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Francia. Band 42
Francia. Forschungen zur westeuropäischen Geschichte Herausgegeben vom Deutschen Historischen Institut Paris (Institut historique allemand) Band 42 (2015) Rezensionsexemplare/Livres recus pour recension DOI 10.11588/fr.2015.0.44728 Copyright Das Digitalisat wird Ihnen von perspectivia.net, der Online-Publikationsplattform der Max Weber Stiftung – Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Institute im Ausland, zur Verfügung gestellt. Bitte beachten Sie, dass das Digitalisat urheberrechtlich geschützt ist. Erlaubt ist aber das Lesen, das Ausdrucken des Textes, das Herunterladen, das Speichern der Daten auf einem eigenen Datenträger soweit die vorgenannten Handlungen ausschließlich zu privaten und nicht-kommerziellen Zwecken erfolgen. Eine darüber hinausgehende unerlaubte Verwendung, Reproduktion oder Weitergabe einzelner Inhalte oder Bilder können sowohl zivil- als auch strafrechtlich verfolgt werden. Im Jahr 2014 eingegangene Rezensionsexemplare Livres reçus pour recension en 2014 Die Rezensionen werden online veröffentlicht. Les comptes rendus seront publiés en ligne. www.francia-online.net www.recensio.net Mittelalter/Moyen Âge – Amélia Aguiar Andrade, Adelaide Millán da Costa (Hg.), La ville médiévale en débat, Lissabon (Instituto de Estudos Medievais) 2013, 255 S. (Estudos, 8), ISBN 978-989-97066-9-9, EUR 25,00. – Antonella Ambrosio, Sébastien Barret, Georg Vogeler (Hg.), Digital diplomatics. The computer as a tool for the diplomatist?, Köln, Weimar, Wien (Böhlau) 2014, 347 S., 59 s/w, 21 farb. Abb. (Archiv für Diplomatik, Schriftgeschichte, Siegel- und Wappenkunde. Beiheft, 14), ISBN 978-3-412-22280-2, EUR 44,90. – Cristina Andenna, Gordon Blennemann, Klaus Herbers, Gert Melville (Hg.), Die Ord- nung der Kommunikation und die Kommunikation der Ordnungen. Band 2. Zentralität: Papsttum und Orden im Europa des 12. und 13. Jahrhunderts, Stuttgart (Franz Steiner Verlag) 2013, 331 S. -
County Executive George Latimer
The june 2020 vol. 16 - issue 6 Shoreline Publishing Westchester’s Community Newspapers thebronxvillebulletin.com 914-738-7869 • shorelinepub.com COMPLIMENTARY ISSUE! Bulletin SeniorBronxville Car Parade Honors Graduates Senior Sabrina Mellinghoff Named National Merit Scholarship Winner Bronxville High School senior Sabrina Mellinghoff has been named a winner in this year’s 2020 Nation- The Bronxville Class of 2020 was recently celebrated by al Merit Scholarship Program com- way of a car parade through Bronxville. Teachers, family and petition. She is among an elite group friends were on hand to cheer them on. The parade traveled of students nationwide to receive a by NYPresbyterian Lawrence Hospital allowing students to $2,500 scholarship. wave signs of thanks to hospital staff. Congratulations to all Mellinghoff entered the academ- the students, parents and teachers!! ic competition as a junior, along with approximately 1.6 million students nationwide, by taking the Preliminary SAT/National Merit Scholarship Qual- ifying Test that served as an initial screen of entrants. Students with the Sabrina Mellinghoff highest scores were chosen to advance to the semifinals before the pool was further narrowed down. Mellinghoff was selected as one of 7,500 winners from a group of more than 15,000 distinguished finalists. According to its website, the National Merit Scholarship Program honors students who show exceptional academic abil- ity and potential for success in rigorous college studies. 5 Orchard Place, Bronxville Village Kathleen Collins Licensed Associate RE Broker | 914.715.6052 [email protected] Bronxville Brokerage | 2 Park Place | 914.620.8682 | juliabfee.com Each Office is Independently Owned and Operated. -
