeri Turcz. Herb 7 K.J, K.D, T.G. 127 Parasenecio sp. Herb 3 K.J, K.D, T.G.
    [Show full text]
  • 12. RHODODENDRON Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 392. 1753
    Flora of China 14: 260–455. 2005. 12. RHODODENDRON Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 392. 1753. 杜鹃属 du juan shu Fang Mingyuan (方明渊), Fang Ruizheng (方瑞征 Fang Rhui-cheng), He Mingyou (何明友), Hu Linzhen (胡琳贞 Hu Ling-cheng), Yang Hanbi (杨汉碧 Yang Han-pi); David F. Chamberlain Shrubs or trees, terrestrial or epiphytic, with various hairs, and/or with peltate scales or glabrous, indumentum sometimes detersile (the hairs tangled and coming away as a layer). Leaves evergreen, deciduous or semideciduous, alternate, sometimes clustered at stem apex; margin entire, very rarely crenulate, abaxial indumentum sometimes with a pellicle (a thin skinlike layer on the surface). Inflorescence a raceme or corymb, mostly terminal, sometimes lateral, few- to many-flowered, sometimes reduced to a single flower. Calyx persistent, 5–8-lobed, sometimes reduced to a rim, lobes minute and triangular to large and conspicuous. Corolla funnelform, campanulate, tubular, rotate or hypocrateriform, regular or slightly zygomorphic, 5(–8)-lobed, lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens 5–10(–27), inserted at base of corolla, usually declinate; filaments linear to filiform, glabrous or pilose towards base; anthers without appendages, opening by terminal or oblique pores. Disk usually thick, 5–10(–14)-lobed. Ovary 5(–18)-locular, with hairs and/or scales, rarely glabrous. Style straight or declinate to deflexed, persistent; stigma capitate-discoid, crenate to lobed. Capsule cylindrical, coniform, or ovoid, sometimes curved, dehiscent from top, septicidal; valves thick or thin, straight or twisted. Seeds very numerous, minute, fusiform, always winged, or both ends with appendages or thread-like tails. About 1000 species: Asia, Europe, North America, two species in Australia; 571 species (409 endemic) in China.
    [Show full text]
  • The Red List of Rhododendrons
    The Red List of Rhododendrons Douglas Gibbs, David Chamberlain and George Argent BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL (BGCI) is a membership organization linking botanic gardens in over 100 countries in a shared commitment to biodiversity conservation, sustainable use and environmental education. BGCI aims to mobilize botanic gardens and work with partners to secure plant diversity for the well-being of people and the planet. BGCI provides the Secretariat for the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. Published by Botanic Gardens Conservation FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL (FFI) , founded in 1903 and the International, Richmond, UK world’s oldest international conservation organization, acts to conserve © 2011 Botanic Gardens Conservation International threatened species and ecosystems worldwide, choosing solutions that are sustainable, are based on sound science and take account of ISBN: 978-1-905164-35-6 human needs. Reproduction of any part of the publication for educational, conservation and other non-profit purposes is authorized without prior permission from the copyright holder, provided that the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. THE GLOBAL TREES CAMPAIGN is undertaken through a partnership between FFI and BGCI, working with a wide range of other The designation of geographical entities in this document and the presentation of the material do not organizations around the world, to save the world’s most threatened trees imply any expression on the part of the authors and the habitats in which they grow through the provision of information, or Botanic Gardens Conservation International delivery of conservation action and support for sustainable use.
    [Show full text]
  • Nagaland University
    NAGALAND UNIVERSITY (A Central University Estd. by the Act of Parliament No. 35 of 1989) Lumami-798627, Nagaland, India C E R T I F I C A T E The thesis entitled “REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY OF TWO RARE, ENDANGERED AND THREATENED (RET) SPECIES OF GENUS RHODODENDRON L. OF NAGALAND” submitted by Ms. Imtilila Jing, bearing Registration No. 472/2012 (Dated October 14, 2011) embodies the results of investigations carried out by her under our supervision and guidance. Further, certified that this work has not been submitted for any degree elsewhere and that the candidate has fulfilled all conditions laid down by the University. (Neizo Puro) (S.K. Chaturvedi) Supervisor Co- supervisor i NAGALAND UNIVERSITY (A Central University Estd. by the Act of Parliament No. 35 of 1989) Lumami-798627, Nagaland, India DECLARATION I, Ms. Imtilila Jing, hereby declare that the subject matter of this thesis is the record of work done by me, that the contents of this thesis did not form basis of the award of any previous degree to me or to the best of my knowledge to anybody else, and that the thesis has not been submitted by me for any research degree in any other University/ Institute. This is being submitted to Nagaland University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Botany. (Imtilila Jing) Candidate (Talijungla) (Neizo Puro) (S.K. Chaturvedi) Head, Supervisor Co- supervisor Department of Botany ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost I owe my sincere gratitude and indebtedness to my Supervisor Dr. Neizo Puro for his willingness to take me as his student and through his supervision I could successfully complete my research work in time.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenies and Secondary Chemistry in Arnica (Asteraceae)
    Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 392 Phylogenies and Secondary Chemistry in Arnica (Asteraceae) CATARINA EKENÄS ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS ISSN 1651-6214 UPPSALA ISBN 978-91-554-7092-0 2008 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8459 !"# $ % !& '((" !()(( * * * + , - . , / , '((", + 0 1# 2, # , 34', 56 , , 70 46"84!855&86(4'8(, - 1# 2 . * 9 10-2 . * . # 9 , * * 1 ! " #! !$ 2 1 2 .8 # * * :# 77 1%&'(2 . !6 '3, + . .8 ) / , ; < * . * ** # , * * * , 09 * . # * * 33 * != , 0- # 9 * * 1, , * 2 . * , 0 * * * * * . * , $ * 0- * % # , # 8 * * * * * * $8> # . * * !' , * * . ** , ? . 0- , +,- # # 7-0 -0 :+' 9 +# $8> ./0) . ) 1 ) 2 * 3) ) .456(7 ) , @ / '((" 700 !=5!8='!& 70 46"84!855&86(4'8( ) ))) 8"&54 1 );; ,/,; A B ) ))) 8"&542 List of Papers This thesis is based on the following papers, which are referred to in the text by their Roman numerals: I Ekenäs, C., B. G. Baldwin, and K. Andreasen. 2007. A molecular phylogenetic
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Himalayan Vegetation
    Plant Formations in the Eastern Himalayan BioProvince Peter Martin Rhind Eastern Himalayan Broadleaf Forest These temperate forests range in altitude from about 1500m and 3000m and stretch from the deep Kali Gandaki River Gorge in central Nepal though Bhutan and into India’s eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh. Up to about 1500m, mixed forests occur characterized by Castanopsis indica, Engelhardtia spicata and Schima wallichii. Endemic species found in this general zone include Argyreia hookeri (Convolvulaceae), Begonia rubella (Begoniaceae), Entata phaseoloides (family?), Orthosiphon incurvus (Lamiaceae), Pandanus nepalensis (Pandanaceae), Rhaphidophora glauca (Araceae), Thomsonia nepalensis (Araceae) and the epiphytic orchids Bulbophyllum affine, Coelogyne flaccida Cryoptochilus luteus (Orchidaceae). Above 1500m and extending up to about 2700m, the forests are predominantly composed of evergreen oak. These are dominated by species such as Quercus fenestrata, Q. lamellosa, Q. pachyphylla, Q. spicata, Lithocarpus pachyphylla, Rododendron arborea, Schima wallichii, Symingtonia populnea, and include the endemic rhododendrons, Rhododendron falconeri, R. thomsonii and R. virgatum (Ericaceae). Other endemics include Buddleja conilei (Scrophulariaceae) and the climbers Aristolochia griffithii (Aristolochiaceae) and Porana grandiflorum (Convolvulaceae) in the scrub layer, while in the ground layer include Arisaema griffithii, A. erubescens (Araceae), Impatiens stenantha (Balsaminaceae), Viola wallichiana (Violaceae) and the orchids Calanthe brevicorum and Vandopsis undulata (Orchidaceae). In places however the endemic grass Arundinaria maling (Poaceae) may form dense thickets in the undergrowth. Finally, the many epiphytes of these forests include endemics such as Aeschynanthus sikkimensis (Gesneriaceae), Agapetes serpens, A. incurvatus (Ericaceae), and Cymbidium longifolium (Orchidaceae). Eastern Himalayan Subalpine Conifer and Rhododendron Forests At heights above 2700m a mixture of conifers and rhododendrons dominate the forests.
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in Vegetation Attributes Along an Elevation Gradient Towards Timberline in Khangchendzonga National Park, Sikkim
    Tropical Ecology 59(2): 259–271, 2018 ISSN 0564-3295 © International Society for Tropical Ecology www.tropecol.com Changes in vegetation attributes along an elevation gradient towards timberline in Khangchendzonga National Park, Sikkim * ASEESH PANDEY, SANDHYA RAI & DEVENDRA KUMAR G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Sikkim Regional Centre, Pangthang, Gangtok 737101, Sikkim, India Abstract: In this preliminary elevation gradient (3000–4000 m) study of high ranges forest of Sikkim (eastern Himalayas), we have analyzed the (i) species composition, (ii) tree species richness, density, basal area and distribution range, and (iii) forest structure by diameter at breast height (DBH) classes. The main purpose was to identify the role of elevation in tree dominance, and species richness in the subalpine forests of eastern Himalaya. The study was conducted in the Yuksam-Dzongri transect nested within the Khangchendzonga National Park, west district of Sikkim state. The quadrat method was used to sample vegetation and sampling was done at every 100 m steps between 3000 m and 4000 m elevations, eventually ending up in the timberline ecotone. A total of 109 species belonging to 80 genera and 46 families were recorded. The species richness and total tree basal area (TBA) declined monotonically along the elevation gradient. Tree density in present elevation transect was significantly higher than its western Himalayan counter parts of Indian Himalayan region. The presence of 23 tree species in the highest 1000 m forested zone highlights the high tree species richness of the eastern Himalaya. It was largely because of the speciation of Rhododendron spp. Further investigation is required to develop a holistic understating of these vegetation patterns across the Indian Himalayan region.
    [Show full text]