DOCSLIB.ORG

Skull Ontogeny of Lycalopex Culpaeus (Carnivora: Canidae): Description of Cranial Traits and Craniofacial Sutures

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Skull Ontogeny of Lycalopex Culpaeus (Carnivora: Canidae): Description of Cranial Traits and Craniofacial Sutures DOI 10.1515/mammalia-2012-0028 Mammalia 2012; aop Valentina Segura * Skull ontogeny of Lycalopex culpaeus (Carnivora: Canidae): description of cranial traits and craniofacial sutures Abstract: Ontogenetic changes in the skull of Lycalopex about 163 mm in length. The pups nurse until they are culpaeus were studied in relation to feeding function and 2 months old and continue to depend on their parents performance at different age classes. Most cranial changes during a relatively short postweaning period; in this time, occurred in the orbitotemporal region and consisted of they learn to hunt until they are strong enough to fend for the visible appearance of structures that were later found themselves. Juveniles reach adult size at 7 months, and to be absent in juveniles. These changes were related to sexual maturity is attained during the first year (Crespo the development of the adult skull in order to capture, and De Carlo 1963 , Ewer 1973 ). kill, and process prey. In general, fusion occurred earlier The patterns of cranial ontogeny in canids have been in neurocranial sutures than in the splachnocranium, studied from diverse perspectives and using different although rostral sutures never became fused. The cranial approaches. Wayne (1986) studied ontogenetic trajec- sutures of culpeo are conservative, displaying few changes tories of skull growth in the domestic dog, using bivari- in suture type but some in suture fusion sequence. These ate and multivariate analyses. More recently, La Croix modifications occur during the first year, from the late et al. (2011a,b) examined the cranial growth and devel- juvenile stages, when individuals are similar to adults in opment of the coyote through two-dimensional geomet- general appearance and body size as well as in skull size. ric morphometric analyses and analyzed the ontogenetic However, it was noted that basicranial synchondroses relations between feeding performance, dentition, and became fused in the adult stages, indicating that longitu- feeding biomechanics. Drake (2011) studied heterochro- dinal growth could extend until this latter time. This could nic patterns in the skull morphology of domestic dogs be indicative not only of size change in adult specimens by using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics. but also of shape change. In a recently published work, Segura and Prevosti (2012) quantitatively analyzed the ontogenetic pattern of the Keywords: anatomy; development; ontogeny; skull; skull of Lycalopex culpaeus , using traditional and geomet- suture morphology. ric morphometric analyses. Although such works repre- sent important contributions to the knowledge of cranial ontogeny for canids in general and L. culpaeus in par- *Corresponding author : Valentina Segura, Divisi ó n Mastozoolog í a , ticular, several structural transformations and changes Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “ Bernardino Rivadavia ” , Av. Á ngel Gallardo 470, CP 1405, Ciudad Aut ó noma de Buenos Aires , in sutural morphology have not yet been discussed or Argentina , e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; and detected using either geometric or linear morphometric CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient í ficas y analyses. These changes (some of which have high func- T é cnicas, Av. Rivadavia 1917, CP 1033, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos tional meaning) may be difficult to study using quanti- Aires, Argentina tative analyses. For instance, the structural morphology of craniofacial sutures is linked to the mechanical strain caused by tensile and compressive forces (Henderson Introduction et al. 2005 ). Such sutures, formed by collagenous connec- tive tissue fibers that connect mineralized bones, allow Lycalopex culpaeus (Molina 1782), the culpeo fox, is the deformation and minor displacements, thus absorbing largest ( ≈ 10 kg) in its genus, and the second largest among and transmitting mechanical stresses, and play an impor- South American canids (Novaro 1997 ). The culpeo fox is tant role as growth sites in the growing skull (Wagemans distributed along the Andes and hilly regions of South et al. 1988 , Jaslow 1990 , Herring and Teng 2000 , Mao America, from Colombia to southern Chile and Argentina 2002 , Rice 2008 , Jasinoski et al. 2010 ). (Jim é nez and Novaro 2004 ). Culpeos are born with their In carnivores and other mammals, several morpho- eyes