VolumeInternational II Number Journal 2 2011 for [23-28] Environmen tal Rehabilitation and Conservation Volume IV No. 2 2013 [38 – 49] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] [ISSN 0975 - 6272]

Sustainable architecture and tourism management

P.S. Pratheep

Received: April 22, 2013 ⏐ Accepted: July 28, 2013 ⏐ Online: October 15, 2013

Abstract Sustainable architecture is a general term that bound to expand globally, we have to find a describes environmentally conscious design way to make it sustainable. Current study is an techniques in the field of architecture. attempt to discuss the role of sustainable Sustainable architecture seeks to minimize the architecture for the development of tourism in negative environmental impact of buildings by the context of . enhancing efficiency and moderation in the use Introduction of materials, energy, and development space. Tourism is one of the most expanding, fastest The idea of sustainability, or ecological design, growing, most rewarding industries of the is to ensure that our actions and decisions modern world. International tourism today do not inhibit the opportunities of future constitutes the invisible export trade. No generations. Today tourism is an important wonder then that some more enterprising component of development, not only in countries have turned this flourishing industry economic terms but also for knowledge and into a means of spinning money. In recent human welfare. Given the inevitability of the years, too has woken up to this great tourism industry as an economic phenomenon, reality and concerted efforts are being made to

develop and promote this foreign exchange Keywords: Sustainable architecture ⏐ earning industry in a big way. Today tourism is Ecological design ⏐ Waste management an important component of development, not only in economic terms but also for knowledge

and human welfare. Tourism has long ceased to be strictly just for the privileged few and For correspondence: nowadays is an activity accessible to a growing P.G. Department of History, Catholicate College number of people and societies. During the Pathanamthitta – 689 645, Kerala, India early part of human history, man would have Email: [email protected] travelled under compulsion primary to satisfy

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his biological needs. In the subsequent periods, specific sites have been re-conceptualized. the emergence of empire gave impetus to travel Some have been preserved and celebrated, for political, business, social and religious. while others have been left to decay. In this Traveling during those times was difficult process, buildings, cities and entire countries because of the antiquated transport facilities have been remapped by tourism initiatives to and lack of safety and comfort in route serve political, cultural, economic and (Thakar, 2004). scholarly goals. Considering these profound The tourism industry has nevertheless given transformations, Architecture and Tourism rise to some serious problems, including social examines the reciprocal relationship between costs and ecological impacts. Many ancient the modern practice of tourism and the built local cultures have lost their identities. Their environment. societies have orientated their economy only to The idea of sustainable development this industry. Both natural and cultural The concept of sustainable development has landscapes have also paid high price forms of become widely accepted as the way to a better, tourism. These problems will persist if short- more humane and socially responsible future. term economic benefits are the only objective In parallel, the tourism sector is becoming in mind, leading to economic gains that increasingly important in the global economy. eventually become ruinous. The grand, but elusive, concept of sustainable In tourism, the design of buildings i.e., development in which environmental architecture played a very important role. The considerations are integrated with, strives for concept of sustainability is also dominated the social and economic development received architecture and thus sustainable architecture widespread international attention through the turned to be a highly appreciable thing by the launching of the World Conservation Strategy tourists. The concept of Green building in 1980 and the presentation of the report Our revolves around energy efficiency, Common Future in 1987 (WCED, 1987). In environmental impact, water management, 1987, the United Nation’s World Commission renewable energy and use of green building on Environment and Development (WCED), materials. The tourists are preferred to visit and known as Brundtland Commission, met to stay the place where the buildings are built in create a vision called Our Common Future that sustainable architecture. The present paper was based upon sustainability. From this effort discusses the importance of sustainable the definition of sustainability development as architecture for the promotion of tourism and “Meeting the needs of the present without environment. compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. The green economic Tourism in the modern world report initiative by the UNEP gives convincing The past two centuries have witnessed an evidence for policy makers, designers and increase in the commoditization of tourist sites leaders from all arenas of society invest in a across the world. Everything from historical design with clean technologies, renewable monuments to exotic holiday destinations has energy, natural materials and infrastructure been redesigned and packaged for mass (WCED, 1987). consumption. As a result, the histories of

