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Rhododendron Arboreum Sm Popular Article Popular Kheti Volume -2, Issue-3 (July-September), 2014 Available online at www.popularkheti.info © 2014 popularkheti.info ISSN: 2321-0001 Rhododendron arboreum Sm. - An Economically Important Tree of Sikkim Chandan Singh Purohit Botanical Survey of India, Sikkim Himalayan Regional Centre, Gangtok, Sikkim-737103 Email: [email protected] Rhododendron arboreum Sm. is locally called Lali-gurans. Its fresh petals are used in jelly and sharbat. Wood is used to make tool handles, boxes and posts and is suitable for plywood. It is offered in temples and religious places for ornamenting and decoration purposes. It is also used for amoebic dysentery, diarrhoea, headache, nose bleeding, park-saddles, plywood, posts, rheumatism etc. Because of it’s over exploitation in Himalayan region for its various purposes, its population declined in nature. Recently its populatio n is very scanty in nature so its ex -situ and in -situ conservation is necessary. Introduction The genus Rhododendron belongs to the family Ericaceae and was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1737 in ‘Genera Plantarum’. Joseph Hooker’s visit to the Sikkim Himalaya between 1848 and 1850 unfold the rhododendron world of this area (Hooker 1849). Within the brief span he travelled in Sikkim. Hooker gathered and described 34 new species and details of 43 species, including varieties from the Indian region in his monograph entitled ‘Rhododendron of Sikkim Himalaya’. It was followed by the publication on the ‘Indian Rhododendron’ by Clarke (1882) who recorded 46 species. Since then many species have been described and recorded from north- east India by various workers (Calder et al . 1926; Razi 1959; Nayar and Ramamurthy 1973; Nayar and Karthikeyan 1981; Naithani 1990). Later, preliminary enumerations of the genus at national and regional levels were made by Pradhan (1985, 1986), and Ghosh and Samaddar (1989). Floristic diversity of the Indian rhododendrons was dealt in detail by Mao et al . (2001). Other important studies from the region are the ‘Rhododendron of Sikkim-Himalayan’ (Pradhan and Lachunga 1990), ‘Rhododendrons in India’ (Sastry and Hajra 2010) and the ‘Rhododendrons of Sikkim’ (Pradhan 2010). Revision of the genus at world level was carried out by Cullen (1980) and Chamberlain (1982). Rhododendron arboreum Sm., Exot. Bot. t. 6,. 1805. C.B. Clarke in Hk. f., 1.c. 465. Parker, l.c. 298. Brandis, 1.c. 409. Family: Ericaceae. Synonym: Rhododendron puniceum Roxb., Rhododendron windsorii Nutt., Rhododendron cinnamomeum Wall .; Rhododendron album Sweet; Rhododendron campbelliae Hook. F .; Rhododendron nilagiricum Zenk . Vernacular name: Nepali- Lali gurans; Garhwali- Burans; Kumaoni- Eras; Punjabi- Adrawal; Tamil- Billi; Kannada- Pu; Malayalam- Kattupoo varasu. Popular Kheti ISSN: 2321 -0001 193 Popular Purohit CS , 2014, Pop. Kheti , 2(3):193 -198 Article Meaning of Rhododendron: Gr. rhod, a rose or red and dendron, tree; referring to the appearance of flowers in bunches (Nayar, 1985). It species name arboreum means tree like (Orwa et al., 2009). Habit: Perennial plant Frequency: It grows at elevations of 4500 to 10,500 ft and grows up to 40-50 ft high to over 100 ft (Rai & Rai 1994). The plant is found in the Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan and in the hills of Assam & Manipur at altitudes of 