TESEV Foreign Policy Programme Cypriot Perceptions of Turkey Cypriot Perceptions of Turkey Rebecca Bryant - Christalla Yakinthou Rebecca Bryant, Christalla Yakinthou

Bankalar Caddesi Minerva Han, No:2, Kat: 3 34420 Karaköy ‹stanbul T +90 212 292 89 03 F +90 212 292 90 46 www.tesev.org.tr ISBN:978-605-5332-25-9 FOREIGN POLICY PROGRAMME Cypriot Perceptions of Turkey

Rebecca Bryant, Christalla Yakinthou Cypriot Perceptions of Turkey

Bankalar Cad. Minerva Han Türkiye Ekonomik ve No: 2 Kat: 3 Sosyal Etüdler Vakf› Karaköy 34420, İstanbul Turkish Economic and Tel: +90 212 292 89 03 PBX Social Studies Foundation Fax: +90 212 292 90 46 Dış Politika Program› [email protected] Foreign Policy Programme www.tesev.org.tr

Authors: Design: Myra Rebecca Bryant Publication Identity Design: Rauf Kösemen Christalla Yakinthou Page Layout: Gülderen Rençber Erbaş Coordination: Sibel Doğan Pre-print Coordination: Nergis Korkmaz

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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced electronically or mechanically (photocopy, storage of records or information, etc.) without the permission of the Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation (TESEV) and Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. The viewpoints in this report belong to the authors, and they may not necessarily concur partially or wholly with TESEV’s viewpoints as a foundation.

TESEV Foreign Policy Programme would like to thank the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung in Cyprus and Turkey, the Open Society Foundation-Turkey and TESEV High Advisory Board for their support towards the preparation and publication of this report. Contents

preface, 5

Introduction, 9

Viewing Turkey from north Cyprus today, 13 I. A paternal protectorate, 16 II. The current conjuncture, 19 III. Improving the relationship, 41 IV. Current negotiations and a potential “Plan B”, 50 V. Imagining the future, 59 VI. Conclusion, 61

Viewing Turkey from south Cyprus today, 63 I. The relationship between Turkey and Greek Cypriots – a background, 65 II. What are the most pressing Greek Cypriot concerns?, 75 III. The negotiation process and perceptions of Turkey, 78 IV. Imagining the future, 84 V. Conclusion, 87

Conclusions and Policy Recommendations, 89 Conclusions, 91 Policy Recommendations, 94

Note on methods, 99

Author Information, 103 4 TESEV ForeignTESEV Policy Programme alone. Policymakers on both sides of the island should should island the of sides both on Policymakers alone. Turkey of benefit the to not are findings research’s the But in Ankara. makers for decision perspectives Turkey of new bring perceptions island’s also The police. the to links its and forces armed the of status the including problems of arange solve to needs Ankara state, sovereign equal an as (TRNC) Cyprus Northern of Republic Turkish the seeing and going recognition beyond as well As for equality. call the hear to not excuse an be not should in demands However, inconsistency the all. them meet to possible be it would Nor consistent. are demands their all not sections, following in the detailed as astate, as Ankara of respect the and equality sovereign demand Turkish the Cypriots Whereas north. island’s the Turkey in image problem an objectively, appears it has results the all at looking review. When cautious deserve Turkish of Especially, Cypriots thoughts the in Turkey.makers decision to light shed results the that believe TESEV at Turkey. see communities both how picture to We tries It south. from 20 and north the from formers opinion 30 with interviews in-depth through presented are island the of sides both on perceptions The competent researchers. very two by conducted was it Programme, Policy Foreign Turkey.about TESEV by commissioned and Initiated feelings Cypriots Greek as well as Turkish Cypriots Turkey the between and relations tense increasingly the of nature the understand to aims study This Preface • • • • • H have been possible. have been not Turkey would Foundation thisreport Society Open Turkey and the in Cyprus and Stiftung Ebert Friedrich the of support the as well as Senyücel Sabiha and Enis of Aydın, Erdem Levack Jonathan contributions the without course, Yakinthou. Of Christalla and Bryant Rebecca researchers, able two the to is down thisreport of work the that note again once doing so, like to we would before But pages. following for the majority the we here, have left findings report’s the of afew highlight to we want While results. important of plenty find should community international the of behalf on act that this, those than more But note. take IGH “Turkey-dependent” “Turkey-dependent” economy. a developing of implications the with concerned more are Turkish opportunity, Cypriots potential Turkey’s a see as economy growing Cypriots in Turkey. process Greek democratization Whereas and performance economic the admire sides Both Turkey of role island. the of future the on the than rather Greece, of economy the of collapse the with concerned more are Cypriots Greek reform. for need and problems management and ce governan own their of aware are Turkish Cypriots Turkey. with relations have functioning to wish and constructive is more who neighbour Turkey see like to would a as Cypriots Greek The Turkey. of government the from equality sovereign demand Turkish Cypriots GH LI TS: -

5 6 • • • reached in the short term. term. short in the reached be will asolution that is side hopeful Neither Cypriots. Greek among will of alack emphasize addition in Turkish asolution, towards move Cypriots to steps Turkey certain believe take sides can Both reasons. different for though sides, for both issue is an levels current at forces Turkey’s of presence The military perspectives. of theirbusyschedulestosharewithus all ofourinterviewees,whogenerouslytooktimeout We wouldalsoliketoextendparticulargratitude interviewees. Yaman fortranscribingtheTurkish-language Jonathan Levack.AspecialthanksgoestoMurat and Kaymak, Erol Hatay, Mete Gündoğar, Senyücel Sabiha Faustmann, Hubert Burrow, Robin Aydın, of writingthisreport:MensurAkgün,EnisErdem people fortheirgeneroussupportduringtheprocess Friedrich EbertStiftung,aswelltothefollowing Turkish EconomicandSocialStudiesFoundation The authorswouldliketoextendthanksthe Thanks andacknowledgements

7 8 democratisation that would emerge. No one could could one No emerge. would that democratisation and governance for good movements the or measures, Turkish austerity against protests Turkish Cypriot have could predicted one No deaths. in thirteen resulted that negligence for the responsible held many whom Christofias, Dimitris President RoC against protest of waves bring would that in 2011 Limassol near base anaval at ammunitions confiscated of explosion the have could predicted one No Cyprus. of Republic the with apartnership seek would in turn which Israel, friend, long-time its abandon Turkey in which alliances would changing or resources, for natural race offshore anew havecould predicted power. one regional No Turkey and economic an as of rise economy, rapid the or Cypriot the through waves shock send would that collapse financial aGreek have could predicted one no time, At that EU. the outside them left which decision, referendum the by deflated were Cypriots Turkish and reforms, (AKP)-led Party Development and Justice of throes Turkey first in the was partner, astrong be to appeared Greece moment, At that advantage. Cypriot Greek to havewould been that plan abetter negotiate to them haveto enabled aTurkey This,in against turn, was entry. tool seeking bargaining important an be would EU membership their that argued had Tasos time, the Papadopoulos, at president their because in part least at accession, EU scheduled their before week onlyone referendum in a island the reunify to aplan defeated had Cypriots Greek members. new dynamic and stable most EU’s the of one be to appeared and economy booming a had RoC the in 2004, announced tentatively first was presidency (EU) Union European the of Council projected (RoC) Cyprus’ of Republic the When Introduction Cypriots declared their own state in 1983, it remained remained it in 1983, state own their declared Cypriots Turkish Turkish ‘national Although cause.’ important an decades, following the over remained, Cyprus that extent the to only reliable became it Cypriots for Turkish and instability, economic and turmoil political aTurkey experiencing It was was that novels. and films, textbooks, own their from about learned had Turkey they that one the imaginations, their of the not was entangled now were they fate whose Turkey the foundthat and before, had with they than Turkey know to closely came more Turkish Cypriots media, in the and in school learned they what through Turkey know to came only Cypriots Greek while And decades. following in the imaginary political and social Cypriot Greek the of element defining Turkey that a meant became population Cypriot Greek the of third one approximately of displacement subsequent 1974 the of summer in the and force overwhelming with intervention that island, the in intervention Turkey’s desired had military Cypriots Turkish 1963-64, of clashes intercommunal the following decade, previous for the While zone. buffer aUN-controlled of side either on Turkish Cypriots and Cypriots for Greek lives separate of establishment the and sides two its of homogenisation ethnic in the resulted division territorial Cyprus’ 1974, of intervention Turkish d’etatcoup and military Greek-sponsored the quo. After status unchanging in an mired seemed had years thirty almost previous in the that island change in an unpredictable and rapid of is adecade for thisreport context The future. uncertain an portend to seemed that problems domestic with concerned more became and hope lost process in the sides all as years, more many for on stumble would negotiations that have predicted

9 10 partnership that resulted from personal interactions interactions personal from resulted that partnership apolitical of idea the towards and other the towards attitudes of rethinking acomplicated included change.This real have to brought seemed protests Turkish to in response Cypriot checkpoints Cyprus the of opening 2003 the Only federation. to will political their realise to nor recognition achieve to able neither in limbo, remained Turkish state; Cypriots recognised island’s the of in control remained Cypriots quo. Greek status familiar the of version complicated more and anew be to appeared 1May on 2004 north island’s in the EU’s the of suspension communautaire acquis the EU and the into RoC the of entry subsequent The it. rejected Cypriots Greek of 76% while plan, the supported Turkish of 65% as Cypriots lop-sided, were results The referendum. at plan the of defeat for the called he and compromising, so not was Papadopoulos, Tasos president RoC then and Fighters) leader Cypriot of Organisation (National EOKA former south, in the However, completion. to his counterpart plan the negotiate in to Talat, Ali stepped Mehmet who leader, leftist inamoderate favour of sidelined was Denktaş partners. EU as the enter to them allow would that aplan out working and neighbours Cypriot Greek their with table negotiating the at sitting meant change,for them demanding which streets the to took Turkish that 2002 Cypriots in late table the on proposal reunification aconcrete put UN the when only It was statelet. his facto of de recognition some without negotiate to refused still who Denktaş, Rauf leader, long-time their by represented was quo status unchanging the for Turkish But negotiations. Cypriots, Turkish the from concessions force in to side enough tempting prove would EU carrot the that hopeful were observers many time, At the in 1998. negotiations RoC’s the of beginning EU accession the with came island change in of the for aperiod catalyst The province. and protectorate of boundaries the blur to increasingly seemed island the towards behaviour whose astate on reliance further into them Turkey, besides pushing country any by unrecognised f 1 relationships with Turkey for with possibilities relationships and today their regarding fears and hopes, anxieties, Cypriots’ present to interviews extended fifty of aset uses report The flux. of aperiod as appears Turkey currently thisreport today, of ‘present’ the with relationships respective their of assessments Turkish represent and understand Greek and Cypriot to aims report the while So resolution. for its possibilities the and Problem Cyprus the reconfigure to have potential that the circumstances other by overshadowed is itself milestone EU presidency, that RoC’s is the for thisreport impetus the while Hence, politics. domestic with dissatisfaction and crises economic global of effects local the with concerned more been generally has which media, the by given attention scant in the reflected been has talks in the interest public of lack the And impending collapse. perceived negotiations’ for the avoid to blame attempted side each as counter-accusations, and in accusations mired soon were talks new these even But federation. of asupporter as known was who south in the president anew of election the until years, for several stalled this new situation. this new complicate to appeared which and conflict during the expropriated or appropriated been had that property private regarding in EU courts lawsuits of spate a included It also level. social wider the at reflected as P aWay Forward, Charting Issue: Property Cyprus the and Rights Human of Court European R see developments, ( (San F (San R Barbara Rights, ed. Human and Reparations Peace: Making War and Waging O (Trans)national the and Property R see issue, the on F 291-321. 2(2008), no. 44, Studies Eastern Middle Struggle,’ Political of a Platform R K see positions, negotiating to respect in cases the of analysis issue,’ European Law Review Cyprus the on Court Strasbourg the of jurisprudence recent the of appraisal Acritical settlement: peace ‘Building transitional justice mechanisms without a N or detail on this resort to legal remedies and its recent recent its and remedies legal to resort this on detail or ights in Cyprus: The European Court of H of Court European The Cyprus: in ights icosia: P icosia: udret Özersay and Ayla G Ayla and Özersay udret rancisco, CA: Left Coast Press, 2009). Press, Coast Left CA: rancisco, R I Cyprus Centre, 2011) and N and 2011) Centre, O Cyprus 1 The re-start of negotiations negotiations of re-start The ebecca Bryant, ‘ Bryant, ebecca hodri W hodri ose Johnston and Susan Slyomovics Slyomovics Susan and Johnston ose or an ethnographic perspective perspective ethnographic an or 35 (2010): 720-733. F 720-733. (2010): 35 illiams and Ayla G Ayla and illiams ürel, ‘Property and H and ‘Property ürel, R I Cyprus Centre Paper Paper Centre O Cyprus O rder in Cyprus,’ in in Cyprus,’ in rder f Lemons and Laws: Laws: and f Lemons ikos Skoutaris, Skoutaris, ikos uman R uman ürel, ürel, or or ights as as ights uman uman an opportunity that might enable Greek Cypriot- Greek enable might that opportunity an as it see to tended interviewees Cypriot them, Greek for growth that of effects the about cautious were Turkish While Cypriots growth. economic exceptional Turkey’s was island the of sides both on views current Cypriots’ influencing factors main the of One report. in the interviews however, all balance, we of have anonymised sake the For used. have names to their willing were and views their sharing of supportive were participants Turkish all almost Cypriot By contrast, anonymity. participant complete was community Cypriot Greek in the interviews all for almost acondition that fact in the reflected was People’s side. caution Cypriot Greek the to a‘traitor’ being of claims to lead would Turkey of perceptions in their liberalism much too that commented also interviewees Some interviews. up in the brought frequently were referendum plan Annan Turkey, 2004 the from divisions left-over and about openly speak to community Cypriot Greek in the opinion-shapers among reluctance of deal agreat is still There reticent. more have been cases of in anumber Cypriots Greek concerns, and hopes, fears, anxieties, their share to eager have been board the Turkish across in community, the people Cypriot while challenges: of set own its presented has report in one together Moreover, perspectives both bringing impact. social and cultural, economic, of way by Cyprus into over spill direct the and economy Greek the of impending collapse the was writing, of time the at pressing, More Cyprus. of Republic the of future the of concerns and life daily of fabric the is into woven it as urgentinsofar only one, but unhappy An factor. stable amore-or-less as seen was Turkey with relationship the cases, In many future. island’s the about concerns pressing of hierarchy the in highest the not Turkey with often relationship was the and Turkey of role the neighbourhood in the south, In the participants. Cypriot Greek our among case the not clearly was corollary the interviewees, ourTurkish of many minds of in the foremost Cypriot Turkey with relationship the was while And future. the Turkey’s future role with regard to the island. Turkey’s the to regard with role future for thinkingabout important be will that differences and similarities the of some out we draw report, the of section in aconcluding And future. in the relationship that for improving suggestions and hopes as Turkey, with relationship its of well as interpretations community’s for each context current the provides report the of section Each process. negotiation ongoing the of assessments including future, for the Turkey with hopes relations and today community’s their regarding questions of aseries asked were Interviewees journalists. and representatives, society civil union leaders, servants, civil businesspeople, included they gender, and spectrum, age and political, the crosscut Interviewees south. in the twenty and north in Cyprus’ opinion-shapers with interviews thirty of results the then, shares report, following The light. positive in amore changes these view to tended has community business Cypriot Greek the Cypriots, Turkish amongst anxiety considerable created has policies Turkey’swhile neoliberal of implementation future. future. relationships with Turkey possibilities today and for the theirCypriots’ regarding anxieties, hopes, fears and present interviews to extended aset of fifty uses report The 2 community to bridge the divide. the bridge to community business for the incentives create to seemed Turkish in the interest market Turkish as cooperation, three months of 2012 it had risen to 157 to risen had it 2012 of months three south N one of shelves the on leathermaker a Turkish of products the found recently instance, for report, this of authors the O names. Turkish under even but Ikea, or Levi’s as such labels international under often south, the in shops most in shelves on found are products Turkish Moreover, “ to which Turkey exported, the R the Turkey exported, which to countries 246 the of 2011, in while that claimed newspaper Havadis Cypriot Turkish the in report Arecent south. G via trade as growing, already R the Turkey and between trade Direct KK TC ekonomisi için büyük risk,” Havadis risk,” büyük için TC ekonomisi icosia store. reece has boomed in the the in boomed has reece oC was 205 was oC 2 Indeed, ironically, Indeed, epublic of Cyprus is is Cyprus of epublic th (Duygu Alan, Alan, (Duygu , 24 April 2012). 2012). April , 24 th , in the first first the , in ne of of ne

11 12 Viewing Turkey from north Cyprus today

recognition, which drives it into reliance on its patron patron its on reliance into it drives which recognition, of lack is its states other and Cyprus north between however, difference, The Greece. especially measures, belt-tightening to subject countries in other reactions the resemble to more and more have begun Cyprus in north growing are that police with clashes and IMF, Turkish riots, become strikes, the and Cypriots’ Turkey, Fund (IMF). then, has Monetary International the from in part, learned, measures austerity and privatisation of form in the system the to ‘fix’ Turkey, financier, main a thissystem’s is demanding o 3 population. the of segment for alarge mechanism life-support is the time same the at that asystem have corrupted populism and patronage, nepotism, Entrenched collapse. and bankruptcy of brink the on appears today but them sustain to managed has now until which state, unrecognised in an live They acentury. for half isolation of degrees various under survived community, has which thissmall anger, pervaded has fear hopelessness, and in despair. of are Asense Turkish Cypriots today Cyprus Viewing Turkey from north 36:9 (2008), pp. 1237-1250. pp. (2008), 36:9 N of Industry Banking the in Satisfaction Job and Stress Job on Effects “ Tumer, M. and Araslı H. and 295-308; pp. (2006), of Journal and Sociology Social Policy International F H on Nepotism of Effects “The Ekiz, H. E. and Bavik, A. Araslı, O U Centre, Studies 9/07, European Paper Transformation in N Membership?: The Political Economy of Post- Sonan, “ Sonan, Siyasal Liderlik Arasında Türkler Kıbrıslı Egemen, Salih see system, our, and F our, and N n the role of patronage in north Cyprus’ political political Cyprus’ north in patronage of role n the xford (2007). F (2007). xford epotism, F epotism, uman R uman F rom Bankruptcy to U to Bankruptcy rom ive Star H Star ive esource Management: The Case of Three, Three, of Case The Management: esource orth Cyprus,” Social Behavior and Personality Cyprus,” orth avoritism and Cronyism: A Study of Their Their of AStudy Cronyism: and avoritism ( N or specific sectoral analysis, see H see analysis, sectoral specific or icosia: Salih Egemen, 2006); and Sertaç Sertaç and 2006); Egemen, Salih icosia: orthern Cyprus,”orthern R otels in N in otels orthern Cyprus,” Cyprus,” orthern nification and E and nification 3 AMSES W AMSES And now now And niversity of of niversity N U ationalist 26:7 26:7 orking . represent a cross-section of Turkish of opinion Cypriot across-section represent and positions political of avariety from come They media. the of members and businesspeople, representatives, society civil union leaders, including sectors, various of representatives were Interviewees May 2012. and in April opinion-shapers Turkish with Cypriot conducted interviews extended thirty of aset from gleaned concerns and hopes, fears, anxieties, include assessments These future. in the take should relationship that form what of Turkey with relations and current their of assessments Turkish present to aims Cypriot chapter This Mediterranean. in Turkey the ‘client’ its between and relations tense Turkey’s from increasingly to Cyprus leading shores, of globalisation and neoliberalismeffects hit north state, Turkey.state, 4 support. N support. external of forms other of absence the in depend states unrecognised which on states those to refer to relations international in used commonly term the is state’ ‘Patron and F K Pal also See 54-55). pp. 2012], Unrecognized States Caspersen, ( state-building’ of process the assists significantly and recognition international of lack the for compensate helps support Such external assistance. military unrecognised with diplomatic, states economic, and support to choose states these interests, strategic or links ethnic on Based gap. important an fill therefore states patron and support, external attracting to comes it when choice for spoilt not are states unrecognised recognition, international of lack their to ‘Due thusly: Peace Research D.C.: U D.C.: ( States Facto De and Conflicts Unresolved States: Separatist Eurasia’s Engaging Lynch, Dov and States.” Europe-Asia Studies N and State- H elge Blakkisrud, “Living with N with “Living Blakkisrud, elge uture of U nited States Institute of Peace Press, 2004). Press, Peace of Institute States nited ina Caspersen summarisestheina relationship Caspersen 4 Both the positive and the negative negative the and positive the Both ation-building in South Caucasian Quasi- Caucasian South in ation-building 43:6 (1996), pp. 723-740; Pal K Pal 723-740; pp. (1996), 43:6 Journal of nrecognized of Quasi-States.” Journal 60: 3 (2008), pp. 483-509; 483-509; pp. 3(2008), 60: olsto, “The Sustainability Sustainability “The olsto, [Cambridge: Polity Press, Press, Polity [Cambridge: on-recognition: on-recognition: W ashington, ashington, olsto and and olsto N ina ina

15 16 “The relationship used to be like one between a between like one be to used relationship “The remarked, who interviewee one by used best perhaps were terms familial These this. about ambivalent often were they though relationship, that describe to terms familial used interviewees of anumber Quite (altyönetim). ‘subordinate of authority’ label Rights’ Human of Court European the including dependency, of (zor forms relationship” various or birilişki), a“difficult relationship, (biat), asymmetric an “guardianship” (vesayet), submission of arelationship a it named today. variously relationship They the of complexities the encapsulate could that phrase or word asingle finding difficulty experienced usually they relationship, that describe to aword find to asked were in Turkey. and island interviewees when so And in the both decade last the over changes by remade Today, and however, shaped is being relationship that (et fingernail” ve tırnak). and “flesh of a relationship as Turkey, from persons interviewee one by expressed Turkey with acloseness and perceive to continue power, its Turkish lost has Cypriots babyland’ ‘motherland- of rhetoric the while in thisreport, clear become will As ‘babyland.’ and a‘motherland’ of one as relationship that of description used commonly in the kinship, to likened as often are that ties have they whom with Turkey aprotector defined as have historically Turkish discourse, Cypriots domestic a‘subordinate authority.’ In courts, European the by used now terms in the or client, its with state patron a of those as seen have been Turkishwith Cypriots ‘coloniser,’ or ‘occupyingan power’ relations while of that as described is commonly in Cyprus presence Turkey’s scholarship, and media In international AI. pate future. in the relationship that improving for suggestions concrete presented all almost today, relationship that of critical were all while result, a As possible. was north the to state ‘co-ethnic’ their from independence complete that believed none self-reliance, for increased need the emphasised many While patron. their with relations regarding rn al p ro tect or ate diplomacy. of law international and rules usual Turkey and is not by governed the the TRNC between relationship The states. two between at that it’s relationship not anything that like is Turkey but in when practice we look TRNC the that recognises On the only paper country 5 Ministers.” of Council the by consideration “receive priority to are decisions its and military, the of members including members, non-elected and officials minister, elected prime both president, and the of is composed Committee, Coordination the called commonly Council, TRNC’sSecurity the addition, In made. are demands certain which via package, Turkey’s through and aid island, in the yearly military Turkish the of control the under police the puts which constitution, TRNC present the through both is exercised control This affairs. internal its controls effectively also it but TRNC’ssecurity, the controls Turkey that thismeant only not interviewees, For state. is aseparate TRNC the though behave as not Turkey of Republic the does in fact TRNC’s existence, the Turkey acknowledge to state only is the officially Cyprus],’ while that meaning Northern of Republic [Turkish TRNC the recognise not ‘Turkeythat does view the expressed interviewees of half than More paternal. instead was ‘brotherly’ be to wanted and expected they that arelationship that was interviews the all almost to common complaint one Indeed, feet. own their on stand to Cypriots guidingTurkish sibling, older an Turkey as act would in which (kardeşlik), “brotherhood” of one be should it that said thisinterviewee be, should it relationship of sort what asked discipline.” of When one more child, and afather between likeit’s arelationship days These baby, love. of and mother arelationship on Turkey in foreign relations, and any future solution solution Turkey future on any and relations, in foreign

T RN C Constitution, 111. Article 5 Turkish Cypriots are also often dependent Turkish often also are Cypriots the protectorate relationship between Turkey between and relationship protectorate the of However, Nations. characteristic United one the of aprotectorate mayconsidered be Bosnia-Herzegovina while protectorates, U.S. are Guam and Rico Puerto in relations: international ofprotectorates instances many We find contributions. economic cases in some and relations, foreign with aid protection, for military in return state alarger to autonomy of degrees various cedes that state weak or is asmall protectorate a relations, In international protectorate. paternal a as in thisreport it to refer we will relationship, Cyprus Turkey-north the of ambiguities the all encapsulate accurately will label single no While politicians.” incompetent is own our governor a into [Turkish] the made has ambassador “What it, phrased businessperson one As government. own their with primarily lay communication of for thisfailure fault the that conclude to tended interviewees same These ourselves.’ explain to able we haven’t been because it’s us, Turkey ‘If said: understand doesn’t interviewees of anumber Quite people. their of interests the express to Turkish of politicians failure current the Cypriot and influence, regional increasing and growth economic Turkey’s both was relationship in the changed had what that said they Instead, didnot. it that concluded interviewees all almost in thisregard, governments previous than differently behaved government Turkish current the if asked when time, same At the it: put union leader one As state. patron Turkish Cypriots’ satisfy must division island’s the to don’t believe that there will be one. be will there that believe don’t we and states, two between that like relationship There’sno isTurkey’s authority. Cyprus subordinate us, north to and law international to According not. it’s that confirmed has Rights Human of Court European the case, In any diplomacy. international and law of rules usual Turkey the by governed isnot and TRNC the between relationship The states. two between that like anything not it’s relationship that at welook when is Turkey in practice but TRNC the recognises that country only the paper On anarchic relations between equal states. equal between relations anarchic been able to explain able to ourselves.”been we haven’t“If Turkey it’s us, doesn’t because understand 8 7 6 attached to territory, attached is necessarily sovereignty that idea the question into called has relations in international literature of strand increasing an decades two past in the that noted be should it TurkeyCyprus, north between and relationship the of content the assessing Before independence and its autonomy. recognise to claiming time same the at while Cyprus for north state other, aprotector Turkey as acts the to side each of duty the stipulate that agreements in outlined often are relationships protectorate other partial, and that the autonomy of states is usually is usually states of autonomy the that and partial, is often sovereignty that hierarchical, often are states between relations that emphasised has literature not guided or restricted by treaty or protocol. or treaty by restricted or guided not is that protectorate facto is ade it is that Cyprus north

none is required to obey” ( obey” to required is none command; to entitled is “none states sovereign between W This anarchic is assumption summarised by K pp. 437-461. Geographers American of Association W in Contemporary “Sovereignty R Economy Political of International of InternationalAssumptions R G Trap:The Territorial “The Agnew, John See Turkish R the of constitution 1983 the by given is right such no while island, the in powers Turkey guarantor gives that Cyprus R the of constitution 1960 the is it Ironically, International Politics International [2004], p. 1328). [2004], International R U The Empire: of hierarchical systems of rule” Mabee, (Bryan “Discourses seen as anarchic and therefore the antithesis of is realm international the as system, international the in hierarchy about ideas with deal to reluctant been has on other “Traditionally, states: international relations maystates employ forms various of influence or coercion practice in where states, between hierarchy of existence actual the ignores it that believe who those from come has view this on attack primary The p. 88). 1979], altz, who remarks that in this view of the relations relations the of view this in that remarks who altz, epublic of N egimes: Territoriality and State Authority elations,” Third W S ‘Empire’, G S ‘Empire’, Annals of the the of orld Politics,” Annals 7 [ or that it is ever a matter of of amatter is ever it that or orthern Cyprus. orthern R eading, MA: Addison- MA: eading, K enneth W enneth lobalisation and and lobalisation elations Theory.” Review 1:1 (1994): pp. 53-80, and and 53-80, pp. (1994): 1:1 orld Quarterly 25: 8orld Quarterly , 95: 2 (Jun., 2005), 2005), 2(Jun., , 95: Theory of of Theory altz, 8 This This epublic of of epublic eographical eographical W enneth esley, esley, 6 While While

17 18 outlet manager,outlet remarked: who aright-wing media interviewee, one by reflected was relationships in hierarchical engaged and others in are some sense dependent on idea that states all w 9 powers: other to authority of degrees varying may cede states in which areas main the are finds, he relationships, political and economic, Security, relations. hierarchical of may acontinuum be there in which areas main three identified has Lake economically. and politically both compromised, “ R Michael 227-262; pp. Millennium—Journal of International Studies R Double R R Studies International N “The Lake, A. (David sovereignty’ their on restrictions lesser .N powers. greatest the by only enjoyed is that astatus be may perspective classical the by assumed type the of sovereignty W pure Indeed, exist. to continue sovereignty or with restricted mandates, states protectorates, ‘ notes, Lake David sovereignty, International Studies International R G the Bridging Thomson, “State in Sovereignty International R U Cambridge (Cambridge: Order Legal International the in Sovereigns G Simpson, Studies International of Review States,” Sovereign of Club the to Entry O 377-391; pp. (1992), 18:4 Studies Review of International Doctrine.” Ancient an of Manifestations Contemporary States: of Equality “The policy completely independently of other countries?policy completely independent, that is to formulate able is that world in the acountry there Is yourself? for sufficient going be you to are How themselves. for sufficient even aren’t China or America of States United The world. in the state there’s such no case, In any me. to romantic and utopian very seem ideas These themselves. administer completely can completely be independent, can or that they Cypriots Turkish that think to right it find Idon’t Look, 213-33. W esearch,” Internationalesearch,” Studies Quarterly ichard K ichard riting about this new strand of thinking about about thinking of strand new this about riting Review of of Review State?” Sovereign the Constitutes hat ew in Sovereignty International R eading of the Anarchy Problematique,” Problematique,” Anarchy the of eading . Ashley, “ . Ashley, reat Powersreat and Outlaw States: Unequal niversity Press, 2004); and Janice E. E. Janice and 2004); Press, niversity ap Between Theory and Empirical Empirical and Theory Between ap U 23 (1997), pp. 167-184; G 167-184; (1997), pp. 23 James, Alan 381-404; pp. (1996), 22:4 yrind O yrind ntying the Sovereign State: A State: Sovereign the ntying oss F oss eview 5:3 [2003], p. 311). See, e.g., e.g., See, p. 311). [2003], 5:3 eview early all others face greater or or greater face others all early owler and Julie Maria Bunck, Bunck, Maria Julie and owler sterud, “The N “The sterud, N o longer called vassals, vassals, called o longer elations,” 39 (1995), pp. pp. (1995), 39 arrow G arrow erry erry 17:2 (1998), (1998), 17:2 estphalian estphalian elations: 9 ate: ate: The The 12 11 members of the subordinate polity.” subordinate the of members the by legitimate less or more as is accepted policy security and economic both over state dominant the of rule the which “in relationship authority an as defines Lake which imperial, culminating in the dependency, of levels various includes continuum This 10 states. unrecognised to is common which ‘dollarization,’ as known in aphenomenon economy Turkish the to tied Turkish directly is hence and Lira the uses Cyprus north economy. the instance, For and security of in terms especially time, over dependency of degrees various by defined been clearly has Turkey and Cyprus north between relationship The relationship and closeness with persons from Turkey from persons with closeness and relationship a‘kinship’ perceive Turkish that recognised Cypriots island Turkey’s in the of critical intervention most were who those even interviewees, Amongst paternalistic. the and paternal the between slides often which relationship, the of nature familial perceived is the regulate, to difficult it of dominationrelation makes authority, and also and in thisparticular ambiguity creates suggest to wish

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Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003). Technology, of Institute Massachusetts p. 284. (2008), 9:3 Perspectives Studies International N “The Lake, A. David 311-12. Ibid., Eduardo Y Eduardo O K decide what. to authority the has in who variations by defined clearly and in principle, iscontinuous relations of range .[T]he is. relationship the hierarchic more the sovereignty, domestic of areas of number the fewer is; the state dominant the with relationship its hierarchic less the sovereignty, domestic of areas of number the greater The authority? ultimate the polity subordinate isthe areas policy .In what polities. more or two between hierarchy of degree the by defined continuum a along vary polities between Formally, relationships or instance, the use of the Armenian dram in N in dram Armenian the of use the instance, or arabakh and the R the and arabakh ssetia. O eyati, Dollarization eyati, n the phenomenon of dollarization, see 10 ussian ruble in Abkhazia and South South and Abkhazia in ruble ussian ew American Empire?”, Empire?”, American ew (Cambridge, MA: MA: (Cambridge, 11 12 What we What agorno- 14 journalist putjournalist it: (see (see 13 paternalism, into slides relationship Moreover, thispaternal when ‘grow up.’ to allowed is never child the that resentment often is therefore there and recognised, autonomy their have to struggle must Turkishrelationships, Cypriots parent-child Like other chastise. to intervening and allowance, its giving it, advising it, protecting Cyprus, north father, of’ care Turkey ‘taken long for so has like agood so And affairs. in their intervene and Turkey Turkish that ‘natural’ protect Cypriots would it then, makes kinship relationship, perceived This Turkey see and aprotector. as

defended or motivated by a claim that the person person the that aclaim by motivated or defended and will, their against person, another with individual an definition: “Paternalism is the of interference a or state G Philosopher 2012). July 17 ic-opinion-poll-july-2011&Itemid=34&lang=en phocadownload&view=category&id=7%3Apubl like a province of Turkey. of aprovince like even Turkey’s administration, subordinate actually is this and Turkey’s interests], represents it that [temsiliyapıdır, bir implying structure representative isa here structure The countries. two between equality of arelationship been never has this hand, other the On side. emotional and psychological social- isthe This protector. their support, their Turkey security, see their They as affection. with Turkey, at Turkey at angry get look always sometimes Turkey, from people they if and even and themselves between differences see they if even Cypriots, Turkish And people. his own as here people the sees and country his own like being as Turkey Cyprus sees from aperson words, In other affection. of because is side intimate That side. intimate an has is, it That side. asocial-psychological has relationship This intervene unilaterally.intervene to Turkey’s right retain to wished half than more while solution, anegotiated of event the in power guarantor a Turkey as maintaining favored still Cypriots Turkish of 85% island, the of side each on persons thousand one than more surveyed which poll, 2015 Cyprus latest the In http://www.cyprus2015.org/index.php?option=com_ 14 relations of dependency also move to to move also dependency of relations erald Dworkin provides a succinct asuccinct provides Dworkin erald 13 As one left-wing left-wing one As , accessed , accessed guidance without dominating. dominating. without guidance adesire that Turkey as well providepaternalism, as slide of thewith to relationship into the tendency discomfort indicate to Turkey with relationship ‘brotherly’ adesire for expressed amore interviewees Numerous provide guidance without dominating. Turkey that adesire as well as paternalism, into slide to relationship the of tendency the with discomfort Turkey with relationship indicate to ‘brotherly’ for amore adesire expressed interviewees numerous that fact form.” the From this, we may interpret aproper with one be should it but kinship relationship, a being it to “there’s that objection no remarked interviewee thissame be, should relationship the what away from.” asked stay When and against careful be should one that there, be shouldn’t that elements of “all sorts contained that a relationship “incest,” of one relationship the termed interviewees our of one Indeed, will. political and cultures for local condescension, comprehended of as respect or a lack be may also paternalism by entailed interference the clear, make should report the of sections next the As ‘civilising in aEuropean mission.’ belief the especially centuries, twentieth and nineteenth in the colonialism European of afeature also good, was own their of interests in the someone’s will against interference or Paternalism, Lake’s of end scale. imperial the (UN)-sponsored plan for federation. North Cyprus had had Cyprus North for federation. plan (UN)-sponsored Nations aUnited of basis the on leadership Cypriot Greek the with negotiations enter to refused which leadership, nationalist long-time their against revolt in a engaged had Turkish Cypriots 2004, and In 2003 II. Th (2003-4), pp. 659-722. pp. (2003-4), 660 Review Law University State Paternalism,” George H of Definition The Claws: Teeth and Dragon’s the “Counting Pope, Mason Thaddeus also See 2012). June 27 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/paternalism Philosophy, of Encyclopedia Stanford (“Paternalism,” harm” from protected or off better be will with interfered e c urr e n t c on j un ur ct e , accessed , accessed ard ard