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The goals of economic and social development generations to meet their own needs. It is a must be defined in terms of sustainability in all particularly pertinent concept as far as tourism countries developed or developing, market- is concerned because tourism is often in danger oriented or centrally planned. Interpretations of destroying the resource base upon which it will vary, but must share certain general depends. There is a circular and cumulative features and must flow from a consensus on relationship between tourism development, the the basic concept of sustainable development environment and socio-economic development. and on a broad strategic framework for Agenda 21 is a non-binding, voluntarily achieving it. Development involves a implemented action plan of the United Nations progressive transformation of economy and with regard to sustainable development. It is a society. A development path that is sustainable product of the UN Conference on Environment in a physical sense could theoretically be and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de pursued even in a rigid social and political Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. It is an action agenda setting. However, physical sustainability for the UN, other multilateral organizations, cannot be secured unless development policies and individual governments around the world pay attention to such considerations as changes that can be executed at local, national, and in access to resources and in the distribution of global levels. costs and benefits. Sustainable architecture In essence, sustainable development is a process of change in which the exploitation of Architecture is one of the man’s highest resources, the direction of investments, the achievements, reflecting the culture of the orientation of technological development; and times. The architects and builders have a great institutional change are all in harmony and responsibility in ensuring that green principles enhance both current and future potential to are actually being applied rather than just being meet human needs and aspirations. At the start paid lip service as the construction industry of the twenty-first century, the problem of accounts for 50 % of the green house gas global sustainability is widely recognised by emission and a sizeable chunk of all other world leaders, and a common topic of kinds of environmental impacts. Moreover, discussion by journalists, scientists, teachers, with the recent failure of the global political students and citizens in many parts of the domain, to bring all the nations under a roof world. The World Summit on Sustainable and bind them with laws and mutual Development, confirmed that the first decade agreements upto green concepts, the burden of of the new century, at least, would be one of responsibility the architect community reflection about the demands placed by shoulders increase manifold. humankind on the biosphere. The 21st century is the century of environment The concept of sustainability has become and sustainable development. Today architects central to all aspects of development planning. and city planners are expected to think up new The essential prerequisite of sustainable neighborhoods and cities, new public spaces, development is to meet the needs of the present new means for production of historical urban without compromising the ability of future heritage and transform land into a city with superior living conditions and in an

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environmentally-friendly manner. Sustainable landscape, with a belief that ‘nature knows architecture is a general term that describes best’ (Turab, 2012). It is important to address environmentally conscious design techniques sustainable architecture because the practice is in the field of architecture. Sustainable almost non-existent in Indian cities. In architecture is framed by the larger discussion addition, there seems to be some ambiguity on of sustainability and the pressing economic and what exactly constitutes sustainable political issues of our world. architecture. Sustainable development measures success in A worldwide, frequently urban, phenomenon terms of economic, environmental and social where internationally renowned architects are benefits. The building industry expanded on lured to design buildings intended to attract this concept, and applied it to “the building tourists as much as, if not more than, locals. environment”, creating the term sustainable But now in both urban and rural areas, building. The term sustainable building is used buildings are designed by architects based on interchangeably with Green building. Its sustainability principles in order to attract the purpose is to reduce the adverse human tourists worldwide (Ockman & Frausto, 2005). impacts on the natural environment, while In designing environmentally optimal improving our quality of life and economic buildings, the objective is to minimize the total well-being. environmental impact associated with all life- In the broad context, sustainable architecture cycle stages of the building project. A variation seeks to minimize the negative environmental of every design variable may affect the impact of buildings by enhancing efficiency environment during all the building's relevant and moderation in the use of materials, energy, life-cycle stages. As high-performance and development space. The idea of buildings use less operating energy, embodied sustainability, or ecological design, is to ensure energy has assumed much greater importance – that our actions and decisions today do not and may make up as much as 30% of the inhibit the opportunities of future generations. overall life cycle energy consumption. The term can be used to describe an energy and Reducing water consumption and protecting ecologically conscious approach to the design water quality are key objectives in sustainable of the built environment. building. One critical issue of water If sustainability is to be given a shape, it will consumption is that in many areas, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its be a circle. Any aspect of living that can keep ability to replenish itself. To the maximum moving in a circle without interfering with objects outside this circle can be termed as extent feasible, facilities should increase their sustainable. The key to architectural dependence on water that is collected, used, sustainability is to work with, rather than purified, and reused on-site. The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a against Nature; to be sensitive so that we do building may be accomplished by designing not damage the natural systems. Architectural for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet sustainability mirrors the view that it is necessary to position human activities as a flushing. Wastewater may be minimized by non-damaging part of the ongoing ecological utilizing water-conserving fixtures such as

