Tipi Umani Particolarmente Strani La Sindrome Di Asperger Come Oggetto Culturale

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Tipi Umani Particolarmente Strani La Sindrome Di Asperger Come Oggetto Culturale Scuola Dottorale di Ateneo Graduate School Dottorato di ricerca in Scienze della cognizione e della formazione Ciclo XXVI Anno di discussione 2015 Tipi umani particolarmente strani La sindrome di Asperger come oggetto culturale SETTORE SCIENTIFICO DISCIPLINARE DI AFFERENZA: M-PSI/04 Tesi di Dottorato di Enrico Valtellina, matricola 955799 Coordinatore del Dottorato Tutore del Dottorando Prof. Carlo Natali Prof. Pietro Barbetta Co-tutore del Dottorando Prof. Francisco Ortega 1 Ringraziamenti Ringrazio Guido Gallioli, che attraverso la Fondazione Gianna e Andrew Gallioli ha finanziato il dottorato di cui questo testo è l’esito. E Pietro Barbetta, Jurandir Freire Costa e Francisco Ortega, che mi hanno aiutato in modo determinante a ripensare l’oggetto autismo1. Nella vita accadono incontri da cui riceviamo infinitamente più di quanto possiamo compensare, questo libretto valga come restituzione simbolica e attestazione di stima e riconoscenza. 1 Il dottorato è stato sviluppato in cotutela con il Gruppo PEPAS (Programa de Estudos e Pesquisas da Ação e do Sujeito) presso l’Istituto di Medicina Sociale (IMS) dell’Università di Stato di Rio de Janeiro UERJ. Agli incontri dei dottorati veneziano e carioca devo molti spunti sviluppati nelle pagine seguenti, due situazioni di ricerca assolutamente eccellenti, come eccellenti sono le persone che ho avuto la fortuna di incontrare, di qua e di là dell’oceano. 2 Indice Capitolo 1 Forme dell’atipia Capitolo 2 Una storia delle disabilità relazionali Capitolo 3 Le interpretazioni culturali delle disabilità relazionali Appendice Tipi umani particolarmente strani Brisset, Roussel, Wolfson Conclusioni 3 Capitolo 1 Forme dell’atipia Compagnons pathétiques qui murmurez à peine, allez la lampe éteinte et rendez les bijoux. Un mystère nouveau chante dans vos os. Développez votre étrangeté légitime. René Char Quando nasci, um anjo torto desses que viven na sombra disse: Vai Carlos! ser gauche na vida Carlos Drummond de Andrade Controlando / A minha maluquez / Misturada / Com minha lucidez Vou ficar / Ficar com certeza / Maluco beleza Raul Seixas O terror acentuou-se. Não se sabia já quem estava são, nem quem estava doido. Machado de Assis, O alienista La scienza non si cura della sua storia, vive nella dimensione sincronica del sapere attuale e delega a chi non la pratica il compito residuale della ricostruzione della dimensione diacronica costitutiva che l’ha posta in essere. Se ciò è comprensibile nel dispiegarsi delle sue finalità, non di meno occulta un orizzonte di senso che solo la giustifica. Ciò è particolarmente vero quando si articola in costrutti culturali complessi come l’oggetto della presente ricerca, la sindrome di Asperger, una 4 catalogazione clinica nata a metà degli anni ottanta, inserita nel DSM nel 1994 e scomparsa nel maggio 2013 con la nuova edizione. In effetti, la ricerca di dottorato di cui questo testo è l’esito, è cominciata nel momento della massima esposizione mediatica e si è conclusa con la scomparsa del suo oggetto. Ian Hacking ha scritto testi fondamentali (Hacking, 1995, 1998) su patologie culturali, le personalità multiple e i viaggiatori folli, che presenta come forme esemplari di transient mental illness, condizioni apparse come problematiche durante un periodo storico definito, che si individuano in oggetto culturale, come orizzonte discorsivo coerente, che poi si evolve fino a dissolvere il significato che aveva costruito. Altra transient mental illness dalla storia gloriosa è l’isteria, oggetto di studi straordinariamente interessanti (Didi Huberman, 2008; Skull, 2009), scomparsa in pochissimi anni dopo la morte di Charcot. E ancora una particolare pratica individuata come patologica, psicogena, per due secoli, a partire dal 1712, come ci ricorda Thomas Laqueur (2007), è la masturbazione. Prima non costituiva problema, ancora nella seconda metà dell’ottocento, si veda La fisiologia del piacere di Paolo Mantegazza (1867) e Moritz Schreber2, si mettevano in guardia i giovinetti dall’abuso di sé, dai primi anni del novecento la paura per gli effetti sul fisico e sulla mente della masturbazione in breve scompare. Dobbiamo dunque leggere la parabola della sindrome di Asperger come una bolla culturale cresciuta, cresciuta e poi d’un tratto scomparsa senza lasciare tracce? Per un verso sì, ha senso ripercorrere le trame su cui si è costituita l’attenzione per una forma specifica della disabilità relazionale, seguirne l’evoluzione e l’estinzione, per altro la fortuna della sindrome di Asperger è solo una tappa di una storia più vasta, quella dell’individuazione delle non conformità alle attese dell’altro nell’interazione in presenza, delle disabilità relazionali appunto. Intenzione