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5International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 12s, (2020), pp. 1872-1879

KESH OASIS’ URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN MEDIEVAL AGES

Shokir Parmanov Eshboyevich, senior lecturer, National University of Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: In this article, it is devoted to the urbanization of the Kesh-Shahrisabz oasis in the medieval period and its development, in which it was noted that the ancient location of the Kesh city was in the place of the present Kitab City, since the IX century, Kesh moved to the place of the village of Barknon near the present-day Shahrisabz, where it By the time of the Middle Ages, the development of the urban landscape of the cache Oasis is observed, like other cities of Central Asia. Especially since the city of Kesh is the homeland of Amir Temur, since it occupied power from birth to the time and moved the capital of its state to Samarkand, Kesh pays great attention to the work of landscaping. The research carried out in this regard is distinguished by its scientific relevance. The author elaborated on the basis of comparison, analysis of archaeological and written sources in the development of Cache urban planning.

Keywords-Kesh, Shahrisabz, Oqsaroy, blue dome, Barknon, Samarkand, Central Asia, Amir Temur, medieval, archaeological research, defensive walls, urban planning, written sources

INTRODUCTION The fact that the process of Kesh-Shakhrisabz's turning into a city is close to the fact that it began from The X century, that is, from the end of the Somonid period, mainly the Karakhanid period. As a result of archaeological research carried out in the vicinity of the blue dome mosque built by MirzoUlughbek in Shahrisabz city, it was found that this mosque was built approximately in the 12th century from baked bricks and was built on the ruins of a magnificent building that later broke down. [1] This magnificent castle built of baked bricks in the 12th century could also be the ruins of a mosque built by the Karakhanids or Khorezmshahs at the beginning of the 13th century and devastated during the Mongol rule. A magnificent mosque built of baked bricks is close to the truth, which of course makes sense to be the mosque, and such large mosques certainly operate in large villages or central cities. In this regard, attention should be paid to an important aspect of the idea that has so far been overlooked from the point of view of researchers – the construction style of the defensive walls of the city of Kesh- Shakhrisabz. In the city walls, even now, a striking condition is the fact that they are built from layered ribbons. The fact that along with the layers of the karakhanid period, constantly encountered baked bricks of Thennid period, a large village occupying a large area began to form on the territory of the city of Shakhrisabz from the time of the Somonid dynasty, since period does not meet on the defensive walls of Shakhrisabz. [2] But it is also possible that the defensive walls of the Somonids-era village did not meet in this area, since this village was not surrounded by a defensive wall. The history of Kesh (Shahrisabz) is widely covered in sources related to the history of the Timurid period, on the basis of which lies the state activity of Amir Temur. In the sources of this ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 1872 Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC 5International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 12s, (2020), pp. 1872-1879 period, along with the toponym "Kesh", the name "Shahrisabz" was introduced into circulation. Since Shakhrisabz was the homeland of Amir Temur, his life passed directly in the same city, from his birth to the conquest of power and the transfer of the capital of his state to Samarkand. In the following years, Amir TemurShakhrisabz paid great attention to its landscaping. According to HofiziAbro, when Amir Temur began to build the city walls, the remains of the old defensive walls still existed here. [3] M.E.Masson and g.A.Pugachenkovas put forward the idea that the construction of city walls on the basis of this information was carried out by the order of Amir Temur in 1378/79 years. [4] This idea is also supported by a team of other experts who have studied the walls in archaeological terms. [5] Sh.S.Kamoliddinov believes that the city walls can be built in the XI-XII centuries in the era of the Karakhanids. One of the gates of the Kesh (Kitob) was called bob Barknon, and this gate was in the south-west of the city, from which the trade route came out, depending on the Nasaf and Termiz. Here on this road is located Barknon, at a close distance from the city. The fact that the city gate is named after the village indicates that this village is very large. According to Sh.S.Kamoliddinov, Barknon is the largest village in the place of the present Shakhrisabz, it was originally the "satellite town" of the Kesh, and later, the ShakhrisabzKesh was formed on the basis of this village. [6] this village, located on a large commercial road, began to gradually become a major center of trade and crafts, in the XI- XII centuries, a mosque was built in it. It was during this period that there was also a picture of the construction of prayer houses in the major cities of Movarounnahr. On a number of religious holidays, the need for such facilities was born for the fact that the entire city's people narrowly prayed in the mosques within the city at the same time. Since Kesh-Shakhrisabz has also become a large city, a prayer place has also been built here. M.E.Masson and G.A.Pugachenkova believes that the Kesh-Shahrisabz prayer hall was located half a kilometer north of the Kitob gate (opposite the Oqsaroy), around the Highland, which was located here, in place of the prayer hall, which operated in the XIX century. In the 1980s, remains of the temple of Zarathustra were found in the altar, but here the layers of the Middle Ages do not meet.[7] In this city, archaeological excavations have been carried out for many years According to Z.I. Usmanova, the city of Shakhrisabz was founded during the reign of the Mongols.[8] Therefore, on the territory of the city of Shakhrisabz.It is necessary to analyze in more detail the results obtained by Z.I. Usmanova. According to the researcher, the defensive walls of Kesh-Shahrisabzwere built on cultural layers with archaeological materials dating back to the X-XII centuries. The cultural strata of this period were found under the city walls around the Kalmak gate on the east side of the city, the cross- sections of the minarets near the Kushkhana gate on the west side, the areas where the present blue dome mosque is located, and many other places. "So the cuts, cleansings on the Western, Northern and Eastern defensive walls of Shakhrisabz show almost the same landscape. The first wall was built horizontally, with a thick layer of 7-15 sm, and it stands on top of cultural layers with archaeological materials dating back to the X-XII centuries. In this wall, materials of later periods are not encountered, and even under the stratified pakhsa wall there are no remains of an older building, and the stratified mud brick wall can be considered a wall built by Timur in 1378/79 years"[9] To such a conclusion, Z.I. Usmanova was founded on the discovery of a coin (money)minted in a new palace by KhayrPolat in 1361/62 years between the walls of Shakhrisabz. Shakhrisabz came across archaeological materials from the X-XIII centuries from the inside of the ribbon on the walls of the defense mud brick.[10] It is very important to remember once again that in this place, HofiziAbro, when Amir Temur began to build the city walls,

ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 1873 Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC 5International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 12s, (2020), pp. 1872-1879 information about the existence of the remains of the old defensive walls here. [11] M.E.Masson believes that during the construction of the walls of the Shakhrisabz fortress by Amir Temur, the remains of the Old City walls, such as those in Samarkand, could have been used. [12] The coin, minted in 1361/62 years, makes it possible to advance another new idea, assuming that it could have fallen even during the restoration of the ruined wall of Shakhrisabz during the Mongols. It is also likely that in the repair of the walls of the Kesh-Shahrisabz during the reign of Amir Timur, the method of construction of defensive walls of the Khorezmshahs-layered mud brick was used. It should also be noted that in one of the defensive walls built in Samarkand and other cities during the reign of Amir Temur, layered mud brick was not used, which means that layered mud brick is not typical for the period of Amir Temur and Temurids at all. Analyzing what Zekhriddin Muhammad Babur wrote, Amir Temur wrote, "the city and the capital made a lot of efforts and possibilities for the city and the capital, the high buildings built the Kesh" [13], it becomes clear that Shakhrisabz built the administrative and central building of the state. This building was White House. But he begins to build the White House toMovarounnahr after the ruler. So it is possible to come to the idea that when Amir Temur was, there was a desire to move the state capital to the Kesh. But why this desire did not come true, it is difficult to answer. Probably still prevent the complete drying of the Oqsaroy. Bobur's saying that he "made a lot of efforts and possibilities to the capital city" is not the beginning of the state, it is exactly the period of the XIV century when the Oqsaroy began to be built - the years of 80- 90. Amir Temur has never announced his plans in advance. Perhaps, after the Chinese Walk, It is intended to choose a Kesh - Oqsaroy as its residence. The fact that Amir Temur was often in the Kesh in the 90s, there is also a certain meaning in the construction of mausoleum near the Potter's tomb in Shamsiddin. Now let's look at Amir Temur's activities in the field of Kesh beautification. In fact, every person is proud of his native land. He wants to serve Eli if he can, to honor his people, to make his life comfortable. KhazratSahibqiran(Amir Temur) is also faithful to these dreams. His native land sought to make the Kesh one of the most beautiful and prosperous places in the world. The following words described in the book are a vivid example of what we thought above:"again, Kesh is regional. In the south of Samarkand there are nine high-rise roads. Samarkand is a mountain among knowingly Kesh. In Itmak mountain pass say, this mountain after completing the stones. Spring sakhrasi and say Shahrisabz also for the city andand roof khakbsabz receivables. Temurbek's generation to Keshdin, the city and the capital of made many efforts and probabilities, made the building of Kesh of high buildings. For he will kill mountain pass, there are two smaller counters, one for the nobleman and another for the Lords right next to and next to the macro for the knowingly shoots Lords dead. For the more dies the smaller-the smaller the climbing in the Hall of this Devon settlement, while the higher the will give less mark in the universe. Again made Madrasah and shrine in the Kesh. JahongirMirzo and andadur, the status quo of some Generation again." [14] Since 1365, Amir Temur began to restore strong walls and buildings in order to increase the defense capabilities of the Kesh. V.V.Bartoldstates that "Temur first builds fortifications in the Shakhrisabz and opposite of the Kashkadarya Valley". When Amir Temur and his father's secret ShamsiddinKulol passed away from the world in 1371, he buried Temurid’s body in a Kesh and built a tomb on the grave. [15] In Samarkand and Shakhrisabzall the buildings were built of mud and wood, as KhufizAbru asserted. Baked pastry is almost not used. G.A.Pugachenkova writes that Amir Temur in 1378 year, having drawn up a plan to fence the Kesh fort with a fence, carries out it.