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ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow sensitive land-use to achieve an aesthetic showerheads. sensitivity that inspires, affirms and ennobles. Solid wood products, particularly flooring, are Sustainable building has proven effective in often specified in environments where minimizing industry impacts on air and water occupants are known to have allergies to dust quality and protecting natural ecosystems. It or other particulates. To reduce the impact on has also been shown to increase building value wells or water treatment plants, several options by improving cost performance, enhancing exist. "Greywater", wastewater from sources occupant comfort and creating positive public such as dishwashing or washing machines, can perception. At its broadest, a sustainable be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, environment will be healthy for its inhabitants, for non-potable purposes, e.g., to flush toilets will be economic during its life span, and will and wash cars. Rainwater collectors are used be capable of adapting to society’s changing for similar purposes. Centralized wastewater needs. Buildings, as they are designed and used treatment systems can be costly and use a lot of today, contribute to serious environmental energy. An alternative to this process is problems because of excessive consumption of converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer, energy and other natural resources. However, which avoids these costs and shows other buildings can be designed to meet the benefits. occupant’s need for thermal and visual comfort at reduced levels of energy and resources Buildings and development affect water consumption. Energy and resource efficiency quality, air quality and ecosystems, impacting in new constructions can be affected by human health and quality of life. The adopting an integrated approach to building construction market is also responsible for the designs. hazards of pollution, noxious waste, global warming, ozone layer depletion, deforestation A building would be sustainable in every sense and a whole array of related issues are being when not only the material but also the actively taken up for scrutiny by various processes involved in the construction are organizations worldwide. It accounts for one- sustainable environmentally and socially. In a sixth of the world’s fresh water withdrawals, country like India where the natural resources one-quarter of its timber depletion, and two- need to be optimized because of the high fifths of its material and energy flows. demand and scarcity on one end and on the Buildings also consume 60% of the world’s other end availability of huge manpower base. electricity annually. Through careful planning, Labour intensive construction techniques could architects and other designers can build be used with little mechanical use. This could environmentally friendly buildings, which can create more green jobs and livelihood for many save resources for both its operation and its more while reduction in carbon emissions. In construction. To achieve this, sustainable addition, the waste on site and off site needs to building applies principles of resource and be managed wisely (Goth & Joseph, 2011). energy efficiency, healthy buildings and Yet, at this precarious threshold, it is indeed a materials, and ecologically and socially pity that Green buildings and green concepts are still a matter of speculation and much

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debate in today’s learned world. It is indeed attraction for the tourists on the move. In the high time that we break free from our past, for many decades tourist traffic in India nonchalance and take up green concepts and its was confined ‘to the northern region’. Taj implementation in a war footing to compensate Mahal at Agra, Fatehpur Sikri, Varanasi, Bodh the colossal damage already inflicted. The Gaya, Jaipur and Khajuraho were the main prime aim of sustainable architecture is to tourist attractions. However, tourism was make our earth a better place to live in for us as seldom treated as an industry and in respect of well as our children. stay, food and sightseeing the tourists were treated like pilgrims. Linkage of sustainable architecture and tourism Tourism has emerged as a dominant economic factor in India and in international horizon. Architecture is a visual art, and tourism is often With its economic and all other advantages, equated with site seeing. Sustainable tourism can certainly play a determining role in architecture played a very important role in the development of poorer economies, which present-day tourism. Tourist prefers to stay in suffer from an adverse balance of payment buildings with good light, and energy efficient situation, a high degree of social facilities and built in natural environment. backwardness, besides the other environmental These type buildings have an added advantage problems. in tourist business. Historically, the architecture of India has been more sculpture Nature is the miracle and understanding this than architecture. The buildings of India have miracle is an art and mother of all art is been to tell stories or elicit calm or religious architecture. India’s vernacular architecture is understanding. The modern buildings create no the reflection of its culture and tradition. Our feeling except that they are places of work and architecture is based on the concept of business. Using natural materials is less integrated architecture or Green Architecture, expensive and provides a natural tie to the which is architecture that is respectful of nature surrounding environment. We should always and its resources and which also creates a look back before moving forward. pleasant and comfortable environment for its occupants. It is also bioclimatic architecture as Tourism is a major economic force whose the projects are oriented so that they enjoy development can have a fundamental impact good views and take advantage of natural light on societies and the environment, both positive while avoiding severe solar conditions. They and negative. Integration of sustainability into take advantage of favorable climatic conditions tourism policies is the fundamental step and integrate the construction in the land, as towards the development of a sound and long well as incorporating elements like recycling lasting tourism industry. water, using renewable resources and earth India and Kerala tourism sheltered roofs with plants. The objective is India, with her rich cultural heritage, ancient always to reduce energy consumption and to monuments, world famous temples, harmonize the building with its surroundings. architectural masterpieces, wild animal Tourism is a product-cum service that requires sanctuaries and scenic spots, holds a great continuous trimming, moderation and updating

