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The African Cultural Heritage: Oecultura Tion, Transformation and Development

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The African Cultural Heritage: Oecultura Tion, Transformation and Development THE AFRICAN CULTURAL HERITAGE: OECULTURA TION, TRANSFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT BY TSOABISI PAKISO ENSLEY TONDI NOVEMBER 2004 THE AFRICAN CULTURAL HERITAGE: OECUL TURA TION, TRANSFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT By Tsoabisi Pakiso Ensley Tondi B. Th. (UD-W). M.A (UNIN) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities, School of Religion and Culture, at the University of KwaZulu-Natal Promoter: Professor J.A Smit The problem is not the existence of the culture but the need to acknowledge it, examine it and change aspects of it that prevent its members from realising their full potential. Mamphela Ramphele (1995) . ~ .j"/ 1/" DEC LARATION THE REGISTRAR (ACADEMIC) UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL, WESTVILLE CAMPUS Dear Sir, I, Tsoabisi Pakiso Ensley T ondi, hereby declare that the dissertation entitled "THE CULTURAL HERITAGE: DECULTURATION, TRANSFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT" is the result of my own investigation and research and that it has not been submitted in part or full for any other degree or to any other university. _~Ll~; T.P.E Tondi Date Registration Number: 8524183 11 A BSTRACf This study begins by highlighting the fact that after identifying the causes of defects in the socio-economic development of Africa and its populace African scholars argue for the re-centering of African cultwal heritage as a strategy for (re)-construction and socio­ economic development. In fact, the alienation and marginalization of African cultural values and traditions by the designs of colonialism and apartheid have resulted in the distortion and disorientation of some of the most fundamental aspects of the culture of the colonized. Undeniably, this phenomenon contributed immensely to the situation of 'tmderdevelopment' in Africa Culturally, people were prevented from engaging the Emopean culture(s) on their own tenm. Economically - because the African cultural heritage was degraded to the level of the 'savage', the 'primitive', 'Wlcivilized' and even the level of the 'superstitious' or 'mystical' compared to the ' logical' found in the Western cultural thought and behaviour - African people(s) were mostly prevented from participating in the development of the continent. More importantly, given the present unfolding scenario of the African leaders' dream for an African centmy - manifested in the transformation of the Organization of African Union into the African Union (AU) (during the week of the 9 to 12 July 2001) and the vision and mission of New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) - juxtaposing this ideal to the pressures globalisation process exerts on the African continent, this study III seeks to identify essential elements of African Cultural Heritage that (if reclaimed and redefined) can contribute towards the transformation and development of (South) Africa and its people. The two critical questions here are: (a) Against the backdrop of Africa's economic disposition, what is the way forward for the continent to extricate itself from the quagmire of poverty, disease and instability? (b) Is Pan-Africanism the solution to the African crisis in the 2IIt century and the globalizing world? The African Renaissance discomse (as a new Pan-Africanism vision in the 2IIt century and a philosophical framework for (re)-construction and development) is central to this study, precisely because no nation that was uprooted from its souJ can be able to recover whoUy and progress without basing its socio-economic development plans on its own cultural identity and self-knowledge. It is hoped that this study will form part of existing critical resource material concerning the legacy of underdevelopment, and the constructive proposals and strategies critical in the socio-economic (re)-construction and development of Africa in the context of g1obalisation and its marginal ising tendencies and practices against the countries of the South. IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During the period that I engaged in researching and writing this dissertation I incurred many debts: First and foremost I am greatly indebted to God Almighty, and badimo ba heso, Bo­ M1chamanga This work would not have been possible without the financial assistance from the NRF and the University ofKwaZulu-Natai. My appreciation and gratitude to my supervisor, Prof J.A Smit - thank you for your Ubuntu. ProfSM Thulare (my boss and senior coUeague) for aU the support and encouragement, and Mr Nkareng "Bro John" Thulo (my colleague and true brother) - yes, if I did not have people like you as colleagues it would have been impossible for me to make it in the context of my work at the CUT. Dr Gomolemo Mokae