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Findings from the Wildland Firefighters Human Factors Workshop; 12-16 June 1995; Missoula, MT

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Findings from the Wildland Firefighters Human Factors Workshop; 12-16 June 1995; Missoula, MT Appendix A—Overview Part 4 of 4 Decision Workshop ment for greater speed escaping fires. The session begins with four presenta- More than 30 people are entrapped each tions that outline the psychological and Improving Wildland Firefighter Perform- year. Our crews are not as proficient at organizational aspects of wildland ance Under Stressful, Risky Conditions: escape, fire shelter deployment, and firefighting. These talks will set the tone Toward Better Decisions on the Fireline decisionmaking under stressful, risky for the session as we focus on the and More Resilient Organizations conditions as they could or should be. individual firefighter, fire crews, and Partly, this reflects attitudes, and partly organizational structures on the fireline. June 12–16, 1995 it is a lack of knowledge. We hope the unique mix of professionals Village Red Lion Inn will create a synergism that leads to 100 Madison Street This workshop will explore firefighter meaningful change and a safer firefight- Missoula, Montana psychology, interactions among fire- ing environment. fighters and among fire crews, and better ways to organize. To do this, we have Overview— brought together experts in psychology, sociology, organizations, fire safety, and Ted Putnam It has become increasingly clear since wildland firefighting. We will be looking Workshop Organizer 1990 that wildland firefighters are exper- at the current situation on the fireline and iencing collapses in decisionmaking ways to make the often-dangerous job Dave Thomas and organizational structure. Wildland of wildland firefighting safer. Finally, we Workshop Moderator fire agencies have lost 23 people since will develop a series of recommenda- 1990 who might have survived had they tions for implementing the changes Jerry Meyer simply dropped their tools and equip- needed to improve firefighter safety. Workshop Facilitator 23 Appendix B—Agenda Part 4 of 4 0900–1000 1100–1200 MONDAY, JUNE 12 Recognition Primed Decision South Canyon Revisited: Lessons 0800–1200 Strategies from High Reliability Gary Klein, Ph.D., Klein Associates Organizations Karl Weick, Ph.D., University of Keynote Presentations Studies of firefighters show that they Michigan (open to the public) rely primarily on Recognition-Primed Decision (RPD) strategies as opposed There is an emerging body of work that 0800–0900 to sifting through alternatives and has begun to describe how Behavioral Bases of Accidents and comparing how they rate on different organizations that face the possibility of Incidents: Identifying the Common evaluation dimensions. The RPD model catastrophic error every day, cope with Element in Accidents and Incidents explains how people can make this prospect. These organizations, Curt Braun, Ph.D., University of Idaho decisions under conditions of time referred to as high reliability pressure and ambiguity and shifting organizations, include nuclear power Human behavior plays the largest role conditions. Specifically, the model plants, air traffic control systems, in firefighter safety. Faced with the explains how experienced aircraft carriers, flight crews, and known and essentially constant risks of decisionmakers can generate a chemical plants. Several issues that are a wildland fire, human behavior is the reasonable course of action without discussed in studies of these only factor that can greatly increase or having to contrast alternatives, and how organizations are similar to issues that decrease the risk of injury. Despite its they can evaluate a course of action have surfaced in discussions of the large role in safety, however, behavior without comparing it to alternatives. South Canyon Fire incident on July 6, is frequently overlooked during accident 1994. The purpose of this presentation investigations. Endeavoring to discover We can also use the RPD model to will be to discuss some of these the cause of a workplace injury or understand some of the errors that can similarities with special attention being fatality, investigators often focus on the arise in naturalistic settings. These focused on issues of communication, special environmental circumstances primarily stem from inadequate group structure, stress, mindsets, and not on the behaviors that preceded experience bases. In turn, these error leadership, and sense making. that accident. This overemphasis on types suggest some strategies for circumstances fails to consider the fact decision-centered training. that the vast majority of accidents result 1200–1300: Lunch not from the environment but from Closed Workshop Session Begins known risky behavior that is part of 1000–1100 (limited to invited participants) common