1 One Ship, Thousands of Lives: a Transnational History of Shipbuilding, Shipping and the Maritime World As Seen Through The
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ONE SHIP, THOUSANDS OF LIVES: A TRANSNATIONAL HISTORY OF SHIPBUILDING, SHIPPING AND THE MARITIME WORLD AS SEEN THROUGH THE LIFE OF AN AVERAGE MERCHANT SAILING SHIP, 1886-1930 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY May 2018 By Brandon Thomas Lindsey Tachco Dissertation Committee: Fabio López Lázaro (Chairperson) Peter H. Hoffenberg Liam Kelley Kieko Matteson Jonathan Padwe 1 One Ship, Thousands of Lives Tachco Abstract Over many generations, numerous scholars have produced impressive and useful work covering the history of shipping in countless different ways, but most have been limited by nation-based scopes and framings. When viewing this global system from the perspectives of the individual ships and the individual people that were a part of it, it becomes clear that the reality was not so easily identified or defined. Whether made for war or trade, ships often survived through multiple owners, names, and purposes, and so represented the lives of many people from many different classes, races, nationalities, and creeds. This dissertation, therefore, views the history of shipping based on the birth and life of a single merchant ship from the late-nineteenth century: the square-rigged sailing ship Balclutha, which was built in Glasgow in 1886 and is now a museum ship in San Francisco. Rather than falling-back on more generalized nation-based definitions, this focused framing enables the study to be more precise and specific in its analyses of these historical subjects, which provides useful insight into the history of this global shipping system, and the history of the thousands of individuals whose lives were in some way connected to, and dependent on, nineteenth-century ships. The entirety of the dissertation looks broadly at Balclutha’s whole life and analyzes world historical topics and people that were connected through ships like it. First, a detailed look at Balclutha’s construction on the Clyde River and the commodity chains of materials needed for its construction reveals a local shipbuilding community with connections to other communities and people across the world. Then, analyzing the specific commodity chain example of the important shipbuilding wood, teak, connects this Glaswegian shipbuilding community and the ships they built to complex geo-politics, corporate imperialism, and teak extraction in Burma. And finally, an overview of the working lives of those that lived on Balclutha while the ship sailed the sea, traversed traditional historical periods, and changed owners and purposes, demonstrates a transnational and trans-social maritime space. These analyses together exemplify a world system that was dependent on various imperial negotiations and collaborations. Those with or without power and wealth were not focused in any particular geographic region, such as center or periphery, but were present to varying degrees in all parts of the system. In this way, imperial metropoles, centers, or peripheries were more socio-economic than geographical. Many of these historical subjects lived non-national or nationally indifferent lives. The local expands to the global, transnational, and back to the local, traveling on networks of investment, work, and labor, all without necessarily being medicated by the national. Thus, the national, in many instances, could be skipped over in analyses of the globalization of the world. 2 One Ship, Thousands of Lives Tachco Table of Contents List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..4 Preface and Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..7 Chapter One Introduction: A Historical Adventure with Balclutha through the Age of Sail…………………………………………11 Life and Times of Balclutha: Birth………………………………………………………………………………………………51 Chapter Two Glaswegian Shipbuilding: A Local International Business Community…………………………………………………….61 Life and Times of Balclutha: Cape Horner, Globe Trotter, and Pacific Voyager…………………………..87 Chapter Three Empire of Teak………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………95 Life and Times of Balclutha: Star of Alaska………………………………………………………………………………133 Chapter Four Life at Sea …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..139 Life and Times of Balclutha: From Queen of the Pacific to Maritime Museum…………………………191 Chapter Five Conclusion: The Journey Continues……………………………………………………………………………………………………..205 A Note on Archival and Primary Sources………………………………………………………………………………………………233 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………237 3 One Ship, Thousands of Lives Tachco List of Figures On the Cover: “Balclutha,” Oil painting by Eric H. Swanson, 1955 Source: San Francisco National Park, SAFR 5552 Figure 1 – View of Balclutha