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in a fiercely competitive international materials and construction technology which environment. Effective marketing is the key to were more responsive to their climatic and the problems of development of tourism. geographic condition (Sarkar & Sharma, Government of India set up the Indian Tourism 2011). Development Corporation (ITDC) in 1996. Man has a biological make-up. Rene Dubois The State Governments have set up similar has observed that, “Some of man’s deepest corporations in each State for e.g., Kerala biological traits are governed by the movement Government established Kerala Tourism of the earth around the Sun, others are Development Corporation (KTDC) on 1 connected with the movement of the Moon November 1966. These corporations are around the earth and still others result from the providing a unique range of tourist services. In daily rotation of the Earth in its axis. All these India, the travel and tourism industry has really fluctuations in biological characteristics come of age. Tourism is presently India’s third probably derive from the fact that the human largest export industry after gem and jewellery species evolved under the influence of cosmic and readymade garments. A recent survey forces that have not changed. These conducted by the World Tourism Organization mechanisms become inscribed in the genetic (WTO) listed twenty top tourist destinations code and persist today even when they are no globally. India is nowhere in the list of twenty. longer needed under the conditions of modern India thus presents a gloomy picture in case of life” (Jain, 1985). tourism industry, when judged against the India inherits a tradition of built forms that booming global scenario; the country’s share have 5000 years of history. The treasure prove in world tourism has been far from of varied cultural influences that travelled to encouraging. In India, civil unrest is a major the Indian region gave many moods and problem to the business of tourism. Strikes in postures, some of a permanent nature, to airlines or hotels, agitations or civil India’s heritage. Village houses in Kerala are disturbances, communal riots and activities of slope-roofed with Mangalore tiles and thatch to militants and terrorists hamper the promotion draw off and channel the continuous rain. of tourism. Crime is another problem. Natural building materials available are Sustainable architecture and tourism in granite, timber, clay and palm leaves. Timber Kerala is the prime structural material abundantly With advancement achieved in the field of available in varieties in Kerala, ranging from building science and technology, we are bamboo to teak. The skillful choice of timber, increasingly becoming aware of the importance accurate joinery, artful assembly and delicate of energy-efficient building design. Many a carving of woodwork for columns, walls and times one can find solution to optimize the use roofs frames are the unique characteristics of of resources and to achieve human comfort by Kerala’s rural characteristics. Clay is used in critically evaluating the vernacular architecture many forms starting from-starting from of that place. In the traditional architecture, construction of walls, in filling the timber buildings were designed to achieve human floors and making bricks and tiles after comfort by using locally available building pugging and tempering with admixtures (Saha

