Copper , Bisbee Silver, Lucky Cuss m.

200 Ma (million years ago) 75 Ma Gold, Gold Basin, 69 Ma Mohave Co., AZ by Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D. www.janrasmussen.com/research Assisted by Stanley B. Keith

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com 1840 Ma Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. September 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Alkalinity and Minerals In oxidized crust (Arizona)

Modified from: Overprinting of different Keith, 1978 magma chemistries from K2O vs SiO2 variation Pink = AuCu different mantle layers and diagram with alkalinity Orange = PbZnAg fields for whole rock Yellow = CuMo crustal sources give Arizona geochemistry of associated Pale yellow = CuZn a variety of mineral igneous rocks Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. signatures Sept. through 10, 2018 time www.janrasmussen.com Very complex, overprinted mountain building cycles bring new minerals Re-organization events in between, allow oxidation of the sulfides into collectible minerals.

Example of Mineral District map

To be in 4th edition of Mineralogy of Arizona, 2020

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Mineralization is related to mountain building episodes . Precambrian = orogenies added to fringes of continent . Paleozoic = AZ on trailing edge - Eastern orogenies – no metals . Mesozoic-Cenozoic = AZ on leading edge = Cordilleran orogeny – many metals . Latest Cenozoic = subduction cutoff by San Andreas transform margin – no metals

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. June 2, 2015 www.janrasmussen.com Jerome VMS open pit Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS)

Pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, cubanite, arsenopyrite, mackinawite, pyrrhotite, magnesian chlorite

Photo by Karen Wenrich Zn-Cu-Ag chalcopyrite

Azurite, Roger Chalcocite, Rock Currier MinDat Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sedgewick photo, Sept.MinDat 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Deposition of Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide ore

Black smoker, modern seafloor Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Cinnabar, kyanite, andalusite, pyrophyllite, tourmaline

Cinnabar (mercury sulfide) Sunflower dist., Maricopa Co.

Kyanite, Piestewa Peak, cinnabar Ray Grant, K. Nash MinDat

Piestewa Peak, Phoenix Mts.

Piemontite, Piestewa Peak, Peter Cristofono photo MinDat Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Boriana Tungsten Scheelite, beryl, wolframite group, fluorite, microcline, quartz, muscovite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, apatite, zircon, molybdenite, andalusite

Molybdenite, Cleator, owner Chuck Cominski

Scheelite, Harvard collection

Scheelite, Mark Hay collection Andalusite, Bradshaw Mts., Rob Lavinsky, MinDat Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com amethyst, hematite, fluorapatite

Amethyst, Four Peaks mine, Mazatzal Mts., Maricopa Co., MinDat photo

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com White Picacho, Wagon Bow, Tungstona

Euxenite Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O6 Oracle Granite, Santa Catalina Mts. White Picacho pegmatites beryl spodumene, lepidolite, scheelite, beryl, wolframite; albite, cassiterite, epidote, hematite, microcline, monazite-Ce, quartz, rutile, xenotime-Y, quartz

Eucryptite, White Picacho, Chris Clemons, MinDat

Beryl, White Picacho Beryl, White Picacho Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Grand Canyon supergroup (Unkar Gp. (incl. Cardenas basalt - 1070 Ma Rb-Sr), Nankoweap Fm., Chuar Gp.)

Apache Group

Source: Shakel, Apache Gp. ,Tohono former Tohono Chul Chul Park, Tucson Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Apache Gp., chrysotile asbestos, lizardite

Diabase in Apache Gp. ,Tohono Chul Park, Tucson Diabase in contact with Mescal Limestone made marble and serpentine chrysotile asbestos

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Arizona was on the Collisions of western, trailing edge eastern N.A. with of North America Europe or Africa made large mountain ranges. Arizona mostly had seas go in and out transgression/ regression). Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Rillito Cement plant

Redwall Limestone Escabrosa Limestone

Clarkdale Cement plant

Calcite marble Sahuarita Marble Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Arizona’s position switched with respect to plate tectonics after Paleozoic Big changes at 252 Ma Mesozoic – Arizona switched to the leading edge of N. American continent = mountain building, volcanoes, earthquakes, igneous intrusions, metal deposits

Paleozoic – Arizona was on trailing edge of N. American continent = calm seaways = no metals

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com U Morrison Fm.

