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Vilniaus Universitetas Gamtos Tyrim Centro Botanikos VILNIAUS UNIVERSITETAS GAMTOS TYRIM CENTRO BOTANIKOS INSTITUTAS Aurelija Malcit ŠIAULI UNIVERSITETO BOTANIKOS SODO RODODENDRAI: BKL, SEZONINS RAIDOS RITMIKA IR GENERATYVINIS DAUGINIMAS Daktaro disertacija Biomedicinos mokslai, botanika (04 B) Vilnius, 2010 Disertacija rengta 2006–2010 metais Vilniaus universitete. Mokslinis vadovas: prof. habil. dr. Jonas Remigijus Naujalis (Vilniaus universitetas, biomedicinos mokslai, botanika – 04 B). Konsultant: doc. dr. Ingrida Šaulien (Šiauli universitetas, biomedicinos mokslai, botanika – 04 B). 2 TURINYS "VADAS................................................................................................................5 1. KAI KURIOS GALIMAI AKTUALIOS LIETUVAI RODODENDR TYRIM PROBLEMOS (LITERATROS ŠALTINI APŽVALGA)............................................11 1.1. RODODENDR VIDUGENTIN KLASIFIKACIJA.........................................11 1.2. ISTORINIAI RODODENDR INTRODUKCIJOS ASPEKTAI LIETUVOJE..........16 1.3. RODODENDR PAKANTA ŽEMAI IR NEIGIAMAI TEMPERATRAI..............18 1.4. RODODENDR SEZONIN RAIDA.............................................................24 1.5. RODODENDR LIGOS IR KENKJAI..........................................................29 1.6. RODODENDR INVAZIJOS........................................................................37 1.7. GENERATYVINIS RODODENDR? DAUGINIMAS ........................................42 1.8. RODODENDR KOLEKCIJ VERTINIMO PROBLEMOS...............................45 2. TYRIM MEDŽIAGA, OBJEKTAS IR METODIKA.............................................. 48 2.1. TYRIM MEDŽIAGA ................................................................................48 2.2. TYRIM OBJEKTAS..................................................................................49 2.3. TYRIM METODIKA................................................................................ 51 2.3.1. BOTANIKOS SODE AUGINAM RODODENDR BIOLOGINI? CHARAKTERISTIK SUDARYMO PRINCIPAI........................................................ 52 2.3.2. RODODENDR KAI KURI BIOLOGINI RODIKLI VERTINIMO KOLEKCIJOSE KRITERIJAI IR SKALS..................................................................53 2.3.3. RODODENDR SEZONIN RAID CHARAKTERIZUOJANTYS RODIKLIAI..........................................................................................................60 2.3.4. RODODENDR GENERATYVINIO DAUGINIMO TYRIMAI..................... 61 2.3.5. KOMPIUTERINS DUOMEN BAZS RODODENDRAI SISTEMA, STRUKTRA IR PAGRINDINS FUNKCIJOS..........................................................63 2.3.6. STATISTINIS DUOMEN APDOROJIMAS.............................................67 3. DARBO REZULTATAI.....................................................................................69 3.1. ŠU BOTANIKOS SODE AUGINAM RODODENDR BIOLOGINS CHARAKTERISTIKOS........................................................................................ 69 3 3.2. RODODENDR KOLEKCIJ SUDARANI AUGAL BKLS VERTINIMAS......................................................................................................99 3.2.1. RODODENDR BENDROJI BKL......................................................100 3.2.2. RODODENDR PAKANTA ŽEMAI IR NEIGIAMAI TEMPERATRAI......103 3.2.3. RODODENDR ŽYDJIMO INTENSYVUMAS......................................106 3.2.4. RODODENDR AUGINIMO ŽELDYNUOSE PERSPEKTYVUMAS...........113 3.3. BOTANIKOS SODE AUGINAM RODODENDR SEZONINIO RITMO YPATUMAI.......................................................................................................119 3.3.1. RODODENDR LAPOJIMO YPATUMAI..............................................119 3.3.2. RODODENDR ŽYDJIMO YPATUMAI..............................................127 3.3.3. RODODENDR KASMETINIS GLI PRIAUGIMAS.............................151 3.4. RODODENDR GENERATYVINIS DAUGINIMAS: SKL? DAIGUMAS IR DAIG RAIDA..............................................................................................................165 IŠVADOS..........................................................................................................178 MOKSLO DARB SRAŠAS...............................................................................181 LITERATRA....................................................................................................185 PRIEDAI............................................................................................................198 1 PRIEDAS. RODODENDR KOLEKCIJ SUDARANI AUGAL BKLS VERTINIMO 2007–2009 METAIS PIRMINIAI RODIKLIAI..................................199 2 PRIEDAS. RODODENDR SEZONINS RAIDOS PIRMINIAI RODIKLIAI 2007–2009 METAIS..........................................................................................................219 4 "VADAS Lietuvoje rododendro (Rhododendron