work practices. The “Cultural Inertia” Impacts of Team Decisionmaking 1300–1700: Focus will be on the To address safety challenges, specific David Hart, TIG, Inc. dynamics of individual decisionmaking consideration must be given to the and individual firefighter experience element common to all accidents: Cultural attitudes permeate the human behavior. A behaviorally based decisionmaking of teams working within safety program can reduce the risks the organization. “Anytime, Anywhere,” 1830–: No-host bar and dinner (if there associated with wildland fire “Can Do,” and “Make It Happen” are is sufficient interest) suppression by: (1) identifying examples of adopted cultural attitudes antecedent behaviors that lead to that have both assisted and (in some accidents; (2) determining the cases) inhibited crew effectiveness. TUESDAY, JUNE 13 frequency of these behaviors; (3) This discussion investigates the 0800–1200: Focus on interaction evaluating the training programs and impacts of cultural-based attitudes as between crew members management systems that either barriers to individual and crew directly or indirectly support the decisionmaking processes. It includes behaviors; and (4) developing a training discussion of lessons learned from 1200–1300: Lunch and management remediation program other high-risk/high-threat aimed at changing behavior. environments in establishing a non- 1300–1700: Focus will be on attribution/non-retribution environment, interactions between crews and and overturning cultural attitude organizational structure barriers within the individual and the organization as a whole. 24 Part 4 of 4 ride (round-trip). We will return to the WEDNESDAY, JUNE 14 marina around 1730-1800 and will be FRIDAY, JUNE 16 Trip To Mann Gulch back in Missoula by about 2000. Each 0800–1700: Workshop volunteers participant should bring a sack lunch finish write-ups on findings and and a canteen of water as well as recommendations 0545: Assemble at Village Red Lion Inn snacks for the return trip. In addition, and board bus bring clothing appropriate for the weather, as well as other items desired 0600: Depart Missoula such as cameras, daypacks, and so forth. Suggested Reading: 0600–0800: Workshop discussions enroute We plan to have two guides Young Men and Fire. Norman Maclean. knowledgeable about Mann Gulch 1992. University of Chicago Press. 0830–1800: Mann Gulch guided tour available to retrace the events. An EMT Chicago, IL. with a first aid kit and radio will also On August 5, 1949, a wildfire overran accompany us. Fireline: Summer Battles of the West. 16 firefighters at Mann Gulch. There Michael Thoele. 1995. Fulcrum were only three survivors. Significant The walk up Mann Gulch is about 1-1/2 Publishing, Golden, CO. controversy has surrounded this fire, miles over grassy, rocky ground. Sturdy including firefighter decisions and work or hiking boots (well broken in) Mann Gulch Fire: A Race That Couldn’t actions as well as the ensuing are strongly recommended. The slope be Won. Richard Rothermel. 1993. INT- entrapment investigation. On July 6, is steep, but people of varied fitness GTR -299. U.S. Department of Agricul- 1994, a wildfire overran 49 firefighters levels have tackled it successfully ture, Forest Service, Intermountain at South Canyon. There were 35 walking at their own pace. Snakes and Research Station, Ogden, UT. survivors and 14 fatalities. Many footing are the only other hazards, investigators believe the two events are though snakes are rare. The trip will be connected and ask how much have we canceled if rain or strong winds are learned in the intervening 45 years. A forecast. More information will be *Mann Gulch Fire: A Race That Couldn’t trip to Mann Gulch has been planned to provided at the workshop. Be Won. Richard C. Rothermel. explore that connection and foster further workshop dialogue in a “real life” *Available on the worldwide web at: setting. 1800–2000: Return trip to Missoula http://www.xmission.com/~int/pubs.html Mann Gulch is about 150 miles east of For a printed copy, contact: Missoula and 25 miles north of Helena, THURSDAY, JUNE 15 Montana. A bus will leave the Village 0800–1200: Focus on future Tom Cook, Program Assistant Red Lion Inn parking lot promptly at research, investigations, and training Fire Behavior Project 0600. It is about a 2-1/2 hour drive to Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory the Gates of the Mountain Marina and 5775 Highway 10 West about a 30-minute boat ride down the 1200–1300: Lunch Missoula, MT 59802 Missouri River to Mann Gulch. We are Phone: (406) 329-4820 paying for the bus, but each participant 1300–1700: Workshop Fax: (406) 329-4825 will need to pay about $10 for the boat recommendations DG: T.Cook:S22L01A 25 Appendix C—Participants Part 4 of 4 Participants Management Review Team following National Forests. Because of his the South Canyon Fire and serves on extensive
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