ISSUE 207 from Idea to Not All Chairs Best of the Finished Car Are Created Best Equal DESIGNING WAYS for People in the World of Design
THE GLOBAL FAVOURITE IN WINDOW DECORATION B-Range in Snow White April 2018 April designingways AUDI CHAIRS DESIGN ISSUE 207 From idea to Not all chairs Best of the finished car are created Best equal DESIGNING WAYS for people in the world of design TAYLOR ROLLER BLIND COLLECTION GOOD GLARE & EASY FLAME AUTOMATED SUITABLE FOR ANTIMICROBIAL UV CONTROL HEAT REDUCTION TO CLEAN RETARDANT OR MANUAL MOIST CONDITIONS Issue No. 207 Issue No. Contact us on 0861-1-TAYLOR (829567) www.taylorblinds.co.za April 2018 for an obligation-free quote and expert advice. @TaylorShutters RSA R35.95 BLINDS & SHUTTERS Est.1959 (incl. VAT) dw • April 2018 i A Stylish Addition enerations of experience and distinctive British design are the foundation of the Romo Gbrand. Renowned for its assorted library of classic and contemporary fabrics and wallcoverings, Romo offers a diverse style and timeless elegance enriched with a sophisticated colour palette. Through an exclusive collaboration with renowned rug manufacturer Louis de Poortere, Romo has designed a striking collection of textural flat weave and luxurious hand tufted rugs featuring timeless Romo designs. Using alluring soft chenilles and sumptuous wool yarns, Romo’s finest designs have been expertly reinterpreted as exquisite floorcoverings. FLAT WEAVE RUGS oven with soft chenille, Villa Nova’s range of flat weave rugs incorporate subtle variations of colour and interesting Wtextures. Using intricate woven details, these stunning rugs perfectly capture the essence of the original Villa Nova fabric. ii April 2018 • dw dw • April 2018 1 UPHOLSTERY LEATHER SYNTHETIC FABRICS CUSTOM FURNITURE Combining artistry and craftsmanship Kohler’s Artist Editions Taylor’s blind product range comprises systems, fabrics and basin collection adds personality to any bathroom. -
Vision Uni Wie Die Hochschule Ihre Zukunft Sichert
Die Zeitung der Universität Erfurt 4. November 2009 Nr. 3/11. Jahrgang Vision Uni Wie die Hochschule ihre Zukunft sichert Themen der Ausgabe: Konsolidierung, Kooperation, Innovation CAMPUS-Gespräch über die Herausforderungen für die Universität Erfurt WLAN-Einführung an der Universität Erfurt Kabellos Surfen auf dem Campus Erfurt School of Public Policy wird Willy Brandt School Namenswechsel und Umzug in neue Räumlichkeiten Virtuelle Welten „Medienspiele – Spielemedien“: Start der neuen Ringvorlesung EDITORIAL/TITELTHEMA Vision Uni Wie die Hochschule ihre Zukunft sichert „Jetzt endlich Erfurt!“ So einen Ausruf, müssen wir selbstkritisch eingestehen, liebe Leserinnen und Leser des CAM- dass wir eine sehr gute Nachfrage al- PUS, wünschen wir uns von allen, die lein in den Lehramtsstudiengängen sich nach dem Abi, nach dem Bachelor verzeichnen können. Doch werden in oder nach der Habilitation überlegen, den nächsten Jahren an anderen Uni- an welcher Universität sie sie sich be- versitäten, die mit der Einrichtung von werben möchten. Kann dieser Wunsch Bachelor-Studiengängen langsamer wa- Wirklichkeit werden? ren als die Universität Erfurt, gut qua- lifizierte Bachelor-Absolventinnen und Vielleicht ist er ja schon Wirklichkeit? -Absolventen ihr Studium abschließen Obwohl die Zahl derer, die im Thürin- und dann, wie wir hoffen, für ihr Mas- ger Becken eine Hochschulzugangs- ter-Studium sagen können: „Jetzt end- berechtigung erworben haben, 2009 lich Erfurt!“ schon deutlich zurückgegangen ist (und in den nächsten Jahren weiter sinken Vielleicht ist er doch schon Gegenwart? Alle Leserinnen und Leser mögen es wird), ist es der Universität Erfurt ge- In den bisher zwei Semestern, in denen darin unseren Studierenden und Leh- lungen, durch die Steigerung der Erst- ich als Präsident der Universität Erfurt renden gleichtun. -
