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New Zealand Media Constructions of Islam and Muslims: an Analysis of Selected Newspapers Between 2005- 2006

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New Zealand Media Constructions of Islam and Muslims: an Analysis of Selected Newspapers Between 2005- 2006 New Zealand Media Constructions of Islam and Muslims: An Analysis of Selected Newspapers Between 2005- 2006 Shah Md Nister Jahan Kabir A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Otago New Zealand 2013 i Statement of Originality I declare that the work presented in this thesis, to the best of my knowledge and belief, is original and my own work, except as acknowledged in the text. This thesis has not been submitted either in whole or in part, for a degree at this or any other university. Shah Md Nister Jahan Kabir PhD candidate Department of Media, Film and Communication University of Otago ii Acknowledgements I am grateful to many people in many capacities. I would like to express my deep appreciation to them. First, I would like to thank my supervisors Dr Michael Bourk, and Professor Geoff Craig for their suggestions, co-operation and understanding. I owe a great deal to them. Dr. Michael Bourk’s support and understanding towards me has been unparalleled. He is my primary supervisor. The thesis would not have been possible without my supervisors’ continuous suggestions and understanding. I appreciate the support, co-operation and suggestion that Professor Geoff Kearsley provided. He was in my supervisory panel before his retirement. Outside my supervisory panels I have received generous help, inspiration, suggestion and co- operation from a number of people especially from Dr Vijay Devadas, Dr Brett Nicholls, Dr. Hugh Slotten, Professor Hilary Radner and many more. I thank Sally Milner, David Hoskins and Christine Daviault, and Maureen Lloyd and Paulette Milnes. My deep appreciation is also due to the three examiners of my thesis and the convener for their valued comments, suggestion and patience. Very special thanks to Rebecca Kambuta and Febriani Idrus for their extraordinary co-operation and understanding. They kindly read my drafts and made suggestions. Their critical comments were very helpful for me in clarifying my thinking and writing. I am happy with the Department of Media, Film and Communication and the University of Otago, which has supplied me with all the facilities that were very important to me as a research student. iii I would like to apologize to Dr Ndaeyo Uko of Monash University, Australia. He was waiting to be my prospective supervisor and I was also interested in pursuing my PhD under his care. Monash University offered me the IPRS scholarship in 2009 but I had to decline as I had already enrolled at the University of Otago. Dr Uko said he was sad to hear my decision (it was sad for me too! But the question was of ethics – whether I should leave this University after receiving funds). We had long conversations about our projects before starting at this university. I miss his suggestions. My family and I have received help and support from many friends and well-wishers during our stay in New Zealand including Associate Professor M. Alauddin, Dr Obaid Hamid and his family in Australia (I miss you a lot!), Dr. Dewar Akbar and his family (in Australia), Dr. Robiul Islam and his family (in Australia), Dr Jaforullah and Rosy Jaforullah, Mohibul Alam (Liton) and his family, Rieko Hayakawa and her family. I thank Tanveer Ahmed, Akter Jahan, and Mashihur Rahman in Bangladesh. My deep appreciation to the Basquin family (of Brighton, Dunedin, New Zealand) and very special thanks are due to Jeannine Basquin and Anne Marie Basquin (we owe a lot to the Basquin family). During my study I lost my father. After finishing my MPhil from the University of Queensland he advised me not to give up and to try for a PhD, and said education in a Western nation is “really important”. He wanted my PhD to be from a Western University. I hear his calm but strong voice repeatedly (yes, still he is talking from somewhere!) but miss the person. I have lost many more things in his death. iv Journal articles published during candidature 1. Shah N. Kabir & Michael Bourk (2012). “Representing Islam and Muslims in New Zealand Newspapers”. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 32(3). 2. Shah N. Kabir (2010). “Representation of the Hezbollah-Israel conflict 2006: A Case Study of a Mainstream Newspaper Published in New Zealand”. Journal of Mass Communication, 4(1). 