Chapter 32: Mammals Research

Chapter 32 Organizer Mammals

Refer to pages 4T-5T of the Teacher Guide for an explanation of the National Science Education Standards correlations. Teacher Classroom Resources Activities/FeaturesObjectivesSection MastersSection TransparenciesReproducible

Reinforcement and Study Guide, pp. 141-142 L2 Section Focus Transparency 77 L1 ELL Section 32.1 1. Distinguish mammalian characteristics. MiniLab 32-1: Anatomy of a Tooth, p. 869 Section 32.1 2. Explain how the characteristics of mam- Problem-Solving Lab 32-1, p. 870 Concept Mapping, p. 32 L3 ELL Basic Concepts Transparency 58 L2 ELL Mammal mals enable them to adapt to most habi- MiniLab 32-2: Mammal Skeletons, p. 871 Mammal Critical Thinking/Problem Solving, p. 32 L3 Basic Concepts Transparency 59 L2 ELL Characteristics tats on Earth. Inside Story: A Mammal, p. 872 Characteristics BioLab and MiniLab Worksheets, pp. 143-144 L2 Reteaching Skills Transparency 47 L1P ELL National Science Education Careers in Biology: Animal Trainer, p. 873 Laboratory Manual, pp. 229-238P L2 P Standards UCP.1-5; A.1, A.2; Internet BioLab: Domestic Dogs Wanted, Content Mastery, pp. 157-158, 160 L1 P B.2; C.3, C.5, C.6 (1 session, p. 882 P Tech Prep Applications, pp. 41-42 L2 P P 1 block) Biology & Society: Do we need zoos? p. 884 P LS P LS P LS Reinforcement and Study Guide, pp. 143-144 L2 Section Focus Transparency 78 L1P ELL Section 32.2 LS Section 32.2 3. Distinguish among the three groups of Focus On Placental Mammals, p. 876 BioLab and MiniLab Worksheets,LS pp. 145-146 LSL2P LS living mammals. Diversity of Content Mastery, pp. 157, 159-160PL1 LS 4. Compare reproduction in egg-laying, LS P Diversity of Mammals Mammals LS P National Science Education pouched, and placental mammals. LS P Standards UCP.1-5; C.3, C.5, P LS C.6; D.3; F.3-6; G.1-3 (3 ses- Assessment Resources LS Additional Resources sions, 1/ block) P LS 2 Chapter Assessment, pp. 187-192 Spanish Resources ELL LS P MindJoggerAssessment Videoquizzes Resources AdditionalEnglish/Spanish AudiocassettesResources ELL P LSLS Performance Assessment in the Biology Classroom Cooperative Learning in the Science Classroom COOP LEARN Need Materials? Contact Carolina Biological Supply Company at 1-800-334-5551 KeyKey toto TeachingTeaching StrategiesStrategies or at http://www.carolina.com Alternate Assessment in the Science Classroom P LessonLS Plans/Block SchedulingP L1 Level 1 activities should be appropriate Computer Test Bank LS P MATERIALS LIST for students with learning difficulties. BDOL Interactive CD-ROM, Chapter 32 quiz L2 Level 2 activities should be within the BioLab Alternative Lab LS ability range of all students. LS LS p. 882 Internet access p. 870 mouse, terrarium, sawdust or L3 Level 3 activities are designed for above- LS sand, assorted objects, timer or clock MiniLabs average students. with second hand ELL ELL activities should be within the ability p. 869 microscope, prepared slide of Teacher’s range of English Language Learners. human tooth cross section, paper, pencil Quick Demos COOP LEARN Cooperative Learning activities Corner p. 871 owl pellet, paper towel, for- p. 868 microscope, microscope slides, P are designed for small group work. The following multimedia resources are available from Glencoe. ceps, microscope, microscope slide, cov- coverslips, dog hair, cat hair, glycerol P P These strategies represent student prod- Products Available From Book Biology: The Dynamics of Life erslip, dropper, water p. 875 animal field guides P ucts that can be placed into a best-work Glencoe National Geographic Book of CD-ROM ELL P To order the following products, Mammals portfolio. BioQuest: Biodiversity Park call Glencoe at 1-800-334-7344: Video LS These strategies are useful in a block Video: Primate Charactersistics LS CD-ROM Wild Survivors: Camouflage and LS scheduling format. Video: Beaver Mammals: A Multimedia Mimicry P Video: Dolphin LS Encyclopedia Video: Shrew Videodisc Index to National Video: Bat STV: Animals Geographic Magazine Video: Elephant The following articles may be LS Video: Elephant Behavior Products Available From used for research relating to this Video: Duck-BilledP Platypus National Geographic Society chapter: To order the following products, “Between Monterey Tides,” by Videodisc Program call National Geographic Society Rick Gore, February 1990. Duck-Billed Platypus at 1-800-368-2728: LS The Infinite Voyage The Keepers of Eden

866A 866B ChapterChapter 3232 ChapterChapter SECTION PREVIEW Section Objectives Section 32.1 Distinguish mam- 32.1 Mammal Characteristics malian characteristics. ETTING TARTED EMO Mammals Explain how the char- GETTING STARTED DEMO 32 acteristics of mammals Prepare enable them to adapt to Visual-Spatial Show stu- most habitats on Earth. Key Concepts dents a mouse, rat, gerbil, Vocabulary or hamster. Offer the animal What You’ll Learn ave you ever read a children’s gland Mammalian characteristics such diaphragm story in which the children as hair, endothermy, a muscular food, and ask students to You will distinguish the mammary gland characteristics of mammals. Hfeared a big, bad wolf? The wolf diaphragm, mammary glands, observe in groups its behavior You will compare and con- characters in stories like Little Red for five minutes. Ask students and intelligence are presented. trast three groups of living Riding Hood or The Three Little Pigs to list the adaptations of the Adaptations for obtaining and P mammals and examine their are usually portrayed as evil, cunning, animal to its environment. relationships to their ancient consuming food are discussed for ancestors. and vicious killers. But real wolves kill specific mammals. prey in order to eat, as all predators Why It’s Important must. Wolves prey mostly on small Planning Mammals play a major role animals such as rabbits and LS Theme Development in most ecosystems on Earth pikas, rodents such as mice and Borrow or buy a small mam- because they are at the top of mal such as a mouse for the The theme of unity within voles, and occasionally deer or many food chains. Humans are Getting Started Demo. diversity is obvious in the discus- mammals, so studying mammal elk. Both wolves and their Obtain hair from a variety of sions of the traits all mammals characteristics provides infor- prey are mammals. Wolf eating prey (above) mammals, and gather slides, share. The theme of homeostasis mation about humans as well. and a pika (inset) coverslips, and glycerol for the is woven throughout the chapter Quick Demo. via a discussion of mammal GETTING STARTED Obtain a mouse, a terrarium endothermy. This mammalian Mammalian Features with sand, and small objects trait is one of the characteristics Examine a mammal and make a for burying for the Alternative that enables mammals to inhabit a list of three structural features Lab. wide variety of habitats. unique to mammals. What What Is a Mammal? birds’ feathers probably evolved from physical structures do mammals scalelike structures such as those of use for obtaining their food? Mammals, like birds, are endo- reptiles. Mammalian hair, made out therms. The ability to maintain a fairly of keratin, is also thought to have To find out constant body temperature enables evolved from scales. The structure of 1 Focus more about WORD Origin If time does not permit teach- mammals, visit the Glencoe mammals to live in almost every pos- hair provides insulation and water- ing the entire chapter, use the Science Web Site. sible environment on Earth. Polar proofing and thereby conserves body mammal Bellringer BioDigest at the end of the www.glencoe.com/sec/science bears of the Arctic, tigers in tropical heat. If you have ever worn a wool From the Latin Before presenting the lesson, word mamma, unit as an overview. jungles, and dolphins that roam the sweater made from the hair of a sheep, display Section Focus Trans- Atlantic Ocean are able to live in you know how warm wool can be on meaning “breast.” A mammal is an parency 77 on the overhead pro- these varied environments because a cold day. As shown in Figure 32.1, animal with hair jector and have students answer they are endotherms. Mammals also hair also serves other functions. that feeds its young the accompanying questions. African elephants live in share other important characteristics. Although hair helps retain body with milk from Resource L1 ELL Resource social groups and have heat, mammals also have adaptations mammary glands. ManagerManager strong family ties. A Mammals have hair that aid in cooling off the body when cheetah and her cubs Have you ever heard someone it gets too warm. Mammals cool off Section Focus Transparency 77 rest after eating the prey Scales, Feathers, complain about a pet that is shedding by panting and through the action of TransparencyP 77 SECTION FOCUS she has killed. Elephants Hair Use with Chapter 32, and Master L1 ELL Section 32.1 and cheetahs share other its hair? There’s no doubt that such a sweat glands. Panting releases water characteristics that pet is a mammal because only mam- from the lungs, which results in a classify both as mammals. mals have hair. You have read that loss of body heat. Sweat glands help P LS 866 867 MAMMALS 32.1 MAMMAL CHARACTERISTICS P AssessmentAssessment PlannerPlanner LS Look for the following logos for strategies that emphasize different learning modalities. P Portfolio Assessment Alternative Lab, TWE, pp. 870-871 Multiple Kinesthetic Reteach, p. 881 Linguistic Biology Journal, Portfolio, TWE, pp. 868, 874, 877 Assessment, TWE, p. 868 LS Learning pp. 868, 875, 876; Check for MiniLab, TWE, pp. 869, 871 Knowledge Assessment Visual-Spatial Quick Demo, Understanding, p. 873 Assessment, TWE, pp. 873, 881 Section Assessment, SE, pp. 873, 881 1 Identify the mammal in this picture.

