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4. Strukturen Der Aktion Sühnezeichen Friedensdienste Zwischen Sühne und Frieden Eine NGO im Konflikt in Israel Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt der Philosophischen Fakultät der Technischen Universität Chemnitz von Herrn Marcus Nolden, geboren am 04.12.1976 in Köln Chemnitz, den 04.04.2016 Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einführung in die Thematik .................................................................................... 4 2. Methodisches Vorgehen ....................................................................................... 35 2.1. Erhebungs- und Auswertungsinstrumente ........................................................ 43 2.1.1. Teilnehmende Beobachtung/ Feldforschung ............................................. 44 2.1.2. Dokumentenanalyse .................................................................................. 47 2.1.3. Teilnarrative Interviews.............................................................................. 49 2.2. Sampling .......................................................................................................... 51 2.2.1. Gesprächspartner_innen ........................................................................... 53 3. Historischer Kontext ............................................................................................. 58 3.1. Eine besondere Beziehung? ............................................................................ 58 3.1.1. Normalität .................................................................................................. 62 3.1.2. Normalität zwischen Staaten ..................................................................... 67 3.2. Deutsch-Israelische Beziehungen ab 1948 ...................................................... 70 3.2.1. Die Anfangsjahre der Beziehungen (1945 – 1953) .................................... 71 3.2.2. Der Weg zu diplomatischen Beziehungen (1953-1965) ............................. 76 3.2.3. Die komplizierten Jahre (1965 – 1974) ...................................................... 80 3.2.4. Das Scheitern der Normalisierung? (1974-1986) ....................................... 82 3.2.5. Der Historikerstreit und die Normalisierung (1986 – 1991) ........................ 85 3.2.6. Eine normale Beziehung? ......................................................................... 88 3.3. Aktion Sühnezeichen Friedensdienste bis 1968 ............................................... 90 3.3.1. Die Anfänge von Aktion Sühnezeichen (1954 – 1958) ............................... 91 3.3.2. Versöhnungszeichen oder Sühnezeichen?................................................ 93 3.3.3. Die ersten Jahre der Aktion Sühnezeichen (1958 – 1961) ......................... 95 3.3.4. Erste Projekte in Israel (1960 - 1968) ........................................................ 97 4. Strukturen der Aktion Sühnezeichen Friedensdienste .................................... 104 4.1. Leitlinien der Arbeit ........................................................................................ 104 4.2. Finanzierung .................................................................................................. 107 4.3. Länder ............................................................................................................ 108 5. Die Aktion zwischen Sühnezeichen & Friedensdienste ................................... 111 5.1. Friedensdienste vs. Sühnezeichen ................................................................. 111 5.1.1. Anderer Name, andere Ziele? ................................................................. 113 5.1.2. Ringen um die moralisch-historische Verantwortung ............................... 114 Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite 3 5.1.3. Langlebigkeit der Auseinandersetzung .................................................... 116 5.2. Die Organisation verändert ihr Gesicht ........................................................... 118 5.2.1. Die palästinensisch-israelische Minderheit .............................................. 121 5.2.2. Der Anschlag von Nablus 1978 ............................................................... 128 5.2.3. Golfkrieg 1991 ......................................................................................... 142 5.3. „Die“ oder „wir“? ............................................................................................. 166 6. Fazit: Universalismus oder Partikularismus? ................................................... 191 7. Literaturverzeichnis ............................................................................................ 201 8. Abbildungsverzeichnis ....................................................................................... 