from Aquatic Park Beach………………………………………………………………………..12 Source: taken by author, February 2016. Figure 2 – Bow of Balclutha from Hyde Street Pier………………………………………………………………………….....12 Source: taken by author, February 2016. Figure 3 – View of Balclutha with Thayer in foreground………………………………………………………………….....12 Source: taken by author, February 2016. Figure 4 – Side profile diagram of Balclutha…………………………………………………………………………………………48 Source: http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca1493/ (accessed 10/10/17) Figure 5 – Diagram of Balclutha’s decks……………………………………………………………………………………………….49 Source: http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca1493/ (accessed 10/10/17) Figure 6 - View of the fo’c’sle from port side………………………………………………………………………………………..56 Source: http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca1493/ (accessed 10/10/17) Figure 7 – Original Crew of Balclutha, 1887………………………………………………………………………………………….56 Source: San Francisco Maritime National Historic Park Collection, P80-133n Figure 8 – Tempura painting of Balclutha, Oswald Brett, 1955…………………………………………………………….59 Source: SFMRC, SAFR17003 Figure 9 – View of shelter deck with original decking…………………………………………………………………………..69 Source: http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca1493/, (accessed 10/08/17) Figure 10 – View from the foredeck, facing the stern…………………………………………………………………………..75 Source: taken by author, February 2016 Figure 11 – Balclutha’s saloon……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...77 Source: http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca1493/, (accessed 10/8/17) Figure 12 – Bow of Glennlee, Glasgow………………………………………………………………………………………………….84 Source: taken by author, July 2016 4 One Ship, Thousands of Lives Tachco Figure 13 – Modern Shipbuilding on the Clyde……………………………………………………………………………………..85 Source: taken by author, July 2016 Figure 14 – Present day shoreline of Clyde where Charles Connell yard once was………………………………85 Source: taken by author, July 2016 Figure 15 – Map of Balclutha’s global journeys ……………………………………………………………………………………93 Source: taken by author, February 2017 Figure 16 – British state expansion into Burma………………………………………………………………………………….105 Source: https://www.britannica.com/, (accessed 10/8/17) Figure 17 – Elephant guiding logs into river………………………………………………………………………………………..115 Source: Edmiston & Mitchells, photographs, Glasgow University Archives (GB 248 UGD 169/17/3) Figure 18 – Elephant being loaded onto a ship for transportation……………………………………………………..115 Source: Edmiston & Mitchells, photographs, Glasgow University Archives (GB 248 UGD 169/17/3) Figure 19 – Elephant stacking sawed logs……………………………………………………………………………………….….115 Source: Edmiston & Mitchells, photographs, Glasgow University Archives (GB 248 UGD 169/17/3) Figure 20 – Teak glasshouse……………………………………………………………………………………………………………....119 Source: Steel Brothers Records, photographs of products made of teak, London Metropolitan Archives (CLC/208/MS29565) Figure 21 – Teak train car……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………119 Source: Steel Brothers Records, photographs of products made of teak, London Metropolitan Archives (CLC/208/MS29565) Figure 22 – Star of Alaska at Alameda dockyard………………………………………………………………………………..137 Source: http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca1493/, (accessed 10/8/17) Figure 23 – Star of Alaska crew, pre-1911………………………………………………………………………………………….138 Source: http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca1493/, (accessed 10/8/17) Figure 24 – Master’s cabin………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….144 Source: http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca1493/, (accessed 10/8/17) Figure 25 – Master’s bath……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………144 5 One Ship, Thousands of Lives Tachco Source: http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca1493/, (accessed 10/8/17) Figure 26 – Captain Durkee and officers……………………………………………………………………………………………148 Source: San Francisco National Park, SAFR 21374 Figure 27 – Belaying pin made of teak……………………………………………………………………………………………….153 Source: https://fostersshipchandlery.co.nz/products/teak-belaying-pin, (accessed 10/8/17) Figure 28 – Diagram of turns on belaying pins……………………………………………………………………………………153 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belaying_pin, (accessed 10/8/17) Figure 29 – Balclutha Crew List, 1901………………………………………………………………………………………………….160 Source: “Ship Balclutha Crew List,” Port Townsend, 1901, Balclutha - Masters and Crew Binder 2, SFMRC Figure 30 – Alfred and Alice Durkee…………………………………………………………………………………………………...167 Source: San Francisco Maritime National Park, SAFR 21374 Figure 31 – Inda Frances Durkee…………………………………………………………………………………………………………172 Source: San Francisco Maritime National Park, SAFR 21374 Figure 32 – Frank Kissinger on