The height of the E of the wall 8-9 meters is 11-12 meters. The wall was poured with soil, poured water over it, cooked and raised as a rag. Every 50 meters of the wall is surrounded Tower towers straightened up. Deep extraction from the outer side of the wall is stored in a water-filled state. [16] In the middle part of the circle wall of Shakhrisabz there were Gates with raised doors. The gate on the north side was considered the main gate and was called the Samarkand gate. To him was installed an ornamental door, which was brought as a trophy when Herotus was conquered. The gate on the West Side is considered a lighthouse, the southern gate is a solo, the eastern gate is considered a rising gate. In the central part of the city there were two roads, looking at the gates. At the intersection of these roads in the center, the city is divided into four parts. In the four parts of the city there were 52 neighborhoods. The neighborhood consisted of one-story and two-story pen houses, which were scratched each other. At the end of the XIV century, in the central part of the city of Kesh in the XV century, along with magnificent mansions, there were mosques, madrasah, caravanserais, apartments, baths and fragmented charitable buildings. Some of them have arrived, others have died of gum. During the first period of the reign of Amir Temur, the city of Keshwas intended to become the capital of that state and attached great importance to its prosperity. In it raises the famous Oqsaroy who went to the world's reputation. The facade of this magnificent palace, which was built with the skill of Iranian architects, is decorated with gold-plated mosaics, carved Gildor rivets and gold-plated jewellery. Having paid special attention to the sahib Kesh, he tried to make it the spiritual center of Central Asia. Therefore, this city received the title" Dorul- ilmvaladab", that is," the dome of knowledge and decency " [17]. The most beautiful of the monuments close to him, which reached US, is the beautiful Oqsaroy. G.A.Pugachenkova expressed her opinion about the Shahrisabz of the 15th century, writes that the Shakhrisabz of the 15th century-an Eastern historian describes it as either a Kesh - dilkash or a "place of the soul". In fact, the monuments built in Shakhrisabz during the reign of Amir Temurwere constructed at the highest level with its architectural equipment, and at that time during the reign of Amir Temur and Temurids, Samarkand and Hirot were not left out of the buildings. [18] The city of Oqsaroy began to be built in the north-eastern part of the region. Its construction began in 1379-1380 years and continued even in 1404 year. The height of the White House is 74 meters, the two parts of which are raised in the form of a separate tower, the top of which is wooden, closed in the form of an arc. The castle consisted of a complex of buildings, a large stage and a garden adjacent to it. The part of the tower, preserved until our days at the entrance to the Oqsaroy, is 38 meters (38). G.A.Pugachenkova noted that the steepness of the Oqsaroy Arches was one and a half times higher than now. The decoration of the Oqsaroy is of different colors and is distinguished by its uniqueness. Enameled in the exterior and interior decoration of the castle buildings, the ornament is dazzling with its fusion and the charm of paradise. Those who built the Oqsaroy and other buildings-representatives of the Kashkadarya architectural school, as well as Iranian masters of Khorezmian flowers. The architect, who headed the construction of the Oqsaroy, was the master of the Rose Flower Muhammad Yusuf Tabrizi. In addition to the laying of decorative trimmings on the minarets and roofs of the Oqsaroy, which extends from the breast height, various inscriptions are also inscribed. [19] The Oqsaroywas considered the residence of Amir Temur in his native land Shakhrisabz.