Presse-Information
Presse-Information Berlin, 6. März 2019 BOHÈME IN CHARLOTTENBURG – HANS LAABS UND FREUNDE Werke aus der Kunstsammlung der Berliner Volksbank Kunstforum der Berliner Volksbank, Kaiserdamm 105, 14057 Berlin 7. März bis 7. Juli 2019, täglich 10-18 Uhr Biografie Hans Laabs 1915 geboren in Treptow an der Rega in Pommern (heute Polen). Als musisch talentierter Schüler begann er mit dem Malen und Zeichnen und erhielt Geigenunterricht. 1937 – 1940 Studium der Grafik an der Kunstgewerbeschule Stettin bei dem ehemaligen Bauhausschüler Vincent Weber 1940 – 1945 Soldat im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1945 fand er nach der Rückkehr aus dem Krieg seine Heimat zerstört und entvölkert vor und ging nach Berlin. Hier knüpfte er an seine künstlerischen Interessensgebiete an: Aktzeichenkurse bei Peter Fischer an der Hochschule der Künste, privater Unterricht bei Oskar Moll. Er verkehrte in den Künstlerkreisen der jungen Bohème in Charlottenburg und war vielfältig engagiert. 1948 erste Einzelausstellung in der Buchhandlung Lowinsky (Prenzlauer Berg), zahlreiche Ausstellungsbeteiligungen folgten. 1949 Beteiligung am Künstlerkabarett „Die Badewanne“ 1950 Mitglied in der „Neuen Gruppe Berlin“. Ausstellungsteilnahmen im Schloss Charlottenburg und im Haus am Waldsee. Einzelausstellungen in der Galerie Schüler (1950) und Galerie Bremer (1950), die ihn fortan vertrat. 1953 – 1983 lebte er einen großen Teil des Jahres auf Ibiza, wo er ebenso zur dortigen Künstlerszene gehörte. In Berlin verbrachte er die Wintermonate in seinem Atelier in der Ludwigkirchstraße 10 A. 1958 Kunstpreis der Stadt Berlin 1959 Gründung der „grupo ibiza 59“ mit acht deutschen und spanischen Künstlern, zahlreiche Ausstellungen. 1960 – 1972 neben der Malerei entstanden auch experimentelle Schwarz-Weiß-Fotografien 1984 Rückkehr nach Berlin. Von hier aus Reisen nach Sylt und ab 1990 nach Ahrenshoop. -
Prospekt: 100 Jahre Bauhaus in Gera
Stadtrundgang Ausstellungen Ausstellung Bauhaus Musik Ausstellung Ausstellung Touristische Angebote Bauhaus und Neues Bauen in Gera Haus Schulenburg Haus Schulenburg Ausgewählte Orte des Neuen Bauens in Gera Museum für Angewandte Kunst Gera Neue Galerie für Zeitgenössische Kunst – Häselburg Gera-Information Gera ist die Stadt mit den meisten Baudenkmälern des Neuen 100 Jahre Bauhaus – 100 Exponate aus privaten Sammlungen Georg Muche – Diaphane Malerei Bauhaus und Musik, das Verhältnis der beiden erinnert an die alte Volksballade: „Es waren Thilo Schoder und Kollegen. Bauten der Moderne in Gera BAUHAUS.LINES Bauens in Thüringen. zwei Königskinder, die hatten einander so lieb, sie konnten beisammen nicht kommen, …“ 01.07. bis 20.02.2020 12.05.2019 – 31.10.2019 – Haus Schulenburg Aber sie existierten nebeneinander (in Weimar stehen sogar die beiden Hochschulen nur 03.07. bis 22.09.2019 Part I. Part II. Die spannende Architektur des Meisterschülers und Freundes Henry van de Veldes, Thilo Gezeigt werden Möbel von Marcel Eine außergewöhnliche Sammlung zeigt Haus Schulenburg Gera vom 12. Mai bis 31. Ok- wenige Meter voneinander entfernt), sie nahmen sich gegenseitig wahr, sie hatten die glei- In kaum einer anderen Stadt in Thüringen dominieren so viele Bauten der Moderne das COLORS: Rot. Gelb. Blau FORMS: Dreieck. Quadrat. Kreis Schoder, und seiner Kollegen muss man gesehen haben. Gehen Sie mit einem kompe- Breuer, Mies van der Rohe und tober 2019. Unter dem Titel „Georg Muche – Diaphane Malerei“ ist sie ein Höhepunkt im chen Ziele und sie vereinte die gleiche Geschichte, die in die Katastrophe eines Weltkrieges Stadtbild wie in Gera. Neben Thilo Schoder schufen Hans Brandt, Hans Hertlein, Paul 15.02. -