3. Shah N. Kabir (2010), “Representation of French Muslim Minorities in a New Zealand Newspaper”. Journal of the South East Asia Research Centre for Communications and Humanities, 2(1). v Dedication This work is dedicated to: Shameema Khanom and Shah Muhammad Fuwad Fahiyen Kabir vi Abstract This study investigates the representation of Islam and Muslims in three New Zealand newspapers—the Otago Daily Times (ODT), The Press (Press) and The New Zealand Herald (NZH)—in order to identify how Islam and Muslims are socially constructed in these newspapers’ frames. The investigation includes news and non-news items. News coverage, which is primarily sourced from international news agencies, is supportive towards Western elite agendas when framing the issue. Discursive analysis shows that the news stories appearing in these newspapers maintain uniformity towards the dominant Western elite policy in framing Islam and Muslims’ issues, and present a predominantly negative image of Islam and Muslims. However, a pluralistic frame is identified in these newspapers’ opinion items, like their editorials. The ODT is primarily positive in its opinion pieces when discussing and constructing Islam and Muslims’ issues. Similarly, a positive image of Islam and Muslims is predominant in the opinion pieces appearing in the NZH. In other words, the representation of opinion pieces appearing in the NZH, with a few exceptions, contradicts the international news frame. On the other hand, opinions appearing in the Press construct overwhelmingly negative images of Islam and Muslims. In other words, the negative stereotypical images of Islam and Muslims in the Press are reinforced in both news and opinion pieces. vii Table of Contents Title page i Statement of originality ii Acknowledgement iii Journal article published during candidature v Dedication vi Abstract vii Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction 11 Identity and Opposition 17 Journalism in post-9/11 20 Muslims in New Zealand 25 New Zealand Newspapers 27 Research Questions 30 Significance of the Study 32 Organization of the Thesis 34 Chapter 2: Discursive Factors: Socio-cultural Apparatus Influences Media Production Introduction 37 Orientalism 39 The Formation of ‘Us’ vs. ‘Them’ Narrative 42 “Clash of Culture/Clash of Civilizations” and News Media 47 Hegemony: Domination of the Ruling Elites 49 Gatekeeping in Media 56 Agenda Setting 63 Framing the News 64 viii International News Agencies 68 Summary 72 Chapter 3: Methodology Introduction 73 Quantitative Method 74 Content Analysis 76 Qualitative Analysis 77 Discourse Analysis 78 Time Frame 83 Selection of the Newspapers 84 Unit of Analysis 84 Categorization and Coding Process 85 Summary 92 Chapter 4: Covering Islam and Muslims in New Zealand Newspapers: Statistical Findings 93 Number of Stories 96 Western Nations’ Involvement 100 Regional Attention 104 Muslim and non-Muslim Nations are both Important 107 Terrorism is the Main Issue 108 Identifying Islamic Groups 112 Hard News and Soft News 113 Graphic Content: Non-Muslim Leaders Preferred 115 News Sources: Official Voices are Preferred 117 Context and Topic of the Coverage of Islam and Muslims 119 Front-page Coverage 119 Crisis Events in Hard News 121 Relying on Western Agencies 123 Opinion Pieces 126 Editorial Cartoons 129 ix Local news in New Zealand 132 Freedom of Expression: The Controversial Cartoon Affair 134 The Six Dominant Issues 135 Summary 137 Chapter 5: Framing Islam and Muslims in Three New Zealand Newspapers Introduction 141 The Middle East Military Conflicts 143 The Muhammad Cartoon Controversy 170 The Iran Nuclear Issue 204 Representing the 2006 Palestinian Election 228 Aircraft Terror Plot in Britain 246 The 2005 Bali Bombing 259 Chapter 6: Conclusion 273 References 286 Appendix 332 x Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter will provide an overview of the whole project and present the aims and objectives of this study. It will also discuss the problem under investigation, propose the research question, outline the significance of the project, and provide a chapter outline for the project. Introduction This study examines the representation of Islam and Muslims in three New Zealand newspapers—the Otago Daily Times (ODT [published in Dunedin]), the Press (Press [published in Christchurch]) and the New Zealand Herald (NZH [published in Auckland]). It should be mentioned that the Press, NZH and ODT enjoy a monopoly in their respective local regions—i.e. ODT in Dunedin and the Otago region (with a circulation of 38,757), the Press in Christchurch (has a circulation of 79,501) and NZH in Auckland (which has the highest circulation of 170,707) (New Zealand Audit Bureau of Circulations (Inc), 2011) (an extended discussion of New Zealand newspapers is presented later in this chapter). All news and non-news items appearing in these newspapers will be examined. Through media representation readers or audiences can understand how a particular social institution such as media dehumanize or favour a community (Loto et al. 2006: 101). By examining news reports, it is possible to identify how a social group is perceived in a particular society, as news-texts are involved in the “diagnosing [of] social relationships, characterizing marginalized groups, and offering prescriptions for addressing social concerns” (Loto et al., 2006: 100). Furthermore, it is within these media-texts that “various concerns are shaped and reframed” for the public (p. 104). 11 Kim (2002: 431) argues, with reference to Tuchman (1978), that journalists construct and frame “social reality”, and therefore the way audiences perceive the world depends upon how an issue is framed in a media-text. Similarly, the editorial as “a public and political discourse” assesses and evaluates people and/or events (Lihua, 2009: 63).
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