That's why when he came to the Kesh, he accepted people here, held different councils and rested. There is a pestle over the White House, which stretches 74 meters in the bosom of the chest. He is quoted through lead pipes from the board spruce evening. The water was thrown out of the fountains and enjoyed the people who came to visit and enjoy the rays of the sun. Spanish ambassador Rui Gonzalez de Clavico left Spain in 1403 year, he 1404 year on 28 August, Thursday with his co-workers enters the Kesh through the South Gate. He writes in his diary interesting information about Shakhrisabz, its nature, its construction: "The Kesh is located in the plain where the shadows and rivers lie. Around the city is surrounded by many parks and houses. The villages where the population lives consist of coal-blue Meadows, this plain rich in water should acquire a very beautiful landscape in the summer. In irrigated lands, Willow, cotton, melon are grown. There are large-large fruit trees. The city is surrounded by Clay ponds and deep trenches, and inside it is entered by elevated bridges. There are many large houses and mosques here. A mosque under construction by Temurbekis distinguished separately. It is not yet fully completed. In it there is a tomb where Temurbek's father was buried. The mausoleum under construction for him by the order of Temurbekhas not yet been completed. They say that Temurbek, who passed here a month ago, was not disappointed with the construction of the mausoleum. Saying that the door of the mausoleum is low, he orders him to work again. Now masters are fulfilling the same task. His eldest son Jahongirwas also buried in the mosque. Perfect with mosques and tombs arrays, bluish paint and mosaics. In the large courtyard in front of the mosque there is a pool. The trees are growing. According to the decree of Shakh, the mosque is slaughtered every day by tweenty sheep, and for the memory of his father and son soup is given. They started the ambassadors first of all here. A lot of meat and fruit were brought and served as guests to them." [20] Klavikho in his diary calls the White House a large Palace. The Oqsaroy and its surroundings occupied a vast territory under the testimony of Clavicho. Later, the buildings around the Oqsaroywere destroyed, Gardens, Meadows were built. Art Scientist Mankovskaya wrote that at the present time, two arches of the huge fortress were preserved, separated from each other. The range of the two arches is 22, 5 meters, and is considered the largest in Central Asia in terms of originality. The height of both Emir columns is now 38 meters. And the E of each porch was equal to 40 meters, and the height to 74 meters (in some sources it was called 50 meters). Or the height of the White House is equal to the height of the 16-18 floor house. The structure is made of baked brick, dialed with mud, wood materials are not used. Bricks atrophy is exterminated, giving shape is dialed. The forms formed with the help of wedges, issued carriages revealed the appearance of the building. In the corners of the upper part of the tower, the top of the minarets, giving the shape from the brick, is covered with metal. On the walls of the Oqsaroy were carved and glued patterns, glazed and colored-violet, blue emerald, green, yellow, Milky-air colored, gold-plated, white ceramic plates polished in sunlight and created a unique miracle. The so-called "White House" of the castle is also associated with the formation of the moonlight falling blue Air color at night of glazed, colored, golden, silver water-condensed ceramic plates and glued metals. There is an inscription Hijri 798 year on the inscription, which is glued to the Oqsaroy roofs. It dates back to 1395-1396 BC year. So the work of decorations can be completed this year. [21] The second city, which was always in the attention of Sahibkiran after Samarkand, was Shakhrisabz, whose youth passed away. The city is located in the foothills in district, and from a geographical point of view the nature is beautiful, which is a favorable country for agriculture. Around him there were many different gardens. Since one of the masterpieces of the Great Silk