pp. 868, 875; Portfolio, p. 868; Logical-Mathematical Meeting Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Styles Problem-Solving Lab, TWE, p. 870 Chapter Assessment, SE, pp. 885-887 2 In what major ways do mammals differ from the LS other animals shown? Reteach, p. 873; Project, p. 878 Individual Needs, p. 875 Performance Assessment BioLab, TWE, pp. 882-883 Intrapersonal Naturalist Portfolio, pp. 874, BioLab, SE, pp. 882-883 Skill Assessment BIOLOGY: The Dynamics of Life SECTION FOCUS TRANSPARENCIES Project, p. 869 877 MiniLab, SE, pp. 869, 871 Assessment, TWE, p. 880

866 867 Figure 32.1 MiniLab 32-1 nurse their young until they are P 2 Teach Hair helps in maintaining a con- B The black stripes of a tiger’s fur mature enough to find food for MiniLab 32-1 Observing Magnification: 8 stant body temperature. It also aid in camouflaging this beautiful themselves. Figure 32.2 shows that Purpose serves a variety of other purposes. cat as it hunts for prey. the number of young each mother Students will identify the three Quick Demo Anatomy of a Tooth Most mammals have has and the length of time she nurses teeth. Teeth typically have evolved into a major areas of a typical mam- A The sharp, barb-tipped her young vary among species. LS Visual-Spatial Using quills of a porcupine are a variety of shapes, depending on the diet of malian tooth. the animal. glycerol instead of type of modified hair. Respiration and circulation Process Skills water, prepare slides of dog or in mammals Procedure interpret scientific diagrams, cat hair. Ask students to com- Mammals need a high level of ! Examine a prepared slide of a observe and infer, predict pare and contrast guard hair human tooth under low-power Longitudinal P energy for heating and cooling their magnification. The slide is a longi- section of a Teaching Strategies with underfur and whisker bodies, as well as for locomotion. tudinal section view of the tooth. canine tooth Prepared slides of tooth longi- hair. L2 This energy level is sustained when CAUTION: Use caution when large amounts of oxygen enter the working with a microscope and slides. tudinal sections are available body and reach all the cells. One way @ Locate the different areas that form the human tooth. from biological supply houses. LS mammals accomplish this is by using From outside to inside they are: enamel, dentine, and You could use 35 mm slides in- C The white patch of a diaphragm that expands and con- pulp cavity. Each area varies in thickness and texture. You stead of prepared slides. Assessment hair on the rump of will have to move the slide from left to right or up and tracts the chest cavity. A diaphragm Have students observe slides Performance Give stu- the fleeing pronghorn down to see all areas. (DI uh fram) is the sheet of muscle using dissecting microscopes, if dents hair from a variety of mam- signals danger to other # Diagram the appearance of the entire longitudinal section P members of the herd. located beneath the lungs. The as it appears under low power, labeling the three areas. available. mals. To identify hair from each diaphragm separates the chest cavity Reduce the cost of purchasing of the mammals provided, ask Analysis regulate body temperature by secreting several kinds of glands, including from the abdominal cavity, where class sets of slides by using a them to make a dichotomous key 1. Which area is the thickest? Thinnest? water onto the surface of the skin. As glands that produce saliva, sweat, other organs are located. microprojector or microvideo based on hair characteristics. L3 2. Describe the nature of the three areas. Use such terms LS the water evaporates, it transfers heat digestive enzymes, and hormones. Mammals, like birds, have four- camera. Have the class view the chambered hearts in which oxygenated as compact, loose, bonelike, from the body to the surrounding air. You have already learned how sweat vascular (with blood vessels). slide material as a group rather blood is kept entirely separate from glands help keep a mammal cool. 3. Which area of the three would than individually. Mammals nurse their young Mammals also feed their young deoxygenated blood. This ensures you expect to be the toughest? Mammals have organs called from mammary glands. In female that mammals receive a good supply Explain why. x Expected Results Figure 32.2 P of oxygen to support their endother- 4. Draw cross sections of these two Enamel is the outermost, most Large mammals usu- glands that secrete various substances mammals, the mammary glands y VIDEODISC mic metabolism. tooth shapes at the points marked compact and bonelike thinnest ally have few young. needed by the animal. A gland is an (MAM uh ree) secrete milk, a liquid x and y on each diagram. Include The Secret of Life Mammals that are organ that secretes substances inside that is rich in fats, sugars, proteins, layer. Dentine is the thickest Mammals have different the three areas just studied and Temperature Regulation prey for many preda- or outside the body. Mammals have minerals, and vitamins. Mammals layer, also compact and bonelike. types of teeth label each area. LS tors tend to have Pulp is the center layer and !7;GjI" larger litters. Teeth are a distinguishing feature appears vascular and the least of most mammals. Although fishes dense of the three layers. A An Indian rhinoceros usually has one and reptiles have teeth, their teeth beavers are modified for gnawing. A calf at a time. Calves begin to graze are relatively uniform and are used lion’s canines puncture and tear the Analysis at two months of age. primarily for tearing, grasping, and flesh of its prey. Premolars and 1. Dentine is thickest; enamel Resource holding prey. molars are used for slicing or shear- or pulp is thinnest. Resource Mammals have different kinds of ing, crushing, and grinding. You can 2. Enamel is compact and bone- ManagerManager teeth adapted to the type of food they get a closer look at mammalian teeth like; dentine is also compact eat. Think of the different tools you in the MiniLab on this page. By and bonelike; pulp is vascular Laboratory Manual, might use to build a piece of furni- examining the teeth of a mammal, a pp. 229-238 L2 and looser. ture, such as a chisel for scraping or a scientist can determine what kind of 3. Enamel; the outermost layer Reteaching Skills Trans- saw for cutting. Like a cabinetmaker’s food it eats. parency 47 and Master receives the most wear. tools, teeth are shaped to match the Many hoofed mammals have an 4. Examine student drawings to L1 ELL types of jobs they do. The pointed adaptation called cud chewing that B Mice have four to nine offspring in make sure they have located BioLab and MiniLab Work- incisors of moles grasp and hold enables them to break down the cel- each litter, and up to 17 litters a year. each layer appropriately. sheets, p. 143 L2 The young nurse for just a few weeks. small prey. The chisel-like incisors of lulose of plant cell walls into nutrients P P 32.1 MAMMAL CHARACTERISTICS 869 Assessment Portfolio Have students Portfolio BIOLOGYIOLOGY JOURNAL Portfolio PROJECT draw longitudinal sections of all LS LS four types of human teeth— P P Products from Mammals Mammal Photo Essay Zookeeper incisors, canines, premolars, and VIDEODISC Visual-Spatial Have students take Intrapersonal Have students imagine molars. Use the Performance Linguistic Ask a group of students to The Secret of Life photographs of local mammals and they are the director of a zoo that will Task Assessment List for visit a local furrier or leather shop to Circulatory System find out about the variety of fur and write a caption for each that indicates the be adding an unusual mammal exhibit. Ask Scientific Drawing in PASC, LS LS leather used in the manufacture of clothing type of food it eats, describes its habitat, them to select a mammal, design the exhibit, p. 55. L2 ELL P and accessories. Ask them to learn about and explains its adaptations. Encourage and determine the animal’s feeding sched- !7;HBF" the processes needed to make fur and students to use field guides to identify ule and other special needs. Finally, they Human Respiratory System P P P leather clothing and present an illustrated the mammal with both its common and should prepare an exhibit sign for visitors. P 868 report to the class. L2 scientific names. L2 P L2 COOP LEARN !7;J`A" LS 869 P LS LS LS P LS LS LS P P P LS