closed and at 2 days they weigh about 168 g and are metric changes along ontogeny have been related to the Brought to you by | University of Arizona Library Authenticated | 150.135.135.70 Download Date | 12/6/12 9:23 AM 2 V. Segura: Skull ontogeny of Lycalopex culpaeus optimization of feeding and biting (e.g., Abdala et al. 2001 , A3: complete permanent dentition with dentine horns Flores et al. 2006 , Segura and Flores 2009 , Flores et al. exposed on the cusps of premolars and molars; I3 at 2010 , Segura and Prevosti 2012 ), and similar changes have the same level of development as I1 and I2 been detected in phylogenetically distant species. Such patterns have been observed in published works that deal Although previous works have shown the existence of with the structural-descriptive morphology of the skull and some sexual dimorphism involving cranial and external sutural changes along ontogeny in carnivorans and other measurements in Lycalopex culpaeus (Crespo and De mammals (e.g., Garc í a-Perea 1996 , Giannini et al. 2006 , Carlo 1963 , Johnson and Franklin 1994 , Travaini et al. Segura and Flores 2009 , Flores and Barone 2012 ); however, 2000 ), no such dimorphism was observed in the char- these studies are limited to only a few species. acters or sutures discussed here (i.e., males and females In this work, I studied changes in the skull morphol- showed the same ontogenetic pattern). ogy and pattern of sutural change (i.e., type, degree of For the qualitative analysis, skull characters were fusion) in an ontogenetic series of Lycalopex culpaeus , compared across specimens in different ontogenetic exploring the relation of these changes with life history stages; the type and degree of fusion in sutures and events that took place during the development of indivi- synchondroses were examined, and the observed dif- duals. Despite some knowledge of the ontogeny of L. cul- ferences were described using the anatomical terminol- paeus (e.g., Crespo and De Carlo 1963 , Novaro 1997 , Segura ogy defined by Evans (1993) , Garc í a-Perea (1996) , and and Prevosti 2012 ), several skull characteristics with func- Gilbert (1997) . Although the anatomy of the whole skull tional meaning (e.g., development of processes, crests, has been explored in a functional context (e.g., Van Valk- and suture morphology) have not yet been assessed. Thus, enburgh 1991 , Van Valkenburgh and Koepfli 1993 , Slater in this widespread South American canid, this approach et al. 2009 ), in this work I focused only on those charac- will contribute to the knowledge and understanding of the ters that presented variation along the ontogeny of Lyca- development of the skull as a whole. lopex culpaeus . Depending on the shape of the apposed edges, sutures were classified following Evans ’ proposal for canid skulls (1993): plane suture, in which bones meet at a right-angled edge or surface; squamous suture, which Materials and methods articulates by overlapping of reciprocally beveled edges; serrated suture, which articulates by means of recipro- I studied a sample of 101 specimens of Lycalopex culpaeus cally alternating processes and depressions; and foliate collected in 1963 by Crespo and De Carlo in Argentina, suture, in which the edge of one bone fits into a fissure or Neuqu é n Province, Cat á n-Lil (39 ° 33 ′ S, 70 ° 35 ′ W), and recess of an adjacent bone. A suture was considered fused deposited in the mammal collection of Museo Argentino when it was no longer visible. de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia (MACN, see Appendix 1). In the sample, individuals ranged in age from 2 months to 11 years (Crespo and De Carlo 1963 , Zapata Results et al. 1997 ). Twenty-nine of the specimens did not show fully erupted teeth. Using the scheme followed by Segura Thirty morphological characters were identified that and Prevosti (2012) , I defined seven age classes based on changed along the ontogenetic series and did not show tooth eruption and wear (Figures 1 A – D and 2 ): intra-age class variation (Table 1 , Figures 1 and 2). Most J1: complete deciduous dentition present; permanent P1 changes occurred in the orbitotemporal region (10 charac- and p1 erupting ters), followed by the mandible (9), basicranial and audi- J2: permanent I1, i1, and i2 erupted; I2, M1, and m1 tory regions (4), rostrum (3), and palatal and occipital erupting regions (both with 2 characters). Twelve of them consisted J3: permanent incisors and canines erupted; M1 and p2 of the appearance of structures absent in juveniles (charac- erupted; P4, M2, and m2 erupting ters 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 18, 19, 20, 21, 27, and 30 in Table 1), while J4: permanent incisors, canines, and molars fully almost a third of those changes implied growth or enlarge- erupted; P3, p3, p4, and m3 erupting ment of structures already present in juveniles (characters A1: complete permanent dentition with no wear 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 23, 24, 26, 28, and 29); a few changes implied A2: complete permanent dentition with slight wear; inci- a relative decrease in size or disappearance of structures sors, canines, premolars, and molars with blunt cusps with advancing age (characters 2, 3, 7, and 10), while some Brought to you