Road passed here, a lot of caravanserais and stalls are built in and around the city. In General, Amir TemurShakhrisabz renewed its infrastructure and turned it into a prosperous and prosperous city. In front of the Potter's tomb in Shamsiddin, he buried his father and loved ones, and here the magnificent tombs and mosques are restored. Especially famous for the world, the construction of the tengi no Oqsaroy further increases the status of Shakhrisabz. Oqsaroy, Clavikho wrote that the owner was the most skillful among the buildings he built, which he built for more than twenty years. The width of the courtyard in the building was 300 steps (about 215 m), when the Spanish ambassador addressed the news. [22] only this information can tell us that the building is a great building of its own time. The entrance to the palace was much higher than the entrance to the mosque of in Samarkand. The face of the courtyard, the edge of the pond in the middle of it, and the inside is covered with marble stones, as well as colorful mosaic tiles. On the cobweb of the yard is the largest, The main building. It is entered into it through a large decorative door. At the top of the door, a lion and a Dove were placed on the facade of the building, which gave it its own color. Inside the building, the first notable place is the King's luxurious lobby. On the second floor there are mainly dormitories of Amir Temur and his family and relatives. Klavikho wrote that these rooms are decorated with such a high taste that it is very difficult to describe it in full. At the same time, several pavilions and pools entered the palace complex. And around them are gardens, consisting of trees that give a variety of fruits and shade. In this paradise, in the place, at some time were organized with the participation of Amir Timur. In it, the hostess sat down with her relatives and guests from distant countries, chatted and rested. Archaeological research conducted in the following years not only confirmed the correctness of the information contained in the written sources, but also enriched them to some extent. In particular, some parts of the pool in the courtyard of the Palace, mentioned above, were opened. The shores of the pond and the interior are very skillfully covered with colorful mosaic tiles. In due time, despite the fact that it has been in the water for many years and has been lying under the ground for more than 500 years, these mosaic tiles have kept their color and quality as before. We can witness that the underground communication associated with water was carried out on the basis of a high level of engineering experience, that is, there was an underground irrigation system operating in which excess water was discharged outside the palace. Archaeological data indicate that most medieval cities of the Kesh had a developed defense system and Ark. Increasingly they were summarized by researchers to gather archaeological materials. Nevertheless, the defensive structures and internal architectural structure of the cities of the period from the Mongol invasion of the Kesh, their interaction with the villages, have not been sufficiently studied.

CONCLUSION Based on these data, we can conclude that in the XI-XII centuries, in the process of the beginning of the crisis of the ancient Kesh in the place of the book City, the city of Shakhrisabz (IX-X centuries), as well as in the period of the Karakhanids (XI-XII centuries), the large village of Barknon began to develop rapidly, and by The having the status of a city. The city walls, which remained unattended during the years of the Mongols ' rule and began to turn into ruin, and which took HofiziAbru'til, were completely restored by the time of Amir Temur. In the era of the great state, founded by sahibqiran Amir Temur, mutual trade and cultural relations between the West and the East rise to the top. In the life of the peoples of Central Asia,

ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 1877 Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC 5International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 12s, (2020), pp. 1872-1879 especially Central Asia, New, lightcuns begin. Political stability raises the development of society to high heights. This is evident in the construction of the city. This situation is especially reflected in the creation of new infrastructure of Samarkand and Shakhrisabz cities. Architecture and construction, as well as local craftsmanship are constantly enriched with innovation innovations, opening up a wide road to integration. As a result, new techniques and technologies will be created in production and construction. These innovations are reflected in the unique palaces, mosques, madrasasahs, gardens and tombs built in Samarkand and Shakhrisabz.