LS LS LS that they can use and absorb. In cud MiniLab 32-2 Problem-Solving Lab 32-1 Analyzing P chewing, plant material that has been Observing P Problem-Solving Lab 32-1 Information MiniLab 32-2 swallowed is brought back up to the Purpose Purpose mouth and chewed again. Have you Which animal has the longer digestive system? A mammal Mammal Skeletons Owls are Students examine the disarticu- Students compare the length of ever seen cows slowly chewing and may be an herbivore, carnivore, or omnivore. Is there a rela- predators. They feed on small lated skeletonsLS of small mammals herbivore LSand carnivore digestive tionship between length of a mammal’s digestive system and its chewing while lying in a pasture? mammals as well as on birds. in an owl pellet. systems. diet? Make a hypothesis as to what that correlation might be. When grass is swallowed, cellulose in After eating a meal, the tough the cell walls is broken down by bac- indigestible parts of prey, such as Process Skills Analysis Process Skills teria in one of several pouches in the bones, are regurgitated as pellets. experiment, draw a conclusion, The following data table provides general information on Owl pellet stomach. The food, called cud, is then The skeletons of a variety of small observe and infer, predict analyze information, compare digestive systems for several mammals. mammals can be studied by examining owl pellets. brought up into the mouth. After and contrast, hypothesize, inter- Teaching Strategies Data Table more chewing, the cud is swallowed Procedure pret data, predict, think critically Owl pellets are available from Animal Length of Diet Animal again and passed to three other stom- ! Place an owl pellet onto a sheet of paper toweling. digestive system category weight ach areas, where digestion continues. biological supply houses. Teaching Strategies @ Use a forceps to remove a very small amount of the outer Koala 305 cm herbivore 10 kg You can learn more about digestion in covering. Typically, there may be several You may wish to mention the Figure 32.4 # Prepare a wet mount of this material and observe under low-, disarticulated skeletons within need for several stomachs in Dog 135 cm carnivore 11 kg mammals in the Problem-Solving Lab In moles, the front limbs on this page. The various types of then high-power magnification. Diagram what you see. each pellet. Small bird skeletons ruminants to help with the diges- Rabbit 272 cm herbivore 9 kg are powerful and short, with large claws. Bats have Use forceps to open the pellet and remove all bones that are may also be present. Bobcat 145 cm carnivore 12 kg teeth in different mammals can be tion of cellulose. elongated finger bones present. Look especially for skulls. (Note: Skulls may be small seen in Figure 32.3. and certain parts, such as lower jaws, will be separated.) You may wish to have students that support the flight tally and correlate the average Thinking Critically Thinking Critically membranes. $ Identify each mammalian skull using Diagrams A and B as a guide. number of vole and shrew skele- 1. 1. What does the relationship between diet and digestive Herbivores have a longer system length appear to be? % Attempt to reconstruct the skeleton for an entire animal. tons per pellet. digestive system. Mammals have modified limbs You may wish to glue the skeletal pieces onto a piece of 2. Do the data support your hypothesis? Explain your answer. Expected Results 2. Answers may vary; hypotheses 3. Formulate a hypothesis that explains the relationship Mammals have several adaptations cardboard. CAUTION: Wash your hands after handling will be supported if students between digestive system length and difficulty in digesting that help them meet their energy animal materials. Hair comprises the outer cover- food type. (Hint: Does cellulose take longer to digest?) needs. For example, mammal limbs ing of the pellet. Students will be predicted herbivores have a A longer digestive system. 4. Was the mass of all animals relatively close when com- are adapted for a variety of methods of able to differentiate between vole pared? Explain why mass is important. food gathering. Recall that primates and shrew skulls. 3. The more difficult a food is use their opposable thumb to grasp Shrew Analysis to digest, the longer the objects—including fruits and other B 1. Hair; the prey must be a digestive system will be. Figure 32.3 foods. Figure 32.4 illustrates other 4. Yes; for the comparison to be Mammal groups are distinguished limb modifications in mammals that mammal if hair is present. 2. valid, one must compare ani- by number and types of teeth. help them to capture food or avoid Vole Answers may vary; there may mals of equal size. An animal becoming food for other animals. You Analysis be 1-4 skeletons per pellet. of larger size, such as a lion, can see the bones of mammal limbs 1. What was the outer covering on the pellet? What does 3. by size and dentition patterns would have a much longer C Bears, like humans, have incisors, and other parts of mammalian skele- this tell you about the contents of the pellet? Explain. 4. Both are herbivores because digestive system than a rabbit canines, premolars, and molars. Bears tons in the MiniLab on this page. 2. How many vole and shrew skulls were present in your pellet? they lack canines for captur- and humans are omnivores. due to its larger size. Refer to the Inside Story on the next 3. How were you able to differentiate the skulls of these ing or tearing prey. page for a summary of mammalian two mammals? characteristics. 4. Predict if voles and shrews are herbivores or carnivores Assessment based on appearance of their teeth. Explain. Assessment Knowledge Have students Mammals can learn Portfolio Ask students to predict the relative lengths of the B Carnivores, such One reason mammals are success- research the dental formula for digestive system in these pairs: as this tiger, have ful is that they guard their young aquarium show or watched a movie adult humans and make a poster. canine teeth that fiercely and teach them survival about performing dolphins and The dental formula indicates the deer and lion, fox and dog, cat stab and pierce skills. Mammals can accomplish com- whales? Dolphins exhibit a wide vari- and rabbit, mouse and vole, horse A Premolars and molars are the predomi- food, and premo- number of incisors, canines, pre- and bear. Use the Performance nant teeth in horses and other herbi- lars and molars plex behaviors, such as learning and ety of learned behaviors, including molars, and molars. Use the remembering what they have the behaviors performed for films or Task Assessment List for Analyz- vores. These crushing and grinding teeth adapted for Performance Task Assessment are covered with hard enamel. chewing. learned. Have you ever attended an in aquarium shows. ing the Data in PASC, p. 27. L2 List for Poster in PASC, p. 73. L2 870 MAMMALS 32.1 MAMMAL CHARACTERISTICS 871

Alternative Lab Materials Procedure when handling live animals. the most time burying? The least time? mouse, terrarium with 3-5 cm of sawdust or Give students the following directions. 4. Note the time it takes for the mouse to objects that looked more like preda- Assessment Burying Behavior sand, objects for burying, timer 1. Make a data table that lists objects, the begin burying behavior and the time it tors; least like predators Performance Ask students to P P time it takes the mouse to start bury- spends burying. 2. How do your results compare with design and conduct an experiment that Preparation P 5. Test one object at a time. those of the class as a whole? Answers Purpose When mice are confronted by potential ing, and the time spent burying. will determine the types of objects that 2. Develop a hypothesis about which 6. After filling out the data table, make a should be similar. Students will observe defensive burying predators such as snakes, they sometimes cause more burying behavior. Use the objects a mouse will spend the most bar graph to illustrate the total 3. Do your data support your hypothesis? behavior in mice and determine the types spray sand or soil at the predator. This Performance Task Assessment List for LS LS time burying. amount of time the mouse spent bury- Data will support hypotheses that Assessing a Whole Experiment and of objects that cause this behavior. behavior is called defensive burying. LS Defensive burying can be elicited by objects 3. Place one of the objects on the floor of ing each object. stated “predatorlike” objects would Planning the Next Experiment in that resemble predators, as well as by the terrarium at the end farthest from Analysis cause more burying behavior. PASC, p. 33. L2 870 predators themselves. the animal. CAUTION: Always use care 1. Which objects did your mouse spend 871