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com 215-210 Ma

Petrified Forest Member, Chinle Fm., Petrified Auracarioxylon arizonicum Forest National Park Coelophysis

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Source: Karen Wenrich Uranium Breccia pipe in Grand Canyon

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Grandview mine; cyanotrichite on antlerite AzMMM specimen

. Ridenour mine; tyuyamunite, Ca(UO2)2(V2O8) 5-8H2O Wenrich photo Carnotite in petrified wood, Coconino Co. AzMMM specimen

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com All paleogeographic paintings from Blakey & Ranney

S. Mustang Mts., SE AZ

SE side Mt. Wrightson, Santa Rita Mts. Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Lavender Pit, Bisbee

Campbell shaft

Sacramento Stock = 200 Ma MQA

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Bisbee Primary: Chalcopyrite, bornite, galena, specularite, sphalerite, chalcocite

Chalcopyrite, Lavender Pit, Luetcke photo, MinDat.org

Bornite, from mine dumps Chalcocite, G. Ciccolini, MinDat Patricia Renz photo MinDat.org Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com azurite, malachite, chrysocolla, chalcocite, copper, cuprite, hematite, calcite, aragonite, chalcocite hemimorphite, turquoise, azurite cuprite, photo by Doug Graeme malachite

turquoise copper

bisbeeminingandminerals.com bisbeeminingandminerals.com Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Defiance mine, wulfenite, AZMMM Donor: Les Presmyk Aurichalcite, Silver Bill mine Silver Bill mine, wulfenite, AZMMM

Gleeson Quartz Monzonite = 191.3 Ma Rosasite, Silver Bill m. Bruce Murphy, MinDat.org Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Rob Sept.Levinsky 10, 2018, MinDat.org www.janrasmussen.com Laramide Orogeny - (89-35 Ma)

MCA CuMo MAC PbAg

MQA CuAu

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Earliest Laramide (~80) Old Yuma Mine

Anglesite Vanadinite, Calcite Pb5(VO4)3Cl, owner Les & Paula Presmyk, TGMS Cerussite 2012 display Chrysocolla Descloizite Fornacite Galena Hematite Malachite vanadinite Minium Mottramite Plattnerite Quartz Tetrahedrite Vanadinite Willemite Wulfenite

Cerussite, (PbCO ) 1” bar, 3 2+ 4+ Rock Currier, H. Oboda Vanadinite, owner Tony Minium, (Pb 2Pb O4) 6 mm collection, mindat.org Potucek FOV, photo by Michael C. Roarke, mindat.org Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com

N. Tucson Mts. Evidence of epeiric uplift & erosion = Eocene erosion surface above flat subduction zone

Angular unconformity between Late Cretaceous Yuma Mine volcanics and mid- Tertiary volcanics of Safford Peak

Eocene erosion surface

Unconformity under Tumamoc Hill mid-Tertiary overlying Twin Hills Dacite and Cat Mtn. Rhyolite (Late Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Cretaceous) Wulfenite – Old Yuma Mine

Owner Jim & Gail Spann Owner John & Karen Cesar Owner Frank Sousa Owner Stan Keith

Owner Paul Harter Owner Les & Paula Presmyk

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. April 1, 2017 www.janrasmussen.com Thick ignimbrite (ash) flows

Tucson Mts. - Cat Mountain Rhyolite

Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines, 1991

Tombstone Hills – Uncle Sam Tuff Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Alabandite MnS

Emmonsite, Empire m.

