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Minerals in Arizona Through Geologic History

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Minerals in Arizona Through Geologic History Copper , Bisbee Silver, Lucky Cuss m. 200 Ma (million years ago) 75 Ma Gold, Gold Basin, 69 Ma Mohave Co., AZ by Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D. www.janrasmussen.com/research Assisted by Stanley B. Keith Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com 1840 Ma Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. September 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Alkalinity and Minerals In oxidized crust (Arizona) Modified from: Overprinting of different Keith, 1978 magma chemistries from K2O vs SiO2 variation Pink = AuCu different mantle layers and diagram with alkalinity Orange = PbZnAg fields for whole rock Yellow = CuMo crustal sources give Arizona geochemistry of associated Pale yellow = CuZn a variety of mineral igneous rocks Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. signatures Sept. through 10, 2018 time www.janrasmussen.com Very complex, overprinted mountain building cycles bring new minerals Re-organization events in between, allow oxidation of the sulfides into collectible minerals. Example of Mineral District map To be in 4th edition of Mineralogy of Arizona, 2020 Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Mineralization is related to mountain building episodes . Precambrian = orogenies added to fringes of continent . Paleozoic = AZ on trailing edge - Eastern orogenies – no metals . Mesozoic-Cenozoic = AZ on leading edge = Cordilleran orogeny – many metals . Latest Cenozoic = subduction cutoff by San Andreas transform margin – no metals Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. June 2, 2015 www.janrasmussen.com Jerome VMS open pit Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS) Pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, cubanite, arsenopyrite, mackinawite, pyrrhotite, magnesian chlorite Photo by Karen Wenrich Zn-Cu-Ag chalcopyrite Azurite, Roger Chalcocite, Rock Currier MinDat Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sedgewick photo, Sept.MinDat 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Deposition of Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide ore Black smoker, modern seafloor Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Cinnabar, kyanite, andalusite, pyrophyllite, tourmaline Cinnabar (mercury sulfide) Sunflower dist., Maricopa Co. Kyanite, Piestewa Peak, cinnabar Ray Grant, K. Nash MinDat Piestewa Peak, Phoenix Mts. Piemontite, Piestewa Peak, Peter Cristofono photo MinDat Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Boriana Tungsten Scheelite, beryl, wolframite group, fluorite, microcline, quartz, muscovite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, apatite, zircon, molybdenite, andalusite Molybdenite, Cleator, owner Chuck Cominski Scheelite, Harvard collection Scheelite, Mark Hay collection Andalusite, Bradshaw Mts., Rob Lavinsky, MinDat Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com amethyst, hematite, fluorapatite Amethyst, Four Peaks mine, Mazatzal Mts., Maricopa Co., MinDat photo Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com White Picacho, Wagon Bow, Tungstona Euxenite Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O6 Oracle Granite, Santa Catalina Mts. White Picacho pegmatites beryl spodumene, lepidolite, scheelite, beryl, wolframite; albite, cassiterite, epidote, hematite, microcline, monazite-Ce, quartz, rutile, xenotime-Y, quartz Eucryptite, White Picacho, Chris Clemons, MinDat Beryl, White Picacho Beryl, White Picacho Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Grand Canyon supergroup (Unkar Gp. (incl. Cardenas basalt - 1070 Ma Rb-Sr), Nankoweap Fm., Chuar Gp.) Apache Group Source: Shakel, Apache Gp. ,Tohono former Tohono Chul Chul Park, Tucson Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Apache Gp., chrysotile asbestos, lizardite Diabase in Apache Gp. ,Tohono Chul Park, Tucson Diabase in contact with Mescal Limestone made marble and serpentine chrysotile asbestos Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Arizona was on the Collisions of western, trailing edge eastern N.A. with of North America Europe or Africa made large mountain ranges. Arizona mostly had seas go in and out transgression/ regression). Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Rillito Cement plant Redwall Limestone Escabrosa Limestone Clarkdale Cement plant Calcite marble Sahuarita Marble Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Arizona’s position switched with respect to plate tectonics after Paleozoic Big changes at 252 Ma Mesozoic – Arizona switched to the leading edge of N. American continent = mountain building, volcanoes, earthquakes, igneous intrusions, metal deposits Paleozoic – Arizona was on trailing edge of N. American continent = calm seaways = no metals Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com U Morrison Fm. Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com 215-210 Ma Petrified Forest Member, Chinle Fm., Petrified Auracarioxylon arizonicum Forest National Park Coelophysis Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Source: Karen Wenrich Uranium Breccia pipe in Grand Canyon Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Grandview mine; cyanotrichite on antlerite AzMMM specimen . Ridenour mine; tyuyamunite, Ca(UO2)2(V2O8) 5-8H2O Wenrich photo Carnotite in petrified wood, Coconino Co. AzMMM specimen Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com All paleogeographic paintings from Blakey & Ranney S. Mustang Mts., SE AZ SE side Mt. Wrightson, Santa Rita Mts. Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Lavender Pit, Bisbee Campbell shaft Sacramento Stock = 200 Ma MQA Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Bisbee Primary: Chalcopyrite, bornite, galena, specularite, sphalerite, chalcocite Chalcopyrite, Lavender Pit, Luetcke photo, MinDat.org Bornite, from mine dumps Chalcocite, G. Ciccolini, MinDat Patricia Renz photo MinDat.org Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com azurite, malachite, chrysocolla, chalcocite, copper, cuprite, hematite, calcite, aragonite, chalcocite hemimorphite, turquoise, azurite cuprite, photo by Doug Graeme malachite turquoise copper bisbeeminingandminerals.com bisbeeminingandminerals.com Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Defiance mine, wulfenite, AZMMM Donor: Les Presmyk Aurichalcite, Silver Bill mine Silver Bill mine, wulfenite, AZMMM Gleeson Quartz Monzonite = 191.3 Ma Rosasite, Silver Bill m. Bruce Murphy, MinDat.org Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Rob Sept.Levinsky 10, 2018, MinDat.org www.janrasmussen.com Laramide Orogeny - (89-35 Ma) MCA CuMo MAC PbAg MQA CuAu Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Earliest Laramide (~80) Old Yuma Mine Anglesite Vanadinite, Calcite Pb5(VO4)3Cl, owner Les & Paula Presmyk, TGMS Cerussite 2012 display Chrysocolla Descloizite Fornacite Galena Hematite Malachite vanadinite Minium Mottramite Plattnerite Quartz Tetrahedrite Vanadinite Willemite Wulfenite Cerussite, (PbCO ) 1” bar, 3 2+ 4+ Rock Currier, H. Oboda Vanadinite, owner Tony Minium, (Pb 2Pb O4) 6 mm collection, mindat.org Potucek FOV, photo by Michael C. Roarke, mindat.org Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com N. Tucson Mts. Evidence of epeiric uplift & erosion = Eocene erosion surface above flat subduction zone Angular unconformity between Late Cretaceous Yuma Mine volcanics and mid- Tertiary volcanics of Safford Peak Eocene erosion surface Unconformity under Tumamoc Hill mid-Tertiary overlying Twin Hills Dacite and Cat Mtn. Rhyolite (Late Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Cretaceous) Wulfenite – Old Yuma Mine Owner Jim & Gail Spann Owner John & Karen Cesar Owner Frank Sousa Owner Stan Keith Owner Paul Harter Owner Les & Paula Presmyk Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. April 1, 2017 www.janrasmussen.com Thick ignimbrite (ash) flows Tucson Mts. - Cat Mountain Rhyolite Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines, 1991 Tombstone Hills – Uncle Sam Tuff Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Alabandite MnS Emmonsite, Empire m. Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Argentiferous galena, sphalerite, small amounts of pyrite, chalcopyrite & quartz Extensive solution by hydrothermal fluids of the limestone and deep oxidation concentrated cerussite, anglesite, wulfenite, and smithsonite Hydrothermal cave Smithsonite, Glove m.,Michael Cline photo, 5.5 cm Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Silver Bell Porphyry copper- molybdenum mines Bornite Sierrita Chalcopyrite Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 MoS2 www.janrasmussen.com Chalcopyrite – copper fools gold Copper-iron-sulfide Middle Laramide – porphyry Cu (65-55 Ma) Morenci mine – photo from Freeport Ray mine – photo from ASARCO (Grupo) copper chalcopyrite Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com stromeyerite, Magma mine, Magma Cu. Co. donor Pyrite A bed, Michael Cline, MinDat Barite, A bed, Magma, Chris Whitney-Smith, MinDat tennantite hematite bornite Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com W. Santa Catalina Mts. from El Conquistador Garnets Lemmon Rock Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Wulfenite, Shelby m., Gold Basin, Douglas Merson photo, MinDat.org Rolf Luetcke Gold, Gold Basin, specimen and Mohave Co. phto, MinDat.org Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Re-organization – Secondary Enrichment Weathering (45-35 Ma) leaches copper from top, Iron hat leaving them reddish colored. Copper Hematite/turgite,
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