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LS Primates, including humans, are CAREERS IN BIOLOGY 3 Assess IINSIDENSIDE IINSIDENSIDE perhaps the most intelligent animals. TORY Chimpanzees, for example, can use Animal Trainer S STORY tools, illustrated in Figure 32.5, work Check for Understanding P f you seem to get along well with machines, and use sign language I animals, consider a career as an Linguistic Ask students to Purpose A Mammal to communicate with humans. Mam- animal trainer. A job as a trainer can summarize in two para- Students will review the main malian intelligence is a result of com- be hard to find, but fun and graphs why mammals live every- plex nervous systems and highly rewarding. characteristicsLS of mammals. red fox, a member of the dog family, can be found where. Have them include a Ain open country and forests throughout the United developed brains. The outer layer of a Skills for the Job discussion of mammals that live Teaching Strategies States. Red foxes are active at night, and feed on insects, mammalian brain often is folded, Some animal trainers work in below the surface of Earth and in Ask groups of students to pre- birds, rodents, rabbits, berries, and fruit. forming ridges and grooves. These zoos or aquariums, teaching monkeys, lakes, oceans, and deserts. L2 ridges and grooves increase by three parrots, seals, and other animals to perform pare detailed reports on the life Critical Thinking Based on its diet, what kinds of teeth times the brain’s active surface area. specific behaviors. Some trainers work with race horses, histories of various types of foxes and others teach police dogs to sniff out explosives or guide Reteach would you expect a fox to have? Red fox in the United States. L1 dogs to help people with physical limitations. Many trainers Visual-Spatial Bring in a Ask students to speculate begin as animal keepers. A position at a dog obedience school may require only on-the-job experience, but if you variety of pictures of the about the adaptive advantage of 1 Glands Most mam- 2 Diaphragm The diaphragm 3 Heart The four-chambered heart of want to train guide dogs, you must complete a three-year limbs of mammals. Ask students the fox’s bushy tail. L2 mals have sweat, oil, is a muscle that helps the mammals enables them to have the course of study. To train dolphins at a large aquarium, you working in groups to examine the and scent glands. Sweat chest cavity expand to take in high rate of metabolism necessary for P must have a two- or four-year degree in psychology or biol- pictures and tell as much as they Visual Learning glands help mammals large amounts of oxygen regulation of their body temperature. ogy. If you want to narrate the shows, you must also be a can about the life of that mammal cool off. Oil glands used to maintain the high good public speaker. Obtain models that show the lubricate the hair and metabolism of all mammals. based on the structure of its teeth of mammals that eat dif- skin. Foxes use their For more careers in related fields, be sure limbs. L1 COOP LEARN ferent foods. Have students scent glands to mark to check the Glencoe Science Web Site. LS P new territories. examine the models. Next, ask www.glencoe.com/sec/science Extension P them to identify theP model that most closely represents the Dolphins, sea lions, and beluga structure of the teeth of a fox. whales are being trained by the LS U.S. Navy LSto watch over Navy Figure 32.5 submarines while they are in har- Critical Thinking LS A chimpanzee using a stick to get sharp canines and premolars and insects out of a tree trunk demon- bor. Have students research the molars for chewing strates that mammals other than work of theP U.S. Navy in training humans are also intelligent enough aquatic mammals for various to make and use tools. tasks, such as spying and deliver- CAREERS IN BIOLOGY 4 Teeth A fox’s ing messages. L3 teeth indicate LS Career Path what it eats and how it gets food. Courses in high school: Because a fox Section Assessment Assessment biology, math, English, preys on anything Portfolio Ask students to Understanding Main Ideas region. Describe the adaptations that would physical education; for some it can catch, it is prepare an illustratedP essay on an positions, SCUBA certification found in unlikely 1. Name four characteristics of all mammals. help you survive. environments, 2. Describe three mammal adaptations for ideal mammal pet created by SKILL REVIEWEVIEW College: bachelor’s degree in such as suburban obtaining and consuming food. S R genetic engineering in the year biological sciences or psychology; areas where it can 3. Describe how endothermy has contributed 6. Observing and Inferring On an archaeological 3000. L2 P business management degree to easily catch mice, to the success of mammals. dig, you find a skull about 5 cm long with two 4. How does intelligence benefit mammals? chisel-shaped front teeth and several flattened LS manage a theme park; public 6 Hair Dense, soft underhair insulates the 5 Mammary glands Like all shrews, and even small birds. back teeth. Is this a skull from a mammal? speaking or drama experience fox by trapping warm air next to its female mammals, a female fox Thinking Critically Explain your answer. For more help, refer to body. The coarse, long guard hairs pro- nourishes her young with milk 5. Suppose you are a mammal that feeds on Thinking Critically in the Skill Handbook. 4 CloseLS Career Issue tect against wear and may be colored for from her mammary glands. pine seeds and lives in a forest in a cold Some people feel that holding camouflage. The fox sheds its coat little Discussion ocean-dwelling animals in small by little during the summer. Have studentsP propose a hypoth- enclosures and teaching them 872 MAMMALS 32.1 MAMMAL CHARACTERISTICS 873 esis to explain why deer eat more “tricks” to perform for the public in winter than in summer. L2 is wrong. Other people feel such close encounters with people For More Information LS serve as environmental educa- For more information on becoming an ani- Resource Manager Section Assessment tion—that is, the more people mal trainer, students can write to: 1. hair, mammary glands, diaphragm, and a pinecone; sharp front teeth to get seeds who know about these mammals, IMATA (International Marine Animal Trainers Basic Concepts Transparency and 58 uterus in the female inside; thick fur; short extremities includ- the more likely it is they will Association) Master L2 ELL 2. specialized teeth, modified limbs, ing ears, legs, and nose; a long, bushy tail want to protect them in the wild. 1720 South Shores Road Reinforcement and Study Guide, endothermy that can help with balance as the mam- P San Diego, CA 92109-7995 pp. 141-142 L2 3. Endothermy enables mammals to live in mal moves in the trees and protects the Content Mastery, p. 158 P L1 all environments on Earth. face from cold as the animal sleeps. Concept Mapping, p. 32 L3 ELL 4. They can learn, remember, communicate, 6. Yes. One mammal may have varied types BioLab and MiniLab Worksheets, and use tools. of teeth in its skull. LS 872 p. 144 L2 5. forefeet with sharp claws that can hold a 873 P LS P P P LS P LS P LS LS LS LS Figure 32.7 SECTION PREVIEW C The spotted cuscus of In Australia and Tasmania, many marsupials 2 Teach Section 32.2 Section Australia, a marsupial, Objectives fill niches that are occupied by placental lives in trees. It is a Distinguish among the mammals on other continents. solitary, nocturnal three groups of living animal that eats fruit, mammals. 32.2 Diversity Quick Demo Prepare leaves, bark, insects, Compare reproduction small mammals, rep- in egg-laying, pouched, A The giant Visual-Spatial Provide of Mammals tiles, and birds. Key Concepts and placental mammals. anteater of students with guides to Vocabulary Mexico has a animal tracks. Ask them to pick The three groups of living mam- ll the animals in these photographs are uterus long, sticky an animal that lives in your mals are introduced and dis- placental mammal mammals, yet they don’t look much tongue that it area, trace the track pattern, cussed. In addition, reproduction placenta alike. What characteristics do bison uses to collect gestation A and later see if they can find in egg-laying, pouched, and pla- and antelopes share? You know that both of ants and ter- marsupial mites from these tracks outdoors in wet cental mammals is compared. monotreme these mammals have hair, mammary glands, their nests. and/or muddy or snowy areas. therapsid and various kinds of teeth. A major char- Planning acteristic that separates mammals Point out that the shape of the from all other animals is how track, size, numbers of toes, Obtain animal track guide and claw marks will be signifi- they nourish their young. P books for the Quick Demo. cant in their identification of a Among mammals there are Plains of Borrow a collection of mam- track. L2 mal skulls for the Focus On. differences in methods of America with B The numbat, a marsupial, reproduction. These differ- bison (above) lives in Australia. It has a D The ring tailed lemur, a placental mammal, and antelopes long, sticky tongue that lives in trees on the island of Madagascar. ences aid scientists in tracing it uses to eat termites It is active by day, and eats fruits, leaves, LS the phylogeny of mammal groups. (inset) 1 Focus and ants. and insects. during pregnancy. The placenta is islands. The theory of plate tectonics Bellringer also instrumental in passing oxygen explains why most marsupials are AgriculturalP Mammals to and removing wastes from the found in Australia today. Scientists Before presenting the lesson, Placental mammals: Ask students to visit a dairy Mammal Classification developing embryo. The time during have found fossil marsupials on the display Section Focus Trans- A great success farm or sheep ranch and report Living in the United States, you are parency 78 on the overhead pro- which placental mammals develop continents that once made up on the latest techniques and probably familiar with only one of the The kits shown in Figure 32.6 inside the uterus is called gestation Gondwana. These fossils support the jector and have students answer strategies used in caring for three groups, or subclasses, of the class were born after a period of develop- (jeh STAY shun). About 95 percent of idea that marsupial mammals origi- WORD Origin LS the accompanying questions. and enhancing production of Mammalia. Scientists place mammals ment within the uterus of their all mammals are placentals. You can nated in South America, moved gestation L1 ELL farm animals. If there are no into one of three subclasses based on mother. The uterus (YEWT uh rus) is learn more about placental mammals across Antarctica, and populated From the Latin their method of reproduction. a hollow, muscular organ in which in the Focus On Placental Mammals. Australia before Gondwana broke up. word gestare, mean- farms nearby, provide library offspring develop. Development Ancestors of today’s marsupials ing “to bear.” resources and information Gestation is time P Mammals: SECTION FOCUS Pouched mammals: from a university cooperative TransparencyP 78 inside the mother’s body is an adapta- were able to populate the landmass Land, Sea, and Air Use with Chapter 32, during which a pla- Section 32.2 tion that played a major role in the The marsupials that became Australia without having extension unit. L2 Figure 32.6 cental mammal success of mammals as they spread The length of gestation Marsupials make up the second to share the area with the competi- develops in a uterus. varies from species throughout the world. It ensures that subclass of mammals. A marsupial tive placental mammals that evolved LS LS to species in placental the offspring are protected from (mar SEW pee uhl) is a mammal in in other places. They successfully mammals. These rac- predators and the environment dur- which the young have a short period spread out and filled niches similar to P coon kits were born ing the early stages of growth. of development within the mother’s those that placental mammals filled after nine weeks of A mammal that carries its young body, followed by a second period of in all other parts of the world, as you gestation. Gestation inside the uterus until development in mice is 21 days, development inside a pouch made of can see in Figure 32.7. In fact, since VIDEODISCP whereas gestation is almost complete is known as a skin and hair found on the outside of humans introduced sheep, rabbits, GTV: Planetary LS for a rhinoceros is placental mammal. Nourishment of the mother’s body. You may have seen and other placental mammals to Manager 19 months. the young inside the uterus occurs the only North American marsupial, Australia, many of the native marsu- Animal, Side 2 through an organ called the placenta the opossum. Most marsupials are pial species have become threatened, 1 Identify the mammals pictured. What adaptations does LS each have for the environment in which it lives? (pluh SENT uh), which develops found in Australia and surrounding endangered, or even extinct. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2 How does each animal obtain food? !7Rh$C"

