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Development of Chemical Dosimeters Development Of SUDANSUDAN ACADEMYAGADEMY OFOF SCIENCES(SAS)SGIENGES(SAS) ATOMICATOMIC ENERGYEhTERGYRESEARCHESRESEARCHES COORDINATIONCOORDII\rATI ON COUNCILCOUNCIL - Development of Chemical Dosimeters A dissertation Submitted in a partial Fulfillment of the Requirement forfbr Diploma Degree in Nuclear Science (Chemistry) By FareedFadl Alla MersaniMergani SupervisorDr K.S.Adam MurchMarch 2006 J - - - CONTENTS Subject Page -I - DedicationDedication........ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... I Acknowledgement ... '" ... ... ... ... ... ... '" ... ... ... ... '" ... '" ....... .. 11II Abstract ... ... ... '" ... ... ... '" ... ... ... ... -..... ... ... ... ... ... ..... III -I Ch-lch-1 DosimetryDosimefry - 1-1t-l IntroductionLntroduction . 1I - 1-2t-2 Principle of Dosimetry '" '" . 2 1-3l-3 DosimetryDosimefiySystems . 3J 1-3-1l-3-l primary standard dosimeters '" . 4 - 1-3-2l-3-Z Reference standard dosimeters ... .. " . 4 1-3-3L-3-3 Transfer standard dosimeters ... ... '" . 4 1-3-4t-3-4 Routine dosimeters . 5 1-4I-4 Measurement of absorbed dose . 6 1-5l-5 Calibration of DosimetryDosimetrvsystemsvstem '" . 6 1-6l-6 Transit dose effects . 8 Ch-2ch-2 Requirements of chemical dosimeters 2-12-l Introduction ... ... ... .............................................. 111l 2-2 Developing of chemical dosimeters ... ... .. ....... ... .. ..... 12t2 2-3 Classification of Dosimetry methods.methods .......................... 14l4 2-4 RequirementsRequiremsnts of ideal chemical dosimeters ,. ... 15 2-5 Types of chemical system .. .... ......... .. 16l6 2-6 Liquid aqueous systems.systems ........ .. ................... ....... 17t7 2-7 Prerequisites of chemical DosimetryDosimety '" ... 19t9 2-7-12-7-l Purification of water '" ". 20 2-7-2 TreatmentTreaftnent of glass ware and irradiation cells...cells ... ... 20 2-7-3 TreatmentTreatrnsntof plastic irradiation cells '" '" .. .. 20 2-7-4 Use of irradiation cells...cells . ... ... ... ... ... 212l 2-82-8 Stabilizing Agents ... ... .. ................ ...... ... .. .... 212l 2-92-9 DefmitionDefinition of G value ... ......... .. .... .. ....... ...... ... 212l Ch-3 Types of aqueous chemical dosimeters 3-13-I Fricke dosimeter '" '" '" .. 23 3-1-13-l-1 Principle '" '" . 23 3-1-23-l-2 Basic reactions '" .. .. .... ... .. .. .. ....... .. 24 •I t 3-1-33-l-3 Calculation of the absorbed dose . 24 3-1-43-l-4 Influence of various factors 26 3-2 Ceric sulphate (Ceric - Cerous) dosimeter 28 L 3-2-13-2-l Principle 29 3-2-2 Calculation of absorbed dose......dose 29 3-2-3 Influencelnfluenceof various factors...factors 30 L 3-3 Other aqueous systemsqystems 30 3-3-13-3-l Aromatic solutes Systems '" 30 3-3-2 Chlorinated hydrocarbon Solutes 31 Lf 3-4 Potential liquid dosimeters ... .. , '" 31 3-5 Gaseous chemical dosimeters ..... " 32 ...h 3-6 Solid chemical dosimeters ... ...... ...32 32 Conclusion , 34 References ... 35 LIST OF TABLESTABTES Table (1):(1) : Various Radiation DosimetryDosimetrv standards 6 Table (2):(2) : Events in Radiolysis of aqueous solutions...solutions. .. 19t9 SE - ffiEfrTTffi - To those who are donate me their livelive... ... To those who are lighten my way by candlescandles.... To those who are learned me and guided meme... Lt* To all of you ... I. tJ- Father ~I t- Mother rr Teachers I Brothers rl- Friends r11 I offer you my bit hopping thatthatit it will find even a bit of your consideration. l- Your r,- tr ~l rr { ~t- L I /- J. (1,- L-- -f-~ - a- J, L- ACKNOI|TLEDGE|lJ|ENTACKNOWLEDGEMENT L I thank GOD too mushthat I could completethis L beneficial work after a lot of effort and constraints that facedme. I I deeply grateful to all those who helped me in 1' achieving this research I Many thanks for Sudanese Atomic Energy Commission (S.A.E.C) Staff for their advises. -- Also full thanks for my supervisor Dr K.S.ADAM -- for suggested idea and orientation and for his valuable gtidance research. r guidance through out the research. 1G ...... rL a/- ...a. .. 11 J - - Affi AOT A chemical dosimeter is a systemsysternthatthat measuresmeazuresthethe energyby virtue of chemical changes fromfrom ionizingionizingabsorbed radiation produced unit when itit L- .... isis exposed toto ionizingionizing radiation. In all chemical dosimetersradiation 1 '---L- inducedinducedchemical reaction produces at leastleastone, initially initially absent species, .... which is properties long lived enough to determine its quantity or the '---L- change in the initial systems. Different types of chemical dosimeters were discussed such as aqueous, gaseous and solid, but the greatgreatconsideration was given to aqueous systems because of their vital role in settingmany processes. '---L-- .... .... ilIIII - -- -- - · - · - · -' · - · -" · -' ~ · -" ~ · - ilI{APTERAPTERONEONE " -' -"~ 'l- I-DOSIMETRYl.DOSIMETRY "I .J I .l-.