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Dispersi Asosiasi Dan Status Populasi Tumbuhan Terancam Punah Di Zona Submontana Dan Montana Taman Nasional Gunung Gede-Pangrango

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Dispersi Asosiasi Dan Status Populasi Tumbuhan Terancam Punah Di Zona Submontana Dan Montana Taman Nasional Gunung Gede-Pangrango B I O D I V E R S I T A S ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 5, Nomor 1 Januari 2004 Halaman: 17-22 Dispersi Asosiasi dan Status Populasi Tumbuhan Terancam Punah di Zona Submontana dan Montana Taman Nasional Gunung Gede-Pangrango Dispersion pattern interspecific association and population status of threatened plants on submontane and montane zones of Mount Gede-Pangrango National Park WIHERMANTO Pusat Konservasi Tumbuhan – Kebun Raya Bogor, Bogor 16003. Diterima: 7 Nopember 2003. Disetujui: 15 Desember 2003. ABSTRACT The Mount Gede-Pangrango National Park has an attractive landscape view of mount summits with its crater, genuine flora and fauna of tropical rainforest, and a mild weather. Exploitation is forbidden in the area, but in reality encroachments occur, which will lead to changes in plant population status, particularly for threatened species. The aims of the research were investigate the populations status, dispersion pattern and possible interspecific associations of threatened plant species occurred in the sub montane and montane zones of the Mount Gede-Pangrango National Park. Most of the threatened species occurred in the park had clumped distributions and only one of those showed a regular dispersion, namely Symplocos costata. It should be realized that populations with a clumped dispersion tend to provide over or under estima- tion of abundance, indicating the need for a larger sampling unit to cover. Based on the association tests conducted, three species (Antidesma tetrandrum, Pinanga coronata, and Castanopsis javanica) were significantly associated with Saurauia bracteosa, while Altingia excelsa and A. tetrandrum with Symplocos costata, as they had association indices more 0.3 using Jaccard Index. Pinanga coronata seems to be relatively closely associated with Saurauia cauliflora, Altingia excelsa with S. bracteosa, and Castanopsis javanica with S. costata. In contrast, Pinanga javana, Calamus adspersus, and Rhododendron album had low degrees of association, indicating their low abundance and co-occurrence with other species. Seven species of threatened plants were recorded in the Mount Gede-Pangrango: 5 of which had been proposed to change in their status. They were Calamus adspersus from vulnerable (V) changed into vulnerable (V UD2). , Lithocarpus indutus from vulnerable changed into critically endangered, Pinanga javana from endangered changed into vulnerable, Rhododendron album from vulnerable changed into endangered, and Saurauia bracteosa from vulnerable changed into endangered. 2004 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS Surakarta Key words: dispersion pattern, interspecific association, population status, threatened plants, Gede-Pangrango National Park PENDAHULUAN Taylor (2000), menyebutkan bahwa pada zona submontana dan montana pegunungan di Pulau Tumbuhan langka Indonesia adalah tumbuhan asli Jawa dijumpai jenis-jenis tumbuhan langka (terancam Indonesia yang takson atau populasi taksonnya kepunahan), antara lain Calamus adspersus Bl., cenderung berkurang, baik dalam jumlah individu, Pinanga javana Bl. (Arecaceae), Lithocarpus indutus populasi maupun keanekaragaman genetisnya, (Bl.) Rehd (Fagaceae), Rhododendron album Bl. sehingga jika tidak dilakukan usaha pelestarian yang (Ericaceae), Saurauia bracteosa DC., S. cauliflora DC cukup berarti maka akan punah dalam waktu singkat (Saurauiaceae), dan Symplocos costata (Bl.) Choisy (Mogea dkk., 2001). Dalam Whitten (1994), (Symplocaceae). disebutkan bahwa jumlah total tumbuhan yang Penurunan populasi suatu jenis di ekosistemnya teridentifikasi di pulau Jawa adalah 4.101 jenis dari dapat menjadi indikasi bahwa keseimbangan ekosis- jumlah tersebut 285 jenis merupakan endemik pulau tem di daerah tersebut mulai terganggu, untuk itu Jawa. Kemudian menurut Steenis (1972) dan Hilton- diperlukan pengkajian, penelitian dan pengembangan terhadap tumbuhan endemik terutama yang terancam punah. Konservasi secara in-situ maupun ex situ Alamat korespondensi: sangat diperlukan untuk jenis-jenis demikian. Jl.Ir. H.Juanda 13, Bogor 16003 Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mendapatkan, Tel. +62-251-352519. Fax.: +62-251-322187 menyusun, mengidentifikasi, dan menginventarisasi e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] data populasi tumbuhan terancam kepunahan di zona 18 BIODIVERSITAS Vol. 5, No. 1, Januari 2004, hal. 17-22 submontana dan montana Taman Nasional Gunung Analisis data dengan menghitung kerapatan, Gede-Pangrango. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dominansi, frekuensi, dan nilai penting masing- bermanfaat untuk membangun strategi konservasi. masing jenis pohon. Kerapatan, dominansi frekuensi dan nilai penting akan dianalisis dengan menggunakan Formula Cox (Phillips, 1959). Nilai BAHAN DAN METODE penting dalam % suatu jenis = NP (%) = KR (%) + DR (%) + FR (%). Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan April s.d. Juni Pola dispersi digunakan untuk mengetahui pola 2002 di Taman Nasional Gunung Gede-Pangrango penyebaran jenis tumbuhan yang termasuk terancam (TNGP). Penelitian dilakukan dengan sampling kepunahan (langka). Penentuan kategori tumbuhan vegetasi menggunakan metode systematic parallel terancam kepunahan dapat diperoleh dengan cara lines (transek). Transek dibuat di wilayah Subseksi menghitung pola dispersi dengan menggunakan Gunung Putri, Kabupaten Cianjur, Subseksi Bodogol, hukum kepangkatan Taylor (Philips, 1959) dan Kabupaten Bogor, dan Subseksi Selabintana, menggabungkan dengan luas basal area dan nilai Kabupaten Sukabumi. Transek ditentukan dengan INP setiap jenis, kemudian nilai tersebut diacukan menyusuri jalan setapak dan membuat jalan rintisan dengan aturan yang tertulis dalam Hilton-Taylor (sebagai sumbu), kemudian transek-transek tersebut (2000). Pola dispersi dengan menggunakan dibuat sejajar di sebelah kiri dan kanan sumbu, kepangkatan Taylor (Philips, 1959): berjarak 5-10 m dari jalan setapak. Transek n ( log x2) ( Log S2) - ( log x2) ( log S2) berukuran panjang 100 m dan lebar 10 m. Kemudian b = di dalam transek tersebut dibuat petak bujur sangkar 2 2 2 n ( log x) - ( log x ) dengan ukuran 10x10 m (Gambar 1.). Keterangan: n = jumlah lokasi pengamatan b = pola dispersi (penyebaran) transek x = jumlah rata-rata jenis S = nilai varians seluruh jenis Untuk mengetahui bahwa dua jenis berasosiasi maka digunakan metode tabel contingency 2x2, kemudian diuji dengan chi-square (x2). 100 m Jenis B Jenis A Jumlah Ada Tidak ada Ada a b a + b Tidak ada c d c + d Jarak Jumlah a + c b + d a + b + c + d = n 10 m antar transek Keterangan: a = jumlah sampling dengan kedua jenis hadir. b = jenis A hadir dan B tidak hadir. c = jenis A tidak hadir dan B hadir. 10 m 10 m d = jenis A dan B tidak hadir. n = jumlah sampling keseluruhan. Gambar 1. Pola sampling vegetasi dengan metode 2 2 2 2 “systematic parallel lines” (Widyatmoko, 2001). 2 a - E(a) b E(b) c E(c) d E(d) Uji x E(a) E(b) E(c) E(d) Obyek yang diamati mencakup pohon (diameter < (a b) x (a c) (a b) x (b d) E(a) ....E(b) 10 cm) dan anak pohon (diameter 2,5-5 cm), n n (a c) x (c d) (b d) x (c d) diameter batang setinggi dada ( 130 cm di atas E(c) ......E(d) tanah) atau 20 cm di atas titik awal banir. Alat yang n n digunakan meliputi: altimeter, kompas, diameter tape, a global positioning system (GPS), gunting tanaman, Selanjutnya diuji indeks Jaccard, yaitu: . label herbarium, plastik herbarium, kertas koran, dan abc alkohol 70 %. Variabel yang diukur yaitu jumlah jenis tumbuhan, Tipe asosiasi positif jika nilai a > E(a) dan negatif 2 jumlah individu tumbuhan, dan diameter batang anak jika a < E(a). Berasosiasi atau tidak jika nilai x test < pohon dan pohon, khususnya jenis yang masuk x tabel, dimana x tabel adalah 3,84. Uji indeks dalam kategori terancam punah menurut Hilton- Jaccard menyatakan tingkatan asosiasi, semakin Taylor (2000), dibuat herbariumnya dan diidentifikasi mendekati nilai 1, maka asosiasi semakin maksimum di Herbarium Bogoriense dan Kebun Raya Cibodas. (Ludwig dan Reynold, 1988). WIHERMANTO – Tumbuhan langka di TN Gunung Gede-Pangrango 19 HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Tabel 1. Jenis tumbuhan terancam punah di TNGP. Basal area Pola dispersi No. Jenis Pola dispersi (b) 2 INP (%) Dari hasil perhitungan kepang- (m ) katan Taylor dapat diketahui pola 1 Rhododendron album 2,09 (kelompok) 0.01 0.2 2 Saurauia bracteosa 1,46 (kelompok) 0.37 0.3 dispersi tujuh jenis terancam pu- 3 Calamus adpersus 3,00 (kelompok) 1.42 1.5 nah seperti disajikan pada Tabel 4 Saurauia cauliflora 3,07 (kelompok) 3.94 1.8 1. 5 Symplocos costata 0,07 (acak) 0.53 1.9 Penentuan pola dispersi ber- 6 Pinanga javana 1,67 (kelompok) 6.76 2.1 kaitan dengan daerah penyebaran 7 Lithocarpus indutus 3,75 (kelompok) 27.24 4.6 suatu jenis di daerah keberadaan, Keterangan: b < 0, pola dispersi teratur (reguler), b = 1, pola dispersi acak, b > 1, sangat relevan dihubungkan de- pola dispersi kelompok. Luas basal area = luas daerah yang ditempati (area of ngan jenis terancam kepunahan, occupancy) suatu jenis, INP (%) = nilai indeks penting suatu jenis. karena dari tujuh jenis terancam kepunahan menunjukkan pola sebaran kelompok dan acak. Hal Tabel 2. Asosiasi tujuh jenis terancam punah dengan pasangannya di TNGP. ini sesuai dengan Hilton-Taylor (2000) yang menyatakan bahwa Chi- Tipe Tingkat Asosiasi No Jenis Pasangan jenis fragmentasi berat yang mendo- square asosiasi asosiasi / tidak rong kepunahan suatu taksa ter- 1 Calamus Antidesma tetrandrum 8.40 + 0.14 Asosiasi jadi karena kebanyakan individu adspersus Turpinia sphaerocarpa 5.54 + 0.10 Asosiasi berada dalam kelompok kecil Villebrunea rubescens 4.02 + 0.09 Asosiasi yang terpisah-pisah dan/atau
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