874 MAMMALS 32.2 DIVERSITY OF MAMMALS 875 BIOLOGY: The Dynamics of Life SECTION FOCUS TRANSPARENCIES

PortfolioPortfolio BIOLOGYIOLOGY JOURNAL MEETING INDIVIDUAL NEEDS ResourceResource Care of Young A Marsupial Adventure Gifted CD-ROM ManagerManager Naturalist Ask students to visit or Linguistic Have students make a Logical-Mathematical Ask students Biology: The Dynamics of Life contact a zoo nursery and compare travel brochure of a photo safari to to look up survey methods for mam- Section Focus Transparency 78 BioQuest: Biodiversity Park the care provided for various young zoo Australia. They should describe the ani- mals in a wildlife management-techniques and Master L1 ELL Disc 3, 4 animals. Ask students to compare these mals they promise to show tourists and manual. Ask them to make a manage- P methods with the care mammals in the include a map of their proposed travels. ment plan for a particular mammal in wild provide to their young. Students L2 your area that would ensure that their P P P should each prepare an illustrated report mammal has adequate habitat over the 874 for the class. L2 P LS next 25 years. L3 875 LS LS LS P LS P P

P LS LS LS LS ORDER LAGOMORPHA ORDER RODENTIA From a standstill, a jackrab- Needle-sharp quills protect porcupines from enemies. This African Teaching Strategies Focus On bit can leap straight into the crested porcupine—shown here eating a desert melon—is larger and air. Rabbits, pikas, and hares heavier than its distant relatives in North and South America and has Ask students to solve the PlacentalP Mammals belong to the lagomorph much longer quills. Porcupines, beavers, and chipmunks are rodents, following problem: A little order. Most lagomorphs have along with rats and mice. Rodents, the largest order of mammals, live in brown bat’s diet consists of Purpose hind legs suited for leaping. all environments. Rodents have continuously growing, razor-sharp teeth, 20% mosquitoes. It eats 4 grams They also have two pairs of AFRICAN CRESTED PORCUPINE which they use to gnaw on hard seeds, bark, twigs, and roots. JACKRABBIT Students will examine the main chisellike front teeth of food per night. How many orders of placentalLS mammals. that grow throughout mosquitoes does it eat in one their lives. night if a mosquito weighs 2.2 Background FOCUS ON milligrams? 354 per night How Once in their own order, the pin- many mosquitoes will it eat in nipeds (seals, sea lions, and wal- one summer during June, July, ruses) have been subsumed by lacental and August? 33 488 per summer order Carnivora. Scientists con- P Borrow a collection of mam- tinue to refine their classification mal skulls from a local college or as more information becomes museum. Ask students to examine available. Besides the 12 orders ammals the teeth in each skull. In their shown here, the placental mam- groups, have them hypothesize ORDER PRIMATES about the type of food each mals also include the following Chimpanzees communicate, walk orders: Dermoptera, the gliding MostM of the more than 4300 upright, and make and use tools. The mammal eats. lemurs; Pholidota, the scaly species of mammals are placental outstanding characteristic of these mam- Have students working in mals is their keen intelligence. Most pri- anteaters (also called pangolins); mammals—whose young are groups create a photo essay that mates have complex social lives. shows examples of mammals clas- Tubulidentata, the aardvarks; nourished by a placenta while Chimps—like orangutans, gorillas, and sified in each order discussed in Hyracoidea, the hyraxes; Scan- they complete development with- gibbons—are apes. Along with apes, the this feature. Each group should dentia, the elephant shrews; and in the mother’s uterus. At birth, primate order includes lemurs, Old and New World monkeys, and humans. focus on a different mammal Macroscelidea, the tree shrews. however, newborn placental CHIMPANZEE Whales are divided into two order. Have students combine mammals vary widely. Newborn their materials into a class bul- subgroups based upon how they gazelles can run fast enough to letin board display. L2 ELL feed. One group of whales has keep up with the herd within teeth; this group includes the days of birth. Young kittens are killer whales and dolphins shown Visual Learning blind and helpless. A human baby BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS here. These toothed whales feed spends many years dependent on Ask students to look P at the on fishes, mollusks, and other its parents before it can take care ORDER CETACEA jackrabbit and the porcupine on The bottlenose dolphin, a kind of toothed whale, uses squeaks, aquatic mammals. The other sub- of itself. Many mammalogists these two pages. Remind them group of whales is made up of growls, whistles, and other sounds to communicate. Animal train- that rodents include mice, rats, recognize 18 orders of placental ers and scientists report that dolphins are very intelligent and P whales that have baleen rather gerbils, squirrels, chipmunks, and mammals, of which 12 are learn quickly. Dolphins, porpoises, and whales—all members of LS than teeth. Baleen acts like a so on. Ask students why they shown here. the order Cetacea—have large complex brains. Little or no hair, giant strainer that captures tiny JAGUAR and the ability to breathe through blowholes on the tops of their think rabbits are not included organisms, such as krill, present ORDER CARNIVORA heads are other characteristics they share. with the rodents in one order. in the water. As a baleen whale Powerful and golden-eyed, the jaguar is the largest cat in the Western MANATEE There are differences LSin bone struc- Hemisphere. It prowls many habitats in Central and South America. ORDER SIRENIA swims, it gulps water containing Like all carnivores, a jaguar has long, pointed canines and incisors and Slow-moving manatees cruise warm, tropical waters—near the surface of bays, rivers, and coastal areas—and are ture and teeth. small organisms. As the water strong jaws suited for cutting and tearing flesh. Some carnivores have often injured by speedboats. They can nap underwater for up to 15 minutes, but they must come to the surface to passes through the baleen, the claws that help them seize their prey. Most of these mammals are meat breathe. They have tails and front flippers like whales, distinct heads with a snout that points downward, and short organisms become trapped, eaters; some, such as bears, consume plant material as well. necks. Manatees, nicknamed sea cows, and dugongs belong to the order Sirenia, which includes only four species. becoming the whale’s next meal. 876 877

BIOLOGYIOLOGY JOURNAL PortfolioPortfolio Endangered Mammals lives wants to remove the animal from the Lemur Classification Linguistic Provide students with a cur- endangered species list in order to develop Naturalist The Dermoptera, or glid- rent list of endangered mammal species the area for housing, malls, and businesses. ing lemurs, at times have been in the United States. Identify the state(s) in Ask students to assume they are going to placed into several different orders. Have which each mammal is found. Have students testify as expert mammalogists in favor of students research gliding lemurs and find write the names of the mammals in their cor- preserving the endangered animal’s habitat. P out and report on why they are not classi- rect state(s) on an outline map. Next, explain Have them write their testimony in their P fied along with other lemurs into the that the state in which a particular mammal journals. L2 order Primates. L3 P 876 877 LS LS LS P P