for making it clear to me ~ "it is not about prestige, but the obligation to contest the intellectual space. The St. Andrew's - Khotsong, congregation of the Uniting Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa, Bataung, Bakwena, Dikgoja and others, I must give more thanks, we have made it again. Ms Vuyelwa "Mavee" Nxamagele for assisting me with typing of the final product - Ndiyabolela! My two special friends and brothers in Christ the Rev Dr M R Raphesu and Mr. Tshepo Ndlow - you kept on asking me: "Kgane 0 fetsa neng MpediT We have made it - yes, "Poo go bewa ya kgomo, ya motho ya epeya" I also want to thank aU the people who gave freely of their time when I interviewed them for this study. FinaUy, I thank everybody who participated in this study and those who contributed in their special way. v DEDICATION This piece of inteUectuai and emotional endeavour is dedicated to: My wife, Mokidi "Ma-Nonlwluleko," and our two daughters, Nonlwluleko Mamphela and Tawonga. "Bo-Ausi, you have no reason not to be Towers in your life." AND My brothers and their families, Leblohonolo (Andy), Tsietsi, Sedika (Charles), Madala and Kbathauo (Greenie). My sisters, Ntsoaki, Dieketseng and Mamokete. GOD IS GOOD! VI CONTENTS Page DECLARATION .......... , ........... , ... , .... .. ... ............................. , ... .. .... .. .. .. , '.1. ABSTARACT ... ...... .................. ... ... .. .. ............... .. ... ........................ .. .. ~l ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......... ... ......... .. .......... ..................... .. ....... ... , . ... IV DEDICATION ... .. ................... .......................................... .. .......... .......... ~ CONTENTS ......... .. .... ... , ................ .. ............................... ...... ... ..... , ....... VI CHAPTER ONE ....... ........ ...... ... ... ... ............... ......... ......... ....................... 1 RESEARCH DESIGN AND DEFITION OF KEY CONCEPTS 1.1 Introduction ......... .. ....................... ................. .. .......... ........... 1 1.2 The motivation for this study .. ............................... ......... ............ 3 1.3 The aims of the study .............. , ........................ ........................4 1.4 Previous research undertaken in this area ... ... .. ....... '" ..................... 5 1. 5 Hypothesis .. ... ...... ............ .................. ... ... ...... .................. ... 6 1.6 Procedwe and design of investigation ... ... .. ...... ............... ...... .. ... .. 7 1. 6.1 Kind of study................ ....... ...... .................. ... .. ....... ..... 7 1.6.2 Selection of the sample ............... .. ... '" ......... ... .. , ............ 7 1.6.3 Research tools ....... , .... ...... .. .. ......... .. ... ............ '" ........ 7 1. 7 Limitations of the study ...... ...... ..................... ... .. ............. ......... 9 1.8 Definition of key concepts ..................... ...... .. ................ .. .......... 9 1.8.1 African Cultural Heritage.. ................. ...... .. '" ... ... .. , ......... 9 1. 8. 2 Deculturation ............................... .. ............... ........ ...... 10 1.8.3 Transformation process .. .......... ............ .......................... 10 1.8.4 Development ... .......... .. .. ... ......... .. ... .......... ............... .. 11 1.8.5 Underdevelopment ....................................................... 11 1.8.6 African Renaissance ............... '" ........................... ......... 12 1.8.7 Globalisation ... ........................................................... 12 1.9 Conclusion .. ................ .. , ...... ............ .. ....... ... ... '" ................ 13 CHAP'fER TWO .. ....... ...... '" ............ .............................. .. ... ............... ... 14 DECULTURATION AND UNDERRDEVELOPMENT PROCESSES OF TIlE AFRICAN PERSONALITY 2.1 Introduction ... ... ... ............ .. ............. ... ...... ... ...... ......... ..... .... 14 2.2 The meaning and content of the concept of the African personality and the Western conception of being ......... ... ............ ............ ......... ....... 16 2.2.1 The concept of the African personality and the UbuntuIBotho philosophy ...... ............ " . .. .......... ............... ............ ... ........... 17 2.3 Colonialism, Western cultural imperialism and the deculturation of the African personality .................. '" ... ........................... ...... .. .....22 2.3.1 The Western Capitalist system and the erosion of the Indigenous Econonty ... ... .. ... .. ................. ...... " ............ '" .. .. ....... 24 VII 2.3.1.1 A historical and socio-economic analysis of the evolution of dependency and underdevelopment in Africa ............ : ....... ............ ~6 2.3.2 The European Christian missionary enterpnse and the SOCIO­ cultural processes of subjugation and distortion of the African personality
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