230 9. Anhang (Transkripte) .......................................................................................... 231 10. Lebenslauf ......................................................................................................... 232 11. Selbstständigkeitserklärung ............................................................................ 234 1. Einführung in die Thematik Seite 4 1. Einführung in die Thematik „Seit Auschwitz - welch traurige List - kann tatsächlich von einer „deutsch- jüdischen Symbiose“ gesprochen werden - freilich einer negativen: für beide, für Deutsche wie für Juden, ist das Ergebnis der Massenvernichtung zum Ausgangs- punkt ihres Selbstverständnisses gewor- den; eine Art gegensätzliche Gemein- samkeit – ob sie es wollen oder nicht.“ (Diner 1986:9) Ein warmer Abend in einem kleinen Lokal in Jerusalem: Deutsche Freiwillige verschiedener deutscher NGOs1, die in ganz unterschiedlichen Bereichen2 der israelischen Gesellschaft arbeiten und aktiv sind, sitzen zusammen. Sie spre- chen über ihre Tätigkeiten und Erfahrungen in Israel und thematisieren dabei auch ihr Unbehagen über Situationen, in denen sie in Stellvertreterkonflikte verwickelt werden, weil, wie sie erzählen, in Israel jede Handlung immer im Zu- sammenhang mit dem Konflikt zwischen jüdischen und palästinensischen Inte- ressen und der eigenen Positionierung in diesem Konfliktfeld gedeutet würde. Im weiteren Verlauf des Abends erzählen die Freiwilligen von einem Vorgang, der hitzig diskutiert wurde und beispielhaft eine solche unbehagliche Situation darstellte. Die Jerusalemer Stadtverwaltung suchte für ihren Chor einen Auffüh- rungsort in der Altstadt. Deshalb wendete sich die Verwaltung mit einer Anfrage an die deutsch-protestantische Erlöserkirche, die sich in der Altstadt von Jeru- salem befindet. Bis hierhin ein unspektakulärer Vorgang, dessen Dramatik sich auf den ersten Blick nicht erschließt. Aber was genau ist das Dramatische an dieser eigentlich unverfänglichen Raumanfrage? Zum einen muss das bekann- termaßen durch die Shoah3 belastete und besondere deutsch-jüdische Verhält- 1 Eine Nichtregierungsorganisation (englisch: NGO) ist eine nicht gewinnorientierte Organisati- on, welche lokal, national oder international tätig sein kann. Auf ein bestimmtes Ziel hin ausge- richtet, versuchen NGOs beispielsweise eine Vielzahl von Leistungen und humanitären Aufga- ben wahrzunehmen, Bürgeranliegen bei Regierungen vorzubringen und die politische Land- schaft zu beobachten und mitzugestalten. 2 Die Betätigungsfelder erstreckten sich von der Mitarbeit in pädagogischen Einrichtungen, Frauenhäusern über die Arbeit in Gedenkstätten bis hin zur Arbeit mit Holocaustüberlebenden. 3 Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird der Begriff der „Shoah“ gewählt als die hebräische Bezeichnung des Völkermordes an den europäischen Juden. Dabei ist dem Autor bewusst, dass die Be- zeichnung für den Völkermord an den Juden bis zum heutigen Tag Inhalt vielfacher kontrover- ser Diskussionen ist. Insbesondere der Begriff „Holocaust“ wird gegenwärtig nicht nur für den 1. Einführung in die Thematik Seite 5 nis, zum anderen müssen das historisch ebenfalls belastete christlich-jüdische, christlich-muslimische, deutsch-palästinensische sowie deutsch-israelische und das oftmals nah am Abgrund operierende palästinensisch-israelische innerge- sellschaftliche Verhältnis in die Betrachtung einbezogen und bedacht werden. Die Freiwilligen berichten an diesem Abend, dass die deutsche protestantische Gemeinde und ihre Vertreter_innen4 dem Wunsch der Stadt Jerusalem prinzipi- ell nachkommen und auf diesem Wege auch ihre Freundschaft zum jüdischen Israel bekräftigen wollten, doch zugleich könnte mit einer solchen, von einigen als freizügig empfundenen Aktion die Verbindungen zu den palästinensischen Partner_innen in Israel empfindlich gestört werden. Um also in dieser Situation möglichst beiden Seiten gerecht zu werden und keinen der Partner_innen zu verlieren, setzte sich eine diplomatische Maschinerie in Gang, die darum be- müht war, zwischen beiden Positionen zu verhandeln und keine Seite „vor den Kopf“ zu stoßen. Je nach dem, welcher Position der/ die jeweilige Erzähler_in zugeneigt war, also ob nun mehr einer pro-israelischen oder mehr pro- palästinensischen, veränderte sich die Darstellung der Erzählung um einen be- deutenden Faktor. Entweder wurde thematisiert, dass die palästinensisch- christlich-israelischen Partner_innen bemüht gewesen seien, massiven Druck durch die Herstellung gemeinsamer christlicher Bezüge gegen die Veranstal- tungszusage auszuüben oder aber dass die jüdisch-israelischen Partner_innen ihrerseits Druck über die historisch belastete Vergangenheit und die daraus ab- Völkermord an den europäischen Juden verwendet, sondern ist einer allmählichen Bedeu- tungserweiterung unterzogen worden, so dass auch die Verbrechen
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