1200-4000 m (Chauhan 1999). Habitat range: The plant is common sight at lower alpine region. In the Sikkim region, it is found at North district : Yumthang, Lachung, Kabi Sacreb Grooves, Thapale, Bey, Chungthang, Bichhu; East district: Pangolakha, Kupup, Rachela, Karponang, Changu, Lungthang, Rongli, Gnathang; West district: Varsey, Hilley, Kalijhar, Varsey Rhododendron Sanctuary, Geyzing, Pelling, Bakhim, Tsoka; South district: Tendong Reserve forest, Rabong Reserve forest. Distribution: North America, Europe, Asia and Australia; Rhododendrons cover a vast section of south-eastern Asia between the north-western Himalaya through Nepal, Sikkim, eastern Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh, upper Burma and western and central China. More than 90% of the world’s natural population of Rhododendrons is from this region. On record, 98% of the Indian species is found in the Himalayan region, of which 72% is found in Sikkim. In the light of these facts, Sikkim may be considered as the most appropriate location for conservation and propagation of Rhododendrons in India (Singh et al. 2003; Tiwari & Chauhan 2006; Singh 2009). Plate-1: Rhododendron arboreum Sm. (A)-Inflorescence, (B)-Dorsal surface of leaf, Plant Description: An evergreen (C)-Ventral surface of leaf, (D)-Flower, (E)-Ventral view of Corolla, (F)-Dorsal view small tree, up to 10m tall; Leaves of Corolla , (G) -Corolla lobe base, (H) -Stamens, (I) -Gynoecium . evergreen, leathery, 8.5 cm long, oblong-lanceolate, dorsal surface glabrous, ventral covered with silvery scales, clustered at the end of the branches. Inflorescence terminal with blood red flowers in corymb. Flowers are in dense terminal clusters; pedicels woolly; bracts ovate, covered with dense appressed silky hairs. Calyx ovate, 3mm long; Corolla crimson, capanulate, tubular, 5- lobed, 6cm long. Stamens 10, inserted at the base of corolla. Ovary superior, 7-locular, densely woolly. Capsule cylindrical, woolly, 1-2cm long, scaly, curved. Seeds numerous, winged, oblong- ellipsoid, 1-3mm long (Plate-1: A to I). Popular Kheti ISSN: 2321 -0001 194 Popular Purohit CS , 2014, Pop. Kheti , 2(3):193 -198 Article Phenology: Its budding starts from March 2nd to 3 rd week. First flower open usually in March last week to April 1 st week. April month is most blooming time and after it, flower fall starts and at the mid of month of May, all flowers fall and fruits initiate. When the rainy season starts (June to July), all fruits reach to maturity. Ecological notes: The plant prefers light (sandy) to medium (loamy) soil and requires fairly moist & acidic soil. It can grow in semi shade (light woodland) or no shade, requires protection from hot afternoon sun thus requires a place in the green house or conservatory. The aesthetically appealing flowers owe its religious significance; it is considered sacred and offered in temples for ornamenting purposes. Specimens examined: at Herbarium of Botanical Survey of India, Sikkim Himalayan Regional Centre (BSHC), Gangtok, Sikkim. North district: Yumthang to Lachung, 3041m, 08.05.1994, ARK Sastry & SK Rai 15654, Acc. No. (BSHC)- 14102; North Sikkim: Lachung, 1660m, 28.01.1983, B Krishna 2596, Acc. No. (BSHC)- 1721; North Sikkim: Lachung-Yumthang, 15.05.1990, RC Srivastava 10973, Acc. No. (BSHC)- 9333; Above Kabi, trekking point, 01.03.1986, A Verma 5094, Acc. No. (BSHC)- 14105; Thapale & surroundings, 14.04.1985, AK Verma 3502, Acc. No. (BSHC)- 