REFERENCES [1] Dresvyanskaya G.YA., Lunina S.B., Sultanov H.S., Usmanova Z.I. Shahrisyabz. Ch.II. Tashkent, 1993. pp. 44-45. [2] Raimqulov A. Qashqadaryovohasiningo'rtaasrshaharlari. “Nasaf” 2018. [3] Bartold V.V. Hafiz-i-Abrui ego sochineniya // Soch. T.8. M., 1973. p. 74. [4] Masson M.Е., Pugachenkova G.A. ShahrisyabzpriTimureiUlugbeke // TrudiSredneaziatskogoGosudarstvennogouniversiteta. Vip. XLIX. ArheologiyaSredneyAzii. Tashkent, 1953. pp. 30-32 [5] DresvyanskayaG.Ya., Lunina S.B., Sultanov H.S., Usmanova Z.I. Shahrisyabz. Ch.II. Tashkent, 1993. pp. 26-27. [6] KamaliddinovSh.S. IstoricheskayageografiyaYujnogoSogdaiToharistanapoaraboyazichnimistochnikam IX - nachala XIII vv. Tashkent, 1996. p. 21-23 [7] Usmanova 3.I., Bahshicyan E. Balandtepe v Shahrisabze // IstoriyaikulturayujnihrayonovSredneyAzii v drevnostiisrednevekovьe. Tashkent, 1988. p. 51-52. [8] Usmanova Z.I. ArheologicheskoeizuchenieShahrisyabza // SrednevekovayagorodskayakulturaKazahstanaiSredneyAzii. (MaterialiVsesoyuznogosoveshaniya 13-15 maya 1981 g.). Alma-Ata, 1983. pp. 208-215. [9] Usmanova Z.I. ArheologicheskoeizuchenieShahrisyabza // SrednevekovayagorodskayakulturaKazahstanaiSredneyAzii. (MaterialiVsesoyuznogosoveshaniya 13-15 maya 1981 g.). Alma-Ata, 1983. p. 213 [10] Usmanova Z.I. IstoricheskayatopografiyaShahrisabza v svetenovihdannih // ArheologiyaSredneyAzii. Sb. nauch. trudovTashGU. №533. Tashkent, 1977. p. 106 [11] Bartold V.V. Hafiz-i-Abrui ego sochineniya // Soch. T.8. M., 1973. p. 92. [12] Masson M.Е. RabotiKeshskoyarheologo-topograficheskoyekspedicii (KATE) poizucheniivostochnoypoloviniKeshskoyoblastiUz SSR 1966 g. ArheologiyaSredneyAzii // Sb. nauch. trudovTashGU. №533. Tashkent, 1977. p. 12. [13] BoburZahriddin Muhammad. Boburnoma. / Mas'ulmuharrir: VahobRahmonov. // «Sharq» nashriyotmatbaaakciyadorlikkompaniyasi Bosh tahririyati, -T., 2002. P. 61. [14] BoburZahriddin Muhammad. Boburnoma. / Mas'ulmuharrir: VahobRahmonov. // «Sharq» nashriyotmatbaaakciyadorlikkompaniyasi Bosh tahririyati, -T., 2002. P. 61. [15] Bartold V.V. Soch. III t. p. 460. [16] Pugachenkova G. A. Termez, Shahrisabz, Hiva. M., 1976. p. 60. [17] Muhammadjonov A. R . Amir Temurdavlatidaobodonchilikvaqurilishishlaritarihidan. // ONU, N. 11-12. 1996. p. 60. [18] Pugachenkova G. A. Termez, Shahrisabz, Hiva. M., 1976. p. 61. [19] Pugachenkova G. A. Termez, Shahrisabz, Hiva. M., 1976. p. 61.

[20] Klaviho. Samarqandga - Amir Temursaroyigasayohatkundaligi (1403-1406 yillar). T., “O'zbekiston”, 2010. pp.146-147. [21] MankovskayaL.Yu. ArhitekturniepamyatnikiKashkadari. T., 1979. pp. 56-57. [22] Klaviho. Samarqandga - Amir Temursaroyigasayohatkundaligi (1403-1406 yillar). T., “O'zbekiston”, 2010. pp. 147.