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com  Argentiferous galena, sphalerite, small amounts of pyrite, chalcopyrite & quartz  Extensive solution by hydrothermal fluids of the limestone and deep oxidation concentrated cerussite, anglesite, wulfenite, and smithsonite

Hydrothermal cave

Smithsonite, Glove m.,Michael Cline photo, 5.5 cm Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Silver Bell Porphyry copper- molybdenum mines

Bornite

Sierrita

Chalcopyrite

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 MoS2 www.janrasmussen.com

Chalcopyrite – copper fools gold Copper-iron-sulfide Middle Laramide – porphyry Cu (65-55 Ma)

Morenci mine – photo from Freeport Ray mine – photo from ASARCO (Grupo)

copper chalcopyrite

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com stromeyerite, Magma mine, Magma Cu. Co. donor Pyrite A bed, Michael Cline, MinDat

Barite, A bed, Magma, Chris Whitney-Smith, MinDat tennantite

hematite bornite Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com W. Santa Catalina Mts. from El Conquistador

Garnets Lemmon Rock Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Wulfenite, Shelby m., Gold Basin, Douglas Merson photo, MinDat.org

Rolf Luetcke Gold, Gold Basin, specimen and Mohave Co. phto, MinDat.org Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Re-organization – Secondary Enrichment Weathering (45-35 Ma) leaches copper from top, Iron hat leaving them reddish colored. Copper Hematite/turgite, is precipitated Ray, Flagg Min. Col. at the water table, enriching the deposit with chalcocite, Chrysocolla, copper, azurite, malachite, Copper Inspiration, Ray Chalcocite, malachite, Flagg Min Col. Morenci Rolf Luetcke chrysocolla Chalcopyrite, Ray Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Eocene Erosion and Plate Re-organization – Secondary Enrichment of Porphyry Copper Deposits (45-35 Ma)

Iron hat

Hematite/turgite, Copper carbonate, copper silicate Ray, Flagg Min. Col. Copper & Copper oxide enriched zone Chalcocite secondary sulfide enriched zone

Copper sulfide primary zone

Chrysocolla on malachite, Inspiration, Flagg Min Col.

Malachite on Azurite Ajo Photo by Dan Weinrich Cuprite on Copper Ray Chalcocite, Morenci Chalcopyrite, Ray In Mindat.org Larry Maltby photo Mindat Rolf Luetcke photo Mindat

79 mine

Smithsonite, M. Alter

Mimetite , Keith Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. April 6, 2013 www.janrasmussen.com Christmas mine

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. April 6, 2013 www.janrasmussen.com Vanadinite

Mimetite Chiricahua Mts. Ash flow tuffs Red Cloud Mine

Wulfenite

N. Tucson Mts.

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Moss mine, Oatman, mindat.org, USGS Bull.

Collins Cut, Mammoth St. Anthony Mine, Tiger Gold, Mammoth-St. Anthony mine, M. Cline, MinDat

Fluorite, Oatman Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Late Galiuro – Mammoth-St. Anthony M. mine (Tiger townsite)

diaboleite

vanadinite cerussite boleite

dioptase hemimorphite caledonite Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com San Andreas – Basin & Range (13-0 Ma)

Basin and Range Valleys filled with sand, gravel, clay, gypsum, & salt - T\true extension

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com San Andreas fault cuts off eastward-subducting slab

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com San Francisco Peaks, Flagstaff

Natrolite, Horseshoe Dam, donor Stan Celestisn

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Cinder cone along I-40 near Flagstaff

Olivine in basalt, San Carlos

No metals cinders Olivine necklace, San Carlos Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com San Andreas (13-0 Ma) rifting - basins

Rillito ~ 21 Ma

Willcox Playa

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com San Andreas – zeolites in basalt (14 Ma), saline minerals from young basins (5-0 Ma)

Natrolite, Horseshoe Dam, donor Stan Celestisn calcite after glauberite, Camp Verde salt mine, Rock Currier, MinDat

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com San Andreas – Basins (14-0 Ma) Industrial minerals from young basins

Gypsum rose – St. Sand & gravel Kalamazoo Clay - 1987 David

Salt - Picacho Basin – UnoCal photo Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Modern Minerals Are Still Forming

Bisbee , post-mining iron hydroxides and melanterite coating mine timber on the 2833 level of the Campbell Mine, Graeme, BisbeeMiningandMinerals.com

Copper replacing wood, Inspiration Mine Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com Very complex, overprinted mountain building cycles bring new ore minerals Re-organization events between mountain building episodes, allow oxidation of the sulfides into collectible minerals.

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com + Complex

+ Repeated intrusions

+ Bring new minerals

+ Overprints

+ Oxidation during re- organization

Result: + Many beautiful minerals to collect & love Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Sept. 10, 2018 www.janrasmussen.com