9968; Bey, 03.03.1983, P Chakraborty 2645, Acc. No. (BSHC)- 4826; Above Kabi trecking, 01.03.1986, A Verma 5094, Acc. No. (BSHC)- 14106; Bichhu, Chungthang-Lachung, 11.04.1986, DCS Raju & S Singh 5267, Acc. No. (BSHC)- 14107; Chungthang to Lachung, 28.04.1955, RS Rao 208, Acc. No. (BSHC)- 24308; East district: Pangolakha, 3000m, 07.04.1996, GP Sinha 17454, Acc. No. (BSHC)- 12284; Kupup, 4300m, 25.05.1980, PK Hajra 306, Acc. No. (BSHC)- 1677; Rachela higher ridges, 2900m, 15.04.1996, GP Sinha 17590, Acc. No. (BSHC)- 13783; Karponang to Changu, 09.05.1955, RS Rao 766, Acc. No. (BSHC)- 14562; Lungthang, Rongli-Gnathang road, 17.03.1986, DCS Raju & S Singh 5239, Acc. No. (BSHC)- 9322; Changu to Kupup, 08.06.1986, DCS Raju & S Singh 5614, Acc. No. (BSHC)- 9966; Karponang, 02.04.1987, B Krishna 7398, Acc. No. (BSHC)- 14109 West district: Towards major peak, Varsey, 20.06.2003, SK Rai & S Pradhan 25065, Acc. No. (BSHC)- 30127; Hilley, 12.05.1995, P Singh & SK Rai 17066, Acc. No. (BSHC)- 29632; Kalijhar area, Varsey Rh. Sanctuary, 18.06.2003, SK Rai & S Pradhan 25445, Acc. No. (BSHC)- 29478; Geyzing to Pelling, 2200m, 18.02.1994, P Singh 15504, Acc. No. (BSHC)- 10745; Barshey, 24.05.1990, DCS Raju & NR Mandal 11931; Hilley, 12.05.1995, P Singh & SK Rai 17066; Bakhim on way to Tsoka, 08.08.1985, S Singh & SK Rai 3651, Acc. No. (BSHC)- 5960; Bakhim, 08.05.1985, S Singh & SK Rai 3645, Acc. No. (BSHC)- 5958; South district: Tendong RF, 23.04.1999, BK Shukla 21744, Acc. No. (BSHC)- 24371; Tendong RF, 28.03.2000, BK Shukla 21858, Acc. No. (BSHC)- 37506; Rabong RF, 17.05.1985, AK Verma 3537, Acc. No. (BSHC)- 14164; Tendong RF, 23.10.2000, BK Shukla 21766, Acc. No. (BSHC)- 37507; Associated Vegetation: Berberis erythroclada Aherdt, Meconopsis paniculata (D. Don) Prain, Viola biflora L., Acer pectinatum Wall. ex Pax., Coriaria napalensis Wallich, Prinsepia utilis Royle, Potentilla microphylla D. Don var. microphylla, Rosa macrophylla Lindl., Bergenia purpurascens (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Engl., Ribes griffithii Hook.f. & Thoms., Rhodiola Popular Kheti ISSN: 2321 -0001 195 Popular Purohit CS , 2014, Pop. Kheti , 2(3):193 -198 Article bupleuroides (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Fu, Epilobium wallichianum Haussk., Panax psudoginseng Wallich var. bipinnatifidus (Seem) Li, Valeriana hardwickii Wallich, Vaccinium nummularia Hook.f. & Thoms ex CB Clarke, Gaultheria trichophylla Royle, Rhododendron falconeri Hook.f., Rhododendron griffithianum Wight, Rhododendron lepidotum Wallich ex G. Don, Rhododendron setosum D. Don, Primula glomerata Pax, Pedicularis flexuosa Hook.f., etc. Constituents: The bark contains a single triterpenoid substance taraxerol (C 30 H50 O) and ursolic acid acetate (C 32 H50 O4) (Hariharan & Rangaswami, 1966). The leaves contains glucoside, ericolin (arbutin) (C 12 H16 O7), ursolic acid (C 30 H48 O4), α-amyrin (C 30 H50 O), epifriedelinol (C 30 H52 O), a new triterpenoid named campanulin, quercetin & hyperoside (C 21 H20 O12 ) (Orwa et al ., 2009). The Flowers contains Quercetin-3-rhamnoside (Rangaswamy & Sambamurthy, 1960). Three biologically active phenolic compounds i.e. quercetin (C 15 H10 O7), rutin (C 27 H30 O16 ) and coumaric acid (C 9H8O3) have been reported in flowers of R. arboreum using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) (Swaroop et al., 2005).
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