1 Power Generation Systems and Methods Regarding
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POWER GENERATION SYSTEMS AND METHODS REGARDING SAME The present disclosure relates to the field of power generation and, in particular, to systems, devices, and methods for the generation of power. More specifically, embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to power generation devices and systems, as well as related methods, which produce plasma and thermal power and produces electrical power via a plasma to electric power converter or a thermal to electric power converter. In addition, embodiments of the present disclosure describe systems, devices, and methods that use the ignition of a water or water-based fuel source to generate mechanical power and/or thermal energy. Furthermore, the present disclosure is directed to electrochemical power systems that generate electrical power and/or thermal energy. These and other related embodiments are described in detail in the present disclosure. Power generation can take many forms, harnessing the power from plasma. Successful commercialization of plasma may depend on power generation systems capable of efficiently forming plasma and then capturing the power of the plasma produced. Plasma may be formed during ignition of certain fuels. These fuels can include water or water-based fuel source. During ignition, a plasma cloud of super-heated electron-stripped atoms is formed, and high-energy particles are ejected outwards. The highest energy particles ejected are the hydrogen ions that can transfer kinetic energy to a plasma to electric converter of the present disclosure. Power can also be generated through the use of a system or device that harnesses energy from the ignition of a fuel in a reaction vessel or combustion chamber. As above, these fuels can include water or water-based fuel source. Examples of such a system or device include internal combustion engines, which typically include one or more mechanisms for compressing a gas and mixing the gas with a fuel. The fuel and gas are then ignited in a combustion chamber. Expansion of the combustion gases applies a force to a moveable element, such as a piston or turbine blade. The high pressures and temperatures produced by the expanding combustion gases move the piston or blade, producing mechanical power. Internal combustion engines can be classified by the form of the combustion process and by the type of engine using that combustion process. Combustion processes can include reciprocating, rotary, and continuous combustion. Different types of reciprocating combustion engines include two-stroke, four-stroke, six-stroke, diesel, Atkinson cycle, and Miller cycle. The Wankel engine is a type of rotary engine, and continuous combustion includes gas turbine and jet engines. Other types of these engines can share one or more features with the types of engines listed above, and other variants of engines are contemplated by those skilled in the art. These can include, for example, a motorjet engine. 1 Reciprocating engines usually operate cycles with multiple strokes. An intake stroke can draw one or more gases into a combustion chamber. A fuel is mixed with the gas and a compression stroke compresses the gas. The gas-fuel mixture is then ignited, which subsequently expands, producing mechanical power during a power stroke. The product gases are then expelled from the combustion chamber during an exhaust stroke. The whole cycle then repeats. By balancing a single piston or using multiple pistons, the process can provide continuous rotational power. The different types of reciprocating engines generally operate with the above cycle, with some modifications. For example, instead of the four-stroke cycle described above, a two-stroke engine combines the intake and compression strokes into one stroke, and the expansion and exhaust processes into another stroke. Unlike a four or two stroke engine, the diesel engine does away with a spark plug and uses heat and pressure alone to ignite the air- fuel mixture. The Atkinson engine uses a modified crankshaft to provide more efficiency, while the Miller cycle operates with a supercharger and a modified compression stroke. Instead of piston strokes, the Wankel engine uses a rotor that rotates asymmetrically within a combustion chamber. Rotation of the rotor, usually triangular in shape, past an intake port draws gas into the combustion chamber. As the rotor rotates, asymmetric movement compresses the gas, which is then ignited in a different section of the combustion chamber. The gases expand into a different section of the combustion chamber as the rotor continues its rotation. Finally the rotor expels the exhaust gases via an outlet port, and the cycle begins again. Continuous combustion engines include gas turbines and jet engines that use turbine blades to produce mechanical power. As with the engines described above, a gas is initially compressed and fuel is then added to the compressed gas. The mixture is then combusted and allowed to expand as it passes through the turbine blades, which rotates a shaft. The shaft can drive a propeller, a compressor, or both. Different types of continuous combustion include, e.g., industrial gas turbines, auxiliary power units, compressed air storage, radial gas turbines, microturbines, turbojets, turbofans, turboprops, turboshafts, propfans, ramjet, and scramjet engines. Other types of engines are also powered by an ignition process, as opposed to the engines described above that rely of deflagration. Deflagration releases heat energy via subsonic combustion, while detonation is a supersonic process. For example, pulsejet and pulse detonation engines use a detonation process. These types of engines often have few moving parts and are relatively simple in operation. Generally, a fuel and gas mixture is drawn into a combustion chamber via open valves, which are then shut, and the mixture is reacted, producing thrust. The valves then open and fresh fuel and gas displace the exhaust 2 gases, and the process is repeated. Some engines use no valves, but rely instead on engine geometry to achieve the same effect. The repeated reactions cause a pulsatile force. Power can also be generated through the use of an electrochemical power system, which can generate power in the form of electrical power and/or thermal energy. Such electrochemical power systems typically include electrodes and reactants that cause an electron flow, which is then harnessed. The present disclosure describes in detail many systems for generating various forms of power. In one embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to an electrochemical power system that generates at least one of electricity and thermal energy comprising a vessel, the vessel comprising at least one cathode; at least one anode; at least one bipolar plate, and reactants comprising at least two components chosen from: a) at least one source of H2O; b) a source of oxygen; c) at least one source of catalyst or a catalyst comprising at least one of the group chosen from nH, O, O2, OH, OH-, and nascent H2O, wherein n is an integer, and d) at least one source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; one or more reactants to form at least one of the source of catalyst, the catalyst, the source of atomic hydrogen, and the atomic hydrogen, and one or more reactants to initiate the catalysis of atomic hydrogen, the electrochemical power system further comprising an electrolysis system and an anode regeneration system. In another embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to a power system that generates at least one of direct electrical energy and thermal energy comprising: at least one vessel; reactants comprising: a) at least one source of catalyst or a catalyst comprising nascent H2O; b) at least one source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; c) at least one of a conductor and a conductive matrix; and at least one set of electrodes to confine the hydrino reactants, a source of electrical power to deliver a short burst of high-current electrical energy; a reloading system; at least one system to regenerate the initial reactants from the reaction products, and at least one direct plasma to electricity converter and at least one thermal to electric power converter. 3 In a further embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to an electrochemical power system comprising a vessel, the vessel comprising at least one cathode; at least one anode; at least one electrolyte; at least two reactants chosen from: a) at least one source of catalyst or a catalyst comprising nascent H2O; b) at least one source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; c) at least one of a source of a conductor, a source of a conductive matrix, a conductor, and a conductive matrix; and at least one current source to produce a current comprising at least one of a high ion and electron current chosen from an internal current source and an external current source; wherein the electrochemical power system generates at least one of electricity and thermal energy. In an additional embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to a water arc plasma power system comprising: at least one closed reaction vessel; reactants comprising at least one of source of H2O and H2O; at least one set of electrodes; a source of electrical power to deliver an initial high breakdown voltage of the H2O and provide a subsequent high current, and a heat exchanger system, wherein the power system generates arc plasma, light, and thermal energy. In further embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to a mechanical power system comprising: at least one piston cylinder of an internal combustion-type engine; a fuel comprising: a) at least one source of catalyst or a catalyst comprising nascent H2O; b) at least one source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; c) at least one of a conductor and a conductive matrix; at least one fuel inlet with at least one valve; at least one exhaust outlet with at least one valve; at least one piston; at least one crankshaft; a high current source, and at least two electrodes that confine and conduct a high current through the fuel.