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Paleontological Resources of the Upper and Middle San Pedro Valley
    Paleontological Resources of the Upper and Middle San Pedro Valley Robert D. McCord Arizona Museum of Natural History Geological setting Regional extension causing block faulting – creation of the Basin and Range ~15Ma Poorly developed drainage results in lakes in valley bottom ?-3.4 Ma Drainage develops with flow to north, marshes, ponds and lakes significant from time to time Early Pleistocene Saint David Formation ? – 3.4 million lakes, few fossils Well developed paleomagnetic timeframe – a first for terrestrial sediments! Succession of faunas from ~3 to 1.5 Ma Blancan to ? Irvingtonian NALMA Plants diatoms charophytes Equisetum (scouring rush) Ostracoda (aquatic crustaceans) Cypridopsis cf. vidua Limnocythere cf. staplini Limnocythere sp. Candona cf. renoensis Candona sp. A Candona sp. B ?Candonlella sp. ?Heterocypris sp. ?Cycloypris sp. Potamocypris sp. Cyprideis sp. Darwinula sp. Snails and a Clam Pisidium casertanum (clam) Fossaria dalli (aquatic snail) Lymnaea caperata (aquatic snail) Lymnaea cf. elodes (aquatic snail) Bakerilymnaea bulimoides (aquatic snail) Gyraulus parvus (aquatic snail) Promenetus exacuous (aquatic snail) Promenetus umbilicatellus (aquatic snail) Physa virgata (aquatic snail) Gastrocopta cristata (terrestrial snail) Gastrocopta tappaniana (terrestrial snail) Pupoides albilabris (terrestrial snail) Vertigo milium (terrestrial snail) Vertigo ovata (terrestrial snail) cf. Succinea (terrestrial snail) Deroceras aenigma (slug) Hawaila minuscula (terrestrial snail) Fish and Amphibians indeterminate small fish Ambystoma tigrinum (tiger salamander) Scaphiopus hammondi (spadefoot toad) Bufo alvarius (toad) Hyla eximia (tree frog) Rana sp. (leopard frog) Turtles and Lizards Kinosternon arizonense (mud turtle) Terrapene cf. ornata (box turtle) Gopherus sp. (tortoise) Hesperotestudo sp. (giant tortoise) Eumeces sp. (skink) “Cnemidophorus” sp. (whiptail lizard) Crotaphytus sp. (collared lizard) Phrynosoma sp. (horned lizard) Sceloporus sp.
    [Show full text]
  • La Brea and Beyond: the Paleontology of Asphalt-Preserved Biotas
    La Brea and Beyond: The Paleontology of Asphalt-Preserved Biotas Edited by John M. Harris Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series 42 September 15, 2015 Cover Illustration: Pit 91 in 1915 An asphaltic bone mass in Pit 91 was discovered and exposed by the Los Angeles County Museum of History, Science and Art in the summer of 1915. The Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History resumed excavation at this site in 1969. Retrieval of the “microfossils” from the asphaltic matrix has yielded a wealth of insect, mollusk, and plant remains, more than doubling the number of species recovered by earlier excavations. Today, the current excavation site is 900 square feet in extent, yielding fossils that range in age from about 15,000 to about 42,000 radiocarbon years. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Archives, RLB 347. LA BREA AND BEYOND: THE PALEONTOLOGY OF ASPHALT-PRESERVED BIOTAS Edited By John M. Harris NO. 42 SCIENCE SERIES NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE Luis M. Chiappe, Vice President for Research and Collections John M. Harris, Committee Chairman Joel W. Martin Gregory Pauly Christine Thacker Xiaoming Wang K. Victoria Brown, Managing Editor Go Online to www.nhm.org/scholarlypublications for open access to volumes of Science Series and Contributions in Science. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Los Angeles, California 90007 ISSN 1-891276-27-1 Published on September 15, 2015 Printed at Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas PREFACE Rancho La Brea was a Mexican land grant Basin during the Late Pleistocene—sagebrush located to the west of El Pueblo de Nuestra scrub dotted with groves of oak and juniper with Sen˜ora la Reina de los A´ ngeles del Rı´ode riparian woodland along the major stream courses Porciu´ncula, now better known as downtown and with chaparral vegetation on the surrounding Los Angeles.
    [Show full text]
  • How Many Named Species Are Valid?