19 20 identity, and their quotidian existence. quotidian their and identity, Cypriots invariably their their describe state, to use ‘Belirsizlik,’ or ‘uncertainty’, is the word that Turkish of period uncertainty. intense new increasingly and ‘reward’ Turkish Cypriots for their a own to of it led support the of plan subsequent and the EU to failure sponsored Cypriot Greek of the UN- defeatatThe referendum Cypriots had begun increasingly to feel the impact of of impact the feel to increasingly begun had Cypriots Turkish Plan, Annan the of time By the existence. their their identity, state, describe their and quotidian to use invariably Turkish that word the Cypriots is ‘Belirsizlik,’ ‘uncertainty’, or uncertainty. of period intense increasingly and anew to led it of support own for their Turkish ‘reward’ EU to the Cypriots of failure subsequent the and plan UN-sponsored the of referendum at defeat However, Cypriot Greek the a‘national cause.’ as Cyprus seeing on insisted had long for so Turkish who nationalist politicians the to antidote an as AKP the saw Turkish Cypriots secularism, fundamental own their despite and during thisperiod aresult, As subdue. to wished AKP the influence whose elements Turkish all state, deep Turkey, within groups nationalist the and extremist Turkish the to close military, also was Denktaş Rauf Turkish leader Former EU path. Cypriot its of out Cyprus of obstacle the clear to wished and power to come recently (AKP), had which Party Development Turkey’s of and support the Justice received Nicosia’s afederation demanding squares main in rallies Mass for decades. them plagued had that world in the status their about uncertainty the from relief and prosperity, stability, way only to the as result would that EU membership the and federation saw Turkish of numbers large Cypriots 2002, in late table negotiating the on plan reunification a put UN the acold.’ when So catches Cyprus Turkey north it,‘When sneezes, has phrase used commonly one in Turkey crisis As economic an in 2001. by followed in 2000, crisis abanking hitby hard been a way to ‘open onto the world,’ ‘opena way to the onto as federation see to began Turkish island. the Cypriots in Turkey working citizens against its and reactions of form the took elsewhere often felt so globalisation to Turkey, via Cyprus reactions north the so and affected 17 16 15 north. island’s the of life economic and political, social, the Turkey of influence on excessive the from themselves this period, to feel overwhelmed. feel to this period, during began, 140,000 approximately of community Turkish small the that surprising be Cypriot not should it island, in the families their and workers Turkish 60-70,000 citizenship, approximately and TRNC acquired had Turkish who 50,000 nationals Turkish Turkish 30,000 students, soldiers, 35,000 With them,Turkey. to open door one the through received was migration that for Turkishthough Cypriots Cyprus, for north maysaid be same The politics. and in media reactions racist, even ethnocentric, produce to invariably seem they and migration, little received hitherto had that countries intoday many felt are globalisation of effects These landscapes. human altered and norms, changing in crime, rise a of aperception world: the felt around side-effects the of all with island, the into migration labour o

o island who were not T not were who island the in resident citizens Turkish 30,000 were there 1996, In 906. 294, to grown had figure population the 2011, By 178,031. to minimally, only grown had population citizen the although 265,100, to risen had population facto de the that showed census 2006 The citizens). naturalised (including persons 164,460 or population, this of T and 200,587, be to Cyprus north of population facto de the found census 1996 The www.devplan.org Turkish and their families. F military the of members include not do figures these 80-90,000; at estimated is figure that today while 70,525, to 1996 in (‘Dünyaya bağlanacağız’). ‘ was campaign Plan political spectrum. F spectrum. political the across Cypriots Turkish united which Platformu), O Is Country R N of Scent Jasmine “The Bryant, H Mete see period, the of leaders evolutions, and the Longing for F ne of the main slogans of Mehmet Ali Talat’s pro-Annan pro-Annan Talat’s Ali Mehmet of slogans main the of ne ne important instance of this was the rise of the ‘This ‘This the of rise the was this of instance important ne 17

urs Platform’ (Bu Memleket Bizim Bizim Memleket (Bu Platform’ urs (T W or various remarks fromor remarks political various RN RN e will be connected to the world’ world’ the to connected be e will C O State Planning C citizens. This figure had risen risen had figure This C citizens. RN C citizens comprised 82% 82% comprised C citizens 16 as well as to free free to as well as icosia: O icosia: 15 atay and R and atay orbidden Pasts,” Globalisation or census results, see f R rganisation). ebecca ebecca eturns, eturns, impressive economic growth and rising regional rising regional and growth economic impressive of aperiod Turkey meantime, In the experienced has remarked: NGO one of leader The position. uncertain their to resolution immediate no see Turkish anxiety,as Cypriots increased of period a been has result The them. with unite to motivation any had EU members, full become had who Cypriots, Greek that doubt to began federation supported strongly who those while state’; a‘made-up as it of think to and recognised be never would it that see to began TRNC the of supporters strong even decades, two after failed: had ‘projects’ historical two Cypriots’ for Talat’s Turkish demise. reasons the of one as circles in many seen was thisEU failure Europe, and to closely more them EU’s tie in to the hope promises lost also had They process. in the hope lose to begun had Turkish that clear Cypriots became it federation, of opponent along-time Eroğlu, Derviş to seat However, Talat his when solution. lost 2010, by federal a desire to believed were both and movements, socialist island’s in the active been long had men Both south. in the Christofias Dimitris of election 2008 and north island’s in the TalatAli presidency the to Mehmet of election 2005 the after especially results, produce might negotiations renewed that hope tentative some out hold to continued Turkish Cypriots referendum, at Plan Annan the of failure the After Studies ‘E the and Beards,’ ‘Black Donkeys,’ ‘Cyprus Community: Cypriot “Assessing Transnational R R Christopher and 147-166; pp. (2005): 10:2 N of Politics the Beyond Identities: “Transforming this period, see H see period, this O 423-449. pp. (2008), 26:2 Studies Greek Modern of Journal around.negativities, these developments, these turn to able being about optimistic not are People life. of quality a better to contribute don’t AKP the by followed policies The Problem. Cyprus the to asolution about expectations positive no are There pessimistic. very they’re and impasse, in an feel seriously people Cyprus In north n changes in Turkish Cypriot self-conceptions during during self-conceptions Cypriot Turkish in n changes on-Settlement inon-Settlement N 6:4 (2006), pp. 523–542. pp. (2006), 6:4 Southeast European and Black Sea Sea Black and European Southeast U Carrot,’” ans Lacher and Erol K Erol and Lacher ans orth Cyprus,”orth Mediterranean Politics enegotiation in the Post–1974 aymak, aymak, amm, amm,

them. hadany EU members, motivation full withbecome unite to doubt that to Cypriots, Greek began federation who had ‘made-up state’; while those who strongly supported a think of to it and as that itneversee would berecognised to began of the TRNC supporters even strong decades, two Turkish ‘projects’ Cypriots’ hadfailed: historical after two ‘openings’ of the 1980s: ‘openings’ the of neoliberal the of Cyprus for north results negative the emphasised especially colony. union leader One of atype into Cyprus north make and koparmak) (üretimden production’ from them ‘separate to plan astrategic of Turkey on part dependence as own their see to atendency 1950’s,in the is also there beginning for decades pursued relentlessly it believe they which Turkey’s of interests, result strategic a as plight current their see left, the on especially Turkish many Cypriots, Because in 1983. state unrecognised their of declaration the after even and 1974, after continued and 1960’s the of period enclave in the began isolation That isolation. of acentury half by shaped been has that structure economic fragile have builtup all, a after Turkishthemselves. Cypriots, find Turkish in which Cypriots circumstances special for the consideration little has believe they that (vahşi kapitalizm) capitalism’ ‘predatory called interviewees several what of influence the under more and more Turkish left Cypriots has that influence investment in Cyprus by Turkish by in in Cyprus mostly business, investment private growing been has there since2004 Especially in charge. Turkey where be and Turkified should be should that aplace as and strategic as Turkey Cyprus have seen of governments The much. changed not has Özal after have come that politicians and governments the of Cyprus on Turkey. on perspective dependency The of aposition into them bring to economy, and their weaken to production, from them separate Cypriots, eliminate to implemented was strategy aconscious 1980, after period Özal the During

21 22 Turkey.” Turkish have Cypriots in no voice of also the Republic “Turkish Cypriots have in no voice of the Republic Cyprus. for local communities. The owner of one of north north of one of owner The communities. for local benefit little had north in Cyprus’ Turkish investments that claiming anxious, and critical were leaders union and businesspersons small local utilised, be should that opportunity an as it seeing it, about positive Turkey with generally trade was conducts that community business the While Cypriots. Turkish on Turkey’s strength economic growing of effect the about divided were interviewees In fact, remarked: editor newspaper left-wing one As pessimistic. were interviewees many lives, Cypriots’ Turkish on investments these of effects the about However, Anatolia’s region. asked Anamur when from water bring to project alarge-scale and roads as such Turkish funding for government infrastructure, increased as well as complexes, hotel large of form the Cyprus or the EU. the or Cyprus Turkey of Republic whether the or bread, of slices different between asandwich have become Cyprus, in north living persons those or Turkish Cypriots, isthat problem real The change. not does reality this Turkey. for istrue thing same the But And account. to anyone call to have chance you no represented, isnot will political your when And Cyprus. of Republic in the represented isnot will political Turkey. of Republic now, Right Turkish Cypriots’ in the have voice no also Turkish Cypriots Cyprus. of Republic in the have voice no Turkish Cypriots themselves. for decide can they in which organisation an astate, establish cannot Turkish Cypriots Cyprus. of Republic the of citizens Turkish as or citizens as world the to open only can Turkish Cypriots world. the to Turkish open Cypriots cannot policy this isthat problem that And resolved. be cannot problem one improves, north in Cyprus’s living people the of life of quality the much how matter no indeed isstrengthened, economy the much how matter Turkey no here, brings capital much how matter no is, thing negative the Cyprus, of perspective the From the Turkish Cypriot media: Turkishthe Cypriot in seen also as perception, general amore reflected union leader However, teachers’ one of view the benefited from thisgrowth: from benefited had they that said companies import largest Cyprus’ Greece. via products their get to Cypriots Greek for easier Turkey, via it’s that way products same our in the get to easier usually usit’s for And here. positively in Turkey reflected are investments Generally them. have Turkish on that writing brands prefer People them. by shaped are habits consumption their and channels, Turkish watch television here People here. consumer the with relationship have adirect couldn’t Henkel German the difference, culture and language the of because instance, For Henkel-Unilever. Turkish are brands same these now But products. these buying were consumers and subsidiaries, their have had Gamble and Unilever, Proctor and Henkel, like companies international various example, For us. for beneficial are Turkish capital in Turkey investing and companies multi-national the both world, business the of perspective the from speak to If weare us. Turkey’s for isgood economy of development and strengthening end,the In the under the minimum wage. . . . In other words, these these words, .In other minimum wage. the under asalary for aunion, and join to right the without insurance, social without hours fourteen work Turkey from aworker force to can They unemployed. remain hotel, the outside right village, Bafra in Turkey. from people the personnel acase, In such their all almost bring they Turkish Cypriots, 70% employ to supposed are hotels these that fact the Despite paytaxes. don’t they years, fifteen for taxes from exempt are hotels These people. local the to then hotels, the to first goes water that but plants, desalinisation create they instance, For in .Bafra. made investments the support to was us, for it wasn’t road that but Peninsula, Karpaz the to aroad laid They shoulders. our on adebt becomes this and dollars, million 350 instance, for give, They Turkish the by government. provided are loans and infrastructure the and free, for land gets here investments makes that TurkishThe capital bargained. One union leader remarked: union leader One bargained. be can that apawn rather but longer a‘national cause’ is no Cyprus believe, they for whom, power political and economic aregional into grown has meantime in the which north, the to state patron their of mercy the at more and more feel to have begun community thissmall of members EU membership—the and for theiror ‘projects’—recognition federation statelet, two Turkish of failure Cypriots’ clear the With voice. no or little have Turkish while Turkish Cypriots interests capital’s for Turkey’s exploited is being and Cyprus north that sense increasing an then, create investments, These peninsula. Karpassia untouched previously the in especially projects, other and tourism large-scale of effects environmental the to public and media in the both reaction increasing is also There benefits. few receive Turkish while exploited being Cypriots are resources Cyprus’ north way that the discuss others AKP, of while partisans of benefit is for the investment that claim columnists Many light. a positive in portrayed Turkishgovernment, is rarely investment Turkish current the Cypriot supporting outlets media those from apart media, mainstream In the sincere policy regarding Cyprus. regarding policy sincere Turkey that a ispursuing believe Idon’t agreement. atrading like seem it making table, the on put are that like things and lifted’ be can isolations and embargoes the in return and Varosha, back give ‘let’s Occasionally, apawn. be to appears EU,the Cyprus with Turkey’s at welook power. when relations And aregional becoming and interests own its after Turkey seen. be to is anywhere rights community’s Turkey no There’s Turkish the defending Cypriot sort. that of there’s nothing but rights, our defending Turkey it’s that says Turkish use to Cypriots. istrying it game in that Turkey and agame, isplaying elsewhere. money their spend or restaurant local in a eat to hotel the of out step never but gamble to come tourists wecall that people These island. the to tourism bring don’t hotels these tourism, of perspective the from it we’re going discuss if to way. in any And lives our improve don’t investments their in policies the island in are Turkey’s interests.” Cypriots in the island; what’s is whether or not important Turkish“It’s whether are them there to not important for the largest north Cyprus newspaper remarked: newspaper Cyprus north largest for the writing journalist One island. in the interests own its pursues instead and it, understand to efforts no makes Turkish community, the Cypriot understand not does Turkey that claimed interviewees many In addition, for this report expressed admiration for Turkey’s admiration expressed for thisreport interviewed Turkish all almost Cypriots interviewees, Cypriot Like Greek in Cyprus. repercussions potential in Turkey their developments and current about expressed concern much with admiration, grudging to approval Turkey open of range in the mostly were in performance AKP’s the of views Turkish Cypriots’ Viewing the A A. will. political their exercise to able fully not are they that and railroaded economically and politically being are they that sense Turkishunderstanding Cypriots’ for acontext here provides it but report, in this later return we will which to is atheme This ourselves.” explain to able we haven’t been because us, it’s Turkey “If understand claimed, who doesn’t businessperson one with concurred also interviewees most though interests, own its pursues state Turkish the that in were agreement interviewees All does what it wants. it what does AKP. the for AKP aproblem The be would it think Idon’t island the from migrates or exterminated is Turkish single Cypriot If every future. or existence Turkish about Cypriots’ concerned especially Turkey of been Republic the has of government any that believe Idon’t in Turkey’s are interests. island in the policies their not or iswhether important what’s island; in the Turkish are there Cypriots whether them to important It’s not megalomaniacal. even self-assured, isvery Cyprus regarding attitude AKP’s The Turkey for island. in the be to reason the as Turkish sees Cypriots AKP the that think even Idon’t understand. to TurkeyI think effort no makes K P

23 24 Turkish governments.” the line of closerto previous come say that has the AKP in 2010 until continuing and today, starting period we can that the idea ‘norejecting solution is asolution.’ But in the “AKP and Problem approaching the Cyprus differently was even if they were not necessarily solved: necessarily not were they if even table, the to brought now were government previous by discussed been even not had that problems certain that and impacts, other had Party AK the by brought stability the that emphasised EUexpert An commented: journalist left-wing One record. rights human its to regard with slipping was it self-assured, more became AKP the as that concern voiced also but control, civilian under military the bring to ability AKP’s the and growth economic previous Turkishprevious governments. of line the to closer come has AKP the that say today, until continuing wecan and in 2010 starting period in the But isasolution.’ ‘nothat solution idea the rejecting and differently Problem Cyprus the approaching was that influence, military of reduction and democratisation towards steps important making was that ‘truths,’ given the all and quo status the opposing was that aparty was it period, AKP. of first AKP’s faces In the different very two saw we periods, two In these strengthened. significantly was party the when elections, 2009 the after about came that period AKP isthe period second The 2009. until period isthe period first The periods. two into AKP the we havedivide to all, of First on Turkey economically. on socially, and politically, impact positive important an had has AKP the that Ithink this, all of Because positively. policy domestic affects policy in foreign Stability policy. foreign its of stability isthe Turkey’s growth economic for reason biggest The problem. Kurdish the and problem Armenian the as such years, for unsolved remained that problems solve to attempts have been there that and made have been reforms important of alot that wesee years, ten past the If weevaluate left journalist remarked, journalist left centre- One control. civilian under military the put to managed had it way that the especially and elements, nationalist its and system entrenched political the challenged had it way that the admired negatively performance overall AKP’s the evaluate present, the of perspective the who, from interviewees Even those This view was expressed by one union leader: one by expressed was view This Turks. average most of level income the changed not had that abubble as Turkey’s growth economic recent see to tended left the on Those record. economic its on views divergent more mixed, were there recently more and positive very initially as record political AKP’s the viewed interviewees all almost while So for achange: time in power, adecade was it after that remarked who researcher one by echoed were observations These the democratisation process. process. the democratisation their weakened excessive they’ve self-confidence, of because that think Ialso religiosity. of in terms life civilian measure to started has AKP the religious, islargely constituency Party’s AK the because isthat, problem important most .The changing. be to seems situation this recently .But strengthened. was society Civil outside. the to opened was economy The down. broken was structure this Party AK the of coming the With capacity. economic alimited was there and world, outside the to opening of thought no was there in control, were bureaucracy and military the in which structure state introverted AKP, an the was Before there it’s been implementing neoliberal economic policies policies economic neoliberal implementing been it’s power to came AKP the Since positive. particularly Turkey on been not has influence AKP the I think impact. have more that mosques and religiosity it’s now Kemalists, the for case the was this period, In another you. to opened opportunities of sorts have you all you’re religious, and Party Turkey, AK the of you’re amember that say you if in point this at why, If ask because you it’s continue. to not Tayyip for time Erdoğan it’s that words other in date, expiration its passed has Party AK the I think stated: Turkish daily largest Cypriot for the working journalist leftist One Turkish society. secular Cypriot more the on effects potential its about concerned were others Turkish will, the of public’s political a representation as it see to appeared many While orientation. religious AKP’s the on views in their divided were Interviewees observed: businessman AKP. the comprehending time One have adifficult had Turkish that commented Cypriots interviewees many Cyprus, on AKP the of effect the about asked When remarked: businessperson One positive. uniformly hand, was other community, business the the on of perspective The there’s a democracy, and if there’s not a totalitarian atotalitarian there’s not if and there’s ademocracy, end, In the in Europe. parties of alot from different very that’s astructure has Party AK the that think Idon’t religious. they’re that me bother doesn’t it and Isupport, that AKP the about things of alot are There poor. the of bellies the going fill to they’re because isimportant, production AKP the economy. For in the interest of alot shows AKP going. The TRNC the keeping of side the on more always were Kemalists older The parameters. UN within asolution for look to was Cyprus to regard with change AKP’s The mentality. and mindset of isachange AKP the words, In other years. seven for them with Iworked because this Iknow different. Turk, iscompletely Cypriot the and Problem Cyprus the at things, at looks AKP the way The mindset. Turkey, secular their and weknow and a Kemalist to used been have long course of We Turkish Cypriots light. in apositive policies AKP’s the of most Isee perspective, that from at looked When competitive. more them make to helped has that businesses medium-sized and small for support been There’s level. international the on competitive Turkey.to more have become Turkish companies in Turkey, coming investment investors foreign more there’s more that Isee abusinessperson, As class. working the and sector working the towards stance hypocritical avery had has and Cyprus. One left-wing journalist commented: journalist left-wing One Cyprus. in policies similar,implement religious-oriented to attempting was AKP the that concern expressed also several but interviewees, many by Turkey repeated was of representation is ademocratic AKP the that idea The 18 mosques. of numbers increasing and schools, in classes religious [imam-hatip] schools, theological of form in the north, in Cyprus’ Sunni Islam instill to apolicy is implementing AKP the that today Cyprus in north belief is awidespread there Indeed, w “’Kıbrıslı imam’ özeleştirisi,” Milliyet özeleştirisi,” imam’ “’Kıbrıslı appropriate for the social structure of Turkey. of structure social the for appropriate as this Isee case, In any heads. their cover and tithes, give fast, the keep Fridays, on mosque the to aday, times five go pray they that me bother doesn’t It me. to religious so seem don’t they Cypriots, Greek and Greece with home, to closer even and Spanish, the Poles, the with AKP the Icompare When want. they way the religion use will people structure, today trying more to Islamise it. Islamise to more trying today is 1990’s, the from different that, and it, Turkify to subordinate authority, implemented thatpolicies has a as north Cyprus’ sees that isamindset At issue own obsessions and could not manage it” ( it” manage not could and obsessions own our in trapped became we but years, six in it solved have W aproblem. is This funerals. perform to imam Cypriot aTurkish have not do W left. the is solved been having not it for reason the and wound, ableeding is problem imam “The remarked, Talat recent interview, former T a In imams. Cypriot trained of lack the noted who Mufti, the of support the with school avocational in opened was school imam-hatip an recently And mosque. largest Cyprus’ north be will what of construction the announced U N private the addition, In this. facilitated has difficulty securing funds for such construction, the A the construction, such for funds securing difficulty W residents. current villages’ those of request the at constructed were all and G G formerly in constructed were all mosques, new these of two from Apart constructed. been have mosques new twenty-nine 2002 since while Cyprus, north in constructed mosques new nine U not. had governments Turkish mosques and religious education in ways that previous A the that clear is it time same the at changes, certain of presentation media reek O reek niversity is opening a theological school and recently recently and school atheological opening is niversity hile some of this perception appears to be influenced by by influenced be to appears perception this of some hile rthodox churches were formerly used as mosques, mosques, as used formerly were churches rthodox K P has supported the building of of building the supported P has e should have solved this. W this. solved have e should hile previously there had been been had there previously hile RN C president Mehmet Ali reek Cypriot villages where where villages Cypriot reek ntil 2002, there had been been had there 2002, ntil , 18 June 2012). 2012). June , 18 K adri G adri ear East East ear 18 e could e could

ürsel, ürsel, K P e

25 26 19 remarked: leader association trade Sunni One Muslims. practicing strictly more into them make to attempt an and priorities Cypriots’ Turkish to attention of lack ablatant thisas saw Some complex educational Nicosia. outside and school atheological of construction proposed identity,the including Muslim of signs visible in rise is the interviewees of anumber by mentioned was that shapingthisperception factor One commented: union leader One society. tolerant and asecular ‘Islamise’ to attempt an as thisis expressed discourse public In much businessperson commented: o being implemented without us having any control. ushavingany without implemented being are things isthat uncomfortable me makes What community. the of structure demographic changing the of because desired are things of sorts these It that may be them. to isforeign Sunni ideology The important. more are values family Cypriots, For them. inside it’s believe, do they if that but Allah, in believe don’t I’m Cypriots saying not importance, have don’t they Isay When Cypriots. for importance have any really don’t things of sorts These opened. being schools imam-hatip and built being complexes religious of examples the give We could us. assimilate to usbut help to trying isnot AKP the that believe I perspective, this From Karpassia. in the living Cypriots Greek Cyprus, in north living Maronites Alevis, Sunni for Muslims, have to respect We want. they what believe to free everyone leave weshould forefront, the to Sunni Islam bringing of instead but belief, religious any I’m against not himself with religious practice. For instance, he he instance, For practice. religious with himself concern really Turk doesn’t but isMuslim Cypriot The without an open tender. N of outskirts the on land F Evkaf the unclear, being intent its and foundation the of origins only established was a few months earlier. Despite the is that it is being funded by a religious foundation that ne of the concerns regarding this proposed construction oundation has given it a significant amount of of amount asignificant it given has oundation icosia for a very low rent and and rent low avery for icosia 19 One One having any control.” without implemented being are us things is that me uncomfortable makes “What version of secularism. secularism. of version tolerant more own their understand to capacity party’s the about worried also they conservative, is Turkish since in power be to society party for “natural” aconservative was it that commented interviewees several while and regimes, previous by excluded been had that Turkish of element an society of struggles the to sympathetic are in general Cypriots Turkish while And abubble. as it see tending to left political the on persons and growth economic Turkey’s with satisfaction expressing businesspeople Turkish the on reforms economy,neoliberal of effects the on divided ideologically also are Turkish is moving. AKP the in which Cypriots direction the about concern is now there light, in apositive viewed uniformly were reforms democratising early AKP’s the While control. civilian under military the bringing by and a‘national cause’ as Cyprus seen had that rhetoric familiar the down Turkish the breaking by with state relationships Turkish of nature the changed has Cypriots’ in Turkey power to rise AKP’s then, the Overall, more important priorities. important more is, wehave that aroad, or aschool build amosque, of instead say they instance, For investments. these for aneed feel Turkish doesn’t public Cypriot The island. in the identity Muslim the deepen to istrying AKP the that means this Ithink support, state with made are investments these since course, Of built. complex areligious be to there’s supposed and mosques, large many how know Idon’t are there Cyprus, in north recently place taking investments the at If welook identity. his Muslim doubt anyone let never would aTurkish but letter, the to Cypriot everything Turkish practice may not public Cypriot The wants. he when mosque the to goes He holidays. religious the aday, times celebrates he five but pray doesn’t 20 in 1974, island the of division the After discourse. isThere confusion considerable in of categories this life. way of Cypriots’ Turkish to athreat as workers migrant presents which media, Cyprus’ in north prevalent especially danger,’ demographic ‘a of discourse called elsewhere has researcher one is what protection such lack they that However, reason main the lack. currently they which state, the by protection have to proper needed workers migrant that emphasised interviewees the of all Almost sites. construction on facilities constructed in hastily or in Nicosia’s city walled in hostels more or twenty sometimes of in groups living families, their without arrive many and male, are migrants economic these of Most north. island’s in the labour cheap of source main the remain Turkey east points 2003, and in checkpoints of opening Turkish the Despite citizens. Turkey via were most that arrived and migrants Turkey,through economic that meant thisalso was time that at world the to door only Cyprus’ north Turkey. from immigrants by outnumbered Because being were they that anxiety increasing express to began 1990’s, Turkish in the Beginning Cypriots (1). ‘cultural erosion’ and Immigration Turkey: with relationship their regarding anxieties and Turkish fears summarise that issues Cypriot this broader context, there are three interrelated Within decade. past the over changed significantly has Turkish community the with Cypriot relationship whose and power regional and economic growing aTurkey of then, is one context, is a that current The B. Current fears andanxieties

a R Problem of Pigeons:“The O Census Cypriot Turkish- 2006 the of Results Preliminary the of Light the in Cyprus of Ethno-Demography the of Overview An Shrinking? H Mete See Purkis, “T Purkis, Semra and Kurtuluş Hatice also 145-172; pp. (2008), 20:2 [ emekçileri” göçmen-enformel dışlanmış Lefkoşa’nın Vol. 112 (2008), pp. 60-101. pp. (2008), 112 Vol. Bilim, ve Toplum N W icosia’s excluded migrant and informal-sector workers], workers], informal-sector and migrant excluded icosia’s aves of migration from Turkey N to from migration of aves hetoric of the ‘Local’ in N in ‘Local’ the of hetoric u rkiye’den Kuzey Kıbrıs’a göç dalgaları: dalgaları: göç Kıbrıs’a Kuzey rkiye’den Is the Turkish Cypriot Population Population Cypriot Turkish the atay, Is ( O slo/ 20 N icosia, P icosia, rientalism, Xenophobia, and orth Cyprus,” Cyprus R Cyprus Cyprus,” orth R I O R eport 2/2007) and and 2/2007) eport orth Cyprus: Cyprus: orth eview eview accuses Turkey island.’ the to accuses people ‘sending of these often discourse problem,’ popular ‘population and a as thisinflux perceive to Turkishcaused Cypriots has in crime, arise of aperception as well as migrants, labour. However, these of cheap on numbers the dependent are industries these both as north, island’s in the industries construction later and tourism the of growth the with 1990’s 1980’s and in the increase to began population This life. abetter seeking volition, own its of island the to comes group latter The migrants. labour as island in the arrived later who persons from distinguished be should ‘settlers’ these so and in 1979, ended migration facilitated This Turkish from indistinguishable are Cypriots. often and Turkish dialect the speak Cypriot grandchildren and community, children the into their while incorporated were and Turkish married Cypriots others Many Peninsula. Karpassia the as such live, to wish didnot Turkish where Cypriots areas in remote settled usually were labour, they and agricultural as used were Many enterprises. and land Cypriot Greek of out economy in building an element important an became they and state, new citizenship in Turkish Cypriots’ and houses Cypriot Greek given were they arrival However, arrived. upon they when Cyprus about little knew afew quite and volition, own their of come not did many in that Israel, as such projects nationalist colonial in other settlers resemble not do English, they in literature popular and in academic ‘settlers’ called are persons these Although properties. Cypriot Greek given were and island in the settle to encouraged also were intervention military in the participated had who Soldiers north. island’s the to projects state other or dams of aresult as displaced persons moving involved primarily Turkish the and with state collaboration in Turkish leadership the by Cypriot planned was in the island. in the Turkish the population increase to intended migration afacilitated of part as north island’s in the settled and Turkish arrived 30,000 nationals approximately 21

Cyprus Northern in ‘Settlers’ Turkish the of Integration Political H Mete See ( O slo/ 21 Beyond Numbers: An Inquiry into the the into Inquiry An Numbers: atay, Beyond This act of demographic engineering engineering demographic of act This N icosia: P icosia: R I O R eport 4/2005). eport

27 28 that needs to be made in relations with the Turkish the with in relations made be to needs that changes first the of one thisas below, see note many we As population. immigrant expanding for arapidly planning inadequate of because running over-capacity hospitals as such services social collapsed words, of in other overflowing,’ glass ‘the of one as presented is often problem population the press, In the noted: firm communication a owns who businessperson One in Cyprus. businesses Turkish of practices discriminatory the as saw they in what island, the thiswithin experienced Others commented, for instance: association abusiness of head One public. Turkish the with Turkishtension and government of sources main the of one as well as problems, economic and social both of list their of top the at today, Turkish is most For then, ‘population’ Cypriots Turkishof origin. are 25% votingrights, with population citizen current however, noted, be It should the of will. that political away their take would immigrants that afear Cypriots Turkish in creating elections, before immediately given often Citizenships were right. political the Turkish citizenship to on were distributing nationals parties the cases citizenship, in most where of distribution the of corruption encouraged has north island’s in the system patronage entrenched the In addition, AKP, the of rise the ‘Islamisation.’ as ‘Turkification,’ or, of apolicy with as cast is often This don’t love us. Is that true?’ that Is us. love don’t you say brother, ‘Big they ask, they now But interest. aspecial show would They there?’ things are How Cyprus? from brother, ‘Big came you ask, would they Turkey to Cyprus from went you when that be to used It goTurkey you to when in ataxi. get and Cyprus at Turkey way in the change the looks You best see heavily criticises you and your people. your and you criticises heavily you from across person that,’you’re like is, the that this, like are Cypriots ‘you say they abid,and make to goacompany you to instance, For work. don’t you us, love don’t uslike,you at look Turks (Türkiyeliler) the work, for hotels the of wegosome to when Here immigrated to Cyprus into the socialfabric.” Cyprus to immigrated integrating this population that has at want aimed would socialprojects “I businessperson remarked: businessperson One in aminority. be to tend these trends, global to related as migration economic see to have begun island in the analysts certain years in recent Although One journalist commented: journalist One planning. for further asubject as well as government, at some point it’s goingexplode. it’s to point some at anger, much so carrying and separated up so growing people with otherwise because planning serious weneed happen, to this For migrated. they’ve which to place the of fabric and culture the with live and up grow also should they but them, with culture their bring they from, come people where matter No Sea. Black the from someone as israised region Sea Black the from comes that afamily of child the moment, the At fabric. social the into Cyprus to immigrated has that population this integrating at aimed projects social want Iwould isfull. glass the subject this On flow. population the regarding drawn aline be there point this at least at that want Iwould all, of First Nicaragua. . . . Wherever you look in the world, world, in the look you .Wherever Nicaragua. from bananas our weget now but Karpaz, the in cotton our and in Yeşilırmak bananas our grow to is, weused That have disappeared. economies closed and system, dominant the isnow neoliberalism isthat problem second The usdirectly. affects it and problem, first isthe This much. as consume to want they but Europe, [western] as much as produce can’t countries these of most isthat problem EU. The the to close very or EUmembers either are countries these all Almost Europe. [western] with contact in close are countries Mediterranean the all now Right countries. Mediterranean the all and Cyprus in south experienced being also are moment the at is experiencing Cyprus north that problems the All in Cyprus. wrong going isonly wrong goes whatever that we think that, of Because Cyprus. of perspective the from only events these at look to have atendency We Cypriots and tension in the island between persons now calling calling now persons between island in the tension and division social increasing is an then, there In general, claimed: association Turkey abusiness of head today. nationalist One about little understand and Cyprus of perspective Turks see youth the from the only that argue generation older an of members certain In addition, diagnosis.” correct we can’tblame a Turkey make for everything, we always perspective of Cyprus,because and only the from we look at everything “Because started not to like persons from Turkey. from persons like to not started has and way Turkey sees in adifferent generation new other. this So each ‘otherise’ to have begun and interact don’t other, the they on so Türkiyeliler and side one on have you Cypriots canteens, university In the minds. in their lodged what’s isnow Türkiyeli bad the of image this and someone killed or house someone’s into broke Türkiyeli a that see and here newspapers the read just Turkey. seeing ever without They graduate here study Today who youngpeople our in Cyprus. universities weestablished Operation Peace the After Turkey. wives. Turkish us had and of husbands Most against anger no wehad reason that For cities. in the segment educated the of perspective the from culture We Turkish saw people. Turkey good of alot wemet in period In that mausoleum]. [Atatürk’s Anıtkabir visiting Turkey to without here from return didn’t went who Those in Turkey important. studying was days In those scholarships. in Turkey fighters’ on studying students athousand about wewere In 1967 diagnosis. acorrect make can’t we Turkey blame everything, for wealways because and Cyprus, of perspective the from only everything at welook .Because this. of because problems social experience public The we have population. as migrants labor many as received we’ve labour, and cheap wants also economy own Our in Istanbul. or York, in New inLondon, in Paris, same isthe situation This place. the over all ismoving labour cheap festivals celebrating everything from local tulips to to tulips local from everything celebrating festivals ‘traditional’ new and dance; folk food, music, and traditional in Cypriot market culture; anew village traditional Cypriot emphasise that shows television culture, with local of explosion an experiencing today are Turkish world, in the Cypriots elsewhere happened has as claims, such Despite ‘Turkification.’ of a type as described this‘cultural is aresult, often erosion’ As Turkish primarily are nationals. migrants those that Turkey via world the to door means single Cypriots’ Turkish migrants, of numbers large have received that countries in other mayobserved be phenomena similar while above, noted As island. the into migrants of influx the of culturein consequence local their of erosion an experiencing today are they that perception current Turkish to led This, in turn, has Cypriots’ changing. are them around landscape human the cultureand their that have asense lives daily in their Turkish question, into Cypriots figures and facts call monitoring external of lack accompanying the and non-recognition words, while In other it. believe not would they amillion half than less was result the if that insisted callers some 2011, November in census, taken last the following programmes in Indeed, television amillion. to amillion half from figures giving island, in the population the about wildly speculate to tend discourse popular and media Turkish the aresult, As Cypriot recognition. of lack monitoredproperly by international agencies due to is not case in any which government, own their by given figures population and censusresults doubt to Cypriots post-1974 immediate causes in the period, danger,’ roots ‘discourse demographic of its has which the In addition, migration. engage in afacilitated Turkey when period the did from is aholdover people’ Turkey of impression The ‘sending will. these political away Turkish take to in order island Cypriots’ the into Turkey that migration impression is facilitating the gives press popular the while migrants, to attributed are crime increased and services Turkey. social workers—from immigrant Collapsed or settlers as island—either the to migrated have who those and ‘original Cypriots’ themselves