LS LS HIPPO

Background ORDER INSECTIVORA ORDER ARTIODACTYLA Answers to Expanding The hairy-tailed mole of North America seldom comes out of its tun- Found along African rivers, the hippo is one of the largest land mammals. Armadillos are the only members nel. Designed for digging, the mole’s front feet are powerful earth Hippos eat enormous amounts of grass and water vegetation. They spend Your View of the order Edentata that live in movers. Its eyes are nearly covered by thick, soft fur, and its eyesight is warm days in the water so their skins don’t dry out or get sunburned. An 1. Mammals such as rabbits and the United States. Although the HAIRY-TAILED MOLE poor. Underground, moles use their senses of smell and touch to find artiodactyl is a hoofed animal with an even number of toes on each foot. There are about 200 species of artiodactyls. jaguars have young that com- armadillo has hair, its most dis- food. Although they all eat insects and most have pointed snouts and sharp claws for digging, insectivores are a mix of mammals with few other shared characteristics. plete development internally tinguishing feature is its hard- and then the mother provides ened skin, which is arranged in a nourishment and protection. pattern of either six or nine bands ORDER PERISSODACTYLA The wild Przewalski (Pruz WOL skee) horse from Mongolia looks similar to the Mammals such as humans and around the armadillo’s body. This ancestor of all modern horses. These hairy horses have thick legs and sturdy bodies. chimpanzees are intelligent tough, banded skin acts like a suit Zoos throughout the world have breeding programs to save this species. Several and have communication abil- of armor to protect the armadillo other species of mammals had toenails that evolved into hooves. Most hoofed ities. Responses should also from predators. When fright- mammals are herbivores with molars for grinding. Hooved mammals with an odd indicate that mammals have number of toes belong to the order Perissodactyla. ened, the animal rolls itself up adapted to a large variety of into a tight ball, with its exterior environments. For example, armor protecting its head, limbs, some carnivores, such as seals, and soft underbelly. SHORT-TAILED LEAFNOSED FRUIT BAT have evolved modified flippers that permit life in water ORDER CHIROPTERA The short-tailed, leafnosed fruit bat—the as well as on land. Other car- nocturnal equivalent of the hummingbird— nivores have developed teeth feeds on fruit, pollen, and nectar. Many that are well-adapted to plants depend on bats for pollination and the foods they eat. Mammals, CD-ROM would become extinct without them. Fruit like insects, have become so Biology: The Dynamics bats usually use visual navigation rather than echolocation, a technique involving successful because they can of Life high-frequency sounds and their echoes. survive in almost every envi- Disc 2 Most insect-eating bats, however, use ronment on Earth. They have Video: Primate Characteristics echolocation to navigate. In flight, these varied teeth, modified limbs, bats emit short, high-pitched cries. When Disc 4 the sounds hit an object, echoes bounce modified digestive systems, Video: Beaver back to the bat, allowing it to locate the and intelligence that enables Video: Dolphin object. A bat has skin that stretches from them to respond to changes in Video: Shrew body, legs, and tail to arms and fingers to their environment. Video: Zebra form thin, membranous wings. Chirop- terans are the only mammals that fly. 2. Student answers will vary, but Video: Bat ELEPHANTS ORDER PROBOSCIDEA most will find that more Video: Elephant PRZEWALSKI HORSES Proboscideans use their flexible stuffed animals will be furry trunks mostly to gather plants for bears and other furry mam- eating and to suck in water for mals than almost any other drinking. One pair of incisors is kind of animal. modified into large tusks for dig- ResourceResource ORDER EDENTATA ging up roots and stripping bark EXPANDING Your View ManagerManager Don’t let its armor fool you—this is a mammal. Plates of from trees. The largest land ani- skin-covered bone protect most of the armadillo’s body. But mals, elephants spend most of their 1 UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS Explain, by using examples, how like anteaters and sloths—the other members of this order— time eating. African elephants are Critical Thinking/Problem mammals have become so successful. armadillos are well equipped for digging. Edentates are distinguished from Asian elephants Solving, p. 32 L3 found in Central and South America and in southern regions by their larger ears. of North America. 2 WRITING ABOUT BIOLOGY Go to a toy store and inventory the kinds ARMADILLO of mammals in the stuffed animal section. Write a report detailing what the data might reflect about the view of society towards mammals. 878

P PROJECT Internet Address Book Lead and Mammal Development which lead was found in their teeth. Have Note Internet addresses CD-ROM Visual-Spatial Mammalian develop- students create a poster that shows the LS that you find useful in Biology: The Dynamics of Life ment is adversely affected by high lev- pathway that lead takes from the environ- the space below for quick reference. Video: Elephant Behavior els of lead. Mammal bones and teeth absorb ment into the bodies of the otters. Have Disc 1 lead because it is similar to calcium. When them infer from the results of this otter P calcium is replaced by lead, toxic effects study how lead could affect their own result. Have students use the Internet to health. L3 research a study of California sea otters in 878 LS 879

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LS Assessment Figure 32.8 Monotremes: The egg layers The platypus, a mostly aquatic ani- Figure 32.10 Assessment Therapsids were the ancestors of mam- 3 Assess Present-day monotremes Do you think the animal shown in mal, has a broad, flat tail, much like Skill Have students exam- include one species of that of a beaver. Its rubbery snout mals. The lower jaw and middle ear bones platypus and two species Figure 32.8b is a mammal? It has hair of therapsids were like those of reptiles. ine Figure 32.9 and determine resembles the bill of a duck. The Check for Understanding what animal is the closest relative of echidnas. This echidna and mammary glands, yet it lays eggs. However, they had straighter legs than species is found only in The duck-billed platypus is a platypus has webbed front feet for reptiles and held them closer to the body. Ask students to list the major to modern-day mammals. therap- Australia (a). The duck- monotreme. A monotreme (MAHN swimming through water, but it also orders of placental mammals and sids Challenge students to explain a billed platypus has uh treem) is a mammal that repro- has sharp claws on its front and hind explain how each is adapted to its why therapsids are a link between several physical duces by laying eggs. Monotremes are feet for digging and burrowing into niche. L2 mammals and reptiles. Therapsids features that the soil. Much of its body is covered seem to belong found only in Australia, Tasmania, and have characteristics that are both with thick, brown fur. to a variety of New Guinea. Spiny anteaters, also Reteach mammal-like (endothermic) and The spiny anteater has coarse, other animals (b). called echidnas, belong to this sub- Kinesthetic Have students reptilelike (scales and claws). L2 brown hair, and its back and sides class as well. One of the two species draw a bingo card with 16 of spiny anteaters can be found only are covered with sharp spines that squares and the name of a mam- Misconception in New Guinea. Only three species it can erect for defensive purposes mal written in each square. Call b of monotremes are alive today. when threatened by enemies. From P Some students may think that its mouth, the anteater extends its out different mammal character- unicorns are prehistoric mam- Artiodactyls long, sticky tongue to catch insects. istics such as “lays eggs.” As you mals that lived some time during Figure 32.9 Cetaceans This diagram repre- 150 species call out each characteristic, have geologic history. Explain that 80 species P sents the orders of students cover the squares of the unicorns are mythological ani- mammals and shows Origins of Mammals The mass extinction of the dino- mammalsLS that have that trait. mals. Ask a group of students to their evolutionary Present-day relationships of mam- saurs at the end of the Mesozoic era, The first person to cover four look up the role of the unicorn in relationships. mal orders are shown in Figure 32.9. along with the breaking apart of Carnivores squares in a row wins. L1 ELL myth and folklore and report 274 species The first true mammals appeared Pangaea and changes in climate, their findings to the class. L1LS in the fossil record of about 200 mil- opened up new niches for early mam- Rodents Extension ANIMALS 2400 species lion years ago. Scientists can trace mals to fill. The appearance of flow- the origins of mammals from an ering plants at the end of this era sup- Ask students to investigateP and insect-eating animal to a group of plied new living areas, food sources, report on two mammals in the Primates 197 species reptilian ancestors called therapsids. and shelter. Some mammals that same order that are adapted to Therapsids (ther AP sidz), repre- moved into the drier grasslands very different habitats, such as Chiropterans sented in Figure 32.10, were fierce- became fast-running grazers, browsers, the jackrabbit and the ArcticLS CD-ROM 900 species Biology: The Dynamics looking, heavy-set animals that had and predators. The Cenozoic era is hare. Have students reportP on the features of both reptiles and mam- sometimes called the golden age of of Life adaptations each animal has for Perissodactyls mals. They existed between 270 and mammals because of the dramatic Video: Duck-Billed Platypus P 15 species survival in its habitat. L2 180 million years ago. increase in their numbers and diversity. Disc 4 VIDEODISC Insectivores LS 400 species Assessment Biology: The Dynamics of Life LS Proboscids Section Assessment Portfolio Ask students to Placental 2 species Duck-Billed Platypus (Ch. 10) mammals write a paragraph speculating why 4418 species Understanding Main Ideas America. Make a hypothesis about the presence Disc 2, Side 1, 16 sec. there are fewer big mammals than 1. Describe the characteristics of placental mammals. or absence of marsupial species in Europe. How P Therapsids 2. Compare monotremes and marsupials. could you test your hypothesis? small mammals. L2 P mammal-like Marsupials 3. Monotremes reproduce by laying eggs. Why are !8,~" reptiles SKILL REVIEWEVIEW 260 species they classified as mammals? S R 4. What are therapsids and what is their relation- 6. Observing and Inferring You find a mammal Reptiles ship to mammals? fossil and observe the following traits: hooves, 4 Close LS Amphibians flattened teeth, skeleton the size of a large dog. LS Fishes Thinking Critically What can you infer about its way of life? For Resource Monotremes 5. There are several marsupial species in South more help, refer to Thinking Critically in the Skill Discussion Resource Invertebrates 3 species ManagerManager America, but only one species is native to North Handbook. Ask students to Pdecide which PRECAMBRIANPALEOZOIC MESOZOIC CENOZOIC PRESENT mammal they would most like to Basic Concepts Transparency have as a pet. Have them explain 59 and Master L2 ELL 880 MAMMALS 32.2 DIVERSITY OF MAMMALS 881 their choices. Reinforcement and Study LS Guide, pp. 143-144 L2 Content Mastery, pp. 157, P Cultural Diversity 159-160 L1 Section Assessment Protecting Wild Mammals intervention is essential for protecting 1. A placental mammal carries its young 4. Therapsids are the reptilian ancestors of Mammals are perhaps the most exploited of endangered mammals, discuss with students inside the uterus until development is mammals. P LS all animals. African elephants, apes, pandas, the history of China’s efforts to protect and nearly complete. 5. Marsupials developed in South America manatees, dolphins, and rhinos are just some breed pandas. Extend the discussion by ask- 2. Monotremes lay eggs. Marsupials give and Australia, continents in Gondwana; P of the mammals likely to become extinct ing students to bring in articles from recent birth to immature young that continue Europe was part of Laurasia. Students within the next 50 years due to poaching newspapers and science magazines about development in the mother’s external should infer that this suggests that there LS and the destruction of habitat. the exploitation of mammals and conserva- pouch. are no marsupials in Europe. As an example of how government tion efforts to save them. L2 3. They have other mammalian characteris- 6. It is an herbivore that can run fast. It may 880 P LS tics, such as hair and mammary glands. have multiple stomachs and chew cud. 881

