Operasi Trikora Sebagai Upaya Mengembalikan Irian Barat Ke Wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia

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Operasi Trikora Sebagai Upaya Mengembalikan Irian Barat Ke Wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia Jurnal Santiaji Pendidikan, Volume 11, Nomor 1, Maret 2021 ISSN 2087-9016, e-ISSN 2685-4694 OPERASI TRIKORA SEBAGAI UPAYA MENGEMBALIKAN IRIAN BARAT KE WILAYAH NEGARA KESATUAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA Theresia Ngilan Bupu1), I Ketut Laba Sumarjiana2) Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui bagaimana proses operasi Trikora dilakukan sebagai upaya mengembalikan Irian Barat ke wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (2) mengetahui apakah upaya-upaya yang dilakukan Bangsa Indonesia untuk mengembalikan Irian Barat ke wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan sejarah yaitu: (1) pengumpulan sumber/heuristic (studi dokumen, teknik wawancara, teknik observasi; (2) kritik sumber (kritik intern dan kritik ekstern); (3) interpretasi; dan (4) penulisan sejarah/historiografi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dengan dilaksanakan Operasi Trikora sebagai upaya mengembalikan Irian Barat ke wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia, yang ditempuh melalui berbagai upaya yaitu: upaya diplomasi politik, ekonomi, konfrontasi dan pergerakan militer. Pada tahun 1969 diselenggarakan Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat, yang merupakan bagian dari persetujuan New York Indonesia. Hasil dari Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat memutuskan secara bulat bahwa Irian Barat tetap menjadi bagian dari Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. Kata kunci : Operasi Trikora, Irian Barat, Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. ABSTRACT This study aims to (1) find out how the Trikora operation process was carried out as an effort to return West Irian to the territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (2) to find out whether the efforts made by the Indonesian people to return West Irian to the territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. This study uses a historical approach, namely: (1) collection of sources / heuristics (document study, interview techniques, observation techniques; (2) source criticism (internal criticism and external criticism); (3) interpretation; and (4) history / historiography writing The results of this study indicate that the Trikora Operation was carried out as an effort to restore West Irian to the territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, which was pursued through various efforts, namely: political diplomacy, economic efforts, confrontation and military movements.1969, a Public Opinion Determination was held, which was part of the New York Indonesia Agreement. The results of the Popular Opinion Determination unanimously decided that West Irian would remain part of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. Keywords: Operation Trikora, West Irian, Republican Unitary State Indonesia. 9 Jurnal Santiaji Pendidikan, Volume 11, Nomor 1, Maret 2021 ISSN 2087-9016, e-ISSN 2685-4694 PENDAHULUAN Belanda tidak mengakui kemerdekaan Irian Barat merupakan sebuah Indonesia pada 17 Agustus 1945. Jika propinsi terluas di Indonesia yang terletak mereka mengakui secara tidak ditepi bagian barat pulau Irian. Nama Irian langsung mereka melakukan agresi ke dikenal juga dengan sebutan West New negara lain, dan ini membuat mereka Guenea. Nama propinsi ini di ganti dituntut atas tuduhan melakukan menjadi Papua sesuai UU No. 21 Tahun kejahatan perang atas sebuah negara 2001 tentang Otonomi Khusus Papua. Pada (mirip AS yang menyerang Irak, tahun 2003, disertai oleh berbagai protes mereka tidak datang atas nama (penggabungan antara Papua Tengah “Agresi” tetapi “Pembebasan”.). Hal dengan Papua Timur), Papua dibagi lainnya adalah mereka harus menjadi dua provinsi oleh pemerintah melakukan ganti rugi secara finansial, Indonesia, bagian timur tetap memakai dan semua yang gugur dalam Aksi nama Papua sedangkan bagian baratnya Polisional ini tidak bisa dikatakan menjadi provivnsi Irian Jaya (setahun sebagai pahlawan, melainkan penjahat kemudian menjadi Papua Barat). perang. Hal inilah yang membuat Ratu Belanda tidak pernah meminta maaf Dalam sidang BPUPKI telah untuk aksi polisional. Dalam upacara menyepakati bahwa wilayah Indonesia kemerdekaan 17 Agustus 1945 adalah seluruh wilayah bekas jajahan Hindia merupakan pengakuan secara simbolik Belanda, yang terbentang dari Sabang yang mereka anggap merdeka dengan sampai Marauke, dari provinsi Aceh sampai perjanjian damai (KMB). Irian Barat. Maka pada saat Indonesia Notosutardjo (1984:331), merdeka pada tahun tahun 1945, Belanda Salah satu keputusan dalam tidak mengakui kemerdekaan Indonesia Konferensi Meja Bundar (27 karena masih memiliki hasrat untuk Desember 1949) Belanda mengakui menjajah. Maka