29 30 24 region remarked on his Facebook page: his on Facebook remarked region parliamentarian currently representing the Güzelyurt reunion, such a one have to After reunions. begun have also south island’s the from displaced Cypriots degeneration.’ ‘social current the before atime and villages former for nostalgia anew of form the taken also this has 23 22 they non-Cypriot, are they when origin of places suspects’ the on report invariably they while and stories, primary their crimes such make to tendency have Turkey. a from newspapers immigrants Certain to crime all attribute to newspapers those of tendency the and newspapers in Cypriot reflected as in crime rise apparent is the erosion ongoing of cultural sense Turkish influencing Cypriots’ factor important One global. the to in reaction and within local the of emergence the as described been elsewhere has that is aphenomenon This artichokes. wild

o

Mehmet Çağlar, Facebook, 03 June 2012. June 03 Facebook, Çağlar, Mehmet forthcoming). forthcoming). D. Berliner and O and D. Berliner of Nostalgia, Ethnographies in Past,” Cypriot Turkish “ See H See U (Chicago: Ethnicity, Inc. Comaroff, Jean and L. John and 162-184, pp. U (Chicago: McAllister community’s existence into the future. the into existence community’s this carry and values cultural our reclaim to able weare that shows that event an was Cypriots Turkish Limassol of Meeting First the that think I years. last in the wehave experienced that erosion cultural the against worldly.’resistance a quiet It was more become or cultures other embrace cannot micro-cultures own their claim cannot who people ‘those that idea the on based culture our reclaim to amovement was it that say Ican movement. achauvinist as understood be not should this But in everyone. joy incredible an was There years. 38 for seen not Ihad that Limassol from people I saw ed. E. N E. Power, ed. of aWorld in Premises R of Age an “Ethnicity, N Comaroff, L. John see order, global the within identities N n theof new self-conscious construction ethnic ostalgia and the Discovery of Loss: R Loss: of Discovery the and ostalgia atay and Bryant 2008, as well as R as well as 2008, Bryant and atay The Politics of Difference: Ethnic Ethnic Difference: of Politics The in evolution,” niversity of Chicago Press, 2009). Press, Chicago of niversity 23 ationalism, and the Politics of Difference in Along with village festivals, Turkish festivals, village with Along . Ange ( . Ange niversity of Chicago Press, 1996), 1996), Press, Chicago of niversity O xford: Berghahn Books, Books, Berghahn xford: . W ilsen and P. and A. ilsen e-refugizing the the e-refugizing ebecca Bryant, Bryant, ebecca 24 22 In Cyprus, In Cyprus, ed. ed.

power in the island: in the power economic and might Turkish of presence military the Turkish with of aconfusion therefore immigrants is there that and will; political in their interference an fear to reasons have historical Turkishthat Cypriots ‘guardian’ country; the from come migrants all almost that fact the to related was identity disappearing a of discourse the that noted expert legal One Turkey.from coming persons all to ports Cypriot close to reason a ‘Turkish of and culture’ part atypical as behaviour this portrayed commentators extreme certain on Internet the and other incident,public commentary dump. In agarbage at buried was body the and his by father, murdered and Turkeyfrom raped was were parents whose ongoing, ayoung boy was report for this research the while occurred that incident to perceived threats to social order. social to threats perceived to refer to used aterm panic, amoral is called literature Turkey. sociological in the what produced has This by foreigners,committed from persons especially is crime, serious all particularly and crime, all is that impression general the aresult, As Cypriot. are they when origin of places the suppress always almost 25

Paladin, 1973). Paladin, (St Albans: Panics Moral and Devils Folk Cohen, Stanley people perceive as disappearing is really a will that that awill isreally disappearing as perceive people what see, Ican as far as and perspective, my From . immigration. that receives that country guardian the it’s and reverse, the usually it’s In fact, protectorate. its as them keeping that’s country the from immigration much this receives that world in the country other no probably There’s guardianship. its usunder keeping that’s country the from immigration wereceive is that characteristic important another Ithink Additionally, more. this weexperience immigration, more wehave because course, Of migrants. receives that country in every in America, in Europe, experienced are things These elsewhere. wesee things all are past, in the unlocked doors their keep to used they that or identity, their losing are people that idea The 25 In a recent In arecent trade association leader commented: leader association trade One Turkey’s to island. in the directly responsibilities problem the related however,Some, and disagreed differently inexperienced Cyprus: was it that but trend, aglobal was island the to movement population the of much that reiterated administrator high-level labor. One cheap demanded businesspeople in which system a neoliberal as well as administration, own their with was problem primary the that said many lives, daily their affecting issues important most the of one being as problem’ ‘population the saw interviewees most while But of our own administrators. Of course Turkey wants Turkey course wants Of administrators. own our of those and Turkey’s both are mistakes security public in problems and in population rise uncontrolled The here. coming population the controlling against Turkeythat aposition isgoing take to think Turkey, .Idon’t force. labour wehave acheap from coming people these of Because it. against are who administrators own our it’s this, against isn’t Turkey Actually, controls. tight go through should people and country, island isan This here. luck their goingtry to they’re decide anywhere wanted aren’t or crimes in Turkeywho have committed people instance, For regulations. or rules without is movement population this isthat here wrong What’s movement. apopulation have such also We world. the over all movement there’s apopulation why money. That’s most the make and productive most be can they isgoing where to everyone structure, have astable doesn’t world the moment Atthe village. in one’s little own living just as thing other, such there’s no each and with communication isin world entire days the These going extinct.’ we’re disappearing, ‘We’re of rhetoric this I dislike will. isthis here risk isat and lost being really what’s but erosion, cultural and social about reactions be still would there course, Of different. be would reaction their probably will, in their goinginterfere to not are here coming immigrants the that sure be can If Turkish Cypriots will. political this isreally ‘identity’ call people what that Ithink disappearing. that’s have and can’t they the control of the Turkish army in the island. He noted: He Turkish the of island. in the control the army is force under Turkish police the Cypriot constitution TRNC the of Turkey,to 10 Article to according as responsibility full attributed journalist left-wing One problem: for the responsible largely was state separate a than rather aprovince as Cyprus north view to Turkey’s that noted media left-wing tendency Cyprus’ in appears and writes often who expert alegal And to it. to astop put to Turkey’s it’s that responsibility believe Turkey, of Republic the from cards I identity carrying are prisoners the of 80% that see and here prisons the at Ilook When country. the leave to ability their obstructing including happening, things such prevent to measures of anumber taken has government English The this. do will newspapers right-wing most the conservative, most Even the countries. in other committed they’ve crimes the of ashamed they’re that clear it makes and hooligans its of fun makes public English the situations, In such trouble. causing and countries goingother to hooligans [football] own their by disturbed very are English the instance, For England. from example an you give isTurkey’s I’ll we’reresponsibility. experiencing that uproar social current the In addition, responsibility. isTurkey’s illegally, this country the entered who’ve those or criminals in catching ineffective are police If the them. to directly tied are here police The here. security public in Turkey for Staff isresponsible of Chief is, the That here. security for responsible Turkishforces isthe it armed issecurity, issue If the situation would be different. For instance, whereas in whereas instance, For different. be would situation of things to thehere, balance attention the current more paid had it if and Cyprus?’ to immigration be not there should why Istanbul, to immigration there’s us, if of one of, case ‘You’re in any attitude the with problem the If Turkey approached not had found suspicious about them. about suspicious found that’s there’s something airport the at interrogation during because back sent are people these if object Turkey shouldn’t also deported. are here crimes committed who’ve persons when object not should Turkey but better, treated be to here citizens its

31 32 each month. month. each Turkish Cypriot every to goes government family paycheck population one of only 190,000, that at least this suggests employees. With former and acitizen month its current to every 50,000 government sends checks Presently the TRNC goes to every Turkish Cypriot family each month. This This month. each Turkish family every to Cypriot goes paycheck government one least at that this suggests 190,000, only of population acitizen With employees. former and current its to month every checks 50,000 sends government TRNC the Presently service. public in the reduction and works public of privatisation planned the have included measures The workforce. citizen adult the of 0.05% approximately or work, of out persons hundred three than more left which airline, national Turkish the of Cypriot bankruptcy the of heels the on followed measures austerity Turkish community. for the These package aid to the attached measures implementation of austerity the have seen Cyprus in north years two past The (2) measures and austerity Privatisation will.’ ‘political Turkish Cypriots’ away taking or control of aform as perceived is often it as careful, Turkey which about especially be should issue thisis an that remark still phenomenon global is a movement population that emphasise who those And abroad. citizens its of conduct for the responsible be should it because or island the to entrance on restrictions Turkey to amenable because be should Turkey’s fully or either responsibility, partially as viewed issue, then, is generally public important This number of migrants if it wanted to. wanted it if migrants of number here that but it rather could control themigrants Turkey that say to issending want Idon’t much. this have been not would it but immigration, had have Okay, would this. all westill have avoided could we Cypriots], Greek of [supporters Rumcu protested who those called not had it if and this, done If Turkey requirement.’ not had passport the lifting Turkey ‘Okay, said, I’m suddenly now passports, Turkey from with island the entered people past the tourism association head continued: head association tourism same veremedik). That kavgası kuruluş verdik ama kavgası kurtuluş (Biz ourexistence” establishing for fight to able we haven’t but been freedom, for astruggle fought “We remarking, by problem up the summed association atourism of head One existence.” our forhaven’t establishing fight able to been but for we freedom, “We fought astruggle businessman commented: businessman One work. they in which fields in the trained necessarily not were so and appointees political be to tended administrators that noted also Many adequate services. One educator and columnist noted: columnist and educator One services. adequate provide to unable and ineffective as interviewees all by perceived is also bureaucracy bloated For example, they said, “Let’s make Cyprus an island island an Cyprus make “Let’s said, they example, For interests. own their to according space that fill will course of groups interest These it. fill to come will interests country, in any administration in the a gap If leave you in administration. gap abig there’s been reason that for and orders, receiving to We’re used here. case the not that’s but Turkey professional, are in in TurkeyAdministrators here. one and bureaucrat ahigh-level of quality the between difference way. there’s ahuge now Right unprofessional in apartisan, isdone here everything Also, projects. or strategies long-term produce to try not do they future, the regarding excitement or hope any see to able not they’re in power. Because stay to in order Turkey with relations good in pursuing interested just power, to come are they after here, governments The our pocket and they can’t provide social services. social provide can’t they and pocket our wehave in what of 85% We spend policies. welfare social and investments gopublic to should rest the and salaries, service gopublic to should income acountry’s of 30% words, In other is30%.’ average world the and salaries, on income national your Turkey of 85% us, ‘Brother, to spend you issaying Turkish nationals noted: Turkish nationals and Turkish Cypriots between relationship the on in asurvey engaged is currently who researcher one Or observed: newspaper acentre-left from Similarly, journalist one Turkey here.” is strong “As the administration is weak, here long as normal administration, we’d be in a worse state than than state we’d in aworse be administration, normal a had If wehad blame. to someone for looking always they’re isthat that of price the And criticism. self- in real Turks engage don’t Cypriot I think fixed. and diagnosed be to need these and problems, are There in Turkey’sball court. the throw always shouldn’t One react. really didn’t Turkish but Cypriots civilians, various with alliances inappropriate formed military the and occasions, of anumber on interventions were there past In the are. they way the being in things have role abig Cypriots Turkish creative. more be to need Turkish Cypriots Turkey. towards anger the greater the down, isworn identity Cypriot Turkish the more the aresult, .As work. they way inthe inexperience, in education, it’s whether Turkey, from coming one and administration local a between there’s ahuge is, but it way difference the that’s In fact, own. our isabove administration Turkey’s that say people case, In that intervenes. this,’ do he and can’t ‘They cases, of in alot says ambassador the example, For Turkey here. isstrong isweak, here administration the as long As it. fix to Turkey want doesn’t case, In any it. fix wecan nor administration is so degenerated that neither Turkey the In fact, isterrible. Cyprus of administration The it. do and come will else someone it, do don’t Turkey.” If you work. to Okay, want don’t you but from coming say, they then “Everything’s And Turkey. from comes hotels in the working everyone and hotels the building ones the Both hotels. those in work to wants one no but built, being are Hotels Fine. tourism. gambling this make to decided they recognised, isn’t TRNC the because And tourism.” for Similarly, Turkey’s while is growing sector tourism island. in the sector thiseconomic of existence in Turkey universities the of threatens multiplication the while process, Bologna the outside are instance, for universities, their that find Turkish Cypriots sector. However, tourism the and today universities of development the including thisisolation, overcome to projects various Turkish have proposed governments Past isolation. economic Turkishincreasing Cypriots’ produce, especially stamp, aTRNC bearing goods of Europe into import forbade Justice of Court European the of decision a1994 In addition, desired. so economy, it its if even open to fully unable case in any is so and status, unrecognised its of because default, by Turkey. isolated been has Cyprus Moreover, north in events behind steps several is often changes, it these of effect felt the always has Cyprus north While capital. foreign by investment to opened were industries state formerly and shrank sector public the as protest, public and strikes with met was industry state of power.to privatisation The came AKP the after 2000’s, the especially and 1990’s in the speed gained 1980’s and in the began economy market open sector. Turkey’s an with experience public bloated and inefficient an from suffered also substitution industrialisation, on it import and based enterprise. private and state-run way between middle a find to economy, 1980’s attempted the until which Turkey’s on modelled own was This business. small support to service public in the work on dependent highly was that amixed economy formed had Turkish 1974, in Cypriots island the of division the After 26

F shop a long time ago. Nothing works properly. properly. works ago.Nothing time along shop up closed and bankrupt gone We would’ve Greece. with the Mixed Economy Mixed the with Experience Countries’ Other and Turkey’s Economy,” in Turkey’s Mixed in Sector Public the of Development “The Turkey Modern of Development Economic and Political Hale, The W e.g., See, sector. public the to role akey gave also economy Turkey’s mixed governed that etatism The aculty of Economics, 1979). Economics, of aculty ( K 26 ent: Croom H Croom ent: In 1974, Turkey economy aclosed had elm Ltd., 1981), and Öztin Akgüç, Akgüç, Öztin and 1981), Ltd., elm , ed. M. H M. , ed. iç (Istanbul U (Istanbul iç niversity, niversity, illiam M. M. illiam

33 34 socialist youth group leader, group commented: youth who socialist is a principle on resist who those Among become. can Turkish economy the what of vision Cypriot is a is needed what that argue and inevitable, as them see economy,who those and thisisolated on effect have apositive cannot they that believe who those principle, on them resist who those among divided then, have reforms, been neoliberal to Reactions institution abroad. representative Turkish as Cypriots’ newspapers in described was which airline, national the of bankruptcy in the visible especially were reactions acommunity. Such as survival their to athreat as enterprises national of destruction the see who those by reactions emotional to led this, in turn, has and it, embody that institutions national in the Cypriots for Turkish manifest is often state unrecognised their of ‘stateness’ the In addition, government. Turkey by them,either to own their by or explained sufficiently been not thishas that commented interviewees many and isolation, of a context in economy their in developing aid will measures these how understanding have difficulty Turkish Cypriots have they in Turkey. than Cyprus north of economy isolated facto de the on effects have different policies those time, same At the policies. planning economic country’s that avoid to Turkey following inability and on dependence economic Turkish of context Cypriots’ the within seen be then, must north, island’s the in reforms neoliberal of implementation current The here.” sent all laundering—are money banks, offshore prostitution, Turkey—casinos, in wanted not are activities economic Whatever is Turkey’s Cyprus dumping ground. “North remarked, union leader One Turkey in Cyprus. available but in illegal are that activities economic various the to Turkey’sas çöplüğü), referring ‘dumping arka ground’ Cyprus north to referred often interviewees addition, In Anatolia. outside amarket developing to hindrance is a north island’s the to flights daily, direct of lack the policies. Do you think that if Turkey if that here, think you not Do were policies. neoliberal implementing for Turkey instrument isthe implemented in Cyprus by inTurkey’s Cyprus implemented hand.” in the world,everywhere they’re and “[Neoliberal] implemented being are policies impoverishment in Cyprus.” in impoverishment [Turkish] government, there’s agrowing been current the by imposed package economic of the because years, three the“In past can only be disastrous. One claimed: One disastrous. be only can Turkish economy isolated the Cypriot on effects the that argue to hand, tend other the on leaders, Union this perspective, I don’t see Turkey’s see Idon’t economic perspective, this From years. in two minimum wage in the increase an been by, get hasn’t to there and struggling are minimum wage at working Persons falling. are workers of day,standards living the every and increases price are there expensive, more becoming is life time, same Atthe [penny/cent] araise. of kuruş one even seen haven’t service civil in the positions highest in the working Persons in Cyprus. impoverishment a growing there’s been government, [Turkish] current the by imposed package economic the of because years, three past In the they’re implemented in Cyprus by Turkey’s by inhand. Cyprus implemented they’re and world, in the everywhere implemented being are policies These levels. profit raise to attempt the and capitalism of crisis current the from arising policy isa situation This weshould. course of it, against struggle weshouldn’t that mean doesn’t agent the Turkey’s saying course, Of policies. these of agent Turkey isthe agitation. for used that’s something way,own.’ this Turkeyit at isjust this looking isn’t their of left have nothing they that so enterprises public Turkish of all Cypriots’ privatise on, let’s Turkey ‘Come though said, as isn’t it words, other In policies. EU’s expansion the even own and Bank, IMF, the by fed are World the policies These vardır). tarzı yeme yoğurt bir way. yiğidin (Her different in a perhaps but here, implemented be would they course Of here? implemented be wouldn’t France implemented in policies and Germany the neoliberal One high-level administrator remarked: administrator high-level One avoid waysto these. find always would they reforms, Turkey to promises make certain implement to often would Turkish politicians while past, Cypriot in the that fact the on commented interviewees of A number represents. it opportunities the and development own Turkey’s from farther and farther them pulling was that system outdated in an continue to attempting for politicians own their on blame considerable placed interviewees all almost thiscontext, Within like: look will Turkish economy the Cypriot what of avision develop to needs government Cypriot Turkish the that but work, can but painful be will they that inevitable, are changes these that argue Others sector. Most employment in the public sector here is here sector public in the employment Most sector. public in the employment unnecessary prevent to measures take to needs Turkeymade. especially be to going continue to are mistakes those mistakes, Turkish Cypriots’ Turkey finance to continues as long As mistakes. Turkish Cypriots’ financing up give Turkey isto favour here do can biggest The AKP. the of that . to policy aparallel develop to support their gain and them convince to attempt doesn’t Turkish Cypriots representing government the isthat here unhealthy .What’s Cyprus. in north it implementing and do to how Turkey knows it what doing in fact isjust enmity, but as this perceive People back. astep take to it for hard it’s in bulk, money Turkey given just has because happy. be Here, and families their feed to people many for possible it made has given been has that credit the and businesses, found to families many for opportunity the been has plan development Turkey’s credit. for regional opportunities him gives instead and in his pocket money put doesn’t state the why asking moan, and cry doesn’t in Adana aperson instance, For differently. this weperceive But Cyprus. in north going behave to it’s people, own its of benefit the for acted has it however so and budget, in its hole ablack be to TRNC the want TurkeyActually, doesn’t it that issaying economy. Cypriot the or workers Cypriot benefiting as growth commentator found this to be a narrow vision: anarrow be foundthisto commentator and educator One reforms. those implementing of intention no had they because precisely have, could reforms certain benefits what explain to Turkey” in lying to have who failed degrees “master’s having as describes thisinterviewee that politicians the precisely was it that commented others Many administrator gave this situation a historical context context ahistorical gave thissituation administrator former and representative society civil One transparent and modern system. modern and transparent todepends implement on our a more ability equal and healthy more becoming Cyprus north Turkey and between relationship the words, In other opportunities. of sorts all uswith is goingpresent to this and administration, honest and just have amore to in order system warped this of rid get isto here wehavemake to step healthy.The isn’t that Cypriots Turkish with relationship of atype of direction in the moving are they here, politicians the trust don’t they Because going here. on what’s see they in Turkey one no and country, isstupid, a modernizing way, wrong the this Turkey but take should is one No goingyears. for on been has situation This public. the serving actually isn’t aid as giving they’re that money the that and people between distributed getting is giving they’re money the that says Commission Aid The convincing. explanations their find I time same honour, my the at harms but here active isthis Turkish the Commission that Aid fact The Turkey wants to do here are being prevented. prevented. being are here do to Turkey wants things the words, In other made. being appointments partisan still are there but problem, employment sector public the solve would they said They this. reversed court the later months three but retirees, from taken be would taxes said They privatised. been has institution asingle not but privatisation, be Turkey. to would in lying there said They degrees have master’s they and years, fifty for power in have been people our but years, ten for power in been has money. get to .AKP in order pride Turkey’s stroke to how know just here politicians .The introuble. weget uswhenever helping stop Turkey words, to In other needs partisan. and unfair

35 36 harming the wayharming that Turkish Cypriots view Turkey.” say .In that is other the words,Ican AKP necessary. than “At line aharder the betaking moment, to the AKP Ifind system.” modern and implementto amore transparent on ability our depends more equal healthyand becoming Cyprus Turkey north and between relationship “The current perceptions of the AKP in north Cyprus: in north AKP the of perceptions current for explanation an provides time same the at that child wants and sudden say no to something, of of something, to no say sudden and wants child your everything to yes say you years for is, if That here. antipathy with at looked been it’s attitude, despotic amore adopted also has AKP the because today. way course, Of same in the at looked aren’t military the of because favourably viewed were past the in that requests those So implemented. measures certain and programmes financial havingits on line Turkey aharder moment Atthe istaking foundation. political amore on put been they’ve that say can We normal. more have become Turkey TRNC the and between power, to coming relations party AKP the with that seems it in fact So this. like subjects on in step can’t military the point this at and influence, military’s the of AKP,the areduction there’s been of power to rise the with years, few past in the Now military. the of intervention the by secured always was wanted we that aid economic the words, In other softened. always were conditions these intervened military the when but aid, its on conditions certain place Turkey, with Turkey and agreements would certain make wewould words, In other aid. economic for Cyprus from coming requests the approved always military The military. the by shaped mostly were Turkey and TRNC the between AKP, relations the the before that say Ican And up close. from policies Turkey with economic and discussions financial the follow to able was who I’m someone reason, that For bureaucrat. level ahigh Iwas period last the in in fact and 2008, to 1978 from abureaucrat I was situation. this handled has AKP the way in which the of criticism considerable also was vision, there economic an formulate to failure for its and administration corrupt and inefficient for its both government, own their with found fault interviewees all economy. almost While isolated in an implementation their of means the and measures austerity of necessity the regarding is,There then, of difference opinion considerable measures. Erdoğan remarked at the time: time: the at remarked Erdoğan measures. austerity against protests to indignantly replied Erdoğan Minister Prime when 2011, of beginning the at aclimax to came attitude paternalistic This koymak). (adam men” of yerine “put place in the them colloquial, or, in the it put they independence their to as respect appropriate give not does that one condescending, and paternalistic find they attitude This children. ungrateful and spoiled as Turkish Cypriots have portrayed Turkish the officials years, and press of couple way past in which, in the the with frustration express “despotic.” They as them of assessment representative’s society civil above the echoing Turkish conducted, been have government recently the with relations way in which the with frustration expressed also However,footing. interviewees all Turkey with relationship the abetter on put would administration in that improvement an that belief the expressed them of several and administration, own in their problems serious recognised clear, makes interviewees section previous the As (3) Paternalism Turkish Cypriots view Turkey. view Turkish Cypriots that way the isharming AKP the that say Ican words, In other islosing. AKP, winning the than that rather me to seems it this, of because And relationship. the harm to tends it but orders, giving of position in the be to AKP the for natural it’s Maybe necessary. than line aharder taking be to AKP the Ifind moment, Atthe abit. that resemble moment the at relations the and areaction, goingcreate it’s to course 29 28 27 asandbag. behind mornings in the waking fighter a was editor the that years during the was Erdoğan where ask to on went then and like that?’ something say youto are ‘Who done, had Erdoğan as asked, Turkey of critical highly been has that newspaper Cypriot one of editor The indignation. and shock Turkishwas inmedia the Cypriot reaction immediate The account. to his son calling afather or servant, his calling amaster again, suggests, histo office minister prime TRNC the call will he that says Erdoğan which with tone The servant. of type a as them raising one’s into children and home poor taking of practice traditional the describe to used aword besleme, are Turkish that mean to Cypriots besleniyorlar word Erdoğan’s the of use interpreted Cypriots Turkish is inflammatory: here used language The soracağız). konuşacağım, kendisiyle (çağırıp him account to call and Ankara to minister prime TRNC the order would he that claimed then Erdoğan life?’ little so give or little so suffer did Turkish Cypriots but Fine, youhave veterans. wounded have martyrs, ‘You asked, sayyou newspapers left-wing the of One

(Ülkemizden beslenenlerin bu yola girmesi manidardır). girmesi yola bu beslenenlerin (Ülkemizden route this take to country our by fed being are who those for telling .It’s quite reasons. strategic for business same the Turkey has in Cyprus, also has Greece business Whatever interests. have strategic adam). be (Sen kimsin that? like something say to you are Who here.’ of out get ‘Turkey say should .They a protest. such holds shamelessly and lira 10,000 gets gentleman .The TL. 10,000 to isclose salary servant civil Turkey. lowest against this like very The in protests engage to us‘get have right no tell out.’ .They They . south. the with these organising They’re Cyprus. in north protests provocative have been there Lately F kimsiniz?,” Yenidüzen, siz “Asıl Mutluyakalı, Cenk F 5 Gazetesi, “Açı: Ya Kimsin?,” Afrika Sen Levent, Şener Akşam Gazetesi, diyorlar,” ‘çek git’ hem alıyorlar, para “Hem Küçükkaya, İsmail 29 ebruary 2011. ebruary ebruary 2011. ebruary And even one of the newspapers that is known is known that newspapers the of one even And I have martyrs, I have wounded veterans, I veterans, Ihave wounded Ihave martyrs, 4F ebruary 2011. ebruary 5 28

27 Turkey says will happen, whatever Turkey says is right.” thoughis there no thought invalue, as it, whatever and no has here though the structure “Turkey behaves as remarked: remarked: researcher One will. political for their respect Turkish the that no impression has government the Turkish most have and given Cypriots relations have to soured appeared incidents these affairs, Cypriot of in charge minister anew of appointment the with improved subsequently relations Although colony.’ amodern be can it that so Turkey. to joined Cyprus to sent be should Agovernor and abolished be should TRNC the we call that state This government. in apuppet for apresident need like acoloniser. We talk to have no begun has case in any ‘Erdoğan commented, AKP the for supporting 30 one: apossessive was relationship the that remarked organisation atourism of leader The in respect. lacking one currently was relationship the that view the expressed interviewees all Indeed,

from Turkey come here and say something like that. like something Turkey say from and here come minister have to aprime disgraceful it’s constitution, own our and representatives elected own our wehave as long As here. living people the of name law, the to international of name the to democracy, of name the to isdisgraceful bridges and roads he’s that going build says to Turkey and here comes of Republic the of Minister Prime the that fact The relationship. isacharacterless about we’re talking What direction. in that leading are things moment TurkeyAtthe whatever isright. says happen, will Turkey whatever says and in it, thought isno there though as value, no has here structure the though Turkey below. as far and behaves above far from one on, who’s one trampled the and orders the giving one the between one as relationship this describe I would F adam?,” be Kıbrıslı, kimsin “Sen Harman, Doğan ebruary 2011. ebruary 30 5

37 38 I don’t anymore. beachild want to grow Iwant to up.” mother-child or father-child me. bothers relationship “The were of the opinion that austerity measures were were measures austerity that opinion the of were interviewees most rhetoric, paternalistic or familial the of erosion the and institutions their towards respect of lack perceived the to Further, in response this change: of roots social-psychological the explained researcher One leader: association hotel one of words in the Or remarked: power. journalist its One lose to relationship afamilial of rhetoric the caused This, in turn, had grow up. grow to Iwant anymore. achild be to want Idon’t me. bothers relationship father-child or mother-child The anything. wins baby the believe I don’t wins. always mother the because thing, of sort in that believe Inever rhetoric. motherland-babyland in that anymore believe I don’t us. after’ ‘looking of relationship this of effects psychological and sociological the to importance any give they think us.’Idon’t of And care ‘taking their on based is, it’s that It’s possessive, pleasant. isn’t Cyprus Turkey north and between relationship The region, or a separate entity. aseparate or region, aseparate or state, isaseparate this if comprehend can’t people instance, For you. understand really [in Turkey] there people the can’t and relationship, in the character real there’s no that I think reason, this For here. influential isvery state mental that psychology, father. that Ithink and mother its of child the still it’s may be, achild successful how matter no Because hollow. relationship the makes just business ‘motherland-babyland’ whole the And ourselves. explain to able being not of wehaveproblem this because fault, their isn’t this But well. very community Turkish Cypriot the and Cyprus understand not do parties political and Turkish the that Ithink Actually, governments remarked: in Turkey. period coup post-1980 the researcher One of openings Turkey neoliberal on the with developed parasitic are Turkish that belief Cypriots widespread current the that commented also interviewees Several bank gave the following example: gave following the bank alocal of manager worse.’ In one thisregard, situation current the makes only Iam” is who “This Ankara, sayto to and stance have to atough politicians local our of inability ‘The observed, columnist local Apopular rights. up for their stand or needs their express to unable were who politicians, own their with lay in thisrelationship problems current for the responsibility the of share alarge that opinion the of were interviewees all almost time, same At the state. unrecognised an of citizens as status special their of consideration without and life; way of or needs their to regard them; without with consultation proper without undertaken being anything that would make its ‘mother’ proud. proud. ‘mother’ its make would that anything done not has also here administration The us. saved and here came they that image the down break to able never were somehow here people And elements. nationalist of anumber hid also that motherland’ the to ‘thanks of apolicy following Turkey started Özal with Especially change. to started relationship that came Özal When states. two between that like was Cyprus Turkey north and between relationship the power to came Özal until Actually, town. Adana some of office postal the him to direct would service postal Adana the that be would thing next the slide, it let just had he if his position, up for stood hadn’t he if but that, achieved He states. two between arelationship was this because service, Turkish the of postal head the with correspondence in be should here service postal the of head the that gave orders in and stepped Interior the of Minister end, the In the in protest. Turkish ambassador the to went even objected, He director. service postal provincial Adana the to there administrator some by sent was letter the and in Ankara, service postal the of head the to aletter wrote he point, one At here. service postal the of head the was father My interference of Turkey:interference the encouraged politicians own their of attitudes the that observed association ahoteliers’ of leader One vein: similar a in commented aTurkish of bank manager One Cypriot businesswoman: community. one to According thissmall to life-support continuing its and Turkey with relations good preserving through power maintain to have tended politicians In thissystem, creativity. or administration good encourage not does of patronage through that a such system dependency to itself lends Cyprus in north system political current the that opinion aunanimous also However, was there to. butchild .” has whostepmother doesn’t the look want after to the spoiled Turkey and Cyprus child the that between “Our as is relationship portrayed would be no problems between Turkey us. and between problems no be would there and aposition, in such be not wewould thing, right the wedo if that Ithink .But things. imposing they’re that impression the creates it mistakes, their correct to tries way, Commission Aid the when this behave they because And wrong. done they’ve what goingexplain to they’re how of worry the by activated are bureaucrats our I’ve seen, what From measures. certain implement and solutions drastic more some isgoing find to mother the point Atthis kept. never are promises those But chance.’ another me give Just time. last isthe This swear. I’ll I change, time ‘This saying, and mother its to excuses making always that’s achild of position the in isput Cyprus situation, In this stability. any been there’s never election,’ that past get let’s election; this say, just past get and way ‘Let’s populist in a things at look always here politicians Because . to. has but child the after look to want doesn’t who Turkey and child stepmother the spoiled the Cyprus between that as isportrayed relationship Our itself. explain to able wasn’t it but things, of alot did it maybe Actually, reforms commented: EU certain implement to in attempting involved been has who community. EU expert the One to beneficial be not might package aid the by demanded measures austerity various the why of commission that convince to commission, in attempting or Turkish the by proposed aid those to projects alternative in creating engaged not were politicians Turkish that remarked Cypriot others Several at many levels in Turkey, levels many at 1990s in the that remarked contacts has who EU expert, same The professional. more becoming and improving was bureaucracy Turkey’s that time same the at persons untrained to jobs given had service civil the of politicisation the decades two past the over but respect, commanded and well-trained were Cyprus from bureaucrats past, in the that observed administrator Another properly, someone will come and do it for you. for it do and come will properly, someone yourself govern can’t and want you what know AKP, Ifthe don’t of you is normal. this perspective the from But it. minimise to best its isdoing AKP the but identity, aCypriot eliminate to possible be won’t it Maybe politics. irredentist in an engaged it’s this, of isaware AKP the because And line. any follow would re-elected, be to anything do would government This passage from the Qur’an, then wehave problems. then Qur’an, the from passage a it’s Turkey from though sent as say bureaucrats the everything understand administrations our if But us. convinced they subjects some On reforms. own our or negotiations the with do to having in Turkey whether things, about bureaucrats highest-level the I’ve convinced when times have been there way. in the instance, For stand to Turkey’s think don’t going Ireally thing right the do you if but here, problems the on Turkey effect an has .Okay, produce. not let’s ourselves, renew not let’s change, not let’s say westill but ischanging, world The change. weresist because also and responsibility weavoid Turkey.blame because isboth this Actually, and road easy the wetake always, Like standard. acertain to it keep and life of way people’s protect to difficult be not should it community asmall in such but here, effect have an always will Turkey’s policies