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LS NTERNET INTERNET IN T INTERNET Domestic Dogs Wanted Data Table I Most Popular Dog Breeds Rank Breed General Characteristics P ogs make great companions. They provide their owners with an Time Allotment D opportunity to love and nurture another living thing. In return AANALYZENALYZE ANDAND CCONCLUDEONCLUDE One class period they are loyal, offer protection to their owners, and are fun to have 1. Process Skills LS around. Dogs come in all different shapes, sizes, and colors. However, Student answers will vary all these different breeds have the same basic dog characteristics. depending on the information make and use tables, observe and they find on the Internet. infer, make hypotheses, make Unfortunately, sometimes dogs are abandoned or run away from home. 2. Some large dogs, such as predictions, observe and record Many of these unwanted and stray dogs end up in animal shelters Data Table II German shepherds and data, use the Internet where they can be adopted by new owners. Most Common Dog Breeds Found in Animal Shelters golden retrievers, are often Rank Breed General Characteristics bought as puppies but aban- PROCEDUREROCEDURE P doned or given up when they grow too large. PPREPARATIONREPARATION Teaching Strategies 3. carnivores: canine teeth, Problem Compare the most popular dog claws, strong jaws; mammals: Remind students that the A domestic dog, Canus familiaris research they conduct is only an What are the most popular breeds breeds with the most common hair, warm-blooded, teeth estimate and there will be some of dog? breeds found in animal shelters. 4. Many programs of this sort variations in their findings. can be run through a local Objectives Materials Be sure to carefully monitor in animal shelters. Record the 7. Find pictures of these dog breeds humane society or "no-kill" In this BioLab, you will: computer access to the Internet five most common breeds in Data and record their unique charac- animal shelter. Often these students' use of the Internet. Observe the characteristics of dogs. Table II. teristics in Data Table II. Follow the Acceptable Use Policy Record the popularity of different Skill Handbook programs involve educating of your school. dog breeds. Use the Skill Handbook if you need the public on spaying or neu- If possible, have students additional help with this lab. tering their animals to reduce Use the Internet to collect and com- AANALYZENALYZE ANDAND CCONCLUDEONCLUDE research the animals in a shelter pare data from other students. unwanted litters. in their area. 1. Using the Internet Compare the dogs have that are the same as all When students come across a data in Tables I and II. Are there other carnivores? As all other Assessment mutt or a mixed breed on an PPROCEDUREROCEDURE similarities? How might you mammals? Internet site, it may list the domi- explain any similarities or differ- 4. Problem Solving Propose a local Knowledge Certain nant breed only. Have them make 1. Make a copy of both data tables. 4. Find pictures of these dogs and ences? Consider the time of year, program to reduce the number of breeds of dogs are made popular observations based on the domi- 2. Visit the Glencoe Science Web record the physical characteristics the age of the dog, and any stray and abandoned dogs. in movies and television. Some nant breed. Site at the address shown below unique to their breeds in Data breeds of dog that may be popu- recent examples include Dalma- to find Internet links to sites that Table I. larized by television or other Sharing Your Data tians, Chihuahuas, and Jack rank the most popular breeds of 5. At the Glencoe Science Web Site advertising while formulating Russell terriers. Ask students what dog. Also find links to animal find links to five web sites of ani- your answer. Find this BioLab on the ResourceResource Glencoe Science Web Site effect this has on the number of shelters and pet adoption agen- mal shelters and pet adoption 2. Thinking Critically Are there any ManagerManager at www.glencoe.com/sec/science. Post your stray and abandoned dogs. cies. agencies across the country. breeds that are popular as pets data in the data tables provided for this Students should infer that people BioLab and MiniLab Work- 3. From your data, determine the Many of these sites post pictures that are commonly found in ani- activity. Briefly describe your plan to reduce often adopt or purchase dogs because sheets, pp. 145-146 L2 five most popular dog breeds. and other information about the mal shelters? Propose an explana- the numbers of stray animals in your com- they have been featured on TV shows Record your findings in Data dogs that are up for adoption. munity. Compare plans with those posted by tion for this. or in movies. Unfortunately, a fea- Table I. 6. From your data, determine which 3. Comparing and Contrasting other students. tured dog breed may not be the cor- breeds are most commonly found What characteristics do domestic rect breed for a family pet. As a result, many of these popular breeds 882 883 32.2 DIVERSITY OF MAMMALS are abandoned when the animals become adults. Use the Perform- P ance Task Assessment List for Analyzing the Data in PASC, Data and Observations Sharing Your Data p. 27. Make sure students are sampling data from LS different animal shelters around the county. To navigate to the students around the county. Do different Many shelters will list only the breed of dog Internet BioLabs, choose cities have different results? Do different and possibly a picture. Ask students to infer the Biology: The Dynamics of Life icon at regions of the country have different the different dog characteristics according the Glencoe Science Web Site. Click on the results? Do animal shelters have the same to the breed. student icon, then the BioLabs icon. Ask stu- general programs around the country, or do dents to compare their results with those of they differ? Explain.

882 883 Chapter 32 Assessment Chapter 32 Assessment Do we need zoos? SUMMARYUMMARY Faced with rising costs and criticism, modern zoos are struggling to sur- S Main Ideas vive financially. Many metropolitan zoos are questioning their existence Section 32.1 Main Ideas Vocabulary Summary statements can be used by and redefining their missions. The most dedicated zoos have started nat- The first mammal-like animals were therapsids. diaphragm (p. 869) students to review the major con- P gland (p. 868) Mammal cepts of the chapter. ural habitat programs and are experimenting with captive breeding. A mammal is an endotherm with hair, a mammary gland (p. 868) Purpose Characteristics diaphragm, modified limbs and teeth, a highly Students will explore problems developed nervous system Using the Vocabulary and senses, and mammary faced by modernLS zoos and ana- riginally created for public entertainment, tem that keeps track of the genetic background To reinforce chapter vocabulary, use lyze what critics say about zoos. Ozoos began educational programs and of their captive animals. Zoos borrow suitable glands. species conservation in the 1940s. Zoo reform mates to pass on genes in “breeding loans.” the Content Mastery Booklet and Teaching Strategies began in the 1980s in response to public outrage the activities in the Interactive Tutor over poor conditions. Reduced need to capture wild animals for Biology: The Dynamics of Life on Ask students to recount why Through captive breeding programs, zoos are the Glencoe Science Web Site. they think zoos should or should Modern zoos The modern zoo is a place for able to lessen their reliance on wild populations www.glencoe.com/sec/science not be preserved. Have them scientists and citizens to study zoology, paleon- for their exhibits. The more sophisticated breed- consider a zoo’s educational value tology, and animal behavior. Zoos also provide a ing laboratories are able to freeze and save Section 32.2 Main Ideas Vocabulary and the opportunity it affords for place where interested people can hear lectures genetic materials from endangered species for Mammals are classified into three subclasses— gestation (p. 875) All Chapter and take classes on topics as varied as classifica- future breeding purposes. Diversity of monotremes, marsupials, and placentals—based marsupial (p. 875) the community. monotreme (p. 880) Assessment Explain that most zoos are tion, biodiversity, and habitat conservation. Mammals on the way they reproduce. Today’s most modern zoos—such as the San placenta (p. 874) questions and answers have been Different Viewpoints Placental mammals carry young inside the placental mammal financially unable to reform their Diego and Cincinnati Zoos—are using the latest validated for accuracy and suitabil- programs to meet their new mis- Captive breeding of endangered species leads uterus until development is nearly complete. (p. 874) reproductive techniques, including artificial to other problems. The very success of captive therapsid (p. 881) ity by The Princeton Review. sion as wildlife conservationists. The young are nourished through an organ insemination and test-tube fertilization, to help breeding results in the production of surplus ani- called the placenta. uterus (p. 874) Ask what kind of fund-raising save endangered species and improve the gene mals. Surplus animals often have no place to go. Monotremes are egg-laying mammals found efforts are appropriate for zoos. pools of others. Animals such as the California They cannot be given to other zoos due to lim- UUNDERSTANDINGNDERSTANDING MMAINAIN IIDEASDEAS condor, black-footed ferret, and the red wolf only in Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea. They might solicit donations from ited budgets for the care and feeding of these probably could not survive without captive species. They also cannot be returned to the wild Marsupials carry partially developed young in 1. b people who visit the zoo and from pouches on the outside of the mother’s body. breeding. To minimize in most cases because there is no longer natural 2. a people in the community. They might inbreeding, zoos have a habitat available for many of these species and 3. d also raise money through the sale of computerized mating sys- because most captive-raised animals do not have 4. c books, magazines, or objects created to the necessary survival skills. increase awareness about animals 5. a Those against zoo policy say that biodiversity UUNDERSTANDINGNDERSTANDING MMAINAIN IIDEASDEAS 4. ______are examples of egg-laying and about zoo functions. Captive breeding in a zoo and 6. a a black-footed ferret (inset) is more likely to be preserved through public edu- mammals. cation than through captive breeding programs. 1. Which of the following is NOT a character- a. Numbats and lemurs Investigating the Issue They accuse zoo managers of species favoritism, istic of mammals? b. Anteaters and shrews One side should defend the idea saying that because the managers are unable to a. endothermic c. Platypuses and spiny anteaters that the zoo is a wildlife preserve save all endangered species, they tend to select b. three-chambered heart d. Seals and whales only the most attractive or popular species. helping to preserve endangered c. hair 5. Which pair of terms is most closely related? species by captive breeding. The d. mammary glands a. gland—secretion other side should defend the idea INVESTIGATING THE ISSUE 2. Which of these is NOT an endothermic ani- b. diaphragm—heart c. placenta—Golgi bodies that captive species promote Debating the Issue What should be the role of mal? species favoritism and that the modern zoos? a. rattlesnake c. cat d. gestation—molars money spent on zoos should be b. penguin d. gorilla 6. Which pair of terms is most closely related? used to preserve natural wildlife To find out more about modern 3. Hair helps mammals by providing camou- a. cud chewing—cellulose habitats. zoos, visit the Glencoe Science flage and helping them to maintain ______. b. canines—diaphragm Web Site. a. evolution c. reproduction c. incisors—sipping nectar www.glencoe.com/sec/science b. running speed d. body temperature d. monotreme—placenta