The Bauhaus 1 / 70
GRAPHIC DESIGN HISTORY / THE BAUHAUS 1 / 70 The Bauhaus 1 Art and Technology, A New Unity 3 2 The Bauhaus Workshops 13 3 Origins 26 4 Weimar 45 5 Dessau 57 6 Berlin 68 © Kevin Woodland, 2020 GRAPHIC DESIGN HISTORY / THE BAUHAUS 2 / 70 © Kevin Woodland, 2020 GRAPHIC DESIGN HISTORY / THE ARTS & CRAFTS MOVEMENT 3 / 70 1919–1933 Art and Technology, A New Unity A German design school where ideas from all advanced art and design movements were explored, combined, and applied to the problems of functional design and machine production. © Kevin Woodland, 2020 Joost Schmidt, Exhibition Poster, 1923 GRAPHIC DESIGN HISTORY / THE BAUHAUS / Art and TechnoLogy, A New Unity 4 / 70 1919–1933 The Bauhaus Twentieth-century furniture, architecture, product design, and graphics were shaped by the work of its faculty and students, and a modern design aesthetic emerged. MEGGS © Kevin Woodland, 2020 GRAPHIC DESIGN HISTORY / THE BAUHAUS / Art and TechnoLogy, A New Unity 5 / 70 1919–1933 The Bauhaus Ideas from all advanced art and design movements were explored, combined, and applied to the problems of functional design and machine production. MEGGS • The Arts & Crafts: Applied arts, craftsmanship, workshops, apprenticeship • Art Nouveau: Removal of ornament, application of form • Futurism: Typographic freedom • Dadaism: Wit, spontaneity, theoretical exploration • Constructivism: Design for the greater good • De Stijl: Reduction, simplification, refinement © Kevin Woodland, 2020 GRAPHIC DESIGN HISTORY / THE BAUHAUS / Art and TechnoLogy, A New Unity 6 / 70 1919–1933 -
Bauhaus Döneminde Mobilya Ve Tekstil Atölyeleri Arasındaki
SDÜ ART-E Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi Sanat Dergisi Haziran’21 Cilt:14 Sayı:27 ISSN 1308-2698 BAUHAUS DÖNEMİNDE MOBİLYA VE TEKSTİL ATÖLYELERİ ARASINDAKİ DİSİPLİNLERARASI İŞ BİRLİĞİ: MARCEL BREUER ÖRNEKLEMİ INTERDISCIPLINARY COLLABOTARION AMONG FURNITURE AND TEXTILE WORKSHOPS IN THE BAUHAUS PERIOD: THE EXAMPLE OF MARCEL BREUER Şebnem Ertaş Beşir*, Şeyma Dereci** Öz Modernleşme sürecinin öncü akımlarından olan Bauhaus; çeşitli disiplinleri kapsayan ve sanatçı, zanaatçı ile endüstrinin etkileşim halinde olması gerektiğini vurgulayan bir felsefe benimsemesiyle özünde iş birliği kavramını barındırmaktadır. Dönem içerisinde akımın bir simgesi haline gelen Bauhaus Okulu’nda iş birliği, çeşitli atölyeler ve tasarımcıları arasında disiplinlerarası etkileşimlerle devam etmiştir. Dönemin önemli atölyelerinden mobilya atölyesinin kurduğu en belirgin iş birliği ise tekstil atölyesi ile olmuştur. Çalışma kapsamında; Bauhaus dönemi mobilya ve tekstil atölyeleri arasında kurulan iş birliğine bağlı olarak gözlemlenen malzeme ve tekniklerin değişim ve gelişimlerinin, Marcel Breuer tasarımları açısından ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda, Bauhaus dönemleri içerisinde tasarımcının mobilyaları incelenmiş; mobilyalar ve tekstil atölyesiyle kurulan iş birliği ortaya konmuştur. Sonuçta ise, Weimar ve Dessau dönemi mobilya tasarımlarının malzemeleri, strüktür ve tekstil başlıklarında değerlendirilmiş; iş birliği kurulan tekstil atölyesi tasarımcısı bilgisi ile birlikte tablolaştırılmış ve bazı çıkarımlar yapılmıştır. Çalışma; Bauhaus’un felsefesinde yatan iş birliği olgusunun, mobilya ve tekstil atölyeleri arasındaki disiplinlerarası etkileşim ile Breuer ilişkisini ortaya koyması adına önemlidir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Bauhaus, Marcel Breuer, Mobilya, Tekstil, İş Birliği, Disiplinlerarası. Abstract Bauhaus, which is one of the leading movements of the modernization process, includes the concept of cooperation at its core, adopting a philosophy that covers various disciplines and emphasizes the need for the interaction among artists, proficient and industry. -