39 40 the same period as a result of political appointments: political of aresult as period same the during backwards slid had service Turkish civil Cypriot the of capability the development, positive rapid this to in contrast that observed expert same This Turkey meetings: at represent in to called often was he that languages foreign in Turkey knew administrators few who so were there after 1994 with the increase in competition and the the and in competition increase the with 1994 after And us. Turkey this, do going respect can’t to isn’t he When respect. command should he a subject, up brings he when or his mouth, opens and a meeting to goes bureaucrat ahigh-level When us. for respect in Turkey their lost bureaucrats the this, of result a As work. don’t people power, to CTP the comes UBP when while work, don’t people power, UBP the to comes CTP when And Turkish Party]. [Republican CTP the from 2000 and Party] Unity [National UBP the from are now, 6000 service civil in the working people 8000 are If there politicised. became service civil the happened that When appointments. political be to able were administrators even that after and decree, atrilateral wesigned In 1994 Turkey? with point this usto brought What reaction. have anegative drivers taxi go you even when today but interested, really were people Cyprus from come had you said you when that be to It us. used like be to want us, even Turkey made that respect things main the of one was This ethic. awork them, about aseriousness had and work to how knew bureaucrats those and period, British the during educated bureaucrats wehad in Cyprus that be to It used impressed. were in Europe bureaucrats the even words, have In other to in 2050.’ want they country of sort what designed had they and people, sixty of in ateam came They impressed. are ‘We saying, me to email an sent mine of afriend in 2005, back went they when But them. at laughed everyone and policy, environmental have an even didn’t they Brussels Turkey when to went in2002 example, .For that. like law,things and English, in commercial education for abroad people of alot send to began they 1990s, in the that, after But us. with communicate could who or English speak could who someone in Turkey finding time time In that ahard wehad businessman pointed out: pointed businessman One years. in recent tone anew relationship that given has business-mindedness AKP’s the that observed also 1980’s, the some to dates Cypriots Turkish towards attitude paternalistic the that noted interviewees several while And challenge. to have will not do the politicians entrenched most that on Turkey fostereda dependency problems has and Turkish to solutions Cypriots’ creative stifled has that system political acorrupt to interviewees most by attributed community, then, was the pervades currently that hopelessness The centre-left journalist observed: journalist centre-left One state. unrecognised in an community a small of anxieties and fears the account into take not could which capitalism,” “predatory of inhuman effects the as interviewees many by perceived was what is precisely Cyprus, in north community business the by appreciated while attitude, thisbusiness-like And next day a an imam-hatip school, after that that after school, imam-hatip day aan next the open, will Tomorrow mosque anew Anatolia. in atown it’s though Turkey as and behave to tends community, island isan this that It’s forgotten come. will ones stronger even then and survive, strong the and eliminated be will weak the and rule, will capitalism predatory of rules the that believe people in which isdeveloping Apsychology influence. any uswithout leave and works public over going take to it’s now and system, administrative our of charge took it then security, of charge took and here came Turkey that think they first why That’s institutions. its with themselves identify they state, unrecognised an to belong already people these Because back. money their want they servants, civil to given raise unnecessary there’smoney. an if But spend to hesitate water, don’t bringing they or adam building it’s whether instance, For production. of subject the on sensitive very they’re and mentality, AKP the by isshaped that isarelationship This blame Turkey.blame to was thing easiest the and country, the run couldn’t we acorner. point Atthis into squeezed more even economy, wewere market free of influence increasing one journalist remarked: journalist one mean, culturemight their of recognition what define to asked When beliefs.” culture, their their existence, for Turkish respect Cypriots’ any demonstrates that one is not relationship “The it, expressed researcher one As state. unrecognised an of citizens as status special and community island an unique cultureas their of understanding or recognition of alack implied this way. in asimilar interviewees, governed all For be to town, asmall even or is aprovince, Cyprus north though as behaves it state, aseparate as TRNC the Turkey while that recognises technically complained interviewees all almost Insubmission. addition, even Turkey over-dependence, of one as today with relationship their see Turkishreport, Cypriots this throughout and introduction in the noted As Imp III. economically. and politically both feet, their on stand to them aiding and will and independence Cypriots’ Turkey Turkish with relationship inthe respecting lay improving key to then, the interviewees, all almost For the English Cypriots.” Greek and against struggles from continued reflex identity there’sany case, ahundred-year-old already in the community. In discomfort psychological to leads how this place. they This treat atown they“However treat in theis mainland themselves as a separate community. In any case, in case, In any community. aseparate as themselves see to want Turks. They as seen be to want don’t they but Muslim, way in some as themselves Turkish see speak and Turkish island, In this Cypriots Cypriots. Greek and English the against struggles from continued reflex identity year-old ahundred- there’s already case, In any community. in the discomfort psychological to leads This place. this treat they ishow mainland in the atown treat they however words, In other Ankara. from come will managers their and open will branches bank new Ankara, from come will water and electricity rov Ing t Ing h e r elat Ion s hI p a good one. should Ourrelationship that.” belike respect, that and today on relationship is mutual depends south and Cyprus “Today Greece the between relationship views, and their responses had overlapping themes. overlapping had responses their and views, similar shared interviewees all relationship, that improve to recommend would they steps what and be Turkey with relationship the to want would they what asked when And “brotherliness.” even or friendship of arelationship respect, mutual of one become would relationship the that hoped interviewees All separate political entity. One union leader insisted: union leader One entity. political separate a as Cyprus north of in practice recognition the entail would respect that implied or remarked Others businessman: Kyrenia-based didone as state, special citizens conditions as unrecognised of an cultureand separate for Turkish arespect Cypriots’ as this interpreted Some respect. mutual on founded be Turkey and Cyprus should north between relationship the that remarked point some at interviewed those All R A. us, that it’s helping us, but this is not a relationship arelationship isnot this us, but helping it’s us, that Turkey protects brother, big it our it’s that that says here. community the for respect Turkey show to has inSingapore. in Thailand, England, in this We see themselves. to specific and introverted more are that have cultures always Islanders world. in the Turkishcommunity living only island the are Turkish us. for Cypriots respect haveshow to They friendship with Turkey. with friendship have astrategic We can future. own our determine to wewant and we’re here, saying, are people . These . future. own their determine to them allow will that and own istheir that astructure, entity, democratic a want they recognised, iscompletely that have astate don’t Turkish .Even if Cypriots hadn’t. they maybe that see to began they struggle, that won they’d thought they when just And this. for fought and up guns have taken Turkish Cypriots past the espect

41 42 north Cyprus to drift apart: drift to Cyprus north Turkey caused had which and globalisation, of effects the to part in large attributed be might development this that observed EU advisor One respect. of lack thisperceived of because primarily years recent in degenerated had TurkeyCyprus north between and relationship the that observed interviewees Many and developments such as funding for new mosques funding mosques for new as such developments and Turkey from influx population The section. previous in the noted problems perceived in the turn, to refers, interviewees all by expressed ‘respect’ of notion The process, it affects other relationships other affects it process, globalisation this of out left have been Cypriots Turkish because So can’t. they but it, of part become to necessary what’s do to wants everybody here and process, Bologna there’s the education higher in instance, For process. this of part be can’t Cypriots Turkey. away from to, Turkishdrift want they Even if to began Turkish Cypriots copyright, and competition on law international to agreements patent to rights human from subject every on globalisation of process the with integrated more be to began Turkey .When out. left were Turkish Cypriots other, each and with integrated economically and politically more became countries globalisation, With globalisation. to related isalso situation this I think equal. less and less be to began relationship current diminished,the was respect this As equality. of one be to seemed always it respect, on founded was relationship this because And languages. foreign knew and tolerant, cultured, was that asociety as seen were Turkish people Cypriot The eroded. been has respect that but bureaucrat, least the to down [Turkish]the president Turks, from Cypriot for respect areal was there that case the be to It used cause. national important an Turkey, For in Turkey was Cyprus. for respect Cyprus of amount incredible an was there 2000’s the Until that. like be should relationship Our one. isagood today relationship that and respect, mutual on depends Cyprus south and Greece between .Today us. insulting of relationship the and affairs, domestic in our interfering of disrespect, of arelationship it’s equality, political on based . reluctance to insist on the separate nature of a state astate of nature separate the on insist to reluctance a interviewees, some among also, was There us.” with relationship it should havewith the Luxembourg, same kindof Turkey relationship “Whatever has relationship: in the criterion important most the be not size should that asserted for instance, commerce, of chamber the of head Aformer states.” two between a relationship be certainly should relationship “This remarked, who researcher one with agreed interviewees of A number respectful of Turkish Cypriots’ state and political will: political and state Turkish of Cypriots’ respectful was that arelationship to down boiled which of most recommendations, of anumber listed example, union leader, One for will. political Turkishof Cypriots’ disrespectful as seen hand, are other the on packages, aid recent to attached measures austerity The Sunni of Islam. adherents fuller them make or them ‘Turkify’ to attempt an Turkish cultureand Cypriot of disrespectful as seen are schools imam-hatip and want to say is that size is not the important thing. thing. important the size isnot isthat say to want I What same. isthe Malta EUcountry. an of state of Turkey of head the Republic as the of President the by Turkey to comes he’s met state of head Luxembourg’s EUmember. an When it’s and amillion, than less of a population has Luxembourg words, In us. other with relationship same have the should it Luxembourg, Turkey with has relationship of kind is, whatever That states. two between relationship the like be It should a federal solution of the Cyprus problem. problem. Cyprus the of solution a federal creating towards Turkey effort Iwant an show And to isteriz). olmasını efendisi ülkesinin (kendi country own their of masters be and feet two own their on stand to Turkish we want Cypriots In addition, representatives. elected our of will and decisions the for Turkey have to respect weexpect state, separate we’re a if Third, migration. uncontrolled to end an wewant Second, will. political Turkish Cypriots’ for respect show to AKP the wewant all, of First One tourism association head commented: head association tourism One ambassador.’ like an behave more should ambassador Turkish ‘the that was interviewees several by made recommendation concrete one Indeed, Turkish society: know get to to Cypriot effort an of more make in Cyprus Turkish representation the that recommended so.’ do to journalist One effort any make doesn’t and Turkish Cypriots understand Turkish doesn’t government ‘The remarked, who researcher one echoing Turkish Cypriots, and Cyprus about knowledge of lack to government Turkish the of attitude current the attributed Many wishes. government’s Turkish the with in line maybe which not will, political their cultureand Turkishof Cypriots’ recognition and knowledge entail should respect that However, faith. insisted all lost had many in which do so.”to Turkish Cypriots doesn’t and any make effort Turkish government doesn’t “The understand bring in people who understand social relations better. better. relations social understand who in people bring and position this abandon they that recommend would up. I this havegive to me.’ They question can one no and Iwant Iwhat what do ‘I’ll says, that attitude overconfident an for door the opens relationship dinner. of or kind This abreakfast for journalists invite don’t They today?’ you are how friends, ‘Hey says, and coffeeshop the to goes who employee have asingle don’t They them. for working sociologist or psychologist, anthropologist, asingle met haven’t I but here, forces security and undersecretaries these all has AKP is, the That everything. understand to try to and everyone to open doors their keep to be would them to advice My convincing. all at aren’t that in ways society this approaches AKP the And entity. separate a as itself seeing society in this resulted actually have Turkey’s influence and done. be to ‘help’ has what do should they we’re so doing what understand wedon’t that idea the with place this approaches Turkey Kırşehir. or Diyarbakır like Cyprus run can they that idea up the have give to they that say I would elements that they think willelements implement its policies.” cooperation only with beestablishing to those seems and introverted with is definitely them, the Turkish Embassy relationships withestablish Cypriots develop and projects to which try the itother embassies, to “If we compare journalist remarked: journalist One invited. regularly are journalists and academics, politicians, local which to parties, garden and dinners as such events, sponsor which and public, Cypriot the with in touch keep that attaches have political which embassies, other to Turkish in Cyprus Embassy the compared unfavourably interviewees of A number has to change. change. to has situation This place. the run to want just they friend, your be to want don’t They them. around informants afew way, agents, afew just formal with very in a you address and fortress in their sit The in Cyprus. friends family made had here ambassadors the of any You that community. say the not from could distant remained have always Turkey island the to sends that ambassadors and consuls the period, British the from Starting situation. apleasant isnot This occupation. isunder place this that say to continue will asaviour, people administrator, adirector,as an ishere ambassador the as long as But feet. own its on stand to able be will country this ambassador, an like behaves really here [Turkish] day the The ambassador read Turkish writers, and it’s actually easier to to easier actually it’s and Turkishread writers, they teams, Turkish follow football here living people But activities. in such engage doesn’t Embassy Turkish the II, War World of veterans Turkish Cypriot and Cypriot Greek together bring to effort an makes Commission High British the while instance, For policies. its implement will think they that elements those with only cooperation establishing be to seems and introverted isdefinitely Turkish Embassy the them, with projects develop and Cypriots with relationships establish to try which embassies, other the to it If wecompare mentality. mathematical amore with works Turkish current Embassy The

43 44 32 31 Turkey of role in Cyprus: historical the regarding self-criticism of engagein aform might AKP the that suggested intellectual public and professor law One implemented: be could that changes of sorts for the suggestions institutional concrete had EU expert One

are supported by the Y the by supported are Y The centre in N in centre a such open to 2012 January in signed was a protocol although and countries, twenty approximately in Centres Y are There abroad. language and history, culture, Turkish promote to 2007 in law special governmental foundationnon-profit, by established turned over to TIKA. to over turned be could Turkish the Commission Or Aid TRNC. the with EU, agreement Turkey acommerce sign could the despite instance, For equality. on based more are that Turkey measures take relationship, In our could in afortress. living way. this they’re like work It seems doesn’t Embassy the But Kemal. Yaşar like someone bring they if thing same The there. people with relationships establish go and gladly Iwould party, agarden give and here club football Beşiktaş the of president the bring to were Embassy the if and fan, I’m aBeşiktaş instance, For apublic. such with contact establish and open aYunus open Institute. EmreCulture and division Commission’s Social-Cultural Aid the down close could They here. work should they Bosnia, areas such as education and health. and education as such areas other in as well as treatment, water and building road as such support infrastructural provide They Afghanistan. as such states Eastern Middle certain and Caucasus, the Africa, as well as Balkans, the and Europe Eastern of parts in working now depth, and scope in grown has W states. Asian Central to support infrastructural provide established after the collapse of the Soviet U Soviet the of collapse the after established was that entity an is Ajansı) Koordinasyon ve İşbirliği The Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency (Türk power, this is how people perceive it. perceive power, people ishow this in isnow isTurkey AKP world the usthe for and now, this is like because but AKP, world The though. the from emanating problems aren’t These threats. as capital and policies cultural policies, education AKP’s the see people now Right Germany. or Belgium, in Bosnia, work they however here work should they ith the growing economic power of Turkey, the agency Turkey, of agency the power economic growing the ith unus Emre Cultural Institutes or Cultural Centres Centres Cultural or Institutes Cultural Emre unus icosia, plans are still underway. still are plans icosia, 31 unus Emre F Emre unus That is, however they work in work they is, however That unus Emre Cultural Cultural Emre unus oundation, a oundation, 32 nion to to nion That is, That 33 disrespect. and arrogance as mayinterpreted be and significance attains island the in Turkish officials of attitude Embassy hierarchical and distant the is emphasised, equality which in and easy is relatively offices highest in the persons to access in which community in asmall that noted be It should administered. indifferently be to a province as north island’s the treating of born arrogance an as public Turkish the Cypriot understanding in disinterest current the interpreted they while sociologically, them to understand and socially Cypriots Turkish engage with to effort diplomatic sustained amore then, recommended interviewees, All o having it imposed is another. isanother. imposed it having and thing, isone consulting But decisions. making Turkey with consulting avoid while never would institutions Turkish the that Cypriot know to needs Turkey course. right the on sides two the between But such announcement an could put the relationship equal. be never wecan politically and economically that knows everyone case, In any Turkish Cypriots. for meaningful very be could that like A gesture peace. make to quick as just and anger to quick very are Turkish that Cypriots know We all things. of lot a change could this Ithink future. the for a promise be would it but apology, an be exactly wouldn’t This states.’ two between relationship equal the be will relations our and relationship this going correct to we’re on now from but government Turkish Cypriot the or Turkish and Turkish Cypriots governments the between past in the occurred things undesirable say, could ‘A AKP the of number instance, For It seems very disrespectful to us.” to disrespectful very It seems arrived. first we when this to adjusting time ahard had we failure to rise when he entered the building, “ building, the entered he when rise to failure guard’s asecurity to reference in point, one at me to F disrespect. of asign as it interpret to tend who officials, to Turkish other and disconcerting administrators often using the formal plural (sen) singular person first the in president, their even officials, high their even address will Cypriots Turkish Turkey. in Most interactions personal most pervades that sort the of hierarchy deplore to tend hierarchy. Turkish in their Cypriots, daily interactions, of issue Turkey the on from bureaucrats and officials Turkish between misunderstanding often and Cypriots or instance, a Turkish university administrator remarked remarked a Turkishor instance, administrator university n an ethnographic note, it may be remarked there is is there remarked be may it note, ethnographic n an (siz) . This behavior, in turn, is is turn, in behavior, . This 33 rather than than rather Y ou know, know, ou policies: indifferent and imposition of arrogance perception of the to leads fields in appropriate knowledge with consultthose to failure the generation, commented that among the younger, educated media local in the appears often who professor A law us.” from ideas taking and with by us discussing should beimplemented and us to should beexplained better “Policies suggested: businessperson One fields. in relevant work who Turkish consultwith should Cypriots package, aid the with associated expenditures planning when in Cyprus, Turkish that was officials interviewees of anumber by given recommendation A related Turkish Cypriots with communicating and Consulting B. finds that the director of the Central Bank has half his half has Bank Central the of director the that finds and here comes Canada or in America worked has who professor economy aTurkish Cypriot instance, For abroad. educated been has that generation young the to troubling especially are brigade fire the and Bank Central the on stand its or military, the to tied be police the Turkey’s that insistence process. in the wehave part no though as it’s moment Atthe to. talked wehavebe to consulted, we have be to them with identify to able be to us For changes. these decisions, these with identify wecan’t isthat missing really what’s moment Atthe us. from ideas taking usand with discussing by implemented be should usand to better explained be should policies These in Cyprus. implemented be should they saying and his table at policies these out writing in Ankara sitting there’s somebody that impression there’s the moment Atthe relationship. the out have straightened could us, it from coming something as but sanctions as not implemented been had decisions If these policies. these of defining in the doing they’re what know who Cypriots Turkish more including towards have moved I would leader of one of the trade associations noted: associations trade the of one of leader A years. upcoming several for the proposal a program develop to cities, Cyprus north in various stakeholders with meetings underway, through currently are Efforts programmes were being imposed: being were programmes package aid that perception the reduce also and needs Cypriot addressed packages aid ensurethat would commission aid the within society civil from experts Turkish of voices the including that Cypriot observed administrator TRNC high-level Aformer itself. commission aid in the well, as included, be should Turkish that However, suggested Cypriots others sensitivities on this issue will be diminished. diminished. be will issue this on sensitivities our programme, own our weprepare if Maybe here. package economic 2013-15 the prepare us to allow will that studies various begun we’ve reason, this For imposition. an as past in the perceived have been Ankara from coming programmes The easier. easier. much problems resolving make would it and Cyprus, of needs the to according made are investments that ensure It would in decisions. involved directly organisations professional and society civil make would effort of sort This Turkish Cypriots. bright these include to effort an make to needs Commission Aid The Harvard. Business, of School London the Oxford, from have degrees and abroad studied who Turkish are Cypriots There commission. Turkey from aid in the technocrats be only shouldn’t there words, In other society. civil from but government the from not Turkishinclude Cypriots, to need they and governance, good of name the in expanded be to needs commission aid the addition, In efforts. aid in its more associations professional and society Turkey civil that I think engage to needs about a from problemabout in them! my country advice going seek to Iwas words, In other students. my were experts legal two the that saw and room the Ientered [sarcastically]. us,know you than better know They Ministry. Foreign the from experts legal with subject aparticular discuss to Ankara usto sent they team negotiating the on Iwas when example, Turkey. from appointed .For was and knowledge

45 46 controlled relationship between the two states: two the between relationship controlled ensureamore would that agreement security a see to want would he that remarked journalist One control. immigration and regulations; trade Turkey; and with investment fair Turkish of goods trade Cypriot free allow would that relationship; a commercialprotectorate agreement in a finds often one that sort the of agreement asecurity included in thisregard Suggestions Turkey. with relationship their of definition legal formal for amore adesire upon touched interviewees most consultation, of issue the with Along R C. atmosphere. prevailing currently the improve greatly would and imposed, are packages such that sense the as well as disrespect, of sense the reduce would package aid the with associated projects formulating in Turkish of experts inclusion the and Cypriot Turkish with consultation Cypriots of forms various that in were agreement then, interviewees awhole, As helpful: be would package aid the with associated projects explain to strategy amedia that suggested outlets media main north’s the of one of manager the In addition, essential: was packages aid developing in Turkish with Cypriots collaboration that remarking agreed, commerce of chamber the of head former One language that the Cypriot people can understand. understand. can people Cypriot the that language in a and realistic, and isreasonable that way in a ideas and projects their explain to media the use Turkey of to Republic the need of representatives The created. be would atmosphere Turkey positive abrother,more and as see would Turkey they see amaster, wouldn’t as here way, usin this consult to people were the If they together. companies our bring together, let’s projects Turkey, tell these I would determine on, let’s come want a modern structure in which we have a security wehave asecurity in which structure amodern want Iwould state. modern amore into brought been has that administration Cyprus isanorth Idesire What egulation the of relationship summed up the problem: up the summed professor law One agreements. legal by secured be to needed asserted interviewees of number a equality, which of question the is again here At issue state. aseparate as TRNC’sstatus the of recognition entrenched a more words, be would, in This other outlined. are other each to partners two the of duties the when relationships, protectorate engage in formal that states by signed agreement of sort is the this journalist mentioned by agreement cooperation security The secured it. One legal expert said: expert legal One it. secured that guarantees certain were there that emphasise did they thisinvestment, in interpreting cautious were interviewees Although resources. remaining local away Turkish take to is intended that one Cypriots’ occupation, of form anew thisas interpreted often have newspapers in local columnists corporations, these to given guarantees and advantages of Because sectors. construction and tourism Turkish in the large by primarily firms, investment increased have seen years several past the this report, Turkey. and of beginning the at Cyprus mentioned As north between investment and trade of issue the on focused explicitly interviewees most interviews, all up in almost came equality of issue the While they behave that way. that behave they and states, equal two as so do they table the at sit they when least at but isenormous, them between difference the agreement economic an discuss to table the at sit Luxembourg and England when words, In other England. and Luxembourg between Italy, and or Vatican the between wefind that sort the of equality alegal establish wecould least power. At aregional as equality or equality, economic or political be cannot there because equality, legal be to needs there Atleast equal. as seen be to need sides two the Turkey. cooperation inthis course, Of with cooperation of ties have to strong We need friendly relations. measurable, and states two the between agreement to these foreign investors were unfair to smaller, to unfair were less investors foreign these to given advantages the that asserted also Interviewees remarked: Turkey histo goods exports who businessman Turkish economy. the to One Cypriot contribution little made they that claiming others and environment the of destruction their deploring some investments, large these about ambivalent were interviewees Most strategy: apolitical of result the be must and Turkey’sonly to growth economic attributed be not certainly could investments these that commented representative society civil One and our own smaller hotels can function. can hotels smaller own our and hotels opened newly the both well, ourselves present and policy tourism our IfTurkey werethink it. about convince wecan plan aproper weformulate if and industry, tourism the for plans wrong the implemented we’ve Ithink casinos... on based wasn’t that industry tourist local the destroyed we’ve meantime, the In capacity. that times ten with hotels open to started we’ve but isobvious, tourists of number The seas. our dirtying and environment our we’re destroying time same the at sector, but tourism our develop to We try Turkey’s growth. with do to economic nothing has this words, In other here. come not would groups investment incentives, special weren’t there if that We know this. knows world in the Everyone this. like in aplace invest not would investor asmart However, country. normally a normal war, at it’s that acountry isnot this that appearance the give to It’s desired investment. increase will that atmosphere an creating of aim there’s the that I think there’s security. that and ice on writing isnot this that understands circle minister’s prime in the capital the investments, these isinaugurating minister Turkish If the prime investments. these of opening Turkey of the for minister comes prime the because this wesee case, In any come. to them encourage to given was security of kind some guarantee, of kind some that means That investing. and here iscoming Turkish on. capital written being it’s now right ice.’ on But write don’t ‘I replied, he Cyprus, in invest not did he why asked was Sabancı When administrator remarked: administrator high-level former One agreement. trade afree and Turkish of goods import Cypriot the toward policies achange in Turkey’s desired others homework,’ most ‘do to simply needed their Turkishthat Cypriots and obstacles insurmountable not were these that is Turkey market claimed largest whose exporter one While inspections. health including EU regulations, to subject are in Turkish arriving goods ports agreement, that of aresult As in 1995. member Union Customs Turkey since EU Turkish an into goods became ports, their in importing difficulties encountered have often Turkish producers years in recent In Cypriot addition, Vegas on the beach’: the Vegas on ‘Las anew as touted been has and tourism hotel large to ago years several opened was that Peninsula Karpassia the of areas pristine most the of one region, Bafra the of example the used association trade one of head The them. to given be should advantages similar that and Turkish firms competitive Cypriot should have the same advantages. advantages. same have the should investors Turkish But Cypriot investors. foreign to advantages these give to natural it’s course, Of investment. their on havepaytax to don’t they and Turkey, from percent sixty up to credit given are there made investments the In addition, free. for investors to isgiven land state [Bafra] region inthat all, of First the effect of the embargoes. embargoes. the of effect the us overcome Turkey help with will that agreement have to astronger We us. need with agreement trade Turkey so afree and sign should his potatoes, sell and produce to wants being, human aregular like live to wants Turk and embargo isunder Cypriot the that say Turkey you. to needs swallow will economy larger the market, free the to everything leave you if Because advantage. our isto that integration economic an and Cyprus Turkey north and between trade free be Turkey. with to needs trade .There can enterprises small Cypriot that EUso the with agreement an sign could it least at Or policies. Turkey its change should Turkey goingmake to EUisnot If the amember, then

47 48 situation would be different.” be would situation the or tourism experts, professors university thousand Turkishtell Cypriots that there’s for 8-10 going beaneed to projecton and the table tourism or university put aserious work. abouthowfamily If will is its child worried you find now there’s“Right employment ahuge problem. Every regard. in that fears Turkish reducing of and Cypriots’ island the direction both of controlling immigration into the Turkey that steps in make could concrete were there that asserted interviewees all earlier, almost noted As observed: outlets media local largest the of one of director The for it. needed be would who workers migrant of type and number the and economy Cyprus north the of future the regarding both planning, population for need the stressed interviewees Finally, all almost said: oil producer olive small One regulations. Turkeyby the in fulfilling Turkish aiding Cypriots overcome be could thisproblem that thought Others health health certificate. a given be can goods our that so here laboratory a health Turkey want I would establish to perspective economic an from But be. couldn’t there saying I’m oil, bad not or potatoes unhealthy be could there course Of oil? and potatoes my for report health a me give can you that so here amachine put you can’t why economically, me If you’re going help to But we should be able to control that migration. that control to able be weshould But that. for people need we’ll and dishes, wash to men, rubbish waiters, as work to people need we’ll that is investments of kinds these of result one addition, In different. be would situation the experts, tourism or professors university thousand 8-10 for aneed be there’s going to that Turkish tell Cypriots and table the on project university or tourism aserious put you If work. find will child its how about isworried family Every problem. there’s ahuge now employment Right right-wing media corporation manager commented: manager corporation right-wing media One one’s of interests. those including own sacrifices, make to willingness the implied level emotional an at which brotherhood, of language the preferred Rather, they ‘motherland-babyland.’ of rhetoric in the longer no believed they that said all almost Turkish the and Turkish people, Cypriots between aseparation be never could there that then, remarked most, While Turkey’s teams. football and music, films, follow Turkish that fact Cypriots the mentioned others Turkey, from in Turkeypersons with marriages or while relatives to referred kinship. Some often and religion, language, of ties emphasised and expressions familial more used most while states,’ two and ‘oneof people that thisrelationship called Some country. other any have could with they that relationships the beyond far Turkey, and Turkey, from Cypriots persons or go that Turkish between ties were there that emphasised persuasions political all from interviewed Persons relationship D. ‘fraternal’ A ‘children.’ One trade association leader remarked: leader ‘children.’ association trade One of role in the cast be to longer no wished they that emphasise to used was language fraternal most, For things. And the father began to say, to your spend began you if father the And things. certain you’re going do to in return but this, and this say, to you began I’ll give father the time this And relationship. boy afather-small like more became this AKP the with But did. child the what about concerned too wasn’t and money gave it and child the helped always mother The aperiod. for continued relationship mother-child This times. Ottoman in Turkeythe from here in 1571 came ancestors our because Turkeycourse motherland, isour of yes, And relationship. motherland-babyland a called been has relationship this time along For dimension. other any or cost economic some to this reduce to possible It’s not life. my give I’ll even life, my give You’re to me siblings. want you brother,if my and between arelationship it’s when one’s interests own consider doesn’t one because relationship fraternal a it’s Isay relationship. It’s afraternal relationship. social or strategic, economic, an as just evaluated be It can’t relationship. isafraternal this that I think democracy and economy.” and democracy aself-sustaining money, create us us help sending of Instead administration. sufficient developing our to contribute and us, aself- “Turkey should trust bepatientand with us suggested: outlet media one of manager The process. reform own in their inspire Turkish and guide to used Cypriots be could reforms, bureaucratic of experience recent as well as growth, economic and maturity political Turkey’s that expressed ways, interviewees In various asserted: columnist popular One guidance. provide could and is stronger one that recognising while brotherhood of equality the implies it Turkey what of do, in that should descriptions previous the of many yapsın] encapsulates [ağabeylik brother’ Turkey that thisidea Indeed, feet. like abig ‘act should his on own himstand to helping and younger brother brother,’ a‘big Turkey as act should guidingthe that leader’s assessment association the echoed trade also interviewees Several equality. legal and respect mentioned of paternalism perception desire and for previously the to one,then, referred fraternal a to language paternal or amaternal from switch The developing the Cypriot Turk’s capabilities. Cypriot the production developing to contribute [abilik yapsın] and brother big a like Turkey that say act Iwould should difficulties, the all of economy. In spite and democracy aself-sustaining usmoney, uscreate sending of help Instead administration. a self-sufficient developing our to contribute us, and trust usand with patient be Turkey that say Iwould should else, anything Before him. help to try and arm the him by brother, take or his to advice give He’ll younger one. the reprimand really doesn’t brother older an but child, the beat even or reprimand can father The sincere. intimate, ismore brothers two between relationship The ayounger brother. and brother older an between one is be should relation this What it. spent you’ve where see to you, Iwant or I’ll reprimand elsewhere money manager observed: manager bank local imposing change.One without Cypriots Turkish Turkey assist to provide means the with should reforms legal and bureaucratic of experiences Turkey’s that suggested recent interviewees many fraternity, of using language not Even the when without without imposing. done be thisshould that suggests “brotherhood” of language the although apparatus, bureaucratic its and state own their reform to attempt they as Turkish advise Turkeythat and Cypriots assist will including expectations, to leads It also state. other any have could with they that bond the beyond goes Turkey with relationship that something Cypriots’ Turkish make “kinship” of atype as perceived are or to analogised be could that ties that idea the was then, interviews, the of themes persistent the of One necessary democratic and economic changes. changes. economic and democratic necessary the make usto for motivation and contribution areal Turkey of provide Republic could The changed. get don’t they somehow but constitution, in our changed be to need that things of alot are There inspiration. providing by but business in our meddling by not reforms, such realising of lead in the be to ought abrother, Turkey As parties. political regulating law anew and constitution anew of we’re in need instance, For deficiencies. of wehave alot subjects certain Today on but gains. unjust wehave astate informal, on acountry You build foundation. can’t healthy and afirm on established be to needs country This changes that will affect people’s daily lives. lives. daily people’s affect will that changes make to we need that Ithink here. change can nothing think they anymore, in change believe doesn’t here society .The institutions. administrative the all to amateurishness there’s incredible an Cyprus . . In north . changes. these of aware are people and imagination, of realm the beyond were things number. These card using identity your by satellite in by live you building apartment which determine day. in one can deed They atitle get and office registry land gothe to can you in Turkey today instance, For lives. daily people’s affect experiencing serious changes, changes these and TurkeyTurkey, behind. is steps ten it’s today but of ahead steps ten was Cyprus ago Twenty years

49 50 the real impediment was with Cypriot the impedimentGreek was the real side. steps, mode, said that certain all while take Turkey could might move do to into the negotiations amore productive anythingIn that addition, Turkey was if there when asked said that unanimously they not. were interviewees if they hopeful aboutthe were negotiations, When asked a p unanimously said that they were not. not. were they that said unanimously interviewees negotiations, the about hopeful were they if asked follow. will When that period election presidential RoC the and period during thissix-month may continue meetings committee technical although halted, be even or down slow will this process that EUis presidency, expected it Cyprus’ of Republic the of beginning the With division. island’s the to negotiations settlement intended a topolitical reach ongoing of context the within place took report for this interviews introduction, in the mentioned As IV. Curr 34 them. with power share to wish not does community Cypriot Greek the that community Cypriot Turkish in the belief widespread acurrent represent to appears and spectrum political the across from received answer an was This side. Cypriot Greek the with was impediment real the steps, certain Turkey while that take said could all mode, productive Turkey amore into negotiations the move to do might that anything was there if asked when In addition, has been extremely critical of Turkey of critical remarked: extremely been has who union leader teachers’ left-wing one instance, w o Cypriot negotiators.Cypriot Turkish regarding question equivalent the to negatively hand, 86% of G O solution.” acceptable amutually towards G “The statement, the with disagreed strongly Cypriots Turkish of 78% talks, of pace slow the for reasons on specifically hile the Cyprus 2015 poll did not include a question aquestion include not did poll 2015 Cyprus the hile te n reek Cypriot leadership is sincere in working working in sincere is leadership Cypriot reek t e n I “P al t n reek Cypriot respondents replied reek respondents Cypriot e go la n B” t I at Ion s a 34 n For For n the other other n the d one of the obstacles in the way of asolution: way of in the obstacles the of one were youth Cypriot Greek that power, additionally and share to have motivation no Cypriots Greek that view the expressed commerce of chamber the of director Aformer opinions. similar held interviewees All the moment: at made being not are that sort the of efforts required building peace that observed journalist same This observed: journalist One negotiate. continuing to of sake simply for the undertaken being were negotiations the that claiming itself, process negotiation the towards attitude critical amore expressed Others live with Turks. with live to want anti-Turkish, be don’t up to they brought and is Cypriots Greek of younggeneration the In addition, . them? I’ve gotwith Turks, what the share or with apartnership Iestablish member, should why so EU an I’m says, side already Cypriot Greek the But equality. on based federation bizonal bicommunal, a establish to in order proceeding are talks The solved. be to able been hasn’t Problem Cyprus the that say to able being in toy and argument have aterrific They Cyprus. of Republic have aGrecified they all, After situation. current the with happy they’re Turks, Ithink so and with power share to want don’t they that attitude insistent and havestubborn this Cypriots Greek explanations are building separation, not peace. not separation, building are explanations and pronouncements the all moment, Atthe account. into taken being aren’t questions of sorts like? These be Cyprus a united will What there’s afederation? when like be it will what words, In other federation. a imagine to how shown being not are People small. isvery negotiations these from resulting anything of chance The sort. this of circle a vicious There’s reject. will side other the know they that things says side other. the Each against aposition takes side Each asettlement. reaching at aimed process anegotiating want don’t leaderships Both negotiating. they’re like acting they’re words, In other negotiating. of sake the for done being just they’re settlement, a reaching at aimed aren’t negotiations the now Right Turkish Cypriots was a negotiated solution of the the of solution anegotiated was Turkish Cypriots for possibility only the that and continue should talks that stressed interviewees left-wing several Although observed: businessperson One state. patron their with relations have to better aneed implied negotiations of failure expected the that believed interviewees Some remarked: organisation youth left-wing one of leader The aim. an have to such appear not does process current the but it, with reconciling and past the facing require would note, they process, Apeace process. peace areal not but horse-trading of atype were negotiations current the that remark to interviewee only the not was He solution, we have to learn to live happily with Turkey. with happily live to wehavelearn to solution, a of possibility there’s no if So this. for ready isn’t side other the case In any right. in the appear to try we if or unilaterally, something wedo if matter won’t It going happen. to nothing’s past, the of mistakes the with reconcile can’t they if differences, other’s each accept can’t sides two the if words, In other citizen. asecond-class as you toward behave always they case, In any going work. isn’t to partnership that partially, it going give you’re only to if or this, give to ready If you’re not homes. and territory old is their want they all isgoing well, economy the is going well, everything them For side. Greek the with agreement any goingbe there’sto not that It’s obvious problem. this solving at aimed not are talks current The process. apeace by solved be to has now that adistrust created other, they each and killed other, each they against fought Greeks and Cypriots hair. Turkish hair, white And has he wesay black has person that say wedon’t hairs, black four or three only has aperson if But it. against fought fact in and this do didn’t who those were there course, other. Of each towards trust their lost they where apoint to came Cypriots Turkish Greek and interfere. to able weren’t people the and people, separated and aline drew and came power some in which one not is in Cyprus division The problem. amathematical it’s though as that, me give you’ll and this, you I’ll give how about talking and atable around sitting advisors their and men two about isnot process peace A real with me.” don’t“I believe that myshare want power to neighbours stance of resistance: of stance acoherent like him develop to for persons difficult Turkey, of critical Turkish it made that Cypriots Turkey, blame only to co-opt to tendency thereby and their and elements chauvinist own their criticise to inability Cypriots’ Greek was it that suggested also association youth asocialist of leader The asserted: association atourism heads who businessperson One up hope. given had they experience Plan Annan the after that said interviewees most division, island’s really nationalistic. really I’ve become have done Cypriots Greek the what after that say even .Ican obstacles. these overcome to how out figuring just time our of part significant a .We spend out. thrown them had and this saw Cypriots Greek the but booking.com, of members were owners hotel the and owners, hotel the to went I out. me kicked and regulations their changed they months six after agency, and investment aworld of amember became then and here agency investment an .I established it. wanting not Cypriots Greek is problem real the but apartnership, want don’t who community own in my people are there course Of me. with power share to want neighbours my that believe Idon’t neighbours. my off I’ve written point, this At neighbours. our with asolution be can’t there that Ithink badly, point this at but very asolution wanted Ireally in asolution. I’m interested point At this not serious anti-Turkey attitude, even in a period when when in aperiod even anti-Turkeyserious attitude, a adopt can’t Turkish that Cypriots reasons the of One south. in the chauvinism of amount incredible There’san you’re that. you’re this, Ottomans, the from you’re leftovers you’re aminority, saying, constantly They’re Cypriot. as Turkish Cypriots count they suggests that anything do never they policies their realising they’re when But Cypriot. also are north in the those and Cypriot, it’s island, the in nationality one there’s only that says Cyprus South