    How many named species are valid? John Alroy* National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 Edited by Peter Robert Crane, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, United Kingdom, and approved January 7, 2002 (received for review December 19, 2001) Estimates of biodiversity in both living and fossil groups depend on declared a nomen dubium in 1910, synonymized with the canid raw counts of currently recognized named species, but many of Borophagus diversidens in 1930, revalidated but transferred to these names eventually will prove to be synonyms or otherwise Osteoborus in 1937, and finally synonymized again with B. invalid. This difficult bias can be resolved with a simple ‘‘flux ratio’’ diversidens in 1969, an opinion that was confirmed in 1980 and equation that compares historical rates of invalidation and reval- 1999. idation. Flux ratio analysis of a taxonomic data set of unrivalled The data set illustrates a best-case scenario: mammals in completeness for 4,861 North American fossil mammal species general (6), and North American fossil mammals in particular, shows that 24–31% of currently accepted names eventually will have been studied very disproportionately. Most fossil species prove invalid, so diversity estimates are inflated by 32–44%. The are invertebrates (17) and, like most living species, are defined estimate is conservative compared with one obtained by using an strictly on the basis of external morphology. About 192,000 older, more basic method. Although the degree of inflation varies invertebrate fossil species were known in 1970, and at least 3,000 through both historical and evolutionary time, it has a minor more are named every year (17).
    [Show full text]
  • Download PDF File
    1.08 1.19 1.46 Nimravus brachyops Nandinia binotata Neofelis nebulosa 115 Panthera onca 111 114 Panthera atrox 113 Uncia uncia 116 Panthera leo 112 Panthera pardus Panthera tigris Lynx issiodorensis 220 Lynx rufus 221 Lynx pardinus 222 223 Lynx canadensis Lynx lynx 119 Acinonyx jubatus 110 225 226 Puma concolor Puma yagouaroundi 224 Felis nigripes 228 Felis chaus 229 Felis margarita 118 330 227 331Felis catus Felis silvestris 332 Otocolobus manul Prionailurus bengalensis Felis rexroadensis 99 117 334 335 Leopardus pardalis 44 333 Leopardus wiedii 336 Leopardus geoffroyi Leopardus tigrinus 337 Pardofelis marmorata Pardofelis temminckii 440 Pseudaelurus intrepidus Pseudaelurus stouti 88 339 Nimravides pedionomus 442 443 Nimravides galiani 22 338 441 Nimravides thinobates Pseudaelurus marshi Pseudaelurus validus 446 Machairodus alberdiae 77 Machairodus coloradensis 445 Homotherium serum 447 444 448 Smilodon fatalis Smilodon gracilis 66 Pseudaelurus quadridentatus Barbourofelis morrisi 449 Barbourofelis whitfordi 550 551 Barbourofelis fricki Barbourofelis loveorum Stenogale Hemigalus derbyanus 554 555 Arctictis binturong 55 Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Genetta victoriae 553 558 Genetta maculata 559 557 660 Genetta genetta Genetta servalina Poiana richardsonii 556 Civettictis civetta 662 Viverra tangalunga 661 663 552 Viverra zibetha Viverricula indica Crocuta crocuta 666 667 Hyaena brunnea 665 Hyaena hyaena Proteles cristata Fossa fossana 664 669 770 Cryptoprocta ferox Salanoia concolor 668 772 Crossarchus alexandri 33 Suricata suricatta 775
    [Show full text]
  • PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS of the BOROPHAGINAE (CARNIVORA: CANIDAE) Xiaoming Wang
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Mammalogy Papers: University of Nebraska State Museum, University of Nebraska State Museum 1999 PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF THE BOROPHAGINAE (CARNIVORA: CANIDAE) Xiaoming Wang Richard H. Tedford Beryl E. Taylor Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/museummammalogy This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Museum, University of Nebraska State at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mammalogy Papers: University of Nebraska State Museum by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF THE BOROPHAGINAE (CARNIVORA: CANIDAE) XIAOMING WANG Research Associate, Division of Paleontology American Museum of Natural History and Department of Biology, Long Island University, C. W. Post Campus, 720 Northern Blvd., Brookville, New York 11548 -1300 RICHARD H. TEDFORD Curator, Division of Paleontology American Museum of Natural History BERYL E. TAYLOR Curator Emeritus, Division of Paleontology American Museum of Natural History BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Number 243, 391 pages, 147 figures, 2 tables, 3 appendices Issued November 17, 1999 Price: $32.00 a copy Copyright O American Museum of Natural History 1999 ISSN 0003-0090 AMNH BULLETIN Monday Oct 04 02:19 PM 1999 amnb 99111 Mp 2 Allen Press • DTPro System File # 01acc (large individual, composite figure, based Epicyon haydeni ´n. (small individual, based on AMNH 8305) and Epicyon saevus Reconstruction of on specimens from JackNorth Swayze America. Quarry). Illustration These by two Mauricio species Anto co-occur extensively during the late Clarendonian and early Hemphillian of western 2 1999 WANG ET AL.: SYSTEMATICS OF BOROPHAGINAE 3 CONTENTS Abstract ....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • First Bone-Cracking Dog Coprolites Provide New Insight