Bauhaus 1919 - 1933: Workshops for Modernity the Museum of Modern Art, New York November 08, 2009-January 25, 2010
Bauhaus 1919 - 1933: Workshops for Modernity The Museum of Modern Art, New York November 08, 2009-January 25, 2010 ANNI ALBERS German, 1899-1994; at Bauhaus 1922–31 Upholstery, drapery, and wall-covering samples 1923-29 Wool, rayon, cotton, linen, raffia, cellophane, and chenille Between 8 1/8 x 3 1/2" (20.6 x 8.9 cm) and 4 3/8 x 16" (11.1 x 40.6 cm) The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Gift of the designer or Gift of Josef Albers ANNI ALBERS German, 1899-1994; at Bauhaus 1922–31 Wall hanging 1925 Silk, cotton, and acetate 57 1/8 x 36 1/4" (145 x 92 cm) Die Neue Sammlung - The International Design Museum Munich ANNI ALBERS German, 1899-1994; at Bauhaus 1922–31 Wall hanging 1925 Wool and silk 7' 8 7.8" x 37 3.4" (236 x 96 cm) Die Neue Sammlung - The International Design Museum Munich ANNI ALBERS German, 1899-1994; at Bauhaus 1922–31 Wall hanging 1926 Silk (three-ply weave) 70 3/8 x 46 3/8" (178.8 x 117.8 cm) Harvard Art Museum, Busch-Reisinger Museum. Association Fund Bauhaus 1919 - 1933: Workshops for Modernity - Exhibition Checklist 10/27/2009 Page 1 of 80 ANNI ALBERS German, 1899-1994; at Bauhaus 1922–31 Tablecloth Fabric Sample 1930 Mercerized cotton 23 3/8 x 28 1/2" (59.3 x 72.4 cm) Manufacturer: Deutsche Werkstaetten GmbH, Hellerau, Germany The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Purchase Fund JOSEF ALBERS German, 1888-1976; at Bauhaus 1920–33 Gitterbild I (Grid Picture I; also known as Scherbe ins Gitterbild [Glass fragments in grid picture]) c. -
Thropist, Art Festival
banker, developer ofmica, philanthropist, art Festival. • See: EJ; NAW:modern; DAB, 8; collector, NYC; fdr Jerome TaishoffFound; NYTimes, Aug 5 1966, 31:1. governor LI U; officer Air Force Historical Found.· See: NYTimes, Dec 211964, 29:1. Tamkin, Hayward; b. Koretz, Russia, Sep 121908. T Taishoff, SolJoseph; b. Minsk, Oct 81904; To Boston 1912. • BS, LLB Boston.U. • d. Aug 15 1982. Lawyer, Boston; dir Boston U Legal Aid To Washington DC 1906. • Newspaperman, Bureau; active Center for Adult Education, Tabachinsky, Benjamin; b. Bialystok, Mar Washington DC; co-fdr Broadcasting Magazine; Curry School ofExpression. • See: WWIAJ, 311895; d. Amityville, NY, Aug 6 1967. staff US Daily; bd WashingtonJournalism 1938. To US 1938/1939. • Communal exec; mem Center.· See: WWIAJ, 1938; WWWIA, 8. Bialystok Municipal Council; exec dirJewish Tananbaum, Alfred A; b. NYC, Mar 29 Labor Com; active cbmmunal education, Talalay,Joseph A; b. Russia, ca 1892; d. 1909; d.NYC, May 171971. Polish ORT,Jewish Socialist Bund;contribu New Haven, Oct 1961. Fordham Law. • Textile business exec; exec tor Yiddish press. • See:AJYB, 69:613;JTA To US 1940. • PhD U St Petersburg, Yonkers Raceway; a fdr Albert Einstein CoIl of DNB, Aug 8 1967; NYTimes, Aug 8 1967, 39:2. engineering degree Imperial Inst of Med, Heb Inst (White Plains), Garment Technology (Moscow). • Rubber technologist, Center Cong; ldr Fedn ofJewish Tabachnik, Abraham Ber (Avrohom); b. invented process to make latex foam; Philanthropies. • See:AJYB, 73:636; NYTimes, Nizhne Olitchedayer, Podalia, Aug 22 benefactor Haifa Technion; author in field. • May 181971,42:1. 19011190211903; d. NYC, June 13 1970. See: NYTimes, Oct 17 1961, 39:3. -
Press Information 100 Years of Bauhaus at ITB Anniversary Events