51 52 Cypriot.” Cypriot.” Turkish they count anything Cypriots that suggests as But when they’re they their never realising policies do island, it’s Cypriot, Cypriot. thosealso and are in the north “South says Cyprus that there’s only in one the nationality plight, most had also given up hope that negotiations negotiations that up hope given also had most plight, their of resolution legitimate only the as federation saw still most Although RoC. in the elections upcoming the by produced uncertainties as well as earlier, mentioned ‘projects’ two the of failure the of result one be to appears future the see to inability This answering. difficulty had interviewees many fail, talks these if happen should thought they what asked when negotiations, current the from result to agreement an expected interviewees the of none Although negotiations: the this might affect how and race resources natural new Cyprus’ regarding interviewees of anumber quite of observations the summarised also leader association youth same This talking about Turkey about us. to talking leave should they and that, do should south the in friends Our right. the on politicians from different any be Iwouldn’t Greece, or south the criticise Turkey. on up and concentrate stand to If Iwere us, we dominate to try who those and chauvinists own our against stand first weshould that is stance political our Because vardır]. durumu sakal’ tükürsen aşağı bıyık tükürsen [‘Yukarı place hard a and arock is, we’re between That behave. Cypriots Greek way the of isbecause discouraged, this they’re war politics. war cold and war nuclear To resembles peace. this me it call and peace of opposite exact the do They here. out played being politics war cold of there’s akind words, water, way, bringing inother same they’re In the oil. for islooking but peace wants it says side our And agreement. an accept will so and wealth the share to want will Turkish Cypriots petrol find they if that also but peace want they that says People] Working of Party [the Progressive AKEL south, In the 35 A high-level administrator agreed: administrator A high-level for so many decades: many for so have lived Turkish which under Cypriots uncertainty the resolve way only to the be would negotiations the to end an declaring that insisted right-wing UBP ruling currently the of is amember who businessman One committees in the negotiations asserted: Talat under worked had in technical who expert legal one instance, For leading. be might negotiations further where understand to inability an and Plan, Annan the than asolution to get closer never would they that interviewees of anumber of observation the to related be may This also this. achieve would

forty years old and for as long as I can remember remember Ican as long as for and old years forty I’m moment Atthe Nicosia. to moved afterwards and (Morphou) in Güzelyurt years two We stayed don’t believe anymore that it will. it that anymore believe don’t I but have happened, should iswhat This finished. have been should it then yes, Turkish Cypriots and no said Cypriots Greek the again if and text, agreed an on referendum another have been should there isthat have happened should what I think I was born in 1972. After 1974 we became refugees. 1974 webecame After in 1972. born I was path.’ own our we’re going take to point, clear. Atthis it result the and it, on views our forward We put much. very you thank plan, apeace uswith ‘You presented world, the Turkey to and have said should Turkish Cypriots Plan, Annan the After absurd. was negotiations the restarting that after and open, in the out came everything Plan Annan the with Ithink subject. this on point last the was Plan Annan the I think N ( Community Cypriot Turkish Stories: No. 2, Life Strife, of Report Civil and Military Cyprus—Consequences R to introduction the see F conflict. the during points various at displaced been had who Cypriots Turkish were these of 65,000 Almost division. island’s the during displaced were majority the but 1963-4, and 1958 in disruptions inter-communal during displaced were these of Some conflict. by displaced been had or were Cypriots 215,000 approximately 1974, In icosia: P icosia: R or of an Turkish overview displacement, Cypriot I Cyprus Centre, 2012). Centre, O Cyprus Displacement in in Displacement Bryant, ebecca Oslo/ 35

to the Greek Cypriots”: Greek the to field the “leaving of equivalent the as well as policies, previous to areturn be would now negotiations the abandoning that observed columnist local popular One choices. other no be to appeared there because also and wanted, community international the what thiswas because continue would talks that however, idea the to Most, resigned were rewards: no them given had it that find to only process, negotiation previous the embraced enthusiastically Turkish way in which the with Cypriots frustration expressed manager bank Similarly, alocal table. the to proposals bring to had Cypriots Greek the in years time Talat, first the with for real for process a started wefinally When goalkeepers. the like we didn’t or itself, field the like wedidn’t or referees, the like wedidn’t because field, the enter didn’t We just field. the uson defeated never Cypriots Greek the case, In any ourselves. restructure to try and Turkey on dependency our wehavereduce to happen, going to isn’t If asolution continue. to ourselves wehaveforce to reason happy, that for and very be will Cypriots Greek negotiations, the to If no wesay place. same in the still was train the and usbehind, left and off took They locomotive. no had train the that saw and we looked then and train, the aboard yes.’ We saying jumped by train that jump aboard should Turkishand Cypriots station, the isleaving train ‘The said, he in which talk gave a EUrepresentative an referendum Plan Annan the Before chances.’ ‘last of alot seen we’ve Actually, settled. we’ve where places the to used get to ourselves allowing really not country, our knowing really not edeceğiz], devam durmaya [diken üstünde needles and pins on end,we’re going remain an to to comes this Until already. this all end to We need asolution. be will there time this agreed, they’ve time this that saying always They’re ending. are Problem Cyprus the resolve to negotiations that saying have been people without without negotiations: live to how know not would Turkishthat Cypriots remarked administrator Ahigh-level end. they should happen would what imagine to for them difficult nevertheless was it nowhere, lead would negotiations that believed interviewees many although So said: Turkey, businessperson One economically. especially with integrated closely more be to Cyprus north for sense more make would it overall that thought and negotiations with impatience expressed community business in the interviewees of number A small choice: other is no there because continue, would negotiations that belief the expressed time same the at in asolution hope no shehad that said above who head association tourism same The way, as though we’re ashamed. way, though as Binashy aPlan We discuss choice. have other no we acommunity, wethink as and table negotiating the to used gotten We’ve in crisis. ourselves find all we’ll picture, the of out istaken table negotiating the if that Ithink table. negotiating the without lives our of think We can’t asolution. without happen will what for ourselves amongst even prepared all at we’re words, not .In other B. aPlan about talk wedon’t Today ourselves among place. even Turkey this isgoing haveannex to weaknesses these of because that Ithink there’s solution, no that event in the and something, do weshould where subjects on weaknesses of wehaveI think alot current uncertainty. At the moment we’re in a moment Atthe uncertainty. current the of we’d relieved be Atleast solved. going be to not it’s years, in forty solved been hasn’t problem If the it. about wehaveforget to point this at I think that? like arisk take it should why Turkey now Right star, isarising risk. that take to Turkey say. think Idon’t want But Ican’t will terms, good on they’re which on countries by recognised it get to try and name the change or province, a this make they’ll Maybe in Cyprus. much do can’t Turkey collapse, do If they continue. will situation This collapse. will negotiations the think I don’t

53 54 never know. me Itnot have even code.” to irritates apostal but when how and you Eventually the it TRNC, getsto init Turkey got Germany. to sent stuck then back and Germany. One time side, the it Greek went to one and time times from order the same hadto three product “I federal arrangement: federal a accept to enticed be might they way only that the thiswas agreement, an reach to have motivation any longer no Cypriots Greek because that said UBP the of is amember who manager firm amedia In fact, this. of aconsequence as recognised be might Cyprus north that believed right-wing party ruling the of members only though action, into put be to Plan’ ‘B discussed for arecently adesire expressed interviewees Certain It irritates me not even to have a postal code. have to apostal even not me It irritates know. never you how and when but TRNC, the to gets it Eventually Germany. to back Turkey sent then and in gotstuck it time one and side, Greek the to went it time One Germany. from times three product same the order to Ihad that you tell Icould world, business the from example an give to If Iwere going work. to isn’t this seems it them, inspire and people motivate can who have aleader wedon’t Since struggling. of tired they’re like seem People anymore. spirit fighting have that don’t people Ithink but recognised, TRNC the get to press weshould if wondered Isometimes easier. alot life my make would it perspective, abusiness From much. about thought Ihaven’t something it’s say, Ican’t because identity, we’d if simpler. our much If ask lose you lives our make It would better. much work would everything is, it thinks Turkey of everyone way the part a been had place If this sort. that of disadvantages are there now Right Turkey], expenses. are there and [from here isimported buy to want you that product the business, do you When it. with much do can’t you and recognised, not it’s but card, identity an You have isuncertain. everything in which situation extending to all those countries in its sphere of of sphere in its countries those all to extending and Turkic the and republics Conference Islamic the with starting that know world Turkey the let to needs their own governance: governance: own their strengthening on instead it focus to and negotiations on focusing attention their stop to Turkish Cypriots for time was it that commented administrator level high- former and economy. economist and One system political own their strengthening on concentrating from Turkish Cypriots distracted heretofore had negotiations that agreed all almost though possibility, aremote thiswas interviewees most For their hand: their strengthen to attempt should they time during which process EU, extended the an be thiswould abandoned not had they that demonstrate to for Turkish Cypriots in order continue to had negotiations the while that noted commerce of chamber the of head aformer And handed to us and start producing. We really have to We really producing. start usand to handed what’s in order, up taking give economy our put We have to time. of period that of advantage take to how wehave know to and one, along be will process this But ours. EU, already it’s isthe aim and their that said recently Erdoğan in fact and perspective, EU an EU, Turkey the at abandoned and hasn’t angry We aren’t continue. must it Ithink and continue, will process the weakened, are they if or time, some for hold on put are talks the if even that I think negotiations. on it wasting than rather governance good on time our have spent should We fairytales. after chasing and asolution for hoping We kept direction. in this energies our channelled wehaven’t because problems these experiencing Turkey. with relations We’re good establishing by day. next develop ..’ the or tomorrow, wecan Ithink there’s asolution ‘If himself, saying, kidded always Turk has Cypriot The then. until else everything postponed and asolution on concentrated always Turk has Cypriot the now until because negotiations, in the hope much too put to amistake it’s that I think reach an agreement.’ an reach say, will let’s ‘Come, Cypriots day Greek that on and world, the by accepted and recognised going be to is TRNC the that Ibelieve recognised. TRNC the get to work to needs it this, After Cyprus. north with relations of level the goingelevate it’s to influence, the community. In an analysis that echoes the above above the echoes that community. analysis the In an in recently emerged has that aims of plurality new the Tufan on movements, remarked Erhürman, these of one of leader the press, local in the article In arecent Cyprus. north of apparatuses bureaucratic and administrative the of restructuring a and forself-criticism change into desires channelling by Turkish community the Cypriot pervades currently address the andthat helplessness hopelessness 36 governance. good of asystem instituting and Turkish state Cypriot the democratising at aimed are that media social of aid the with Cyprus in north begun had initiatives two least at thisreport, of writing the of time At the G A. fail. or continue negotiations whether Turkey, with cooperation accomplish, to mayable be in Turkish what of Cypriots, suggestions concrete several had interviewees inIndeed, thisregard negotiating abalance.” in strike table order to at the “We have self-confidence build our to o to strike a balance. abalance. strike to in order table negotiating the at self-confidence our wehavebuild to So balance. the changed that and UN, the EUand the of members become to managed Cypriots Greek awar, win the to see you enough You know, period. not this it’s of advantage take popular media. the in appears and writes regularly also Erhürman while Problem, Cyprus the to related issues political and legal on work academic their for known are Both faculty. law the in professor associate an Erhürman and Özersay U Mediterranean Eastern of staff academic the on both are movements two these of leaders The Talat. Ali Mehmet under teams negotiating the on worked Hareketi) (Anayasa movement. The second is the Constitution Movement this in work his continue to order in negotiations the in representative special Eroğlu’s Derviş as post K by led is together), ne movement, Toparlanıyoruz ood governance an professor of associate international relations 36 Both of these movements are aimed to to aimed are movements these of Both , led by Tufan Erhürman, who had had who Tufan Erhürman, by , led udret Özersay udret ( W e’re getting it it getting e’re , who resigned his his resigned , who niversity, niversity, reunification and EU entry in the early 2000’s: early in the EU entry and reunification for bid surrounding Turkish excitement the Cypriots’ namely these, of one to refers Erhürman have failed, ‘projects’ political two Turkish that claim Cypriots’ 37 commented: Turkey with in trade engages who businessperson right-wing One movements. new the of establishment the before immediately place took which interviews, the in all out for change came desire The

find that imaginary object. imaginary that find wecan’t that anger our for object asingle for looking weare because it’s Maybe goals. their multiply with different different problems,opponents, and to with fronts, different on time same the at struggle to them for time it’s that realise to Turkish Cypriots for time it’s .Maybe solve. to trying we were that problem one against, struggling wewere that opponent one goal, one was there that years these all belief our from arises problem whole the Maybe . thing! or position or place or person concrete a show to possible It’s at? not directed anger isthis what or who But brains. our isaffecting furore [tavern]. up, mixed We’re in ameyhane and all drunks we’re like .Now course. in anew community the channel to able was one no toppling, that of wake In the lost. completely was energy accumulated the revolution, that of wake in the But place. in their came new nothing if even were, toppled be couldn’t we thought that Those arena. an like were 2000’s The changes, with Turkey’s help we can pull ourselves ourselves Turkey’s pull with wecan changes, help If politics our potential. of alot with isaplace Cyprus years. ten next in the changing situation this see Idon’t continues, administration of form current If the situation. same the isin about sector health the and collapsed, has sector education the now Right unliveable. have become will Cyprus this of because and distribution, income unfair an rate, crime high very have a we’ll case, In that years. in ten place bad very in a we’re going be to that Isee state, our of structure the life, political our politics, our change If wedon’t Öfkesi,’ Adres/Yenidüzen, Öfkesi,’ Bulamayan Nesnesini Türklerin ‘Kıbrıslı Tufan Erhürman, 17-23 June 2012, p. 11. 2012, June 17-23 37

55 56 this Cyprus will unliveable.” havethis Cyprus become of crime rate, unfair an income distribution, because and we’ll high In years. that in case, bad place have ten avery that we’re Isee of state, our structure going bein to avery “If we don’t politics, our life, change political the our minority.” a being with satisfied “have it, be to expressed above businessperson the as not, will and position a stronger in be will Turkish is reached, division island’s Cypriots the to if, asolution And chance, by table. negotiating the at hand their strengthen would economy and Turkish state astronger that Cypriot suggested who previously quoted head commerce of chamber former the with agree also Many lives. daily Cypriots’ Turkish improving on concentrate to necessary is it fail, will negotiations current that expectation the of because that Cyprus in north developing been has aconsensus Indeed, media. local in the commentators many by months few past the over expressed been has that is one not or happens federation whether state their democratise and system political their restructure must Turkish that belief Cypriots The claimed: newspaper in acentre-left columnist popular one And formerAnother administrator remarked: they distanced themselves from Greece and Enosis. and Greece from themselves distanced they economically grew Cypriots Greek the as that way freely, same more behave in the we can self-sufficient, be usto allows that asystem establish If wecan governance. good establishing our on depends everything words, EU’s Inthe other help. and Turkey’s of all support despite aghetto become will it governance, good of asystem establish Turk not does Cypriot the two or year next If in the aminority. being with satisfied have be to we’ll so And administered. be only wecan mentality same the with today, wecontinue than if and worse much Turk’s be will Cypriot position the that see I there’s asolution if hand, other the On years. ten in quickly develop can quickly, Cyprus and together large part of the process of democratisation, as as democratisation, of process the of part large Turkey. with in cooperation made words, a be In other only could that changes other certain and governance good of issue the both encapsulate to Turkish Cypriots many by used democratisation, term comprehensive more is the governance good of issue the to Related B. Democratisation Problem. Cyprus the on focus singular a of because ignored hitherto have been claim many that inadequacies live, they in which system the of inadequacies the as see they what correcting at aimed movements begin factions various community, as in the quickly is growing today change inThis attitude educator and columnist remarked: columnist and educator Turkey. with relationship the improving key to the One thisas saw others while modernisation, bureaucratic of process own its from advice give and this process Turkey that in believed aid should also interviewees of anumber above, noted As them. serves nor represents neither that system political a corrupt as view to begun have generally Turkishwhat Cypriots bribery, irregular and political appointments, and vote-trading, of Turkish public the among Cypriot complaints unanimous almost the address to intend Turkish inpress, the writing recent of Cypriot flurry a as well as movements, new words, the In other this situation very quickly. very situation this Turkey, with abalance wehavechange to establish to In order politics. Turkish of Cypriot inadequacies the shows actually This initiated. they that attempt development some of because remembered are them of none But Turkish for worked nationalism. and partition on insisted they because remembered are Others lives. their of end the to honour with fight this maintained they and it, for die to willing were even they asolution, for nail and tooth fought they because remembered are Some Problem. Cyprus the on position and attitude their for more remembered are leaders These somewhere. bridge a built or investments particular made they because isremembered them of none that wesee history, in have down gone that leaders those at If welook public. One law professor claimed: professor law One public. Turkish the of Cypriot amajority by approved been already also had which and envision interviewees that changes the of have many would ensured which Plan, Annan the of implementation aunilateral as many, For imagined was it interviewee. to interviewee from varied encapsulates democratisation What economic institutions: and political their strengthening by Turkish Cypriots Turkey between and relations improve greatly would in democratisation Turkey’s that remarked assistance more independent. One north commentator also the of system political the make to taken be should steps that agree to appeared interviewees most thisissue, about vocal especially were interviewees left-wing While Turkish state. the of Cypriot residents Cypriot Greek and for Maronite seats parliamentary including by for instance inclusive, more structure political the making and north; in the settle to Cypriots Greek allowing Turkish the to military; police the ties that article the eliminate to especially constitution, the rewriting include measures Such will. political own their of Turkey representative more and more fully independent system of political Cypriot Turkish the make would that measures involves Turkish left-wing by Cypriots, especially imagined equal than they’ve ever been. been. ever they’ve than equal more be will Cyprus, Turkey of north and people the between and Cyprus, Turkey north and between relations the Turkey usin democratisation, aid can period upcoming .If in the hostage. it hold to tried Turkey and threatened even we’ve subject that on infact service, public Turkey the to funds providing on insisted instead and reforms necessary the make we didn’t a bit, improving was economy our when and regime, oriented service a public on insistent been wehave change, rapid Turkey undergoing while was 2000’s, in the Especially pace. same the at not least at or change, to able been not has Cyprus north while Turkey that quickly, ischanging fact isthe this for reasons the Among Turks Cyprus. in Turkey north and between emerged has antipathy areciprocal Lately steps should be taken: be should steps more even now that and done, have been already thisshould that argued Yet union leader another this, saying: echoed A union leader between TurkeyCyprus: north between and relationship the improve significantly would measures these that view the expressed also EU expert One solution. a wants it EUthat the especially and authorities here framework and convince the international Plan Annan Turkey the I think impose should extinction. of we’re direction going in the will political own its by living ademocracy be we can’t as long as .Unfortunately, pressure. apply could we way in that and afederation,’ of part be can that astate weestablished so happen, didn’t it but much very federation wewanted ‘Look, Cypriots, Greek the to say we can then Plan, Annan in the established have been would that state the If weestablish conventions would also help, because no matter how how matter no because help, also would conventions rights human with in line more them making and laws the modernizing and authority, civilian the under police the putting instance, For reduced. Turkey be against would reactions and atmosphere, the change really could it Cyprus, north and Turkey between done are things symbolic If certain you stronger. make you, they’ll weaken won’t steps of kinds These . now, more. havedo to wemight enough be not might in 2004 have done weshould What withdrawn. Troops be agenda. could the on Varosha put .Today wecould stalled. process the so and done wasn’t this .But properties. church and foundation Islamic of return the for case the was thing same The . nothing. lost and this have implemented would I and north, in the live come could refugees Cypriot Greek of percent fourteen years first in the that said that article an was there Plan Annan in the instance, For hand. Cypriots’ Greek have forced would that element an have been would this in, and believed and Isupported that Plan Annan this all life to have brought Iwould no. said Cypriots Greek the but Plan Annan the wesupported that stance the taken have in Turkey’s Iwouldn’t been If Ihad position,

57 58 would be viewed by Greek Cypriots: Greek by viewed be would it for how regard without case, in any undertaken be might it that thought commerce of chamber the of head former one instance, For negotiations. the to thisdirectly tied all Not unnecessary. is island in the currently troops of number the that arguing agree, to seemed interviewees all almost which on issue an was Demilitarisation above. mentioned sort the of numbers measures of troops; democratisation and certain of Varosha; withdrawal of the city closed Turkey; to close the of opening the countries from for recognition arequest and Turkish state Cypriot the of name achange in the include B’ could ‘Plan that reports, various to According fail. negotiations event in the implemented potentially be to Cyprus t by forward put a plan B,’ ‘Plan aproposed of Cyprus south and north in both discussion public significant Recently, been has there Demilitarisation C. table. negotiating the at Cypriots Greek motivate and community international in the standing and position their strengthen simultaneously would believed they that measures dependence on Turkey for democratisation called and over- to system political the of ineffectiveness the tied others effective, more it make and corruption, eliminate system, political their restructure to how with concerned were interviewees all while Hence, nothing has happened here. happened has nothing though as it’s Turkeymuch democratised, has understand, but they’ll pretend not to understand. In understand. to not pretend they’ll but understand, they’ll Actually, this. goingunderstand to not are EU the and Cypriots Greek Cypriots, Greek EU and the to message apositive send to in order done be to isgoing troops Now, withdrawing if withdrawing. be would troops the which from areas in the land get to points their use could anything get didn’t who people Those situation. in my people 1000-2000 about are There it. for in exchange anything get didn’t and south in the property of alot Ileft instance, For us. for good be could it and space, civilian up the open would that withdrawn, are If troops he current ruling party in north in north party ruling current he commented: association business one of head The terms. economic and in human issue the viewed interviewees most tool, anegotiating is currently it as mistake, a Varosha opening be that would believed party right-wing ruling the of members some Although north Cyprus being seen as its ‘subordinate authority’: its as seen being Cyprus north Turkey of waysin which the stigma the remove could of one was demilitarisation that argued columnist One remarked: newspaper acentre-left of columnist and editor One above. mentioned measures democratisation the to Varosha of opening directly potential the and demilitarisation tied interviewees other Many bad, I think it should open. should it Ithink bad, is that like closed It staying rebuild. could they that so loans low-interest them give wecould Inso. fact, do could settle and back come to want who owners the day day. by Turkish and under be control, It could isdisappearing value economic that but there, value economic There’s opened. be should Varosha I think these developments also to be related to to related be to also developments these for important It’s very troops. remove could it this, for If necessary authority. subordinate isits place this that impression this overturn and world the surprise will that steps serious Turkey take to needs level. ambassadorial the at relationship abilateral be should there and eliminated, be should Turkishthe commission aid vein, same In the lifted. be should article this and life, in democratic Turkish intervene to the army allows 10 Article constitution in our instance, For north. the democratising be should priority The TRNC. the with agreement cooperation and should sign a security Turkey many, istoo 5000.’ I’m to so it reducing island Turkey say, should in the ‘40,000Cypriots. soldiers Greek for opened Turkish or opened, ports be should port Famagusta or airport Ercan In return, Varosha. Turkey decisions, open UN should with In parallel return. return. in steps positive any make won’t they and right, their as it see they case in any because pocket, in their it put they’ll make, you concession whatever Cypriots, Greek the to give you whatever words, other especially under Turkish Cypriot civilian control. Turkish under civilian especially Cypriot Varosha, of opening and demilitarisation the of idea the positively viewed interviewees most addition, In levels. current their at stay to need didnot they 38 island, in the remain to troops Turkish desires awhole as Turkish public Cypriot the that agreed interviewees all although Hence, their current levels. at stay to that they did not need suggested Turkish troops in remain to the island, most Turkish Cypriot awhole desires public as that the agreed interviewees all Although

influence of the military. military. the of influence the reduce usto beg us and to going come to actually Turkey where point is the away. reached we’ve But going wasn’t and conquered and militarily here came Turkey that thinking wewere past In the balances. Turkey, old new of the isn’t alot are there and Turkey all, After here. authority civilian increasing of in favour strongly be will AKP the that believe I and military, the and authority civilian the between struggle of years Turkey many have been there You there.’ troops my know, in want ‘no, Idefinitely impression,’ Turkey this remove goingsay, to isnot to steps take on, let’s ‘Come says, administration Cyprus north If well.’ the us, as to and you to harmful is authority asubordinate being of impression this and partners, we’re strategic we’re allies, brothers, we’re we’re friends, era, anew entered we’ve say, and Turkey ‘Brother, with table the down at sit to need Turkish Cypriots democracy. and development study of Public O Public of study F the (“Investigating parties political their in trust had 13% only but forces armed the in trust of deal” “a or great alot” “quite either had Cypriots Turkish of 77% that found 2015 Cyprus 2010, from poll E the having supported 32% only while solution, anegotiated of event the in affairs of state new the of guarantor Turkey as having supported poll 2015 Cyprus the in participated who Cypriots Turkish of 85% above, noted As poll&Itemid=34&lang=en cadownload&view=category&id=1%3Apublic-opinion- http://www.cyprus2015.org/index.php?option=com_pho as a guarantor. In addition, in a previous aprevious in addition, In aguarantor. U as pinion in Cyprus,” available at available Cyprus,” in pinion , last accessed 17 July 2012. July 17 accessed , last 38 most suggested that that suggested most uture: An in-depth in-depth An uture: leader commented:leader union teachers’ One them. to opaque was future the that remarked division island’s the to solution federal a of supporters strong even while anymore, imagine to nothing had they that said Most time. years’ ten in island the of future the imagined they how asked when pessimistic uniformly almost were interviewees however, suggestions, concrete these Despite V. I keep up with the process of change: of process the up with keep to inability Turkish and Cypriots’ globalisation, of context larger the thiswithin framed expert legal One pessimistic: similarly was organisation youth aleftist of leader The being able to imagine that makes me anxious. me makes that imagine to able being not And Cyprus. ademilitarised and movement, unproblematic and freedom ofcooperation economic with apartnership, create we’ll years in ten that and asolution, for moment the grasp we’ll that imagine can’t Ijust me. of in front see can’t I going, are things where me now, ask you if from but years ten place same in the things see to want I don’t realise it. Probably this will be a more cosmopolitan cosmopolitan amore be will this Probably it. realise may not people but true, come will said I just what of part some today. from Probably different much that be will now from years ten that think Idon’t process. up this speeding isjust in Cyprus we’re experiencing what and isgoing, world the way isthe this case, In any people. aTurkish Cypriot called something be won’t there but here, may live they have children we if and here, economy an be will There existence. Turkish about Cypriots’ anymore talk to need won’t we Ithink years fifty or in forty but years, ten about know Idon’t history. of stage the from erased being of process in the are Turkish that I think Cypriots confusion. of astate for we’re heading general in Turkish that Ithink State. Cypriot the to change may name state’s this and situation, present the with wemay continue and happen, may not that Or states. two may be it superstructure, other some may be there guise, legal another It under may be divided. be still will Cyprus now from years ten that I think ma gInIng t h e fu t ur e

59 60 imagining: trouble shehad that remarked business small a of owner One asolution. in such belief of loss their to tied also was future the see to inability their division, island’s the to solution negotiated apotential with lay hope main their that said all almost while and hope, maintain to wanted they that said all while Hence, union teachers’ leader: one by imagined scenarios different very the compare we when in negotiations hope of lack to tied directly is thispessimism for most that clear It becomes picture we’re expecting. picture negative the than place better amuch at arrive could we happen, developments of kinds If these region. in the balance the change completely could that Turkey, via Europe to it trade to gas, natural or petrol Turkey with over arelationship into enters Cyprus quickly. change if Or could things and normal, more life EU, make in the will it represented being Cypriots Turkish or soldiers, of number the of reduction or traffic, air international and use bicommunal to Airport Ercan open to or Varosha, open or restrictions, movement ease to agreement there’s an if instance, For different. be could things agreement, of kind some or asolution, or opening, there’s some .If me. to seems it way the that’s patronage, Turkey’s under completely come will administration grow. This and continue will problem The Adana. of adistrict from different any be It won’t district. or Turkish any from province different any be will place this way, in this that see continue If Idon’t things Ireach. conclusion isthe this objectively, situation the at look to Itry When going happen. to is what’s this that Isee years thirty or in twenty then years, ten in If not people. these for working be probably We’ll education. and tourism with itself busying that’s one frequently, to come businesspeople that one place, opaque. opaque. very that’s it, Isee where me ask you if But system. in afederal states equal two as it’s course of it, see to Iwant where istoday. me it If ask you as even Cyprus see to able be wewon’t now from years ten that think now. from I years ten Cyprus imagine to It’s hard ask me where I see it, me where Isee opaque.”ask that’s very But if you system. in afederal states equal two it, me where it’s see Iwant to ask of course as it is today. even as Cyprus see be able to If you now. now from we won’t years Ithink that ten from “It’s years imagine to ten hard Cyprus organisation remarked: youth asocialist of leader The mentioned. previously democratisation and governance good of projects the of arealisation involved that future the of visions have to other tended hope maintained who Those economic leaders: Turkey with become cooperating to and together” “pulling in Turkish themselves his hope put Cypriots press, local in the columnist and educator left-wing a interviewees, the of optimistic most the Perhaps oriented towards the future. the towards oriented isapolitics motivation real bring can that thing only The usanywhere. get doesn’t Nicosia’ scented ‘jasmine- the past, the old, the missing why That’s isreactionary. return to past the is, wanting present the bad However back. not forward, moves history now, but we’re right doing iswhat discussion). This isup for were they good (how days’ ‘good old the exalt they future, in their anything see can’t societies When photographs. old their with live just life on up given who’ve people elderly It’s when like behind. look to reflex ahuman you, it’s of in front look you when anything see If can’t you hopelessness. to tied isreally isdisappearing culture our that belief The Cyprus is going to progress and develop, and Turkish and develop, and isgoing progress to Cyprus bow. North the left already has arrow the subject this on Ithink progress. will Cyprus north that I think continues, Problem any. Cyprus isn’t the Even if there that discovered been it’s or discovered, been have not petrol and gas natural probably where and trade, Turkey’s for abridge as water serves it and good, very Turkey with are relations EUmember, isan its Cyprus [north] resolved, been has Problem Cyprus the which in in asituation Cyprus Isee Ten now from years Cypriots’ relations with Turkey with by relations shaped have been Cypriots’ Turkish Turkish the of Republic, establishment the Empire and Ottoman the of end Since the ConVI. solution. anegotiated without or with lives, daily their improve could that governance good of aregime developing and together” themselves “pulling in Turkish faith their put to Cypriots’ tended hope maintained who Those time. years’ in ten future Cyprus’ of vision having from aclear them prevented “project” another imagine to inability the and solution anegotiated of possibility in the faith of lack current their foundthat most future, for the hope maintain to attempted In sum, interviewees then, while them: maintain would hoped he that community his of own qualities in certain believed nevertheless he optimistic, remain to reasons obvious no had he while that union remarked servants’ acivil of aleader And community definitely can’t be dark and won’t be. won’t and dark be can’t definitely community a such of future The life. of ways people’s other for feel they respect isthe advantage greatest Cypriots’ .Turkish anyone. before ashamed be not and ourselves, of proud feel to in aposition be we’ll years in ten that Ithink level. modern amore at be will Turkish years Cypriots in ten that Ihope nightmare. a as this on back look we’ll future in the and times, difficult these through get we’ll that I think asolution. accept to Cypriots Greek force could that community economic stronger the be could they isin 2022, that years, In ten leaders. island’s the be could Turkish time Cypriots years’ in ten itself, EUfinds the in which Euro crisis current the overcome to years five or four may take it that prospect the of wethink if words, In other in Cyprus. leaders the be could they Cypriots, Greek of ahead be even could Turkish years Cypriots in ten efforts, development in Turkey’s lead the take and themselves of hold get If Turkish Cypriots disappeared. may have completely will political that years in ten words, In other vanish. will culture and identity Turkish that Cypriot accept going to they’re or abilities, their on relies that here existence an going establish to either are Cypriots cl u s Ion 39 nationalism. alocal of beginnings the and community of sense anew produced gradually island in the existence their maintain to struggle ten-year Turkishwhile Cypriots’ for fend themselves, to them left and them abandoned had ‘mother’ their that sense the to led 1960’s the inHowever, island in the Turkey’s intervene to failure enough. Turkey with it of ordinary seemed part unite and island the divide to proposal Turkishpossibilities, Cypriots’ political acceptable were partition even and irredentism, nationalism, anti-colonial when period in a And Turkish-speaking world. the of centre political and educational, cultural, the was it that extent the to least at 1950’s,In the Turkey ‘motherland’ the was fantasy. of share afair by as well as novels, and films, in textbooks, learned as nation the of imaginations was revered there as a freedom fighter and in addition in addition and fighter a freedom as there revered was leader now-deceased the as thissituation, mitigated ways in many Denktaş Rauf Turkish leader Cypriot in Turkey accorded former to respect exceptional The system. fully acknowledge the emergence of ademocratic local didnot but supported that north in the dominance economic and Turkey amilitary as maintained Turkey, Turkey’s and ambiguous, of it was ‘recognition’ besides state any by unrecognised remained TRNC The little. changed state, independent an of that ideal, anew of acceptance their and Cyprus Northern Turkish the of of Republic declaration 1983 Cypriots’ However, Turkish undesirable. also point that at and Turkey, unacceptable internationally was which to paper, on out annexation worked and be not could that afederation futures: impossible two between left were they failed, thisagain When partners. Cypriot Greek their with structure afederal establish to negotiations entered again Turkish Cypriots condemnation of statelet, their self-proclaimed

38:4, pp. 631-649. 631-649. pp. 38:4, Ethnologist American Siege,” of aState in Sovereignty Simulating See R ebecca and Bryant Mete Hatay, “ 39 After 1974 and the international international 1974 the and After Guns and Guitars:

61 62 weaknesses in the economic and political structure of of structure political and economic in the weaknesses the and Turkey’sisolated. self-confidence, growing part in large are they which from economy global in a compete to unable themselves find Cypriots Turkish and is weak, Turkish leadership Cypriot Turkey when in aperiod is strong, effects corrupting their show to beginning now are in power still was Denktaş while began citizenshipthat of distribution and vote-buying, appointments, political of form the in nepotism and patronage of Moreover, systems the cocky. seeming often of point the to is self-assured that power regional and economic agrowing as emerged gap,’ ‘respect the Turkey inwhile filling has ineffective in Turkey. equally proven has leadership Subsequent standing areal gain to able never community, was he international the with cache significant had Talat, his successor, Ali while life,and Mehmet public from retired plan, the opposed had who Denktaş, floundering. however, left have been Turkish Cypriots failure, its of wake In the independence. more them give paradoxically would Europe to them tying while that for them direction EU, anew the into thisseemed entry and for federation called Turkishand Cypriots 2002 of end the at table the on put was Plan Annan the when Hence, solutions. for new search to and untenable ultimately was state unrecognised an of citizens as status limbo their that recognise to began TurkishTurkey’s collapse, Cypriots economic 2001 and Cyprus in north crisis banking a2000 on following But state. deep and military the to ties extensive had development of the Turkish community. the of development Cypriot economic and political the to lead and relationship the improve would that respect mutual of demonstrations and democratisation, governance, good towards steps concrete make to need Turkish Cypriots Turkey both that and also but advantage, Cypriots’ Turkey with Turkish to be relations would better that believed interviewees all In then, almost conclusion, circumstances. and his constraints understand to attempts also younger the but may one advise older the in which other, each understand to try who ‘brothers’ between one relationship, ‘fraternal’ for amore called they why good.’ thisis own their And ‘for costs, all at discipline seeking relationship, the of aspect ‘paternal’ the as saw they This state. unrecognised internationally and economy isolated in an position their of constraints the understand to effort little so made ‘kin’ closest considerabledisappointment thatexpressed their also they Cyprus, north of structure economic and forpolitical change in the need the recognised all here interviewed opinion-shapers the While colony. or province like a more and more seem protectorate their making paternalistic, seem to begun has ‘familial’ as seen have long Turkish many that relationship Cypriots a aresult, As it. phrased interviewees our of one obeys,” who one as the and orders gives who one “the of one more and is more that arelationship to have through, led seeping now are that Cyprus north Cyprus today Cyprus Viewing Turkey from south

63 64 community to speak openly speak aboutTurkey. to community opinion-shapers in Cypriot the Greek among of reluctance deal isagreat still There anonymity. participant complete was interviews all for almost acondition that fact in the reflected was People’s side. caution Cypriot Greek the to a ‘traitor’ being of claims to lead would Turkey of perceptions in their liberalism much too that commenting people some as well as interviews, up in the brought frequently were referendum plan Annan 2004 the from tensions left-over Turkey, about openly speak to community and Cypriot Greek in the opinion-shapers among reluctance of deal agreat is still There challenge. a be to continues community Cypriot Greek Turkey of perceptions the within about Speaking groups. gender and age different positions represent and backgrounds and of political avariety from come They media. the of members and businesspeople, servants, public educators, society, civil including sectors, various of representatives were Interviewees May 2012. and April in opinion-shapers Cypriot Greek with conducted interviews extended twenty from distilled future the of visions and hopes, concerns, fears, outlines report The future. in the take should relationship that form what and opportunities, and challenges the Turkey, of perceptions current of assessments Cypriot Greek present to aims report the of section This today Cyprus Viewing Turkey from south backgroun community commented on his knowledge of Turkey: of his on knowledge commented community business the of generally. member Aleading more Cypriots Turkey Greek to thought represented they what Turkey about them,and to represented, what about questions to responses of gave aspectrum for thisreport interviewed people The leadership. religious and political Cypriot Greek the by and media, Cypriot Greek the by Cyprus, of Republic in the system education the by occupation, subsequent and war 1974 the of memories reproduced and first-hand both Turkey by with one, framed relationship is amediated the Cypriots, Greek most For conflict. Cyprus the of Turkey with lens the through interact predominantly Today, personal. is the reasons, Cypriots Greek for obvious is absent, What political. historical, psychological, legal, characteristics: of anumber has Turkey and Cypriots Greek between relationship The a Th answered that: that: answered Turkey, about shelearned how about asked when organisation, tourism aprominent of A representative n were abroad. I learned about Turkey my about through Ilearned abroad. were we [at time], because them the with communication no having and streets the on out being over get can’t they fact the and reactions parents’ my remember youngIcan Iwas Even though refugees. are family my half because experience family Through Turkey, from people met Turkish even not Cypriots. wenever where era up in an Igrew expect. would you as positive, very not wehave are views the certainly And school. at and army in the cultivated been has that wehave aview Cypriots Greek most Like e r d G elat r ee k Cy Ion d p s rIo hI p bet ts –a w ee n Turk e y

65 66 friendly.” people, from more aggression but they were expected I me, trip shocked because therecently. first Iremember Turkey“I’ve to in twice, again and once 2000 more been Cypriot counter-independence Cypriot groups that guerilla Turkish in developing arole played subsequently Turkish the in 1878, government Britain to Cyprus Empire ceded Ottoman the Though years. hundred for three Cypriots ‘enslaved’ Christian which coloniser Empire -the Ottoman the with beginning lens, a long together. Turkey collapsed through all things is viewed of is anumber ‘Turkey’ Cypriots, Greek many For experience: his narrates ministry agovernment of new. employee something Asenior thisis and fear, fantasy, communal and myth, of asubject been long has which themselves, Turkey called for terrain political cultural, social, the exploring are Cypriots Greek some built: being bridge inter-cultural adirect of beginning the therefore is there that recognised also themselves participants The reasons. personal or for professional either Turkey, to travelled had participants our of half About Turkey. of parts to travelling begun have also Cypriots Greek some Nicosia, in northern airport Ercan through Turkey to access direct more had have subsequently Cypriots Greek and in 2003 eased was Cyprus of parts two the between movement on restriction Since the villages. Everything first hand. hand. first Everything villages. different goingthe to relatives, our stories, family’s I was from. I was where to indifferent were they mostly but aggressive, more were people afew Imean care. didn’t Turkey!’ they to welcome ‘great, Mostly again, say and difference, no made it like shoulders their shrug they’d And I’d I’mthen Cypriot.’ ‘but Greek continue Turkey’. reply,to they’d and welcome ‘great, And Cyprus’ ‘I’m say from friendly. Iwould were they but people, from aggression more Iexpected because me, shocked trip first the recently.Iremember more again and in 2000 Turkey once to I’ve been twice, 44 43 independence in 1959. Cyprus’ Turkey up to immediately leading years in the and Greece between island the of adivision of justice Turkey Greece, and the on insisted Cyprus between for union calls of face In the Greece. to ceded being Cyprus prevented that object enduring the Cypriots, on, wore Turkey Greek to Cyprus from British became, quickly thereafter, Turkish Cypriots withdrew Turkish thereafter, quickly Cypriots 40 between December 1963 and January 1964. January and 1963 December between 174 Cypriots and Greek Turkish 364 of Cypriots deaths in the resulting island, the throughout spread tension the killed, were Turkish two and Tahtakale Cypriots of suburb Nicosia in the out broke violence 1963, December evening 20 the of on When, governance. about disagreements significant to leading Turkish and Greek Cypriots, between tension of source a became in 1960, established Cyprus, of Republic The meet Greek Cypriot demands for union with Greece. for union with demands Cypriot Greek meet Turkey used ‘excuse’ the not to Britain as narrative, Greece. with island the unite to efforts Cypriot Greek opposed flared and subsided between 1964 and 1974, but the the 1974, but and 1964 between subsided and flared Tensions times. of anumber island the on Cyprus 1967, and Turkey invade to 1964 threatened Between Cypriot. Greek entirely was structure governance Cyprus’ of Republic the this point, After events. the at in protest government shared the 42 41

actively prevented from returning to government. to returning from prevented actively were they events, above the against protest in withdrew they while that argue Cypriots Turkish while state, government withdrew voluntarily from the consociational of representatives Cypriot Turkish the that argue communities about whether this event. G two the between disagreement much is There Monographs, pp.120. 1982 Pierre O 17 July 2012). July 17 nsf/cyprus01_en/cyprus01_en? http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/mfa2006. example: for See First Wave, First N Altay and East European Monographs, 6/1997 pp.68-93. 6/1997 Monographs, European East and Minnesota, Minnesota Mediterranean Cyprus, of Status Evanthis H 43-50; pp. 1997 Verso London, Kissinger, to Ottomans Christopher H 40 As the efforts of Greek Cypriots to expel the the expel to Cypriots Greek of efforts the As Nationalism among the Turks of Cyprus: the the Cyprus: of Turks the among Nationalism evzat, Social Sciences Bellapais, to Road berling, The U Britain and the International and theatzivassiliou, Britain International niversity of O niversity Hostage to History: Cyprus from the the from Cyprus History: to itchens, Hostage 41 In the Greek Cypriot historical historical Cypriot Greek In the ulu PhD 2005. dissertation, O penDocument reek Cypriots reek Cypriots 43 Very Very (accessed (accessed 44 from from 42

institutions of memory. other and parties, political media, the system, education the by reinforced and strong, are events the of memories communal island, the of part southern in the lives their rebuilt they as endured subsequently they that humiliation hardshipand the about 45 1974 events, August July and the of memories their about freely speak 1974 always from not do missing the of families and refugees level individual the at While insecurity. and poverty into them forced and villages, and homes ancestral their of out population Cypriot Greek the of third one tore death, and destruction vast caused which invasion vicious a as is remembered event that Cypriots, Greek For today. until exist that boundaries facto de the established that relocation population in aforced resulted 1974, which of August July over and operation atwo-stage conducted army Turkish The intervention. aTurkish by ended military were Turkish against groups Cypriots paramilitary Cypriot Greek by attacks and Cypriots Greek between bloodshed intra-communal island-wide days of five government, the overthrow to attempted junta military Greek the with together irredentists Cypriot in When, July 1974, Greek ambitions. Cypriot Greek over cast shadow menacing the of position Turkey War placed in Cold the during the interests Turkish of strategic protection the and Cypriots Greek by Turkish community the towards Cypriot directed violence included that for reasons country the over watchfulness continuous Turkish military’s 46

f N Perceptions, and Events of Overview An Strife’, Military in‘Displacement Consequences Cyprus: of Civil and G Ayla K 1974: Dependency, and Politicization’, Assimilation in R Perspectives Interdisciplinary New People, its and Cyprus V. (Editor), Calotychos, G the on Exile Protracted H Strangers U Cambridge War Refugees, Cypriot of AChronicle Bitter: Grown The Heart Heart The Loizos, Peter see point, this on depth more or oger Zetter, ‘ oumoulides, J. (editor) Transition:1960–1985 in Cyprus icosia, P icosia, urel, Mete H Mete urel, R I ere - Continuity, Transition and the Impact of of Impact the and Transition -Continuity, ere O R niversity Press (1982); R (1982); Press niversity R ehousing G eport 5/2012. eport atay and Christalla Y Christalla and atay 46

reek-Cypriot R reek-Cypriot reek-Cypriot R reek-Cypriot , W estview Press, Ch. 17; 17; Ch. Press, estview oger Zetter, ‘ Zetter, oger efugees’, in in efugees’, akinthou, akinthou, efugees after 45 or or W e are e are , been forced into a kind of accounting for its actions. for its accounting of akind into forced been Turkey where battle, of has sites proxy prominent missing 1974 from became still ones loved about information provide or Cyprus in north property return Turkey force to Rights Human to of Court European in the efforts law. by Cypriot Greek mediated been decades, two Turkey last the over have also, with now,could Interactions temporarily, return. Cypriots Greek which to villages in those heritage cultural Cypriot Greek of destroyer the be to continued Turkey Cypriots, Greek of majority the For houses. in their residingillegally still but in for coffee Cypriots Greek inviting villages, and houses Cypriot Greek residingin names and faces with individuals became Turkey in 2003, also country the of parts two the between checkpoints Turkey of opening the After is. what of in thisvision formed being are nuances But rights. human Cypriot Greek of violator is the and homes, those to return is preventing that force military overwhelming an with acountry leads therefore Erdoğan villages; and homes ancestral their from Cypriots Greek of expeller country, and the of third northern the of occupier as characterised foremost be Turkey to continues Cypriots, Greek of majority vast community. To Cypriot Greek the the among violence of promise and threat the and fear and suffering of symbol and country, aharbinger neighbouring is a it as ‘Turkey’, aconcept much then, is as But TurkeyBut for face one have than to is beginning more 47

Y U 106–125; London, Trigraph: N Landscape’, Justice Transitional the Cyprus: in Conflict judgement of 18 December 2009. December 18 of judgement 1990, 16073/90 and 16072/90 16071/90, 16070/90, 16069/90, 16068/90, 16066/90, 16065/90, 16064/90, nos. application ECtHR v. a.o. Turkey, Varnavas Persons: Missing 2010; 1March of judgement 1999, 21819/04 and 19993/04 10200/04, 14163/04, 13751/02, 3843/02, 13466/03, 46113/99, nos. application ECtHR cases, v. Turkey &7other ;Demopoulos 2008 April 22 2007 no. 16219/90 application ECtHR Turkey, v. Demades 2005; December 22 of judgement 2005, no. 46347/99 v. Turkey, application Xenides ECtHR 1996; N 28 of judgement 1996, no. 15318/89 application v. Turkey, Loizidou ECtHR claims: Property See akinthou, ‘Legacies of Violence and O and Violence of ‘Legacies akinthou, icosia, P icosia, R I O R eport 2012. eport mut Bozkurt and Christalla Christalla and Bozkurt mut vercoming vercoming , judgement of of , judgement ovember ovember 47

67 68 somewhere between the Middle East and Europe.” and somewhere theEast Middle between with democratisation,struggling with and its role Cypriots. Slowly, acountry as seen becoming it is also have“Turkey is to beginning for moreGreek one than face A senior government ministry member noted that: that: noted member ministry government A senior relationship. for apositive opportunities of spectrum different the out pointed participants many future, the to Looking parties. the between relationship the in evolution for an and Turkey Cypriots, Greek among of perception in the for adevelopment possibilities the to points and highlights also quote This Turkey follows: as see Cypriots way Greek the explained actor society Acivil acentury. half than for more ‘other’ Cypriot Greek the been TurkeyThus, has that is acountry society. across diffused being one but experience, individual an in Istanbul; Cypriot Greek a being of experience frequent increasingly is the thispalimpsest Adding to Nations. United and Union European the with and community Cypriot Greek the within both fallout political the and plan Annan Turkey with 2004 failed in the interaction historical major next Cypriots’ Greek about perceptions divided images: relevant immediately more to added Turkey of images These have ignore. to been continues Turkey that violations rights human about concerns with side by side interviewees by raised were that issues are reform internal at his efforts and Erdoğan Europe. and East Middle the between somewhere role its with and democratisation, with struggling country a as seen becoming Slowly, is also it Cypriots. Greek rather than of someone of whom you are afraid. afraid. are you whom of someone of than rather work, to want you whom with someone of admiration the into develop could this isasolution there if level apsychological at that say together. I would desire and of. Fear afraid weare something of Turkey. about admiration It isthe isafantasy There army, economy. their their strategy, their strength, their We admire enemies. our we admire that way the Turkey We admire also. in psychologically exploring Turkey, of role the I think worth us, for issomething population, its Armenian legacy, its recent show of of show recent legacy, its Armenian its population, Kurdish its of treatment its with Turkey’s struggles the military Democratisation,A. human rights, and Mediterranean neighbourhood. and African, North East, Middle in the role its and Mediterranean; Eastern in the explorations gas recent in the role its development; economic its record; rights human its themes: four on primary focused answers shaping Turkish ourparticipants’ politics, in played has AKP the that role the and generally Turkey perceived they how about asked When W I. avoid this enemy relationship.” so we interests relationships common and working find thing is to important The “For me, Turkey will always neighbour. beour conflict and their Turkish their and neighbour. conflict Cyprus the than problems have pressing they more saythat to beginning also are Cypriots Greek some division, Cyprus’ of legacy the of framework in the that say is to That Greece. and Cypriots Greek between relationships changing and insecurity internal of face in the enemy” “unmoving “known other”, the relationship”, the a“stable as interviews of number during a expressed Turkey also uncertainty, was economic recently, significant of in aclimate very And positive or negative path. negative or positive a down taken be can commonality This relationship. acloser build to opportunity wehave the So us both. Turkey changed with has contact this because more other, wehave each that near countries two simply not are Cypriots, Greek and Turkishwe, as Cypriots in that extra wehave the but relations, neighbourly of possibilities We usual have the relationship. enemy this weavoid so interests common and relationships working find isto thing important neighbour. TurkeyThe me, our For be always will ho I ho s Turk e y? representative: are community business the of member aleading of thoughts The positivity. and hopes in decline gradual the and in Erdoğan, especially and AKP, in the had they hope initial the was interviewees among theme arecurring above, mentioned As a‘joke’: record rights human country’s the calling society, open amore create to efforts Turkish the making that idea was government the rejected He perceptions. and relations inter-group with dealing often institute aleading from researcher asenior change was no saw who those Within slide. abackwards seen had Erdoğan’s of stewardship years few last the whether over division was there reform, at efforts making Turkish current the that was government believe who those Among made. being were changes that believed who those and violations, rights human address Turkish current the of to government part the on effort real no been had there that believed who those between divided were Interviewees interviewees. all almost up by brought were in Cyprus conflict of legacy the and Turkish with relationship Cypriots, inforce its welcoming to Turkey…he has changed his plans…and Turkey…he to welcoming his plans…and changed has very been have not know you as Europeans the because and situation European the of because different grown has he whether judgement…or his affected has he’s…whether his success years the Over situation. incumbent the and politicians normal the going against and generals the to fight the him taking see to happy wewere Cypriots, Greek of alot like But ideas. modern with Islamist progressive a Islamist…but an an…ok be to appeared who Erdoğan of view adifferent Ihad And elected. first were they when party the of view adifferent I had society. open an towards move to wishing or wanting not are they that say Iwould So past. the of mistakes acknowledge or with terms to come to able been haven’t They them. on negatively very reflects That genocide. Armenian the refusing still that…they’re issues have you the Then government. current the to in opposition be to appears whoever suppress They they are a very difficult neighbour to deal with.” deal to neighbour difficult they avery are gave theof view the worldthat thebut rest to it certainly platform…I don’t by knowdesign whether it was or not, the and finds the gas regarding taken he has actions “And […] taken that [Erdoğan] actions has the last the economic strength. Turkey’s increasing importance as as Turkey’s importance strength. increasing economic Turkey’s of aconsequence as Turkishthe military of independence increasing the and control, civilian under military the bring to efforts government’s highlighted the seeming contradiction of the Turkish Turkey”. also He military we’re amore that seeing sense in the problematic more it’s and time for along “he’s in that power been noted ajournalist strength, international and domestic Erdoğan’sOn increasing line…” into army the bring Turkey to managed about has he talking and here, we are But politics. for their but written they’ve for what Not journalists. of arrest the about concern have of alot “I reform: at efforts broader against intellectuals of persecution the weigh to trying were who those thinkingof the highlighted journalist left Acentre- Kurdis aterrorist.” every community. Not Kurdish for the things unnecessary done They’ve opinion. of freedom limiting regime, like atotalitarian acting They’re class. intellectual for the is bad record rights human “The in thisregard: responses the of representative are party political acentre-right of arm youth the of leader the of comments The interviewees. of anumber by raised atopic was journalists and intellectuals of spike in imprisonment recent The act in this way. in this act you when fences mend to easy very not it’s But plan. have a they did they way the act to Obviously with. deal to neighbour difficult avery are they that world the of rest the to view gave the certainly it but not, or design by was it whether know don’t platform…I the and finds gas the regarding taken has he […] taken has he that actions the actions last the And progressive. or forward very not positive, very more…Turkish much become not has like,or you he if

69 70 Turkey.” Turkey.” problematic that we’re in the sense amore military seeing “Erdoğan’s in power for been along time it’s and more officer of a major import company: import amajor of officer executive chief community. the to According Cypriot Greek the on in Turkish dependency fall Cypriot a with some by linked was Turkish growth economic Cyprus. regarding in and balances for power consequences with made are links obvious and decline, regional and Greece’s economic to linked closely Turkey’s is also star rising economic crisis, G the and B. Turkish economic growth, the gas revolutions. Eastern Middle in the positioning its by is reinforced and reinforce, to serves both power military a regional and we can do this...’ do wecan and that do wecan ‘well say and like they bits the take and cart in ashopping like that take can people think in Turkey way. this gotthings actions I their how of example an as used be can They world. Muslim in the light of abeacon as seen They’re before. was it than stronger much ismuch economy Their before. were they that position stronger in amuch they’re because also but policies, isErdoğan’s reason the of part and that, doing not they’re Now wanted. US the what much pretty did military The roost. the ruled military Turkish the the with government, not and Turkish the with military mostly was US the when Erdoğan, before Whereas time. the all US the appease to need Turkey’s doesn’t it policy, foreign through You see needs. it can supplies the needs, it contracts the of In terms doing. of capable it’s what of in terms hardware, of in terms Imean politically, increasingly independent. And I don’t mean become has Turkish the isthat military time same the at happened what’s control, civilian under military the he’s while brought isthat irony The dependent on the strength of the Greek Cypriot of the Greek Cypriot ondependent the strength more were Turkish before Cypriots Whereas reek declinereek win-Greek Cypriot lose in the following way: following in the lose Cypriot win-Greek Turkish the articulated servant public A senior counterbalance.” auseful save was us, it would but Greece that thought really we ever that Not shots. the Turkey that means calls “it completely noted Another Goliath”. and friend and David of instead Goliath, and David “now that become it’s commented actor Cypriot-Turkish Greek on NGO One relations. power effect resultant the and Greece of collapse economic is the Turkey’s to related growth Closely economic fully aware of what he has to do. It’s just a bit of do. of It’s to abit just has he what of aware fully really is not that of…someone abit and arrogance an of abit shows it and world Arab the lead and Israel with dealing vis-à-vis guy atough be to trying is think Erdoğan “I saying that nexus, East Middle Israeli- Erdoğan’s the on of handling commented actor society Acivil finds. gas emerging the to directly linked Turkey-Israel the was tension Often Mediterranean. eastern in the explorations gas the and Turkey’s East Middle in the role front emerging Turkey, and Israel, to Cyprus, both of regards with Republic the between relationships tense of triangle the also therefore was interest frequent of A subject problem and makes them more one-sided. more them makes and problem Cyprus the regarding strength their affects that And isadded. strength economic now and ballpark, in the even we’re not strength, military significant have already they think, you if but well, live to them want Idon’t usweaker. that It’s makes not which them, for It’s strengthening picture. broader in the interested you’re less so and ok you’re doing because in compromising interest the and compromise, to need the removes development Economic or 8 percent and that’s very very healthy. very very that’s and 8percent or 7 like something by growing it’s Ithink moment the at economy. But world the of state whole the on a lot depend will that overheating, by affected be also will it whether or last Turkish will the economy whether Turkish the of economy. Now strength the variable, serious avery it’s Ithink yes so well, as in tatters is economy our because now case the isnot obviously that income, get to and jobs find to side Cypriot Greek the to over come to used they and community the further comments made by the above journalist, journalist, above the by made comments further the in is reflected This goodwill. such show to willingness is there that expressed often is also doubt time, same Turkish the by At the actions government. two or one with come change could positive that highlighted interviewee one than this, of more all Even with newspaper: daily alarge of editor the to According mistrust. Cypriot Greek triggered 2012 in early explorations Turkishgas In during addition, recent threats business that: leader reflected Turkey A with tensions aresult. as potential on Turkey’s rising power.” reflected However, also some counterbalance to power and position geopolitical our improve to We’re this. trying counterbalance to ally awilling was Israel and is shifting, power of thisbalance that “we sense aresearcher: by reflected thinkingis This finds. gas the to related fallout Turkish against Cyprus of Republic the cushioned that move astrategic as Israel with alliance rapid Cyprus’ of Republic the supported people of A number things”. go way to about wisest the not it’s off, showing Greek Cypriots. Cypriots. Greek the by attractive considered be could that how see Idon’t so regard, in that hostile extremely are They Paphos. of east and West even. Cyprus underneath Turkey and stuff isclaiming there’s Cyprus, map, there’s Turkey, the at look you Imean, waters, Turkey’s with maritime overlap they that claim to and zone, economic exclusive southern Cyprus’ of have to parts and interest, of areas TRNC’s the with overlap which of half quarters, energy own their To of up maps set exploration. oil in Cyprus’ cheek and interest alarming Turkey that I think shown has that. to isgiven thought of alot think don’t Spring? I Arab an after erupts East Middle the of whole the if especially things, of scheme whole in the out play Israel with alliance an will how But Cyprus. to give will boom energy the that benefits the and Israel with developed we’ve that closeness the and gas the about all be to seems it moment At the government should put itself in Greek Cypriot shoes: Cypriot in Greek itself put should government Turkish the that insisted A young diplomat island.” the of have two-thirds we still that grateful be think we should probably They insignificant. to, we’re need too doesn’t and community researcher, Turkey either “doesn’t understand a actor. to one According than more by expressed day, was win.” to cynicism This want they that the of end the at agame be It even might Cypriots. Greek the of fears the about cares really government Turkish think the don’t “I said, actor society a civil fears, Cypriot Greek regarding Specifically priorities.” their on We low are anymore. for them conflict longer no “a was lawyer, Cyprus rights ahuman For Turkey.” of interests is in the what do they want, communities both what know they though it,“even put researcher one As concerns. Cypriot Greek understood it not or whether of regardless goals, own its to favourable astrategy pursue would it that was consensus the in general but interviewees, between varied fears Cypriot Greek understood Turkish the whether government about Opinions burning issues. of anumber amongst only one was it Turkish that the on low priorities; government’s was Cyprus that believed interviewed people Most Cypriots Interpreting Turkish G of perceptions But what doC. they think us? of be enough, because of the level of mistrust”. of level the of because enough, be not still might didit they if even and it, do never would they but step, [that]control, amassive be would Varosha UN under change, back thing. one Giving “one with allayed be could tension that continued who important archaeological sites. I think Turkey Ithink sites. archaeological important most the of It’s one sites. ancient churches, their country, a third of their population, beaches, of athird it’s Cypriots Greek to but adot, only it’s Turkey to so territory, occupied of miles square many however only it’s yes and refugees, 200,000 only it’s yes, isthat, haverealise to they What all. at concerns Cypriot Greek the understand they think I don’t reek reek

71 72 their population, beaches, churches, ancient sites.” Cypriots Greek to it’s athird of their athird country, of Turkey so to territory, it’s of only occupied miles adot, but 200,000 it’s yes and refugees, only however many square at What all. they is havethat, realise to yes, it’s only don’t“I Cypriot the Greek concerns think they understand decision-making. in factor adriving be not would understanding that feelings, Cypriot Greek understands government Turkish the if even that interviewees many by expressed feeling the Turkish underlines This terms. Turkish on the be be always would would it preference, issue the solving though that thought the with closed however, time, same At the he learn. to willingness their indicated Turkish the of leadership members with speak to Cypriots Greek of trips recent that believed activist rights hand, ahuman other the On follows: as it put journalist A impediment. “annoying,” an or “irritating,” be to Cypriots Greek perceives government Turkish the that mentioned frequently It was exist.” we still that frustrated in his thinkis side...I he athorn as Cyprus regards he think “I that said he when representative are person abusiness of comments the Cypriots, Greek perceives Erdoğan that believed people how of In terms […] we’re just annoying little insects. […] insects. little annoying we’re just Cypriots Greek these are line the down somewhere […] Syria and Iraq and and Armenia and Kurds the like issues with havedeal to also they But frustrating. really that find they And place. their know not do and cocky really really are and time, the all Goliath and David play to trying just are who parasites little annoying these as Cypriots Greek Turks the see Cypriots. Greek isto it important in how factor doesn’t were these meetings being organised with Greek Greek with organised being meetings these were there when back time some feel to beginning I was Cypriot interests.” Cypriot Turkish not protecting that means often And what their they interests. have protect do to to it’s of doing them amatter understanding, So it’s of not them not amatter think they doing are “I whatfor Turkey. is best of a political party reiterated this position, when he he when thisposition, reiterated party apolitical of arm youth the of to.” for them president The incentive is no there perspective, our from rights human think about and sitdown go to likely and not They’re situation. rights human the example, For interests. their to useful not it’s where case in the conflict the way we perceive the or conflict the of elements the in understanding interested it’s much how know don’t “I reflected, ministry, who government a of member asenior by shared was perspective This interests.” Turkish protecting not Cypriot means that often And interests. their haveprotect to do they to what doing them of amatter it’s understanding, not them of for Turkey. is best doing what are amatter not it’s So Ithink they But people. knowledgeable very are they Ithink and understand, think they do “I interests: Turkish Turkish and between Cypriot difference the up brought also this tension, and highlighted hotelier A atension. highlighted people many perspective, Cypriot Greek the from conflict Cyprus the understood Turkish the whether leadership asked When better out of the deal. deal. the of out better something get to manage they when on later for it leave can They it. solving without live can they But it. solve to preference their be ... would it problem. the solve to opportunity isan there if changed, have priorities their if even government, current the about speaking generally that sure Iam And it. solve to problem, the understand to trying are they feel to You to. came begin they conclusions what know don’t I are. problems our what understand to beginning Turkish was the that government seems it that in Turkey, visits other and Erdoğan visiting Cypriots 48 inexplored other reports, been has ‘bicommunal,’ ‘one and government’ like words ‘federation,’ of definitions between exists that gulf vast The want. Cypriots Greek what with Turkey what isloggerheads that at wants and Cypriots, for Greek ideal is not that something is bases ethnic and territorial along Cypriots Turkish to power of giving the is that here positioned communities). the is within What (as as well communities the of each to means ‘reunification’ what ongoing the over issue is also on shetouches What conflict. the to solutions acceptable of perceptions between continuing gap the highlight to also serves comment her opinions, but above the echoed organisation tourism aleading of A member community.” Cypriot Turkish the protect to in 1974 was jurisdiction Their Turkish community. the protect Cypriot to always was position “their that continued thisperson purposes, strategic own for its using Turkish the Cypriots Turkey that opinion also expressed was frequently the from In account.” adeviation into it put don’t or care don’t they but it understand think they “I that, said clear-cut. A lawyer stressed that by and large, the the large, and by that stressed Alawyer clear-cut. not are in Cyprus actions recent its of consequences Perceptions Turkey about the especially and recurred. that However, atheme here. was it elaborated

now. power geographical into turned has power Electoral land. into it split they it, change to tried they and then back that get didn’t they since and 60s, in the have to used they that Turkish the to Cypriots power that give to want They one. abicommunal republic, afederal want They government. one republic, One wedo. way the reunification, want they think I don’t And side. their from things see will they perspective, Cypriot Greek the understand they Even if Interpeace and Cyprus 2015 Initiative, 2011. Initiative, 2015 Cyprus and Interpeace 2015 Initiative, H Problem: Cyprus the ‘Solving Kaymak, Erol Papadopoulou, Katerina Beyatlı, Derya 48 and so will not be be not will so and opes and F and opes Cyprus Cyprus ears’, makes them immovable: them makes ultimately that factor the being to thing, apositive be may not Cyprus north of Turkey’s bolstering economic that idea the of articulation) full not hinting (but the factor, to areconciliatory as economics of importance the to Turks average Cypriots, among Greek of perceptions from transitions he Here responses. interview the of anumber of is indicative his comment of layering The Turkey Cypriots. Greek between and in relationships economics of role the about talk to on moved then He Cyprus. about Turkaverage little cared relationship. Whatever the father says the son does, does, son the says father the Whatever relationship. “a father-son as relationship the characterised One independentyouth state. representative afully create to efforts indicated north the into money pour to Turkey’s that stating efforts recent cautiously to Turkish on hold its Cypriots, release never Turkey that stating will emphatically from ranged Turkey. of independent be ever will Thoughts Cypriots TurkishTurkey whether and Turkish and Cypriots, between relationship the regarding interviewed those among opinions of aspectrum was There Turkey. of independent truly be ever will Turkish that perceive Cypriots interviewees Cypriot Greek whether of question the on specifically concentrating on is value there thisreport, of sections other with have overlap people’s answers while and interviews, all in almost addressed was that one is ‘we’re them’ goingof get whether rid to of issue The independent Turkey? of D. W going to get rid of them, if at all. all. at if them, of rid going get to we’re how know Idon’t good. for here they’re And things. doing They’re area. occupied the into money more and Turks pushingmore the are again then But animosity. the out flatten It will wins. that economics It’s in Greek. you to talk They care. don’t No, they brothers?’ Turkish our Cypriot killed ‘you you to say they Do Bazaar. Grand the into You goIstanbul, to whole. the on care, don’t they but care, they think We average. on Turks care, the think don’t I honestly ill Turkish ever be Cypriots

73 74 made them different, towards us.” towards made different, them bit way, our alittle them in EU factor 2004 pushed “The independence was in the interests of Turkish of Cypriot interests in the was independence that believe didnot servant public A senior governance, rendering our government ineffective”. for problems cause constantly will it that believe Turkey we and ingrained how community is in their Turkey,of understand “We state. in afederal even free be never also will Cypriots Greek that highlighting future, the into extend to Cyprus of part northern Turkish strong the in used the role go.” researcher One Turkey let like that. is not doesn’t and things holds Turkey country, is but going what own in their on know even don’t they is chaos, Greece like Greece, not “It’s representative: are restaurants seaside of aseries of amanager of comments The Greece. with interviewee one than more by contrasted was Cyprus regarding strategy along-term to Turkey’s stick to ability table.” the to back came he pressure that of because and north, in the government the on pressure of alot put Erdoğan Christofias, with negotiate to want didn’t Eroğlu When us. for positive been “AKP’s the also that has said power representative political Ayouth table. negotiating the to Turkish leadership the bringing as Cypriot identified Turkey where is case in the especially negative; as perceived entirely Turkish is not influence government complies.” he until speaking, literally his allowance, cuts father the rebels, son the if and from us. from need other have any don’t they EU. Now the before opportunities have those didn’t they because ease and support some EUgave them the and recognition, and issecurity want they that thing The us. towards way, our different, bit them made alittle them pushed in 2004 EUfactor power. the Only growing Turkey isa logical, it’s well way,that because, Turkey. be inwith to lot continue their will throw And to Turkish of Cypriots interest isin the it In reality s: Cyprus, but indirectly: but Cyprus, in intention influence of retaining of its perception its the and Cyprus north over monopoly economic Turkey’s linked actor current society civil Another culturally.” and economically Cypriots, Greek Even the on sides. both on island, the on influence Turkey happen. will astrong it be but time, will take It’ll off. back [a Cyprus] so of federal part EU and in the are saythey could They have clout. would that they and delivered and signed been it’s “Because thing: abad necessarily not him,For thiswas communities. in both island the on actor influential an Turkey, of independent Turkey that but remain would become to Turkish empower would Cypriots solution a that argued actor society civil one In contrast, did to them.”did to we what to, have after they aright and Cypriots, Greek of fear real feel “Turkish that Cypriots reflected actor society Acivil for mission everyone.” impossible an It’s almost resolve. to issue in away. easy It’s an not them protect to trying are they So them. of advantage take would Greeks ‘do the you want’, then whatever Turkish the to says and alone Cypriots Cyprus leaves Turkey “if that out pointed Adeveloper actors. some by raised also were Turkish of safety Issues Cypriot different?” be it should Why there. we? So…it’s are same the Greece, of independent we’re fully “well, that not point the made Greece and Cypriots Greek between ties close the at discontented was who representative political youth A their economic role in Cyprus. in Cyprus. role economic their through influence, indirect an build to trying they’re Ithink so influence, adirect be can’t this know they EU, us, the to and acceptable be could it that extent the to north the control to able be to want somehow They asolution. of kind some havefind to they know go. They Cyprus let to like wouldn’t They out? pulling for planning while in Cyprus influence strong their keep to now. How build to trying they’re what is this Ithink but out, havemove to will they point some at that know They in Cyprus. influence political Turkey astrong that keep I think to like would have let Cyprus go a little. I don’t know whether it’s it’s whether know Idon’t go alittle. Cyprus have let think they “I servant: acivil by is reiterated Cyprus in needs it what Turkey that has idea The already gas”. the with now Especially could. they it,if of all not if Cyprus of part – is ground need and want they All position. Cypriot Turkish the about care don’t “they that said island the of sides both on tours leads who guide A tourist Cyprus. retaining of importance cultural or psychological the to pointed others Still interests. gas recent more to pointed Others young soldiers. for ground atraining or base, amilitary as island the of importance the Turkeykept cited Many in Cyprus. what about answers gave of arange Interviewees perspective: radical fairly following the had actor society a civil most, feared Cypriots Greek thought he what directly asked When resistance. and violence, domination, of lens the through Turkey perceived frequently most are about feelings Cypriot Greek admiration, and fear of Turkey about acombination feelings as Cypriot Greek expressed who actor society civil the by highlighted As Turkishof for Cyprus motivations G E. selling in Lemesos. in Lemesos. selling starts Mavi isif happen Turkish could that thing more only The done. it’s vocabulary, in our words have Turkish way. same We the already dressing we’re already nargile, smoking we’re already coffee, Turkish drinking We’re already done. been already it’s going happen, to was If anything damage. the done It’s already culture. Ottoman of years 500 had already We’ve on. come but south, in the whatever Turkish We up afew may pick or words Cypriot. more being to Turkified.’ back goingcome It’sbeen to only has north the up fools, ‘wake say you then But island. the of Turkification the of afraid are extremists the Ithink EU. we’re And in the movement, non-aligned club,in the we’re not in adifferent world, in adifferent we’re living that realised they’ve over. days think are Idon’t those that realised they’ve think Idon’t ’74. of Arepeat Intervention. reek Cypriot fearsreek andthe Cypriot perceptions the social, cultural, and economic ramifications of the the of ramifications economic and cultural, social, the and Cyprus of Republic the within instability economic increasing of reality current the through filtered are Turkey of perceptions Cypriot Greek highlighted, As II. W confident about the future of Cyprus”. Cyprus”. of future the about confident very not Cypriot, aGreek as feel, me thismakes And country. independent an become Cyprus let to is not vision long-term their is that Iknow what But it. about go they how and is in reality policy their what know Idon’t reasons. economic geopolitical, psychological, For in Cyprus. have hand always one should they is that policy think their “I future. country’s the independent”, linking to feelingsit also of doubt about “fully become Turkey Cyprus let not would that feeling the to reasons above the tied A developer too”. feel they it’show and feel, in away. land, their we how That’s protecting are they is Turkish, Cyprus of so part that feel They Greeks? the to Cyprus give they would Why ways. many in It’s important East. Middle the to close it’s gas, also, but well, as that For reasons. for psychological only not is important “Cyprus reasons: strategic and ethnic together brought Ahotelier some. by expressed was strategic is regionally Cyprus that feeling The Nothing.” is what? there and here billion few a but is Strasbourg, there Ok, is illegal. state their that them is telling one No TRNC. the state, have own their They problem? the huge What’s making gains. been they’ve because out it rough to willing they’re terms, own their on not if and [Cyprus]. terms, own their On it of get rid to want lawyer, one to “they According cost. away it any at trade would it that much for Turkey, is aliability Cyprus so not others, For but beginning”. the from plan the was Ithink this more. do to need don’t they control, the have they want, they have part the They Cyprus. of all now. want think they want Idon’t have they they what that it’s Maybe much. that Europe about care they think so,think don’t Idon’t ..I Europe. of because G r k Cy eek h at a p rIo r e t t h c e m on o rn ce p st r s ess ? Ing