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& Devadas, 2010). The most developed form • Reducing waste, pollution and the typical traditional Kerala rural house is a environmental degradation. courtyard type-Nalukettu. Kerala has got the A similar concept is natural building, which is National Geographic rating its backwaters as usually on a smaller scale and tends to focus on rd the world’s 23 best destination in 2009. the use of natural materials that are available The importance of sustainable development locally. In addition, occupants were more and building is manifold in the case of satisfied with the overall building than those in developing economies like India, considering typical commercial buildings were. the resources crunch they face. Switching to a The use of bamboo, mud, fly-ash and many sustainable outlook at the earliest would prove such materials in recent architecture are the beneficial to reduce the number of energy ones which could provide us with a sustainable guzzlers and environmental liabilities that exist architecture. Mud has always been a symbol of in the form of buildings, which are now the rural face. Limited natural resources need numerous in the developing nations. At par to be conserved and hence one should reuse with international efforts to boost sustainable and recycle materials and resources such as tourism, Kerala Government also took many water. Preference for readily available steps to popularize sustainable architecture for materials from indigenous sources orientate the boosting . Buildings are building activities at the regional level to self- designed and constructed as per reliance, energy saving, low production costs environmentally friendly norms. These and minimum transportation costs. buildings are resource-efficient throughout a building’s life cycle. This requires the close It has always been assumed that mud is used cooperation of the design team the architects, only for poor homes and small structures while the engineers, and the client at all project there have been examples of airports, stages. The Green Building practice expands embassies, hospitals and factories also done and complements the classical building design with mud. Another assumption associated with concerns of economy utility, durability, and environmentally friendly materials like mud is comfort. that it is fragile and ephemeral material; while in reality mud buildings are the oldest in Although new technologies are constantly history and it has been used and experimented being developed to complement current with centuries ago. Earth is flexible because it practices in creating greener structures, the can be molded and shaped when wet, and common objective is that green buildings are rammed and pressed when moist, but it designed to reduce the overall impact of the hardens when exposed to the sun making it a built environment on human health and the durable building material. natural environment by: Even today mud is used in many ecologically • Efficiently using energy, water, and sensitive construction sites (Goth & Joseph, other resources 2011). Earth buildings are renewable in that • Protecting occupants health and sense because the material can be reused and improving employee productivity recycled indefinitely as a building material and returned to the earth. Kerala's building

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architecture has in the last one decade showed guzzling glass and chrome buildings that are signs of heading backwards to earth and supposed to mark the arrival of a new India, nature. The following case study amply Pandala offers a different vision - the Wayanad substantiated the success of sustainable earth resort is elegant and utterly modern. architecture the promotion of tourism. Tourists have begun trooping in already. Case Study: Banasura Resorts, Wayanad The proponents of mud houses are mostly The Banasura Resorts is in its kind, claimed to driven by an urge to build environment be the largest mud resort in Asia at friendly dwellings as well as address the Vellamunda in the bewitching backdrop of question of depleting natural resources as Banasura hills, 18 km away from manifested in the acute sand crisis in Kerala in , Kerala. It (Gopakumar, 2010). The mud to be used can nestling in 35 acres of greenery stacked with often be excavated from the construction site pepper, coffee and tea plantations and ponds. as in the case of the Banasura Hill Resort. Built The 20,000 sq ft two-storey structure in the using mud excavated from the very site that it Banasura hills is made entirely out of mud with stands on, the resort is a fine example of bamboo and coconut palm leaf roofs: a paean rammed earth architecture, and a glowing to Mother Earth.Tucked away at an altitude of tribute to vernacular construction methods. The 3500 feet above sea level in the hills of mud is non-toxic, non-allergic, rot and termite Wayanad in the Malabar region, the Banasura proof, controls humidity and offers great sound Hill Resort has been named Asia's largest isolation. Perhaps the crowning glory of the 'earth' resort and is considered on of the technology lies in the way it can balance 'greenest' destination in the Nilgiris biosphere. fluctuations in temperature throughout the This mist-clad hill of Wayanad, Banasura is an year, that is store both warmth and coolness. ideal retreat for the traveller who looks for a People from the nearby Kurichiya village (See more enriching experience than a mere Figure 5) played a significant role during the vacation. Sprawling across a 35 acre eco- construction of the resort, contributing their friendly farm, Banasura Hill Resort stands in skill and expertise in building with mud. At the middle of a tropical forest with exotic flora Banasura, we believe in making optimal use of and fauna. environmental resources, maintaining the It is owned by a Virginia-based software ecological balance, and helping to conserve engineer from Kerala, whose company natural heritage and biodiversity. Thousands straddles two continents. Shankar Thiruvillakat of Guadua bamboo saplings planted around the initially thought of setting the place up as a resort creates a bio fencing while improving getaway for his employees. But fired by the the already pristine air quality. Vetiver grass imagination of Eugene Pandala, one of India's planted in critical areas prevents soil erosion. best known architects who works with The Resort value and respect the socio-cultural traditional building technologies and is an identity of the local community. They intend to enthusiast for mud buildings, it became an culturally sensitize our guests through audacious architectural marvel. When most of interaction with the local community. They India's architects are designing energy- encourage guests to visit tribal villages closed

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to the resort. This not only helps in the exchange of knowledge and wisdom between visitors and local residents, but also helps in inculcating in the host community a sense of pride in what they are.