L.) genties krmai ir krmokšniai pastaraisiais metais neabejotinai yra ypa spariai populiarjantys introdukuoti dekoratyviniai augalai, kasmet vis dažniau ir gausiau auginami ne tik botanikos soduose (PRIBUŠAUSKAIT, 2004; LIAGIEN, 2004; MALCIT, NAUJALIS, 2005), bet ir vairaus pobdžio visuomeniniuose ir privaiuose želdynuose (JANUŠKEVIIUS, BARONIEN, 2009). Iš kitos puss, rododendr augintojai dažnokai patiria nemažus materialinius ir moralinius nuostolius dl ši augal@ greito dekoratyvumo sumažjimo ar netgi žties (MALCIT, NAUJALIS, 2010 a). Introdukuotus augalus, tarp j ir rododendrus, tiria, daugina ir praktiškai pritaiko žmonms patogiai ir patraukliai aplinkai formuoti dekoratyvins sodininkysts – taikomosios botanikos šakos, atstovai. Dekoratyvins sodininkysts pltra, lygis ir populiarumas bet kuriame krašte priklauso nuo daugelio veiksni, bet svarbiausi, matyt, yra vien žmoni kitiems nuolat perduodamos aplinkos grožio ir patogumo krimo tradicijos, sodinink išmintis ir profesionalumas, finansins galimybs ir, žinoma, augalai. Pastarasis veiksnys, be joki abejoni, ir yra pats reikšmingiausias, kadangi jokia dekoratyvin sodininkyst be augal tiesiog nemanoma. Pagrindiniai veiksniai, kurie daugeliu atvej riboja rododendr introdukcijos ir aklimatizacijos galimybes Lietuvoje (MALCIT, NAUJALIS, 2010 a), yra (a) nepakankamas ši augal pakantumas žemai ir neigiamai temperatrai ir (b) netinkamos ši augal auginimo ir priežiros (sodinimo laikas, dirvožemio reakcija ir savybs, šviesos, drgms režimas, mineralinis maitinimas, kova su ligomis ir kenkjais) slygos. Dažnokai rododendr augintojams tiesiog trksta biologini žini apie rododendrus, kuri dauguma pagal kilm yra kaln krmai ir krmokšniai (KONDRATOVI, 1981). Norinti skmingiau auginti rododendrus Lietuvos s=lygomis reikalingi vairiapusiški išsams tyrimai, kurie leist objektyviai vertinti: (1) auginam rododendr sezonin raid, kuri ypa priklauso nuo pasikeitusi slyg naujose augimo vietose, (2) bendrj rododendr bkl, (3) rododendr poreikius, susijusius su 5 aplinkos veiksniais, (4) tinkam agrotechnikos priemoni taikym auginamiems rododendrams, (5) rododendr augimo perspektyvas. Esant ne visai palankioms augimo slygoms rododendr gyvybingumas gali greitai sumažti, dl to nyksta j vertingiausios dekoratyvins savybs (MALCIT, NAUJALIS, 2005), o patys augalai tampa nepakants ligoms ir kenkjams. Šiauli universiteto (toliau ŠU) Botanikos sode sistemingai vykdomi rododendro genties aklimatizaciniai tyrimai neabejotinai yra vertingi ne tik moksliniu požiriu, bet reikšmingi ir dekoratyvins sodininkysts propagavimui. Taiau tik turint patikim speciali tyrim duomen galima atrinkti ne tik dekoratyvius, bet ir pakanius žemai ir neigiamai oro temperatrai rododendrus, tinkamus auginti vairiuose Lietuvos želdynuose. Dl vis išvardyt priežasi rododendr vairiapusiški tyrimai yra itin aktuals dabartiniu metu. Tokie jie bus ir ateityje, kadangi rododendr populiarumas, kur lemia nepaprasta j vairov ir išskirtinis dekoratyvumas, tarp profesionali sodinink ir mgj nuolat didja. DARBO TIKSLAS – atlikti ŠU Botanikos sodo rododendr kolekcij sudarani krm ir krmokšni sudties, bkls vertinimo, sezonins raidos ir generatyvinio dauginimo tyrimus. DARBO UŽDAVINIAI: 1) sudaryti diagnostines lenteles, skirtas ŠU Botanikos sodo rododendr taksonams ir veislms apibdinti; 2) vertinti Botanikos sode augani rododendr bendrj bkl; 3) vertinti rododendr pakantum žemai ir neigiamai temperatrai; 4) nustatyti rododendr žydjimo ypatumus pagal vizualin skal; 5) vertinti rododendr auginimo želdynuose perspektyvum; 6) nustatyti rododendr sezonins raidos ypatumus; 7) atlikti rododendr generatyvinio dauginimo tyrimus; 8) tyrim duomenis kaupti ir apdoroti originalioje kompiuterinje duomen bazje Rododendrai. GINAMI TEIGINIAI. 1) Pagal rododendr morfologinius požymius sukurtos specialios originalios apibdinimo lentels yra tinkamos ši introdukuot krm ir krmokšni taksonams ir veislms pažinti; 2) kolekcij sudarani augal bkls kasmetinis vertinimas yra objektyvus introdukuot rododendr aklimatizacijos lygio rodiklis, leidžiantis prognozuoti ši, 6 dekoratyviniais tikslais auginam, krm ir krmokšni tolesnes auginimo perspektyvas; 3) vlyvos pavasarins šalnos yra vienas svarbiausi klimato veiksni, mažinani Lietuvoje auginam rododendr dekoratyvines savybes; 4) rododendr skirstymas fenoritmotipines grupes leidžia apibendrintai vertinti ši augal sezonin raid apibdinanius rodiklius, rododendr fenoritmotipins grups gali bti ši augal vairiapusiškesnio ir dekoratyviniu atžvilgiu patrauklesnio grupavimo kolekcijose ar želdynuose pagrindas; 5) substratas nra pagrindinis rododendr skl daigumo veiksnys, bet ši augal daig gyvybingumas ir j raida tiesiogiai priklauso nuo substrato pobdžio. DARBO NAUJUMAS. Pirm kart Lietuvoje pristatyta mokslini tyrim pagrindu išnagrinta rododendr kolekcija.
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