75 76 businesses have cash flow problems.” flow have cash businesses not are doing of the Most well. mostbusinesses and friends it out. many to high. Unemployment Italk is at arecord the itself, government bails support cannot unless system hold longer. out for cannot much economy banking The crisis in economic the south is abig problem. “The Our of the businesses have cash flow problems.” flow have cash businesses the of Most doing well. not are businesses most and friends many to Italk high. isarecord at Unemployment out. it bails government the unless itself, support cannot longer. for much out system hold banking The cannot economy Our is abig problem. south in the crisis economic “The Cypriots. Greek for most priority a as crisis economic the highlighted A developer economiccrisis The A. thus: it put in Paphos leader industry An Israel. with alliance recent Cyprus’ of Republic the of aresult as and 2012 in due October explorations licensing for gas of phase second in the contracts awarding of the during Turkish of arecurrence of aggression possibility the at concern expressed interviewees other however, time, same At the stability. comparative of one be to Turkey expressed frequently was with relationship the is that reality Cypriot Greek current the of consequences the of one paradoxically, Perhaps insecurity. profound and introspectiveness of aperiod into entering be to seems society Cypriot Greek uncertainty. EU economic of context broader the culture, and ‘Cypriot’ traditional of loss of feeling aresultant and countries third from migration Greek economic crisis, theof increasing perception thank God we have the Americans. In this case. case. In this Americans. wehave the God thank Imean, Israel? attack to excuse an as it use they if what but gas the over something start actually Turkey if know would Idon’t ..and watching. always ..they’re watching. always they’re but north, in the drilling they’re Now shores. our off games war Turkey playing and time, was last Mediterranean in the navy world’s the half We had round. Turkey’s what next know in the We going do to don’t 50 with the far right. far the with linked and press, in on the reported were Cypriots Turkish and migrants against incidents violent of anumber 2011 and In 2010 identity. Greek Cypriot community,Greek Cypriot surrounding questions and in the nationalism of rising level the was concern apressing as interviewees by raised frequently A topic nationalism of rise B. The 49 This was explained by one researcher thus: researcher one by explained was This identity. in Cyprus’ exclusion and inclusion over struggle of sites the as streetsides marking seen, be to beginning is also far-left the by counter-graffiti though landscape, urban the litter slogans nationalist Turks, and Greek with or migrants against Graffiti changing. is also Cyprus south of landscape visual the south, in the groups youth right far of visibility taught to children in schools. children to taught ‘Greekness’ of element the regarding especially system, education the of reform over divisions deep have there been and perspective, ethnic an on taken also has in schools teach to history of version what Greek Cypriot community. Cypriot Greek in the concerns current primary the of one as above in sections considered been also has and interviewee, every almost by reiterated atheme was This f

aug/03/cyprus-problem-fuelling-racism. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/ 2011; members attack lottery seller lottery members attack 2011; G 2011; ‘ Evripidou, Stefanos 2010; July 22 Antiracism), Support, nationalist-racists’, K ‘ Cypriots versus others. There have been have been There others. versus Cypriots Greek Orthodox of sense the Imean Bythat rise. the ison community, nationalism Cypriot Greek In the Learning Conference, and Teaching in Developments’, Multiperspectivity F and Situations Present-day Cyprus: in Education H in Methods ‘Teaching Makriyianni, of Cyprus”’, “ the on Schoolbooks Cypriot Turkish and Cypriot G of AComparison Cyprus: Divided in Education Protestors storm palace gates palace storm Protestors K or a background see Y see abackground or ISA calls for the condemnation and the isolation of the the of isolation the and condemnation the for calls ISA eorge Psyllides and Poly Pantelides, ‘ Pantelides, Poly and Psyllides eorge 2/2008; and Chara Chara and 2/2008; Report Centre Cyprus PRIO 49 At the same time, struggles over over struggles time, same At the N ISA (Movement for Equality, icosia 24-27 N 24-27 icosia iannis Papadakis, ‘ Papadakis, iannis 50 ’, Cyprus Mail’, With the increasing increasing the With ’, Cyprus Mail’, ovember 2004. ovember istory School School istory H istory istory , 20 March March , 20 ELAM ELAM , July 13, 13, , July reek reek H uture uture istory istory 52 51 is the “this left: the of positioning the to attitudes right-wing above the compare to on She went perspective: personal a very from thisconcern on elaborated servant civil A senior foreign and workers.”seekers asylum against demonstrations have been others. There CypriotsOrthodox Greek versus is on the of rise. By the sense that Imean Cypriot the“In Greek community, nationalism

parliamentary elections. parliamentary 2011 May the in vote the of 1.1% received They F Cypriots. Turkish and migrants against violence to linked promoting G party right-wing extreme An Μέτωπο. Λαϊκό Εθνικό next elections they’ll probably get an MP. an get probably they’ll elections next families, from the society. society. the from families, the from schools, the It’s from lines. party follow who people non-thinking these create to designed is society in this Everything them. brainwashed have completely units family their and society reality, of kind other any see to opportunity asingle given been have not kids gowar. to Those ready are They that? like raised be they anger. much can so How with and clothes, in black marching kids athousand like day, were other the there and parades the to kids the […] exists still We took sense this wecome, forward far how weprogress, much how despite because […] disturbing levels most that’s thing the it’s the ‘so Atall not Greek’. are who under kids other the put they pressure the and Greek, being about kids the to istransferred that superiority this about complain They Greekness. of notion this to adhere to school at under they’re pressure the about complaining are children My Europe. of rest the behind years is100 Cyprus like Ifeel and in 2012 we’re living stronger. Imean, getting just it’s and generations, between transferred is being nationalism The Front] Popular National [The ELAM workers. foreign and seekers asylum against demonstrations 2% or ELAM’s perspective, see http://www.elamcy.com/ see perspective, ELAM’s or 52 [of the vote] in the last elections, [and] in the [and] in the elections, [of last vote] in the the reek nationalism that has been frequently 51 got got . after its own that is interests, all.”after thatdoing is looking ourselves. it to Turkey is acountry aboutthe damage Turkeyworried is We’re doing us. to “So we? where are We we’re then have here. And no future Turkish Cypriots. He pointed to increasing bitterness: bitterness: increasing to pointed He Turkish Cypriots. perceive Cypriots way Greek the to Cyprus of Republic the in unemployment increasing and nationalism rising link to on went above cited researcher The is all.” that interests, own its after looking Turkey is that ourselves. doing to it is acountry Turkey damage the about We’re is us. doing to worried we’re we? then We are And havehere. where future no “So interviewees. of anumber of representative was tensions, Cypriot Turkish Greek the internal to threat comparing frustration, Her unrelenting”. and minded single- as just are left hand, the other the On right. Cypriots see them, in reverse. . . .If at this point the the point this at ..If in reverse. them, see Cypriots Turkish way the things see to try We not do though. community other the of failure the see to part our on failure of isa lot There perception. the That’s paying’. are who ones the weare that lost, that ones the ‘we are Even though community. other the for paying weare that wethink when friction isalways There . It’s negative. fast-tracked. being are Turkish that see Cypriots they and services social to go they and cut being are wages people’s when crisis economic of in atime especially received, well very isnot that So north. in the properties Cypriot Greek here, services Free worlds. both of best have the they that sense is this there So houses’. in our stay and go they ‘and then that all do they that express groups focus in our Cypriots Greek the and hospitals, to go day, the they of here, end come Atthe they taxes. pay don’t They obligations. the without Cyprus of Republic the of acitizen of privileges the all enjoy they free, for hospitals gothe to can They services. our from benefiting as Turkish the see Cypriots they because Turkish about Cypriots community Cypriot Greek in the discontent of isalot There Cypriots. Turkish the towards alot isdirected nationalism Our

77 78 pe A. The peace The process is goingA. nowhere at almost three billion US dollars. billion three almost at estimated was state already-declining the of economy the on explosion the of cost overall the and dollars, US billion one to close at estimated was plant power the restoring Republic’s of power. the half cost The provided which station, power Vassilikos completed recently- the destroying as well as areas, residential surrounding the to damage significant caused site,and the from kilometres five felt in villages was explosion The years. two than for more base naval the on elements the to exposed and open in the stored and government Cyprus of Republic the by confiscated were Syria, to Iran from ship travelling Russian-owned a on in 2009 US Navy the by seized explosives, The injuring more. 62 and people 13 killing base, naval Florakis Evangelos the at ammunition of containers 98 of explosion July 2011 is the community Cypriot Greek the within leadership poor of issue the up with Tied for compromise. incentive of lack the and leadership, Turkish the poor Turkish negotiators, and Cypriot by intransigence community, increasing Cypriot Greek in the nationalism growing for peace, need pressing no produced which conflict acomfortable as Cyprus in experienced stability comparative the included This concern. significant of and/or causes contributing as cited were factors of Anumber pessimism. apathy, of one and disengagement, was conflict Cyprus the of for resolution negotiations the regarding interviewed people among feeling overall The III. Th 53

r accessed 17 July 2012. July 17 accessed news/europe/2011/08/20118313262573244.html http://www.aljazeera.com/ at Available 2011. August ‘Cyprus ruling drops coalition out’, partner they have over here. have over they things those to access their off cut to wewant then anything, give to willing isnot community Cypriot Turkish the that feels community Cypriot Greek cept e n Ions e go of Turk t I at Ion p e y 53 ro There were were There cess a 3 Jazeera, Al . Last . Last n d 55 plan said: Annan the supported had who developer prominent a solution, any felt from people distance Regarding the process. negotiation in the efforts Christofias’ support to people’s willingness into over spilled leader. has This astrong be to capacity president’s the of perception popular negative strongly the was event the of handling government’s Cyprus of Republic the from backlashes significant the tragedy. for the directly Christofias president blame to began quickly, Very people explosives. the remove to failure government’s the against protested Cypriots Greek as event, the from repercussions political significant 56 54 the event largely at the feet of President Christofias. President of feet the at largely event the for blame the laid and crimes, other and manslaughter of possibility the investigate to attorney-general the asking released, later was inquiry official an on based Areport affairs. foreign of minister the and guard, national the of head the defence, of minister for the event as his popularity plummeted. his popularity as event for the himself consistently deniedChristofias responsibility

r July 2012. blast-inquiry-id http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/03/us-cyprus- R blast’, for leader K Michael 2012. July 17 accessed Last http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14132130 blast at navy base’, BBC N BBC base’, navy at blast deadly over protest ‘Cyprus 2012; July 17 accessed Last Cyprus-over-criminal-errors-behind-explosion.html worldnews/europe/cyprus/8632718/Anger-grows-in- http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ at Available 2011. behinderrors’ explosion’, Daily The Telegraph, someone in our circle talks about it, we ask whether whether weask it, about talks circle in our someone If it. about talking even time of isawaste it and coming, asolution see We don’t problem. the about much talk wedon’t Now period. Annan the during it about alot talk to We used anymore. problem Cyprus the about friends my with much talk I don’t news/world-europe-15159826 N BBC blast’, for blame rejects Christofias President ‘Cyprus ichard Spencer, ‘Anger grows in Cyprus over ‘criminal ‘criminal over Cyprus in ‘Anger grows Spencer, ichard ews, 3O ews, 54 The event led to the resignation of the the of resignation the to led event The ctober 2011. Available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/ at Available 2011. ctober ambalas, ‘Independent probe blames Cyprus Cyprus blames probe ‘Independent ambalas, U ST euters, 3O euters, R E79214S20111003 ews, 12 July 2011. Available at at Available 2011. July 12 ews, . Last accessed 12 July 2012. July 12 accessed . Last ctober 2011. Available at at Available 2011. ctober . Last accessed 15 15 accessed . Last 56 One of of One 12 July July 12 . . 55 also to internal tensions within the Greek Cypriot Cypriot Greek the within tensions internal to also thus, it it linking put actor society Acivil interviews. in the reflected repeatedly was resignation of A feeling here?” still UN is the why But avoid blamed. to being trying do? We’re to all trying why. they know are don’t What I doing keep it! they then and we disagree, that agree we and is white, Isayno, sky the is black, sky say the You negotiations. doing these they’re why understand don’t “I role: ongoing mediation/facilitation UN’s the of value the questioning also follows, as it put company alarge of head The negotiations. the of purpose the questioned people In addition, issue: important an as public broader the and teams negotiating the between disconnect the highlighting continued, He afailure”. are already They 10s. in the fail they’ll and 90s, in the failed they 80s, in the failed they 70s, in the failed They changes. nothing [anow stalemate], are they as characterised are or afailure, as labelled get talks the “whether that is afailure”.it argued He success, “without that out pointed actor society A civil negotiations to succeed, these lives need to coalesce. coalesce. to need lives these succeed, to negotiations the For UN. the to report they that another and maneuvering, political their of part as people the with share they that one table, the at One lives. three live negotiators the So table. negotiating the of outside world the of rest the of logic the and table, negotiating the of logic The concurrently. running logics separate two are there Because failure. this to contributed it’s Ithink and is aproblem, This table. the at sitting Cypriots, as Cypriots, all not It’s side. other the on people more six or five another and people, more six or five with himself means he table, the at everyone represents he says Christofias When process. opaque in an They’re essentially. parties two circle, asmall representing men, two between isadiscussion it First, far? so failed have they Why future. in the succeed they isif issue The failed. have already negotiations the that I think usall. for reached it’s level the bother. That’s why so chance, isno There stars. the to alone he’s talking telecommunications company phrased it thus: it phrased company telecommunications a of manager Asenior process. peace the to linked and actor one than more by articulated was community Cypriot Greek in the nationalism growing of theme the above, highlighted As offers some buildingconfidence offers measures.” Turkey that time Ithink high it’s But compromise. to wanting for not Cypriots Greek the on blame the put to Iused breakthroughs. no have there been that humiliating it’s think “I representative: is actor society acivil of perspective The stalling. negotiations for the leadership Cypriot Greek the blamed solely previously who people and plan Annan the of supporters staunch Turkey among negotiations failed for the to apportioned being blame of level a corresponding is AKP the with disappointment growing the Linked to they are: they as things keep to incentive an as stability comparative situation’s upthe on picking community, also and our borders. to used war. of gotten We’ve fear have the we don’t Here disengaged. And now. fine. We’redisengaged all are in asolution invested are who people the Even share. to ready not We are illusion. fanaticism, is…we’re nationalism, of full mentality Our solution. a for ready usas see Idon’t pessimistic. I am progressing. not We are problem. Cyprus the about talk all them hearing of tired so am negotiations…I are there that believe I don’t here. This scares me a great deal. agreat me scares This here. isgrowing EU, nationalism our in the and countries religious most the of one We are here. fanatical We’re fervor. of almost in terms communities two the between difference religious massive a issuch there I’m if religious, even not that, notice I large. too usare between differences The quiet. We’re all beginning. the from Ihave this felt solution. the living We in exchange? are them wegive would what back, ussomething in giving have interest no They achieved. been has solution the Ithink gain. Turkey to nothing isgoing happen. to has Nothing

79 80 something that is always any blocking advance”. which is of trade-off any to sort belinked to appear that proposals don’t isCypriots concrete see to like would thatand they’re for asolution. ready But what Greek Turkey bepositive to asolution. say they towards are They for other reasons the now momentum find to “We need Cypriots to facilitate a two-way dialogue; the the dialogue; atwo-way facilitate to Cypriots Greek with communication of lines direct creating in Turkish trust goodwill; Cypriot Greek building of the themes: six main around revolved largely They issues. conceptual sweeping more to suggestions micro-level specific very from varied stalemate current its of out situation push the to for how Recommendations B. R advance”. any blocking is always that is something which trade-off of sort any to linked be to appear don’t that proposals is concrete see like to would Cypriots Greek what But for asolution. ready they’re that and are saythey They asolution. towards for Turkey reasons positive be other to find to now momentum the need “We leader, said: business who a by form alternative in an expressed was idea This Turkish way: half Turkish negotiators and Cypriot the meet to incentive little very had leadership Cypriot Greek the that out pointing intransigence, mutual the thinkingbehind some expressed also A journalist 57

each sideeach the calling other intransigent… got you’ve So support? get to needs minimum he him the goinggive to not they’re that sees he if more him conceding of point isthe What electorate.’ the to asolution take to Ineed what me giving to close even getting aren’t guys ‘these thinking and Eroğlu at islooking he side, one to that badly, all put re-election, of Mari, of re-election, of issues his other all respect, in that Christofias But above. The explosion at Evangelos naval Florakis base, outlined ecommendations tomove forward 57 of the economy doing really really doing economy the of specifically, a journalist put it thus: it put journalist a specifically, Regarding Cyprus everywhere.” is tension There none. are there with, Turkey relationship agood has it around countries which consider to youtry “when researcher, one to Turkish According relations. foreign in aspect aprevalent not was trust that evidence as neighbours other with relationship strained Turkey’s to pointed interviewee one than More themes. of anumber across cut and interviews many in aspect apervading was trust of lack This word. Turkish the its trust keep to government Cypriots Greek of inability the was interviewees of anumber by identified peace to impediment important most The trust building of importance i. The some territory. of return the and island; the on presence military in reduction the heritage; cultural of preservation only way that peace would be attained: be would peace only way that the build, was it to time along take would it while that highlighted abusinessperson trust, of subject the On between sides, then maybe it would be easier to get get to easier be would it maybe then sides, between trust ismore there then and years, 10 for this we do If help. would it up relations, By building same. is the us from get they reaction immediate the everything, on stance hard very this Byhaving help. would that issue, Cyprus the to approach have asofter they that side Cypriot Greek the to feeling the give and negotiations, the with flexible more be to tried If they motive. over suspicion And Cypriot-Turkish disconnect. Greek The asolution. awedge between going be to always That’s motive. of suspicion and trust of A lack Turkey, istrust. and issue biggest the Cypriots where Greek between disconnect the widening certainly is Ifis, it it version? hardline continuously the of more this Is breakers. deal are Which Morphou. and Varosha about statements makes he and saviour, great the as comes [Erdoğan] he opposition, the in Youtube…they silence videos the saw you up, them beat and them kettled opposition, Cypriot Turkish took they up everywhere, banners and posters put they and year last here came Erdoğan doing so. of means suggested actor, also who society acivil by expressed also was building trust of importance The said: community business the of Amember theme. arecurrent was region in the building trust of idea The Cypriots?” bloody Turkey the does with incentive trust have build to aday. builtover be what cannot And realistic…trust not it’s “But place. take unlikely to was which process, along be thiswould that However, reflected he is the same.” they getreaction us from the immediate on everything, stance hard very issue,the Cyprus that help. would By having this Cypriot side that approach they to have asofter negotiations, the Greek give and to the feeling with bemore flexible to the“If they tried together, Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots. It Turkish and Cypriots. Cypriots together, Greek work to want who […] people support It could least. at cooperation economic for level Atabasic trust. build So trade. be to them for order in people between trust requires capitalism of nature basic Even the trust. build that people the between relationships build could There formula. a different with safe, feel usall make to away of think can They easy. very isnot it So trust. build to years many take will Turkey with it history our of because this, see don’t you if but more, trust can you yes then period, a long over Kurds the Armenia, Greece, with relations better Turkey If Isee building neighbours. its all with but in Cyprus, only not same the way. be to Itbest has isthe trust building of strategy Along-term reality. in trust, of building the with do to has Everything . accept. to Cypriots Greek help would maybe period, a long over trust of building and cooperation the of because . also. would that something but good, feel them make to something aguarantor, of Turkey sort being with plan, Annan the to similar aplan for approval than how to exert more power.” more exert to how than rather mentality together. forward-thinking Amore together, grow benefit youcan how synergies, build consider] to youcan how need [They neighbours. their of amaster be to trying than rather neighbours their with partner abetter be to how consider to need saythey legacy, would saying: “I Ottoman Turkey’s within it contextualised A researcher goodwill?” promote to nothing them costs it when difficulties many so create they do Why me. puzzles “It said: who activist, rights ahuman by reiterated was This scale”. Cypriot the Understand Cypriots. Greek to deal is agreat them go to to far, much may be “what not that potential and the had efforts small that made also was A comment this”.do to how we’re Turkish and thinkingabout with schools, “we have level: contact track-two the at underway already were efforts that highlighted also He Get him to talk weekly. Turkey himtalk to Get Greek average for the TV. on Bağış “Get audiences: television Cypriot Greek directly, frequently, speak and to Egemen Bağış Affairs Turkish the that for EU Minister suggested A lawyer Turkish Cypriots. Greek and government the between communication of channels direct of opening the recommended also expectedly, many However, Cyprus. less from Turkish military the of all or parts of withdrawal regarding particularly interviewees, among convergences many were There Cypriots. Greek with gap the bridge to try might Turkish the for how government interviewees our by recommendations different of a number were There ii. communication Direct promoted in Turkey.promoted be could in Cyprus cooperation intercommunal of in Turkey? Turkishto product the So schools them send not why example, for packs, education our Like pressure. without support, Just co-operate. that enterprises Cypriot Greek or Turkish Cypriot support to Turkey. xcorporation example, for In trade, and Cyprus between cooperation promote also could

81 82 minds would trust you.” trust would minds CypriotsGreek whether anyone ask and in their right look at your own public diplomacy that you about make to need when you just trust increase How doto you expect beoffensive. to they bedegrading, try to theyinsulting, try be to aboutCyprus, it’s try so insulting. They official “If you look at any quotes, by any aTurkish comments where it is not. Butareas they not are putting this across.” [and where it while] is, [also] are there areas are there no other 35image, It years. the oppressor has for the last “Turkey for the average Cypriot Greek is the invader. It’s for Greek Cypriot goodwill towards Turkey: towards goodwill Cypriot for Greek Turkish of lack concern the government alongside sat diplomacy public improve to need the ajournalist, For by outside.” people and understood become explained [negotiating] the at happening discussions table the that so Turkishthe “make government efforts that suggested ministry agovernment of A member level.” third-track or second- the at or level public the at directly people the With done. be can it possible, It’s them. to anything mean wouldn’t it ends, and both help would Cypriots Greek with communication of line adirect that realise don’t think they “I recommendation: asimilar made actor society A civil thisacross.” putting not are they But is not. it where [also] are is, it there areas where areas image, [and other no while] are It has there years. 35 last for the invader. is the It’s oppressor the Cypriot you just need to look at your own public diplomacy diplomacy public own your at look to need just you when trust increase to expect you do How offensive. be to try they degrading, be to try they insulting, be to try They insulting. so it’s Cyprus, about official aTurkish by comments any quotes, any at look you if […] at […] look to need diplomacy they I think public improving relations: improving of aspects important were sites heritage cultural of (CBMs), building restoration measures and confidence of actor, implementation the society acivil For presence inreduction military and territory, of return heritage, cultural ofiii. Confidence building preservation measures: troops: of reduction including suggestions, of anumber made community move”. diplomatic the of Ayoung member symbolic “a massive as many by characterised and building measure, aconfidence as suggested regularly Turkish the withdrawing was or army Decreasing Varosha under EU or UN control and say to the Greek Greek the to say and control UN EUor under Varosha up Open north. in the people four every for troop one You need troops. don’t thousand 20 or 10 Withdraw of heritage. restoration with deals that committee technical the to boosting a give they if anybody negatively affect would it think Idon’t people. the of mood the changes it condition, in good kept are things these sure making time some spend to So house. their at looks atchurch, the cemetery, at their looks school, looks their at looks village their to going back refugee Every . possibility. a be could That CBMs. these of some accepting like avenues new up some Open feeling. are Cypriots Greek the what understand they show to moves some But community. Cypriot Greek in the publicised badly have been they extent some to have, but they like moves, some make could they think ..I Cyprus. aunited with relations the of out get can they what and picture, bigger the at have look to they I think well. well. as north the over hold their maintain them helps that narrative, Turkish the Cypriots’ protect will we ‘don’t worry and Cypriots’, Greek dastardly ‘these of kind this maintaining by And opinion. public own have their they And changes. those make to enough usimportant consider don’t isthey thing the But you. trust would minds right in their anyone whether ask and Cypriots Greek about make you that uncertain about their value: their about uncertain seemed he though Cypriots, Greek the must so Turkish the then if that troops, out keeps army pointed also but island, the of sides both on troops of numbers in reduction the suggested leader A young business borders”. so-called the controlling police, the controlling there sitting army the with it do youcan’t north in the regime independent an create to want really you “If for independence: aprerequisite was Cyprus in Turkish the of military withdrawal ajournalist, For we need to have at least fifteen thousand, or or thousand, fifteen have least to at we need then north, in the soldiers thousand six have thirty they that see you if hand, other the On logical. not Turkey? of army It’s strong million one the against To To us what? in Cyprus. do army protect Cypriot aGreek need Idon’t that say to first the be would I me, For in Cyprus? army the needs who Ideally offer. to them for measure aconfidence-building becomes it then So themselves. protect to troops thousand got40 They’ve then? issue asafety be there won’t Why then. island the on living people the will now island the on living people same the but safety, for everyone havecheck to they moment the say They one. as feel island the help It’ll back. come and home their see and go over just they’ll it, be so tea, or acoffee drink to want don’t If they IDs. showing without cross can they that say Cypriots Greek make ID. over It’ll handing or stopping no but checkpoints, the border. Keep the protect to need you like day, the It’s of not end going happen? the to what’s At checked. being without island the over travel can we that saying start to need They measure. building confidence- isanother movement of Freedom measure. one by one checkpoints, the like solved, going be it’s to way only the That’s troops. more withdraw or Morphou like in return, something offer and EUflights to open be to Ercan for demands making start should they Then . interest. It’s in their EUcontrol.’ under port up Famagusta open you as long as tomorrow, you to back it give ‘we’ll Cypriots strong army ofstrong Turkey? It’s not logical.” Cyprus. To do the what?one million against To us protect say to that Idon’t Cypriot aGreek the first army in need the army in Cyprus? For who needs “Ideally me, be Iwould Turkish action on multiple fronts: multiple on Turkish action unilateral suggested leader community A business region. broader for the and for Cyprus, destabilising ultimately be could which military, and government Turkish the between tension increased trigger may also Cyprus in north presence Turkish military the reducing that out pointed However, also was it think it’s not just one sided, I think the Greek Cypriot Cypriot Greek the Ithink sided, one just not it’s think do, they.…and they I whatever but time, same the at things big and things little it’s So states. two not and afederation, mean they if as talking start should they then federation, havingtheir about serious really are they that believe to people want really If they that. two this, two it’s religions, two it’s states, two it’s in that have put to they problem Cyprus the about talk they time every states, two these of rhetoric whole the like actions Even smaller states. separate two of feeling this creating are that regulations and rules the of some relax Cypriots, Greek the for passports or IDs for ask to need the away with doing perhaps or trade, free allowing like moves dramatic less other also Maybe propose. Iwould what That’s Cypriots. Greek the by areaction prompt immediately would which gesture adramatic quite and visible avery be would this then issue, this solve to Turkeyif wants really but in politics, done not probably it’s Ok, pot. the stir would that how see let’s and goodwill of agesture as owners rightful the to back it give up Varosha, Give happening. this see Idon’t But special. very something be would It centre. abusiness As well. very do would island the then sides, two the between cooperation was there if and army no was money, there of if and waste isa them on we’re spending money army, the and the need wedon’t In reality worth. it’s whatever

83 84 states.” afederation, if they not and mean two as talking start abouthavingserious their federation, they then should wantbelieve peoplethat to they really “If they are really this was not always cost-effective, and was politically politically was and cost-effective, always not this was that added but Greece, and Israel via Turkish products importing already were who people about directly spoke other The taxation. of levels high goods, and Turkish importing of Cypriot taboo the bureaucracy, convoluted and laborious including trade, island cross- to impediments and disincentives numerous the However,highlighted also he Agreement. Line Green the under Turkish businesses Cypriot with in trade involved actively was two the of One Turkey. with in trading interest their about spoke also community Two business the of members prominent them”. rent should they then in people’s houses, staying Ifcountry. they’re Turkey from people their the to go Let back land. get their people the saying: terms, “let stark more in thisposition put manager industry A hospitality interviewees. of anumber by emphasised was perspective This game. in the power larger the as compromises make to strength political and moral more and for manoeuvre, room more had government Turkish the that highlighting continued, He have the authority to change the game. game. the change to authority have the they majority, the being And clout. more much has party AK the me ask you if Although party. AK the of true be probably would same the and provocative, more isabit that something up with comes Christofias if violently very react would sides both on extremes the and pressures the and rules the of […] reasons, various because of because And years. the over upon agreed and selected have been that rules narrow very the within playing are sides Both far. so done been has what to different bit isalittle which something to exposed become and there go to out wants one no that seems it but things do also should side of a two-state solution is one of resignation. of is one solution atwo-state of forms various outlining quotes below the accompanies however, noted, be that feeling should the that It island. the on communities main two the between relations and process peace the about feelings current of is reflective and state, aunitary of support traditional from shift asignificant represents This division. island’s the of formalisation of kind some may be conflict the of solution ‘option for the that one’ opinion the expressed interviewed people of portion Reflective of developing debates, developing of Reflective conflict. Cyprus the resolve to incentives creating of ameans as cited also were find gas surrounding the conditions.institutional and political Conditions unsustainable reform to opportunity an as crisis economic current the perceived community business the of members some though, time same At the be. to present the perceived they how from significantly shifting not as future the saw is, most That island. the on quo status current the of acceptance facto a de Europe, and of future broader crisis, the economic the by done have will been that damage the on focused interviewees time, years’ in ten Cyprus of portrait a paint to asked When optimism. or hope great with seen not was uniformly,Almost in Cyprus future the IV. I 58 more dynamism to the current stalemate. current the to dynamism more add and deadlock of level political the bypass might developing economic incentives for co-operation that suggested company. actors for the Both risky

Report, 30 September 2009. Report, R ‘Cyprus: 2006; and 2003 in Cypriots Turkish with live G of percentage comparing 2006 C 2012); 2July (accessed http://www.epanenosi.com/index.php/archives/1061 τελικά;’ θέλει δεν που πράγματα για πλευρά διαπραγματεύεται ελληνοκυπριακή article in Greek by Y Y to response critical G ‘Do example for See International Crisis Group Group Crisis oreunification Partition?’, International ma gInIng t iannis Papadakis, iannis Papadakis’, and the original original the and Papadakis’, iannis reek Cypriots want reunification? A reunification? want Cypriots reek h Y e fu BC opinion poll telecast 13 April April 13 telecast poll opinion BC t reek Cypriots willing to to willing Cypriots reek , both available at: at: available , both 58 ur a significant significant a ‘Μήπως η ‘Μήπως e

situation in unambiguous terms: the put servant civil asenior option, preferred her As reunification.” play arole in socan and on.assisting They did for Vietnam go.let Australians like Just more to active, its leadership campaign to and be to island.an Turkish needs And grassroots don’t “I that it’s think Turkey realises killing reunification”. in assisting arole play can They on. so and didfor Vietnam like Australians Just go. let to leadership its campaign to and active, more be to needs Turkish And island. an grassroots killing think Turkey don’t it’s that “I realises conflict: the on Turkish the of revision position current government’s push for to Turkish of involvement the society civil for space made and dismalfuture, island’s the be to saw he in Turkish what responsibility stressed also He perspective: ahistorical of adoption for the and compromise, to Cypriots for Greek need the stressed A young diplomat H A. complex things? complex more the over agree going we to are how things, basic the over agree We can’t solution. abicommunal with other we’d that each kill Ibelieve here. usover there, over Them states. separate two then and space, own have their also can [Turkish Cypriots] they that so but go back, can refugees the of some territory, the of have some wecan so back land some Give also. history our of part it’s done, it’s but things, changing of way apositive It’s not valuable. It’s also history. It’s all too. history Cypriot becomes is, that it if even And rebuilt. and down knocked been It hasn’t anymore. history Cypriot of part not it’s that mean doesn’t north, isin the Kyrenia whatever or because just that awar. And welost that remember to and Cypriots, Greek as compromise, to how learn to We need eading towards partition? communities would be ad-hoc, rather than by political political by than rather ad-hoc, be would communities two the between context political the to happen might that changes any that belief the expressed people of Anumber negligible”. are envisioning it way we have the been peace of chances the whereby frozen stalemate areal or partition, negotiated a either to closer be we’ll time years 10 “In said: who journalist, one up by summed was in adecade be might Cyprus where to response overwhelming The years… inB. 10 Cyprus below that: paragraphs two in the commented respectively each who leader, journalist, one and community business a by articulated also were Versions thisposition of us away from reunification. us away from It pushes everyone. For one. negative isavery regard Turkey of in that influence the Ithink ..but sure. I’m ..but not wewant. what be EU. ..which would the accept would they Ithink Turkishthe Cypriots, Turkey umbrella, their accept as never would Cypriots Greek The term. long solution, agood be would sides two the between cooperation good with but Partition realistic. it’s Ithink but It issad, opinion. my so, or in years ten after partition be would Cypriots Greek the for solution realistic best the Probably talked about so much. much. so about talked isbeing thing partition the why that’s So neighbours. the against Cypriots Greek now, completely it’s so influence zero has which and in Cyprus, influence military/economic limited had has which country isaweak Greece because lopsided completely Turkey. with power sharing is Which about isgoing be to solution in afederal power sharing So affairs. our Turkey of out trust stay to don’t They Turkey keep to affairs. our of out Turkishthe Cypriots trust don’t They Turkey Turkishtrust the or Cypriots. don’t isthey reason shoulders]’. biggest the Ithink ‘well…[shrugs saying, and now options the at looking they’re Because taboo. atotal was past in the which that, saying are people of alot of hell A one. isoption partition that saying people of a lot are days there these community Cypriot Greek In the ...