Press Information 100 years of bauhaus at ITB Anniversary events in Germany NOTE that many of these projects are still in the development stage Bauhaus Association 2019 1 Press Release 100 years of Bauhaus in Berlin Berlin, 6 March 2019 The year 2019 is dedicated to Bauhaus. Throughout Germany, numerous players are inviting visitors to the big anniversary under the auspices of the Bauhaus Association. Berlin is also celebrating the Bauhaus centenary with a large number of events. visitBerlin is taking the Bauhaus anniversary as an opportunity to present the Grand Tour of Berlin Modernism at this year's ITB (international travel trade show) in a special area (hall 12, stand 101). Totalling some 50 sites dotted around the city, visitors are invited to experience the entire panorama of Berlin's architectural modernity across all 12 districts. Fascinating information about the history of Bauhaus and the most important architects of the era have been brought together here. The diversity of the buildings presented ranges from the past to the present: from the six large housing estates from the 1920s to the Jewish Museum of 2001. The Grand Tour of Berlin Modernism can be found on the official website visitBerlin.de. 12 stories about Berlin Modernism can also be experienced on site with the ABOUT BERLIN app. In cooperation with the Bauhaus Archive and the Royal Porcelain Factory, Berlin (KPM), visitBerlin will also present legendary design objects by Bauhaus designers at its exhibition stand. On display, among other things, will be bowls by Marianne Brandt, the famous lamp by Wilhelm Wagenfeld and an exclusive preview of the new b100 Service Edition by KPM. -
The Art Journal Das Kunstgewerbe in Elsass-Lothringen
Art practice and art history in fin de siècle Alsace: the art journal Das Kunstgewerbe in Elsass-Lothringen Émilie Oléron Evans A crucial moment in both the history of art theory and that of artistic production at the turn of the 19th to the 20th century is the concerted elaboration of an aesthetic doctrine based on analysis of the past on the one hand and on observation of Nature on the other, a doctrine that promoted the status of applied arts as equal to fine arts. In German-speaking countries, in particular, this evolution was accompanied by the emergence of a new type of artistic publication. In their content and appearance, these Kunstzeitschriften (art magazines) founded at the turn of the century were simultaneously a ‘testimony and factor of [their] time’,1 confronting contemporary artistic changes and participating in the collaborative definition of a modern style. While it is not certain that Jugend, the art journal published in Munich from 1896 – one of the most famous among these publications – was indeed the source for the name Jugendstil, it undoubtedly channeled a revolution in taste by setting out ‘to discuss and to illustrate [everything] of interest, everything that affects people’s minds’2. One of the driving ambitions of these magazines was a desire to share views on contemporary ‘artistic life’ (Kunstleben). They also championed a broad definition of art, such as the one given by Berlin’s art magazine Pan in its first volume in 1895: ‘an organic concept of art that encompasses the whole of artistic beauty and conceives only of a true artistic life in the deep coexistence of all arts neighbouring one another’,3 or illustrated by the subtitle of The Studio, a major voice in the Arts and Crafts movement, published in London from 1893: An Illustrated Acknowledgments: I wish to thank Eleonora Vratskidou for inviting me to give the paper on which this article is based at the ‘Art History for Artists’ conference in Berlin in July 2016, and Barbara Pezzini for her insightful comments on the first version of this article.