-. LI .... '----'a. -" "-----" ­ Il..-........o -" Il..-........oa-.j ... lI.-..-.-AaJ ... '-.~a_- ... '-­t--' .-I i\ ... 1 -1 Introduction: UUsese of ionizing Radiation has become increasingly important in a different fields, industrial processing applications such as polymer cross linking, polymerpolyrner degradation, polymer grafting, vulcanization,vulcanrzation,curing of coating, scrubbing of gaseous effluents, sterilization of medical products, sewage sludge hygienisation, delayed ripening of fruits, sprout inhibition and insect population control. The absorbed doses employed in these applications range 2 from 10 Gy - more than 100 kGy).kcy). 2 In the use of ionizing Radiation, reproducible and an accurate irradiation of the products to get desirable effects depends on having reliable dosimetry systems. Dosimetry play a vital role in setting of process parameters to meet variety of specifications, dose mapping in products, carrying out validation, commissioning procedure as well as in the day today operation of the plant. Measuring response of dosimeter to Radiation is generally much easier and quicker to measure than any other parameter of the product that has been irradiated. Documentation of dose is often required in order to ensure 2 operational safety quality control. 2 The effects of Radiation on the matter depend on the Radiation field, as specified by the Radiation quantities and on the interactions between - Radiation and matter, as characterizedcharacterizedby the interaction quantities. Dosimetric quantities are products of radiometric quantities and interaction coefficients. Radiation interacts with matter in a series of processes in which particle energy is converted and finally deposited in matter. Measurement of 1 - - - - ... _ .J the energy absorbed per unit mass IIIin a medium exposed to ionizing Radiation necessitates the introduction of a dosimeter into the medium. Dosimeter is a device that, when irradiated, exhibits a quantifiable changes in some property of the device which can be related to the absorbed dose in a - given material using appropriate analytical instrumentation and techniques. - ~, Different typestlpes of dosimeters like gaseous ionization chambers, thin films, solids and liquids are used in Radiation dosimetry. There is a considerable variation in their size and composition. Also several wall materials having - 2 varying thickness are used to contain the dosimeter. 2 1-2l-2 Principles of Dosimetry: - ... The dose in a medium is measured by replacing the medium by a dosimeter. - ... Normally, dosimeter will differ from the medium in both atomic number and density and it therefore, constitutes a discontinuity, which will be referred to - ... as activity. The energy absorbed in the dosimeter is therefore not the same as that absorbed by the medium. Under electronic equilibrium conditions, the (2) - ... dose in the medium can be estimated using cavity (Bragg Gray)GraD theory. (2) FForor irradiations using a photo-source, the dosimeter may be considered as - ,., activity in the material of interest, and the interpretation of absorbed dose in - .. material as follows. If the sensitive region of the dosimeter is very thin compared to the range of the highest energy secondary electrons, then most of the energy deposited in the dosimeter and in the material surrounding it results from secondary electrons produced outside the dosimeter (that is, in 2 - ... the equilibrium layer of material). Thus the absorbed dose in the material 2 , Dm,Dr[, is given by: .. - H P)m Dm = (SI6l P)m Dd,n - ... (SIP)d(sI P)d 2 . .. .. - - (sf t')m (SlP)d WhereWhere (S/1')//1 andancl(S'/ P)d areare massmasscollision collisionstopping stoppirrgpowerpowcr forlirr thethe surroundingsttrroundingmaterialnraterial andancl dosimeter.dosirlcter'. respectively.rcspectivel;,. Ddl)d Isls absorbedabsorbecldosedose inip thethedosimeter. dosimeter.Ilff thethesensitive sensitiveregionrcgion ofol-tlie the dosimeterclosirletcr haslras aa thickness thickncssmuchuruclr greatergreaterthanthan the therange I'angeofof thethehighest higheslenergyenergy secondarysccorrclarv electrons,clcctlnns. thenlhor mostrn11sl ofof thetheenergy energydepositedde positecl inin itit resultsresultsfrom1l'orl thethc secondary scconclarvelectronselcctrons producedproclucecl withinwithinthe thedosil11eter dosinreteritit selCsell,thus,tlrr,rs , thethe absorbed absorbeddosedose inin thethematerial rnaterizilisis given qivcn r2 by:OV:2 '----- DillI)rt == (pen/0y4!!,,PJ!!2 DdD,l (pert, J (pen/P)dP)cl (1-rcnfI))nt WhereWhere (I-ten/ P)17I andar'r4v(pen/llrcnf1')r/ jJ)d arc',,'. thethc massnrassabsorptionabsorpti.n coefficientscoelflcierrtsofof thethc /t/ medium,ntediutn,11/ andaltdthe dosimeter dosimetcrmaterialtnertcrial,/,
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