del presente lavoro è dunque rapportarsi ai modi in cui una fenomenologia abbastanza generica, la peculiarità nelle modalità dell’interazione, è stata tematizzata nel tempo e in differenti contesti culturali, con particolare attenzione alla prospettiva interpretativa, egemone da più di due secoli, dello sguardo medico- psichiatrico. Quest’ultima è in effetti la matrice del discorso, se è possibile oggi parlare delle disabilità relazionali, all’interno, al di fuori o contro lo sguardo medico, è grazie a questo, ovvero unicamente in ragione del fatto che forme specifiche della differenza umana sono state nominate come patologiche. Parto dunque da qui, dalla costituzione delle categorie del sapere medico, delle diagnosi. Non prima di avere sintetizzato nei minimi termini ciò attorno cui il presente lavoro si struttura, la sindrome di Asperger, lo spettro autistico, le disabilità relazionali. 2 Nel manuale di riferimento della psichiatra tedesca di metà ottocento, Pathologie und therapie der psychischen krankheiten di Wilhelm Griesinger, la masturbazione compulsiva viene individuata tra le cause principali dell’imbecillità: “... a questa classe possono essere riferiti molti casi, in cui frequenti attacchi epilettici nell’infanzia o l’onanismo, iniziato in età precoce, abbiano indotto un esaurimento delle facoltà mentali” (Griesinger, 1858, 348). 5 Hans Asperger individuò nella prima metà degli anni Quaranta del secolo scorso una tipologia di bambini come Autistischen Psychopathen, caratterizzati da interessi compulsivi, inattitudine relazionale, peculiarità linguistiche, manierismi, goffaggine. In sostanza l’autismo senza “ritardo” cognitivo, negli stessi anni il padre della pedopsichiatria americana, Leo Kanner, scriveva di autismo con grave compromissione cognitiva. Da qui, 1943 (data fatale, come il 1712 per la masturbazione, Laqueur, 2007), parte la storia dell’autismo, che in parte ricapitoleremo nel seguito, ora in sintesi: negli anni ottanta Lorna Wing riscopre il lavoro di Hans Asperger e individua bambini con le medesime problematiche, nel 1994 la sindrome di Asperger viene implementata nel DSM4. Nel maggio del 2013, con la quinta edizione del DSM la sindrome di Asperger scompare come diagnosi, sussunta nello spettro autistico, come sua fascia High-end. Questa è la storia, ma c’è una preistoria. Non credo azzardato affermare che la variabilità umana si riproduca statisticamente secondo regolarità3 nel corso delle generazioni, per cui le medesime peculiarità comportamentali individuate da Kanner e Asperger esistevano con altro nome in precedenza, oggetto o meno di attenzione e trattamento specifico. Per rapportarci a questi livelli ulteriori faremo riferimento alla categoria generale, financo più ampia di quella di spettro autistico, di disabilità relazionale4, intesa come non corrispondenza alle attese dell’altro nell’interazione in presenza, inciampo a qualche livello della comunicazione. La diagnosi Il termine venne coniato da Thomas Willis nel 1681, il successivo costituirsi del sapere medico come clinica, attraverso la riorganizzazione fondamentale del suo sapere attorno al corpo, ripercorsa da 3 Questa affermazione può essere messa in questione dai molti che ritengono determinanti i fattori ambientali nella genesi dell’autismo (tra gli altri Nadesan, 2013). Non mi pare ad ogni modo che sia mai stata evidenziata alcuna correlazione diretta, anche perché gli studi epidemiologici in tale direzione sono carenti, come evidenzia nel suo testo la Nadesan, essendo privilegiati vettori di ricerca scientifica mirati alla genetica o alla struttura cerebrale attraverso le tecniche di neuroimaging. 4 Disabilità va qui intesa nel senso della partizione elaborata dal modello sociale della disabilità tra disability e impairment, in cui impairment è la condizione psicofisica in cui ci si trova (legittimamente e senza colpa), e disability il vincolo al pieno accesso alle risorse di cittadinanza, in ragione dell’impairment, posto da un’organizzazione abilista del sociale. Di ciò oltre, serva per dire che parlare di disabilità relazionale non è porre la questione in termini deficitari, tanto più che l’evento del collasso dell’interazione è sempre in-between, nell’in-fra, nello zwischen, è la discrasia tra differenti attese di corrispondenza, discorsiva, emotiva, affettiva, consapevolezza di base che dovrebbe spiazzare definitivamente ogni lettura delle disabilità relazionali (ma anche cognitive e fisiche) secondo un individualismo metodologico che si ancori al modello della disabilità come “tragedia personale”, nei termini di Mike Oliver (Oliver, 1990). Quella della disabilità è sempre e comunque una questione sociale e politica. Sui Disability Studies e il modello sociale della disabilità si vedano Medeghini et al., 2013; Medeghini, Valtellina, 2006; Valtellina, 2006. 6 Foucault ne La nascita
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