Fig. 5: Kurichiya Settlement near the Resort The concept of the Banasura Resort is unique in many ways. No air-conditioners are needed as the mud walls act as an effective regulator of heat and cold. Moreover, there is a cooling Fig. 1: The exterior view of the resort at dusk stream flowing through the property (Padanna, 2010). Eco-friendly features include a bio-gas plant that recycles organic waste and fires the resort's kitchens. Also the resort is completely lit by CFL lamps to minimize energy consumption. The resort itself has been built from mud and recycled wood and natural light is exploited to the fullest. Limited natural Fig. 2: Resort side view resources need to be conserved and hence one should reuse and recycle materials and resources such as water. Preference for readily available materials from indigenous sources orientate the building activities at the regional level to self-reliance, energy saving, low production costs and minimum transportation costs.

Fig. 3: Inside the Resort Recycled wood is used for much of the woodwork and periodic anti-termite treatment is done using cashew-shell oil rather than chemical agents. Natural light is exploited to the fullest, while CFL lamps provide extra lighting, minimizing energy consumption. A bio-gas plant recycles organic waste and fires the resort’s kitchens. Fig. 4: Tourist cottage in the Resort Conclusion The architecture of the future would be gauged not only on the hi tech technology it uses, the

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heights it scales, the comfort it provides but the sustainable architecture will induce tourism also how efficient it is, how green it is and how and keep the nature intact. much does it conserve, reuse and on how it References reduces its carbon emission. The architecture and design of the future would not aim at Brundtland, Gro Harlem (1987): Our Common standing from everything around but blend Future: Report of the World with earth and its surroundings as if it was an Commission on Environment and integral part of its own environment. Development, United Nations, 1987. Natural landscapes and diversity are Gopakumar, R. (2010): Blending tradition with increasingly appreciated and the tourism modernity: Back to earthly homes, industry must be able to respond to these The Deccan Herald, dated 7 March aspirations. Sustainability has given prime 2010. importance in designing a building for tourist Gothi, Deepak, R. & Joseph, Priya (2011): purposes. Architecture of the future would Architecture of the Future-Local, have to be based on the sustainable and Sustainable processes and product, practical use of the natural resources available Architecture: Time Space & People, to us. Architects and designers should Vol.11,Issue 3, March 2011, pp.26-30. constantly work at satisfying human needs for Jain, Uttam C (1985): Regionalism – growth and prosperity while making our future Resources for Identity. Proceedings f sustainable with the limited natural resources the Regional Seminar in the series that we possess. The architecture in the future Exploring Architecture in Islamic would have to blend with the modern urban Culures, Bangladesh university of fabric, woven with the traditional cultural and Engineering and Technology and sociological needs of the community. Institute of Architects, Bangladesh, Sustainable architecture is imperative in the Dhaka, December 17-22, 1985 p.46. development of tourist projects. The Ockman, Joan. & Frausto, Salomon eds. destruction of tourism resources for short-term (2005): Archotourism: Authentic, gain will deny the benefits to be gained from Excapist, Exotic, Spectacular, Munich, mobilization of those resources in the future. Prestel Verlag, p.191. The host populations will lose out the natural environment and thus will affect their future Padanna, Ashraf (2010): Earthly comforts, tourism prospects. Besides this, future Gulf Times, dated 18 May 2010. generations of tourists will be denied the Saha, Mekhala. & Devadas. (2010): opportunity of experiencing environment. Vernacular Habitat in Indian Rural Tourism companies are increasingly System, Architecture: Time Space & responding to green consumerism and People, Vol.10, Issue 9, September sustainable architecture to promote an 2010, p.39. environmentally friendly image in their Sarkar, Amitava. & Sharma, Sandeep. (2011): marketing strategies. It is a fait accompli that Climate Responsive: Features in the Traditional Shelter Design in High

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Altitude, Architecture: Time Space & doctoral Dissertation, Sourashtra People, Vol.11, Issue 8, August 2011, University, Rajkot. p.17. Turab,Yusuf (2012): Sustainable rchitecture Thakar, Manisha Devendrabhai. (2004): for India. Web site Problems and Prospects of Tourism http://www.thehindu.com/life-and- Industry in , Unpublished style/homes-and- gardens/article3558934.ece.

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