85 86 negligible.” the way weenvisioning haveof peace been it are whereby the chances stalemate frozen partition, or areal time we’ll 10“In years anegotiated either becloser to the island, wasting money on this competition. I don’t Idon’t thiscompetition. on money wasting island, the on other, each resources draining against competing sides two being as it see “I consequences: its and competition inter-communal increased of context abroader within future the saw A young diplomat aresearcher: to According interviewees. many by raised apoint was solution conflict’s in the adisincentive as role its and time of passing The pessimistic.” very Iam ten. next the in changing anything see Idon’t changed. has nothing and referendum sincethe have passed years “Eight time: of passing the out pointing continued, He trade”. regarding agreements more afew be will There open. will checkpoints More place. same in the But powers. of chairs in the names other With place. same the in Cyprus Isee years ten “In said: actor society civil Another interviewees. numerous by echoed was This in thisregard: representative was perspective actor’s society Acivil design. things. different thinking everyone with business, recognised not state one recognised, state haveone to this continue We’ll negotiations. in the people by directed not but spontaneously, have changes, afew we’ll […] opened checkpoints the way same the hoc, ad there and here changes make and continue all We will have the existing status quo or two separate states. states. separate two or quo status existing have the we’ll either think ..I level. any at asolution reaching in interested less are who and land, the to attached not are who and there been have never who people of have alot you’ll and gone be will family their to next north in the buried be and go to back wanted who people the of Alot have died. would Cypriots Turkish with lived who people the of Alot invasion. the since years fifty be will it time, years In ten community as a separate state: aseparate as community Turkish the recognise to or Cypriot conflict, the solve to powers international and regional of interest in the was it whether wondered A developer arm of a political said: party youth the of leader The future. the of people’s vision in some appeared also nationalism Greek of fear The reasons.” thisfor economic solve to need they that understand never will Cypriots Greek years. ten next the over out richer, balancing them Isee north the and poorer getting Cypriots Greek the Isee changed. already has change can what circumstances current the “Under community. Cypriot Greek weaker economically aprojected with it contrasting and Cypriots, Turkish on Turkish of growth impact economic long-term perceived the on touching continued, He progress”. much been hasn’t there and have happened years five last in the seen we’ve changes Ithink the years. change in ten adrastic see picture does not help, it is difficult to see a solution. asolution. see to isdifficult it help, not does picture bigger the as long as So them. to indebted Cyprus Turkey both keep to and as so north the recognise to not countries other EUand the of interests in the still it’s alot, Not TRNC. the havingrecognised countries some with but today situation haveWe asimilar will backwards. Very Europe. of Mississippi the like […] is segregation of isalot Cyprus Ithink there off, me pisses really it and others, the of you’re part or Cypriot aGreek either are you in Cyprus But groups. youother feel European of other state the integration If goany you culturally. to and politically all, at here Ifit like feel Idon’t all. at here future my see I don’t is. Greece great how and Greek, being about schools, going in the on brainwashing of isalot There parliament. into get will ELAM and ELAM, for vote they’ll 18, are they after smarter any get don’t they if Imean 18, over become they Once 18. under are members their of most because elections last in the elected get to failed only party neo-fascist The Cyprus. for things good see don’t I honestly that if it happens, the future will be bright: be will future the happens, it if that hope the and forward, country the carry to capacity the has leadership the that uncertainty broader the both reflect His thoughts conflict. the resolve to momentum create to possibilities those harnessing of challenges broader the of as well as seen, is possibility the how of representative are community business in the figure aleading of comments The we’re Wefor going us Norway. but not cannot.” be to example an as Norway use They instead. for arms used always it’s for do.development, It’s used never people is what that countries, conflict at world the around youlook When for nothing. money the We spend will asolution. without industry hydrocarbon the develop to difficult very be will “it that out pointed activist rights Ahuman negative. or -positive conflict the of resolution and gas wove together spectrum the across from actor one than More sides. all on compromise encourage to find gas the of ability the regarding perspective different aslightly had community however, time, business same in the At the those probably”. pessimistic, Iam So either. that sure about not are people Many Cypriots. Turkish and Cypriots Greek of interests in it’s the if know even don’t “We Turkisheither Cypriots: Greek or of interest real in the was conflict the of solution whether on reflections with above the follows He in his thoughts. turn the is also interest particular Of unifying Cyprus through this new found wealth and to to and wealth found new this through Cyprus unifying of possibility the create will that Whether prosperity. and development of boom anew relive to Cyprus expect not cleverly, weshouldn’t and wisely it use we if and wealth, newfound the abuse not will who politicians If right wehave the society. of whole the to create will that benefits the and gas have natural to wewill that access the with be will change big The EU.the into Turkey’s block to entry problem the use can They so. think Idon’t Germany? Cyprus. to weapons of alot isselling France France? of interests in the it Is problem. Cyprus the of have to asolution neighbours our of interest in the isit why it, about If think you the acceptance of certain facts on the ground: ground: the on facts certain of acceptance the and compromise of acontext below, within it framing impact positive potential the summarised A developer cooperation. for possible element another combining provide to as industry hydrocarbon emerging the linked also actors same The divide. Cypriot/Turkish Greek the bridge to potential the had Turkish growth economic representatives, community business particularly for others, while Cypriots, for Greek negatively out play thiswould some, For resolution. conflict’s the impact for Turkish to development economic capacity the of mindful also was for thisreport interviewed Turkey. view people how opinion-shapers of group The in shaping role largest the play to continue Cyprus, to in relation strategy negotiation and public aggressive Turkey’s and with zero-sum together fears, perceived These fears. rooted historically of anumber from grow Cyprus regarding policies its and government Turkish current the of perceptions Cypriot Greek V. Con action too, that would seem like a win for everyone. everyone. for awin like seem would that too, action Turkey,through Turkey the of acut therefore gets and gas that drive to benefit that use to but share, their to entitled are who Turkish the Cypriots obviously to something give to oil possible and gas the use Let’s see. Let’s nation. small avery We are people. amillion than less benefit will that resources have to the enough we’re lucky And correct. to easy isso it country asmall issuch Cyprus know you and…as economy better amuch of fruits the enjoy will who people the all of benefit the for solved be will it Hopefully solved. be will problem Cyprus the Ithink other now, the or from way one years ten So people. the all religiousof and nationalistic for criteria; the benefit without politicians of type visionary more towards move wewill isthat hope Our us. of front wehave in politicians the given case the be will this that way. hopeful not Iam holistic in amore it see to but side one from just benefits the just see not do who people visionary need would you that do to But cl u s Ion

87 88 Turkish Cypriots not so much.” of the key. do Cypriots. abig Greek part “Turkey holds As not so much”. so not Turkish Cypriots key.Cypriots. the of Greek do As part “Turkey that abig holds commented participant One processes. these of in any agents strong particularly as Turkish see did not consistently Cypriots almost interviewees Cypriots Greek is that notable is Cyprus).also What in south churches of number and scale large up the brought also (though some mosques large of presence increasing an noted They Istanbul.’ like ‘a feel to beginning little was which Cyprus, of part northern the from alienated more and felt more they saythat is to That ‘foreignness’. increasing of afeeling on commented and noticed they north, travelled who participants those For problem. problem. the solve help could gas the financially I think But side. Cypriot Greek the to back given Famagusta be will there maybe Ok, settlement. financial be will people many for solution only the out.’ So get house, him ‘no ismy this tell cannot you his home, it’s there, lives he ago, isTurkish he in Kyrenia years 35 Cypriot, born was If someone invasion. the since years many too It’s been homes. their to going back everyone of asolution see Idon’t incentive. an be could sides both in to iscoming money much so that fact The patchwork of more pressing concerns. pressing more of patchwork abroader of background the into faded has threat Turkey perhaps Turkish the 2012, of and middle in the thismoment at people of for anumber that conclusion interesting an us to one,leading unhappy” but Turkey with a“‘stable relationship as Cypriot Greek the characterised interviewees this, of some light In tension. left-right deepening the and bickering, economy,Cypriot rising unemployment, political Greek the of state current the was participants all Turkey. for urgentconcern Correspondingly,most the toward nexus Cypriot Turkish/Greek Cypriot/Turkish Greek/ in the power of balance the swung definitely noted, which, people collapse, political and economic Greek of face in the important especially was akey power. as This Turkey of role East Middle in the increased the was note particular Of them. on effect Turkey of role the regarding its and questions and concerns major of anumber highlighted Participants edge now”. the to come almost we’ve that and picture, bigger the see to wins small own in our involved much “too are who politicians Cypriot Greek of part the on vision and leadership political of lack the on commented Many in Cyprus. implemented being Turkey’s currently that thought B’ was ‘Plan others of anumber conflict, the resolve to pressure under Turkey Cyprus of place Republic the and would finds gas the thought who those to In contrast Recommendations Policy Conclusions and

89 90 weakness: current Turkish showed Cypriots’ presidency rotating the symbolically, least at that opinion the expressed aTurkish union leader And Cypriot north: island’s the on presidency the of effects for the concern expressed in EUinvolved affairs directly Turkish interviewee One Cypriot overall. relations Turkey-Cyprus on impact havewould little presidency Cyprus’ of Republic in Europe, the months holiday largely being July, December and August, with that considered most negatively. contrary, the On or positively either negotiations the impact would that something as EU presidency Cyprus’ of Republic the see didnot communities both from interviewed people Most interviewees. our of majority for the attention great of apoint not thiswas 2012, of half second the for Cyprus of Republic the to transitioning presidency EU the of effect the about commentators political among speculation some been has there While Con Recommendations Policy Conclusions and that could have happened to us. In some quarters the the quarters In some us. to have happened could that thing worst the EUwas the into Cyprus of Republic the of entry the Plan, Annan the after that I think problems. certain solving postpone to excuse an be also will it but motivation, and morale some Cypriots Greek It may give networks. political their improve to meetings these goinguse to are Cypriots Greek that clear it’s and level, ministry the at meetings eighteen goingbe 6July.to on are There Cyprus in place take will meeting Commission European first .The Cypriot. Greek EUas the see to opportunity the give will presidency rotating the EU. And the as community international the see point this at Cypriots badly. Greek affected be will Cyprus North cl u s Ions they believe Greek Cypriots have not fully have fully not Cypriots Greek believe they which but ambivalent are they which about influence, regional Turkey’s and power economic increasing negotiating are instead Turkish Cypriots Cypriots. for Turkish meaning little has crisis that stability, own their to athreat as crisis economic Greek the perceive Cypriots Greek while that thismeans this report, of context is the that conjuncture current In the live. they in which states two the by separated are lives their waysin which quotidian the see to opportunity increasing with Cypriots provided has also it groups, social new and enterprises, business new friendships, in new resulted thishas while and interact, to for Cypriots opportunities provided checkpoints the of opening 2003 the While Turkishand Cypriots. Cypriots Greek between disconnect agrowing be to appears is what interviews the of result troubling One minimal concern. of issue thisan make to appeared negotiations in the interest or hope of lack the period, EU presidency during the ‘put freeze’ be inmight deep negotiations the that noted interviewees other While that means we’re done for. we’re done means that ourselves, for asolution find wedon’t if anything, do wedon’t and presidency rotating the over take Cypriots If Greek solutions? other for look to we need that and game the lost we’ve usthat show to happen could that else anything isthere this, EU. After entire the administer soon will that element an with Today, we’re confronted symbolic, just it’s if even didn’t. they empty, but seats those leave least at We said didn’t. they but [in EUparliament], the seats ustwo give should they that EU, the wesaid entered Cypriots Greek When development. important avery was it Ithink but importance, much so given EUwasn’t the into Cypriots Greek the of entry

91 92 Cypriots’ capacity to act. to Cypriots’ capacity Turkish disregard the primeTurkey often and factor as they do not wish share power, to Cypriots see Greek to tend believe and federation that to stumbling-block the primary While Turkish Cypriots Cypriots Greek have as perceived Turkey, as well as regarding the Cyprus conflict. Two Turkey, conflict. Cyprus the regarding as well as with relationship in their agency lacking as Cypriots Turkish perceive interviewees Cypriot Greek Overall, act. to capacity Turkish disregard often Cypriots’ and Turkey factor see to prime tend the as Cypriots Greek power, share to wish not do they that believe and federation to stumbling-block primary the as Cypriots Greek have perceived In Turkish turn, while Cypriots in Turkey’s living as south shadow. island’s the of future the articulated clearly Cypriots Greek few very former Turkish chamber of commerce Cypriot head, the by comment above the to However, in contrast situation.” gas the on and also, Greece’s collapse with happens what on depends it to. But listens one no that Europe of corner asmall “as remarked: interviewee one Turkish of growth, context economic the in future Cyprus’ of Republic the shesaw how about Turkey of asked positioning When coming inyears. the the about concern showed Cypriots Greek Some remarked: head commerce of Turkish chamber former One Cypriot comprehended. shadow over the south. the over shadow together, ahuge Turkeythemselves isgoing cast to pull don’t Cypriots If Greek that. change to able be will else anyone nor Europe neither and dependents, as region in our goinglive to are Cypriots Greek words, In other late. too going be it’s to neighbours, they’re whom with comprehend and here created been that’s power the understand fully Cypriots Greek time the by but Cypriots, Greek the invade and Turkey done. haven’t goingcome they to isn’t things about regretful very going be to they’re well, years three or two next the employ don’t Cypriots Greek power. If usacertain gives situation this course power. of And soft as [Turkey] power isusing its who simply thought that ‘they won’t give it back. Why Why back. it give won’t ‘they that simply thought who in,’ develop to in and those safe feel and own, to their of aspace deserve ‘Turkish that Cypriots believed who people were group that Among this. of justice the regarding mixed opinions were there back,’ though given be won’t north the ‘most of that understanding expressed interviewees of Anumber north. in the land and regainingproperties on focused additionally interviewees Cypriots Greek many In contrast, Turkish Cypriot administrator commented: administrator Turkish Cypriot Turkey. towards former Cypriots One Greek of and communities, between trust of lack the both regarding fears their to it linked frequently Cypriots Greek while powersharing, of that was issue essential the Turkish For Cypriots, interviewees. Cypriot Greek and Turkish for both Cypriot important was power sharing of issue the themselves, negotiations Regarding the reconciliation. real of forms from Turkey on focus their adistraction was that believed and elements nationalist and extreme own their to regard with cowardice Cypriot Greek as saw they what with disappointment hand, expressed other the on Turkish of participants, number Cypriot is really, will there.’ think the A Idon’t deeply but to, wanted they if independence have for more pushed alever. could EU as Ithink the they with especially to gain independence frommore opportunities Turkey, have ‘They elaborated: two the of One ‘don’t try’. Turkeywhile north’, Turkish the ‘controls Cypriots that commented also interviewees Cypriot Greek agreement from agreement negotiations.these an being there of chance zero Isee reason, that For us. with power share to want don’t they all, of First things. of understanding different have avery They . orthodox. very become they politics to comes it when but people, good they’re isgreat, everything relationships .In individual change. they together get they when but drink, and eat to love they pleasant, are Cypriots Greek Individually well. Cypriots Greek together. Iknow studied Cypriots Turkish Greek where and School, English the from Igraduated negotiations! the for hope I have zero over their whole socio-cultural environment. A Greek AGreek environment. socio-cultural whole their over shadow adark casting as crisis economic extended an view to tended Cypriots Greek future, own their For ones. dark were imagine realistically could they scenarios the of most that or afuture, envision to unable were they that answer to tended participants Turkish time, years’ in ten Cypriot future own their saw they how asked When scenario. likely most the as quo status current the of version some view people most and coming in decade, the conflict Cyprus the of for resolution side either on hope is little there is perceived, future country’s the how of In terms for Turkish concern immediate Cypriots. an of less be to thisappeared Cyprus, north of ‘Islamification’ increasing the be to perceived they for what concerned were sides both on interviewees some Turkey’s while And nature. as south ‘bullying’ in the and will political and independence for their respect of alack as north in the understood been has have which taken, relations that tone the and tactics strong-arm increasingly the over worry expressed divide the of sides AKP, both on the at looking Cypriots When statements. provocative Turkish leaders’ by contradicted be to sinceappear that shapers opinion- own their engage with to efforts recalled Cypriots Greek enthusiasm, of cooling apparent subsequent and period Plan Annan during the Turkey’s to for asolution pointed support Cypriots Turkish While improving. be to seem relations those in which decade past the over moments various after Turkey with relations own their with disappointment is a agree to appear sides both which on point One Cypriots. Greek regarding Turkish community Cypriot in the exists that insecurity of sense deep the of some among awareness of lack is the highlights comment thislatter What asolution.” find not we’ll then table, Turkey if But the have under asolution. ruling, keeps we’ll then Cyprus, north rules government Cypriot If aTurkish back. rights and ourland of portion us alarge give would Turkish government Cypriot “the Cyprus, in north rule to opportunity the provided were Turkish if that believed Cypriots interviewee one spectrum, the of end other the On they?’ should the current status quo as thescenario. mostlikely quo as status the current mostpeople view and in decade, the coming some version of hope side onlittle either for conflict resolution of the Cyprus is ofthere is how perceived, the future country’s In terms and the south. One journalist noted: journalist One south. the and Turkey between relations in economic improvement an of them on effects the about cautious more hand, were other the on Turkish interviewees, Cypriot Cypriot interviewee reflected that: reflected interviewee Cypriot AGreek continues. quo status the if Cyprus impact would it how and asolution, of case in the Cyprus impact would it how perspectives: different two from viewed was In Turkey’s thisregard, growth economic also.” politically it affect will it likely way most in that and is operating, economy whole the how directly affecting time same the economy, the into at money but of alot put to need don’t they so sector public the way reduce in that and Turkish by run be will companies infrastructure the of Turkish to most years afew companies…in contracts awarding economy, the run to privatisation, want they way “The north: in the dynamics change the to likely very was Cyprus north into Turkish private of capital flow increased the that noted also participant Cypriot don’t think it is an immovable rock. But… rock. immovable isan it think don’t quickly. I very change course of can this Ithink taboo. Turkey with is relations about thinking even Cyprus in But Cyprus. been has block stumbling main the and developing, have been relations the Generally Turkey Greece. and between relations the at Look development. economic towards openly more much look way. Turkish Turks the the Ithink and Cypriots that it at look to want don’t People Cypriots. Greek among attitude anegative triggers it it, mention you moment The it. understand don’t they or it, understand to […] want don’t countries people But both for opportunities many so are There tourism. and trade of in terms economy the developing with generally also but hydrocarbons, the of in terms Both us. for potential Turkey more much has of strength economic the then isasolution, If there

93 94 these. Turkey with on depend relations will future and made, be to need reforms economic and political certain in which moment important is an present the that is asense Line, then, there Green the of sides both On losing youth: its risked north the reform, without that remarked who administrator, aformer echoed Most environment. in asemi-isolated situation special their account into take would that one though reform, economic and for political need the emphasised unanimously almost hand, other the on Turkishleadership. Cypriots, visionary of alack and nationalism crisis, growing economic enduring an by shaped afuture emphasised for institutional reform, others opportunity an provide thiswould that out pointed some While impact. its feeling still crisis, or systemic deep very a as characterised all almost what from recovering recently either time years’ in ten themselves Turkey. saw with relationship their Cypriots Greek to related directly were affairs these north island’s in the though affairs, domestic with preoccupied were sides both future, own Regarding their positive in either the short or the long term. long the or short the in either positive very anything see Idon’t late.’ too be will it this understand idiots our time the by and East, Middle the in position strong Turkey in avery sultan, be the will Turkey, regarding be me to will said Erdoğan ‘Tayyip recently friend journalist way. Cypriot that AGreek things see still them of some have but changed, them of of. fun Some make could they Turkey acountry as at looking were recently only Cypriots Greek wealthy The growing. are other each with exports and imports Turkey. Turkey their that And We see them. iseyeing is want really they What profit. them bring will that amarket as Cyprus north see don’t Cypriots Greek Rich opportunities ahead of us. of ahead opportunities of a lot are there changes, certain realise wecan if but aknife, edge of the on we’re currently reason, that For business. do to wanting persons and youngpeople for country attractive an going be to isn’t this because future, abright see Idon’t are, they as continue politicians and system current If the recommendations uniformly. are supported all Not interviewees. individual by recommendations of is aseries follows what that note Please crossover. of areas and recommendations participants, from Greek Cypriot recommendations from Turkish participants, Cypriot parts: three into structured therefore is section This convergence. of themes also were there Interestingly, however, goodwill. showing by goodwill promote and example by lead to responsibility power, larger the Turkey the on take should and majority the as that believed interviewees Cypriot Greek of Anumber measures. confidence-building of implementation the and Cypriots, Greek with communication of lines direct creating of importance the development, economic trust-building, on broadly more focused interviewees Cypriot Greek independence. for Turkish respect Cypriot demonstrating as well as Cyprus in north reform economic and administrative, constitutional, political, leading or assisting for Turkey suggestions on primarily centred concerns Turkish interviewees’ focuses. Cypriot different vastly places, had, in many for reform suggestions and concerns community’s each expected, be would As PolI regulation of the relationship, while others remarked remarked others while relationship, the of regulation for awell-delineated wished interviewees all Almost negotiations. policy, and aid,foreign economic on in decisions consultation and involvement more meant it for others while state, separate a as Cyprus north respecting thismeant some, For entail. thisshould what on divided were they though will, political for Turkish respect show Cypriots’ Turkey that said unanimously should Interviewees above. listed concerns the addressed primarily Turkey with relationship their improve to how on Turkish from interviewees Recommendations Cypriot participants R I. ecommendations from Turkishecommendations from Cypriot c y Rec o mme n dat Ions relationship might be realised: be might relationship this of re-negotiation the for how suggestions specific had child.’ ‘parent and Interviewees than rather ‘brothers’ between one relationship, ‘fraternal’ more engage in a instead and ‘motherland-babyland’ of rhetoric the drop to be would respect of form one that • • • • • • • • • reform policy and Political Cyprus. in solution afederal of creation the Support parties; two the between relationship the stabilizing and forward moving a way of Turkey of role as in Cyprus historical the regarding self-criticism and Engage in self-reflection public; Turkish Cypriot the to carefully and clearly more policies explain to strategy media acomprehensive Develop Turkish with tion Cypriots; in consulta implement and fields, in relevant work who Turkish with Cypriots ideas policy Discuss sponsor; island in the embassies other that sort the of events cultural public and gatherings social including Cyprus, to Turkish ambassador for the role ambassadorial clearly amore Create public; the engagewith can and sciences in social trained are who Turkishin the embassy by including them sociologically staff understand to and socially Turkishengage with Cypriots to effort diplomatic sustained amore Create opinions; of variety greater a to listen and in Turkish society actors Cypriot of range abroader with in Cyprus authorities Turkish between communication direct Increase independence of the Turkish community; Cypriot the reinforce that representatives government and Turkish Turkish diplomats and between Cypriot for relations protocols formal more Establish Turkish community; the from Cypriot tatives represen Recognise the independence of elected - - • • • • Constitutional reform and legal • • • • reform Administrative • • Cypriot residents of the Turkish state; the of Cypriot residents Cypriot Greek and for Maronite seats parliamentary including by for instance inclusive, more structure political the making suggested interviewees Some Turkish public; the of Cypriot amajority by ved appro been already also has which and envision interviewees that changes the of ensure many would unilaterally, which Plan Annan ting the implemen suggesting interviewees of A number standards; rights human international with in line laws Turkish bringing and Cypriots parties political regarding revisinglaws include also should Reform island; in the Turkish the to police the military especially includ reform, for constitutional astrategy in creating Aid plan population long-term and medium- Clearer imposition; cultureof the Turkish remove to Turkish institutions and Cypriot between consultation of line aclearer Create process; reform own their in inspire Turkish and guide to reforms Cypriots tic bureaucra of experience recent as well as growth, economic and Turkey’s maturity Utilise political development administration; of a self-sufficient the to contribute to strategies in creating Aid control. civilian to control military under currently areas Turkish ceding certain and numbers troop inreducing were favour of interviewees of A number • • • • This could include: Cyprus. Turkey north between and relationship the of definition legal formal amore Create increased immigration control. control. immigration increased regulations; trade and investment fair Turkey; Turkishwith of goods trade Cypriot free allow would that agreement a commercial relationship; protectorate a in find usually would one that sort the of agreement a security ning. ing removing Article 10, which ties ties which 10, Article ing removing - - -

95 96 participants II. R II. • • R • • • reform Migration • • • • • Economic reform • Trust-building eform to related territory education, and other projects; projects; other and education, through planning, social residents permanent and citizens Cypriot non-ethnically of Integration economic aid. on in decisions involve them and Commission Aid in the organisations professional and society civil of Turkish representatives Include Cypriot for independent an state; support of issue aclearer becomes it that so Agency) on Coordinati and Turkish Cooperation International Turn (the Turkish the TIKA to over Commission Aid Cyprus; north and Turkey between agreements commerce Establish import standards; Turkish meet Turkish businesses Help Cypriot package; aid the with associated expenditure plan Cyprus in Turkish when fields officials in relevant work who Turkish include and with Cypriots Consult trust; build to strategy Turkeyof along-term create and fears have historical Cypriots Greek that Recognise port; Famagusta or airport Ercan of opening in exchange for settle and return to owners Varosha Turkish under Open allow and control north; in the settle to Cypriots Greek of number acertain Allow island. the to for entry requirement apassport of re-institution the may include migration of Control in Cyprus; nationals its of Turkey by actions the of accountability greater and incoming of migrants documentation careful more through Cyprus north into migration of Control ecommendations from G ecommendations from reek Cypriot Cypriot reek - • • • • • • • • • • • • Economic development • • Cypriot cooperation in Turkey Greece; cooperation and Cypriot Greek Turkish of and results Cypriot Promote Turkish NGOs; and Cypriot Cypriot Greek Turkish and NGOs between cooperation Promote Greek Cypriots; towards Turkish representatives government by sphere in public used language degrading and offensive of use reform and Reconsider solution; afederal towards goodwill show to Cyprus in states two of existence of rhetoric Decrease process; negotiation in the flexibility Show issues; rights human address and states neighbouring with relations Improve foreign be done through the following means: following the through done be community. could This Cypriot Greek to directed diplomacy public improve to astrategy Create audiences; television Cypriot Greek to regularly speak Egemen Bağış Have Turkish for EU Affairs Minister communication ofdirect channels Create medium. the as businesses using Turkish Cypriot businesses, Turkish Cypriot Greek and between trade Promote businesses; andGreek Cypriot Cypriot Turkish between cooperation economic support Encourage Turkish that or entities corporations Turkey; in Cypriots Greek and Turkish Cypriots between of economic cooperation Promote the products power. exert to techniques than rather interests of building on synergies Concentrate Turkey; to students Cypriot Greek of exchange programmes Support • level; track-three or track-two at Cypriots Greek with channe direct Establish ls of communication communication of ls • • • • • • • • • • • Confidence building measures reside in their houses. in their reside to return to regions in some Cypriots Greek Allow Cyprus; in north houses Cypriot Greek of residents non-Cypriot for current rent of system Implement inter-communal checkpoints; at for examination stop to for people need Remove checkpoints; munal inter-com at identification show to need Remove flights; EU to airport Ercan exchange of for opening in owners original to Morphou open to Offer EU control; under port Famagusta of opening request and control Varosha UN EU or under Open police; Cypriot Turkish of oversight TurkishEliminate military Cyprus; in stationed Turkish military of numbers reduce to astrategy share and Create heritage; of restoration the on working tee commit technical the Tangibly support visibly and sites; heritage cultural Cypriot Greek Restore measures; implementUnilaterally confidence-building • • the negotiating silence. negotiating the –break understanding increase to audiences all to table negotiating the at happening discussions the explain to efforts Make public;Greek Cypriot with communication of line direct Establish - - democratisation of the Turkish community. the of Cypriot democratisation Turkish the of the and fears military, Cypriot Greek both regarding goodwill of show significant and exercise atrust-building primarily this was Cypriots, Greek For control. military under now areas administration civilian up opening to potentially as well as democratisation, of ameans primarily this was Turkish For Turkish and Cypriots Cypriots. Cypriots for Greek meanings different thishad that noted be should up, it brought though also was numbers in Turkish areduction of troop version some addition, In reformed. be could that something as sides both on people by highlighted was Turkish police Cypriot the over has currently Turkish the oversight military The military. Turkish the of role the in Revision (air sea) Turkish or by ports Cypriots. international to in exchange for access Cypriots Greek for land of formula basic the of versions different ports. on concessions for return in territory of Exchange goodwill. of show a useful be would board the across diplomacy public of revision a Perhaps Cypriots. Greek and Turkishboth Cypriots offends people about and to speak representatives Language. Turkey. and community their between relations improve to recommendation important an as community own their of members and government Turkish the of representatives between dialogue direct communitiesDialogue. Both mentioned increasing III. potential of Themes convergence Interviewees from both communities suggested suggested communities both from Interviewees The way that Turkish way that The government

97 98 Note on methods

did. they that answers may the have given respondents particular why interpret or answers the contextualise to interviewer for the or questions the evaluate to interviewee for the opportunity no is often there and sampling, dependon anonymous and random often most are They interviewer. an of presence the require not do and telephone the over or paper and pen with mayanswered be normally that questions of sets are these In addition, fashion. open-ended in an question same the asked if give would they that answer the approximate only will usually that answers of set a among choose opinion, interviewees public of cases in and answers, and questions both provide Surveys 59 questions. why than rather what answer generally that methods are opinion, these public of overviews information and populations about general statistical us may give surveys as such methods quantitative While answers. seek generally disciplines these which to questions of types the of because sociology, cultural and anthropology social especially sciences, social particular of methods preferred the are methods Qualitative interview. semi-structured the one, is aqualitative in thisresearch used method The methods on Note f Education, Inc., 2006). Inc., Education, Quantitative Approaches, N F (San Analysis and Discussion for Examples Practice: in Research Qualitative Merriam, B. Sharan 2002); Press, Mira Alta ( ed. 3d Approaches, Quantitative and Qualitative Anthropology: In Methods Research and 2000) Quantitative Approaches and Qualitative Methods: Research Social Bernard, H see research, science social qualitative or more on the differences between quantitative and and quantitative between differences the on more or Social Research Methods: Qualitative and and Qualitative Methods: Research Social euman, rancisco, CA: JosseyBass, 2002); and W and 2002); JosseyBass, CA: rancisco, (Thousand O (Thousand 6th ed. (Boston: Pearson Pearson (Boston: ed. 6th W aks, Calif.: Sage, Sage, Calif.: aks, alnut Creek, Calif.: Calif.: Creek, alnut . R ussell ussell . Lawrence . Lawrence 59

understand subjective issues such as perceptions. as such issues subjective understand to wants researcher the when or provided, answers the of grasp athorough and atopic of understanding adeeper wants researcher the when used often are interviews semi-structured aresult, As interviewer. the with have to aconversation and themselves questions the discuss to interviewees allow also They observations. uprespondents’ on follow to or depth in more questions ask to interviewers allowing flexibility, provide interviews such time, same At the respondents. among for comparison allowing interview, during the is discussed questions of set a pre-determined in which is one interview structured Asemi- impressions. or opinion actual of reflection accurate amore provide to as well as context, political and cultural, social, on reflect to also interviewees allowing meaning, and fact both cover they because is This research. in policy used often hand, are other the on interviews, semi-structured In-depth, 60 design); (question problem research the address to in order questions right the asking to attentive be must researcher the is that share methods these What problems. research of types particular for answering appropriate is considered methods these of each is that observation participant and interviews, history life interviews, structured as such methods qualitative and surveys as such methods quantitative then, between difference, primary The 61 w h Interviewing K ( Scientists ( Interview P. Ethnographic The James Spradley, and 1996); (Cambridge: Cambridge U Cambridge (Cambridge: N Interviews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Research Qualitative to Introduction An vale, Interviews: illary Arksey and Peter K Peter and Arksey illary illiam F illiam ew Y ew ork: H ork: Constructing Questions for Interviews Questions Constructing oddy, Thousand O Thousand (Thousand O (Thousand olt, R olt, inehart and W and inehart aks, Calif.: Sage, 1999); Steinar Steinar 1999); Sage, Calif.: aks, aks, CA: Sageaks, CA: Publications, niversity Press, 1993). Press, niversity Interviewing for Social for Social Interviewing night, inston, 1979). 1979). inston, 61

60

101 102 asking them to the right people (sampling); people right the to them asking 62 shaped by education, media, and public discourse. public and media, education, by shaped malleable, highly time same the at while subjective however, is highly that atopic is perception, thisresearch, of focus particular The research. this of results the for triangulating data of sources population, there and are, therefore, numerous studied ahighly are Line Green the of sides both on Cypriots Indeed, issues. related on surveys multiple of subject the been has that population a with conducted was research particular This materials (triangulation). materials research using other results these contextualizing 63 h

See Arksey and K and Arksey See O (Thousand Approaches Systematic Data: Qualitative aks, Calif.: Sage, 2009). Sage, Calif.: aks, . R ussell Bernard and G and Bernard ussell night 1999 and K and 1999 night 63 erry W erry

. R vale 1996. vale Analyzing Analyzing yan, 62 and and political spectrum. political the across opinion of variety the to as well as shaped, is perception public in which spheres various the to then,attentive we were Insample, our choosing time. given any at perceptions condition that dynamics social and historical the on reflect to able are opinion shape who persons those that case the usually is also It thisresearch. of focus the were persons these result a as and realms, those within for shaping perception responsible primarily are who persons the are shapers’ ‘opinion called are policy in public that persons Those analysis of everyday life in unrecognized states. in unrecognized life everyday of analysis comparative as well 1974, as and 1963 between Turkish incommunity the Cypriot society and politics Tauris, concerns I.B. research 2012). current Her History, Community,Memory: (London, and Conflict of Politics the and Cyprus of co-editor as well as 2010), Press, Pennsylvania of University (Philadelphia: Cyprus New in the Belonging in Pieces: Past The Tauris, B. I. (London: and 2004) in Cyprus Nationalism of Cultures The Modern: Imaginingthe of author in Turkey. as well Line, as Green She is the Cyprus the of sides both on research extensive conducted has who anthropologist She is acultural Centre. PRIO Cyprus the of associate an and Economics of School London the at Institute European the R Information Author EBECCA B EBECCA RY A N T T is Senior Research Fellow in Fellow Research is Senior and Practice (Routledge 2011, with Stefan Wolff). Stefan with 2011, (Routledge Practice and Theories Societies: in Divided Management Conflict of editor the and 2009), Macmillan (Palgrave Cyprus and Consociationalism Societies: for Divided Design Constitutional of author She is the architecture. in political memory historical and conflict ethnic of role the and power-sharing, societies, for conflict design in Europe, political rights human of protection the transformation, conflict and justice transitional include interest research of areas Her of government and non-government organisations. for anumber consulted has and Lebanon, and Cyprus, in Australia, researched and taught She has Athens. of University Kapodistrian and National the from Law Public in European diploma Masters-equivalent a and Relations, International and Science Political in aPhD She holds Australia. Western of University the at fellow research honorary asenior and Justice, and Peace for Global Institute Bluestocking the of She is co-founder program. Africa North and East Middle ICTJ’s with works She currently program. for Transitional Justice’s Center Cyprus International ChrIstalla Ya kInt hou managed the the managed

103 TESEV Foreign Policy Programme Cypriot Perceptions of Turkey Cypriot Perceptions of Turkey Rebecca Bryant - Christalla Yakinthou Rebecca Bryant, Christalla Yakinthou

Bankalar Caddesi Minerva Han, No:2, Kat: 3 34420 Karaköy ‹stanbul T +90 212 292 89 03 F +90 212 292 90 46 www.tesev.org.tr ISBN:978-605-5332-25-9 FOREIGN POLICY PROGRAMME