884 CHAPTER 32 ASSESSMENT 885

VIDEODISC The Infinite Voyage: Going Further Resource Manager The Keepers of Eden If you have a local zoo, ask students to The Cheetah: Using DNA VIDEODISC The Infinite Voyage VIDEOTAPE find out more about their zoo’s captive- Chapter Assessment, pp. 187-196 Profiles to Research Production The Keepers of Eden: The Trans- MindJogger Videoquizzes breeding programs or other ongoing MindJogger Videoquizzes (Ch. 5), 9 min. formation of Zoos (Ch. 3), 3 min. Chapter 32: Mammals research. L2 Computer Test Bank Have students work in groups as they play BDOL Interactive CD-ROM, Chapter 31 the videoquiz game to review key chapter !7U`H" !7ALD" quiz Cincinnati Zoo’s Cat House: Innovative concepts. Breeding Techniques (Ch. 6), 884 !7_jJ" 6 min. 885

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LS Chapter 32 Assessment Chapter 32 Assessment Chapter 32 Assessment Chapter 32 Assessment

7. a 7. Which type of teeth pictured below would be 14. Mammals increased in numbers and varieties THINKINGHINKING CRITICALLYRITICALLY AASSESSINGSSESSING KKNOWLEDGENOWLEDGE && SSKILLSKILLS THINKINGHINKING CRITICALLYRITICALLY 8. b most suited for feeding on grasses? during the Cenozoic era because new T C T C 9. b a. c. ______opened. 26. Interpreting Scientific Illustrations Examine Interpreting Scientific Illustrations 26. carnivore 10. c 15. Protection of developing young occurs in the teeth in the diagram of a skull below and Examine Figure 32.9 in the text to answer 27. They both have enormous 11. lays eggs many mammals because the females have an infer whether the mammal was an herbivore, the following questions. diversity of species and live in 12. diaphragm internal ______in which the young develop. carnivore, or omnivore. 1. Egg-laying mammals, placental mam- all types of environments. 13. placenta 16. ______are able to give birth early in devel- mals, and marsupials developed from 28. Seals, walruses, and sea lions 14. niches opment because the young continue to ______. b. d. are predators that eat meat and 15. uterus develop in a(n) ______. a. therapsids c. edentates have sharp canine teeth used to 16. Marsupials; pouch 17. Gestation is different in mammals, reptiles, b. insectivores d. proboscids pierce and stab their prey. 17. internally (in the uterus) and birds because in mammals it occurs 2. During which geological time period 29. 1. Marsupials; 2. Monotremes; 18. glands ______. did placental mammals evolve? 3. Placental mammals; 4. 19. teeth 18. Mammals use fluids from their ______to a. Precambrian c. Mesozoic Placenta 20. intelligence 8. Like bird feathers, mammalian hair probably mark territory. b. Paleozoic d. Cenozoic evolved from ______. 19. The kind of food a mammal eats can be 27. Comparing and Contrasting Mammals and 3. To which group are perissodactyls more a. teeth c. claws determined by examining its ______. insects are both considered to be extraordinar- closely related? b. scales d. setae ily successful animals. Explain the criteria used a. chiropterans c. artiodactyls AAPPLYINGPPLYING MMAINAIN IIDEASDEAS 20. What characteristic 9. ______is a behavioral adaptation for cool- of mammals is in both cases that give them this distinction. b. edentates d. lagomorphs ing off a mammal’s body. 28. Seal, walruses, and sea lions once were classi- 21. Developing inside the uterus, illustrated in the 4. Which group of animals was not 1. a a. Running c. Jogging photo to the fied in their own order, Pinnepedia. Scientists common in the Paleozoic era? the young of mammals are pro- 2. c b. Panting d. Gnawing right? now place them with dogs, cats, and bears in a. fishes c. invertebrates tected from environmental con- 3. c 10. Scientists hypothesize that mammals order Carnivora. What features of the pin- b. amphibians d. mammals 4. d ditions, whereas the eggs of nepeds caused scientists to classify them with descended from a group of reptiles called 5. Which group of placental mammals had 5. c reptiles, developing externally, the carnivores? ______. more diversity during an earlier time? 6. Make sure students’ are subject to environmental a. theropods c. therapsids 29. Concept Mapping Complete the concept a. primates c. perissodactyls graphs reflect the data conditions. b. cotylosaurs d. dinosaurs map by using the following vocabulary terms: b. edentates d. sirenians APPLYINGPPLYING MAINAIN IDEASDEAS and relationships shown 22. They do this to cool themselves. 11. A duck-billed platypus is classified as a A M I marsupials, monotremes, placental mammals, 6. Making a Graph Using the data in placenta. in the table. The evaporating water cools monotreme because it ______. 21. How does development of young inside a Table 32.1, make a graph that shows the Three groups of the skin and the mud protects 12. Mammals are able to maintain high energy uterus enable mammals to adapt to environ- numbers of species in each mammal the skin, which has little hair, order. levels because they breathe using a(n) ments that reptiles cannot? mammals from the sun. ______. 22. Most African elephants live in hot grasslands 23. Lower jaws, middle ear bones, 13. Dogs and cats nourish their unborn young of Africa. They can often be seen using their include Table 32.1 Number of mammal species and teeth of mammals are dif- through the ______. trunks to slap watery globs of mud onto their Order Number of species 1. 2. 3. ferent from those of reptiles. heads and backs. Make a hypothesis that Insectivora 428 Mammals also have straighter explains this behavior. that have a that lay that have a Chiroptera 925 legs that are placed underneath 23. You find the skeleton of an animal. What TTESTEST––TTAKINGAKING TTIPIP Primates 233 the body. features would indicate that it is a mammal pouch eggs 4. Edentata 29 24. Animals that are endotherms If It Looks Too Good to Be True. . . rather than a reptile? can maintain their body tem- Beware of answer choices that seem obvious. 24. How does endothermy enable mammals and CD-ROM Lagomorpha 80 perature at a constant level no Remember that only one answer choice of the birds to survive in the Arctic and in the For additional review, use the assessment Rodentia 2021 several that you’re offered for each question matter what the environmental Sahara Desert of Africa? options for this chapter found on the Biology: The Cetacea 78 is correct. The others are made up by the test- Dynamics of Life Interactive CD-ROM and on the 25. Trace the main paths of evolution from fishes temperature. makers to challenge you. Check each answer Glencoe Science Web Site. 25. First, some early fishes probably choice carefully before finally selecting it. to mammals to explain how mammals may www.glencoe.com/sec/science evolved with appendages have become adapted to life on land. suited to propelling themselves in shallow water and muddy 886 CHAPTER 32 ASSESSMENT CHAPTER 32 ASSESSMENT 887 wetlands. These fishes probably also had primitive lungs. are encased in leathery shells. Legs under thereby giving them protection against pre- Internet Address Book Amphibians have lungs that the body make locomotion on land more dation and harsh environmental conditions. enable them to breathe air, and efficient. The first four-chambered hearts, legs that enable them to move Note Internet addresses that you find useful in the space enabling more oxygen to reach cells to pro- below for quick reference. on land, but they are still duce more energy and quicker movements, restricted to life in the water appeared in reptiles. Mammals are because their eggs must be laid endotherms and so can maintain body tem- in water. Reptiles do not need perature in a wide variety of environments, water because they have inter- especially when protected from heat loss by nal fertilization and their eggs fur or hair. Young develop inside the body, 886 887