Belanda melancarkan kedaulatan Indonesia sepenuhnya agresi militernya (mereka menyebutnya kecuali wilayah Irian Barat yang dengan aksi polisional): Agresi militer rencananya akan dikembalikan setahun Belanda 1, 21 Juli 1947 karena pelanggaran kemudian. Namun setelah pengakuan perjanjian Linggarjati dan Agresi militer kedaulatan, Belanda tidak juga Belanda II, 19 Desember 1948 karena menyerahkan Irian Barat kepada pelanggaran perjanjian Renville. Maka Indonesia.Untuk masalah tersebut 10 Jurnal Santiaji Pendidikan, Volume 11, Nomor 1, Maret 2021 ISSN 2087-9016, e-ISSN 2685-4694 kemudian dicapai suatu kompromi bahwa membawa masalah Irian Barat ke Irian Barat akan diselesaikan dengan jalan forum PBB Indonesia juga melakukan perundingan antara Negara Indonesia dan pendekatan dengan negara-negara Asia Belanda.Setelah setahun Irian masih tetap Afrika dan ini membawa hasil yang dikuasai oleh Belanda. Pada sidang Majelis positif, antara lain: dalam Konferensi Umum tahun 1957 Menteri Luar Negeri Pancanegara II di Bogor lima negara Republik Indonesia menyatakan dalam peserta sepakat mendukung Indonesia pidatonya, bahwa Indonesia akan dalam mengembalikan Irian Barat ke menempuh “jalan lain” untuk dalam wilayah Indonesia dan dalam menyelesaikan sengketa Irian dengan KAA para peserta mengakui bahwa Belanda. wilayah Irian Barat merupakan bagian Dalam upaya membebaskan dari Negara Kesatuan Republik wilayah Irian Barat dari cengkeraman Indonesia. Belanda Pemerintah RI pertama mengambil Karena Belanda tidak pernah langkah diplomasi yang dilakukan secara menunjukkan etikad baik dalam bilateral baik dengan pemerintah Belanda menyelesai masalah Irian Barat maka maupun dengan dunia Internasional. pemerintah RI mengambil langkah- Perundingan (Diplomasi) dengan langkah sebagai berikut : 1) Hubungan pemerintah Belanda terjadi pertama kali Indonesia-Belanda diubah dari united pada masa kabinet Natsir tahun 1950 tetapi status menjadi hubungan biasa. 2) gagal, bahkan pada tahun 1952 secara Pada tanggal 3 Mei 1956 melakukan sepihak Belanda memasukkan Irian Barat pembatalan hasil-hasil KMB. 3) Pada dalam wilayah kerajaan Belanda. Upaya tanggal 17 Agustus 1956 membentuk diplomasi internasional dilakukan oleh Provinsi Irian Barat yang kabinet Sastroamijoyo yaitu dengan berkedudukan di Soasiu dan menunjuk membawa masalah Irian Barat ke forum Sultan Tidore, Zaenal Abidin Syah PBB, tetapi tidak membawa hasil. Pada sebagai gubernurnya. 4) Pada masa kabinet Burhanuddin, Belanda tanggal 18 November 1957 diadakan menanggapi bahwa masalah Irian Barat rapat umum pembebasan Irian Barat. 5) merupakan masalah antara Indonesia- Pada tanggal 5 Desember 1957 Belanda dan mengajukan usul yang berisi melarang semua film yang berbahasa tentang penempatan Irian Barat di bawah Belanda, kapal terbang Belanda juga Uni Indonesia-Belanda. Disamping dilarang mendarat dan terbang di 11 Jurnal Santiaji Pendidikan, Volume 11, Nomor 1, Maret 2021 ISSN 2087-9016, e-ISSN 2685-4694 wilayah RI. 6) Pada tanggal 5 pertama dari Trikora adalah Desember 1958 melakukan penghentian pembentukan Komando Operasi yang semua kegiatan konsuler Belanda di diberi nama Komando Mandala Indonesia. 7) Dengan Peraturan Pemerintah pembebasan Irian Barat. Soekarno No. 23 tahun 1958 dilakukan juga membentuk Komando Mandala, pengambilalihan modal Belanda di dengan mengangkat Mayor Jendral Indonesia. 8) Pada tanggal 19 Februari 1958 Soeharto sebagai panglima. Tugas dibentuk Front Nasional Pembebasan Irian komando adalah merencanakan, Barat. 9) Pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1960 mempersiapkan, dan memutuskan hubungan diplomatik dengan menyelenggarakan operasi militer Belanda. 10) Menasionalisasi 700 untuk menggabungkan Papua bagian perusahaan milik Belanda di Indonesia. Barat dengan Indonesia. Operasi Sementara itu pemerintah Belanda Trikora (Trikomando Rakyat) adalah meningkatkan kekuatan militernya dengan konflik dua tahun yang dilancarkan mengirimkan Kapal Induk Karel Doorman oleh Bangsa Indonesia terhadap ke Irian Barat. Situasi semakin memanas Belanda untuk menggabungkan Irian dan pada sidang majelis umum PBB tahun Barat ke dalam wilayah Negara 1961 kembali dibicarakan masalah Irian Kesatuan Republik Indonesia, dan Barat kepada Indonesia dengan perantara juga merupakan suatu operasi amfibi PBB. Pemerintah Indonesia menyetujui terbesar yang pernah dilakukan oleh usul tersebut dengan syarat waktunya Tentara Nasional Indonesia. Dalam dipercepat. Sedangkan Belanda Operasi tersebut, TNI diberikan tugas menyatakan akan melepaskan Irian Barat untuk melakukan pendaratan amfibi untuk dilanjutkan di Dewan Perwakilan disalah satu pantai di Irian Barat yang PBB kemudian membentuk Negara Papua. masih diduduki oleh Belanda.Dalam Pemerintah berkesimpulan Belanda tidak upaya melaksanakan tujuan tersebut, ingin menyerahkan Irian Barat pada Komando Mandala membuat strategi Indonesia, sehingga tidak ada jalan lain dan
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