    RESEARCH ARTICLE First bone-cracking dog coprolites provide new insight into bone consumption in Borophagus and their unique ecological niche Xiaoming Wang1,2,3*, Stuart C White4, Mairin Balisi1,3, Jacob Biewer5,6, Julia Sankey6, Dennis Garber1, Z Jack Tseng1,2,7 1Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, United States; 2Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, United States; 3Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; 4School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; 5Department of Geological Sciences, California State University, Fullerton, United States; 6Department of Geology, California State University Stanislaus, Turlock, United States; 7Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, United States Abstract Borophagine canids have long been hypothesized to be North American ecological ‘avatars’ of living hyenas in Africa and Asia, but direct fossil evidence of hyena-like bone consumption is hitherto unknown. We report rare coprolites (fossilized feces) of Borophagus parvus from the late Miocene of California and, for the first time, describe unambiguous evidence that these predatory canids ingested large amounts of bone. Surface morphology, micro-CT analyses, and contextual information reveal (1) droppings in concentrations signifying scent-marking behavior, similar to latrines used by living social carnivorans; (2) routine consumption of skeletons; *For correspondence: (3) undissolved bones inside coprolites indicating gastrointestinal similarity to modern striped and [email protected] brown hyenas; (4) B. parvus body weight of ~24 kg, reaching sizes of obligatory large-prey hunters; ~ Competing interests: The and (5) prey size ranging 35–100 kg.
    [Show full text]
  • Leeds Thesis Template
    Middle to Late Miocene terrestrial biota and climate by Matthew James Pound M.Sci., Geology (University of Bristol) Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of Earth and Environment September 2012 - 2 - Declaration of Authorship The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his/her own, except where work which has formed part of jointly-authored publications has been included. The contribution of the candidate and the other authors to this work has been explicitly indicated below. The candidate confirms that appropriate credit has been given within the thesis where reference has been made to the work of others. Chapter 2 has been published as: Pound, M.J., Riding, J.B., Donders, T.H., Daskova, J. 2012 The palynostratigraphy of the Brassington Formation (Upper Miocene) of the southern Pennines, central England. Palynology 36, 26-37. Chapter 3 has been published as: Pound, M.J., Haywood, A.M., Salzmann, U., Riding, J.B. 2012. Global vegetation dynamics and latitudinal temperature gradients during the mid to Late Miocene (15.97 - 5.33 Ma). Earth Science Reviews 112, 1-22. Chapter 4 has been published as: Pound, M.J., Haywood, A.M., Salzmann, U., Riding, J.B., Lunt, D.J. and Hunter, S.J. 2011. A Tortonian (Late Miocene 11.61-7.25Ma) global vegetation reconstruction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 300, 29-45. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. © 2012, The University of Leeds, British Geological Survey and Matthew J.
    [Show full text]
  • 1: Beast2.1.3 R1
    1: Beast2.1.3_r1 0.93 Canis adustus 0.89 Canis mesomelas 0.37 Canis simensis Canis arnensis 1 Lycaon pictus 1 Cuon javanicus 0.57 Xenocyon texanus 0.91 Canis antonii 0.96 0.35 Canis falconeri 1 Canis dirus 1 Canis armbrusteri 0.060.27 Canis lupus Canis chihliensis Canis etruscus 0.98 0.99 0.26 Canis variabilis 0.11 Canis edwardii 0.93 Canis mosbachensis 0.68 0.58 Canis latrans Canis aureus 0.94 Canis palmidens 0.94 Canis lepophagus 1 0.41 Canis thooides Canis ferox 0.99 Eucyon davisi 0.8 Cerdocyon texanus Vulpes stenognathus Leptocyon matthewi 0.98 Urocyon cinereoargenteus 0.85 Urocyon minicephalus 0.96 1 Urocyon citronus 1 Urocyon galushi 0.96 Urocyon webbi 1 1 Metalopex merriami 0.23 Metalopex macconnelli 0.68 Leptocyon vafer 1 Leptocyon leidyi Leptocyon vulpinus 0.7 Leptocyon gregorii 1 Leptocyon douglassi Leptocyon mollis 0.32 Borophagus dudleyi 1 Borophagus hilli 0.98 Borophagus diversidens 0.97 Borophagus secundus 0.18 Borophagus parvus 1 Borophagus pugnator 1 Borophagus orc 1 Borophagus littoralis 0.96 Epicyon haydeni 1 0.92 Epicyon saevus Epicyon aelurodontoides Protepicyon raki 0.98 0.28 Carpocyon limosus 0.96 Carpocyon webbi 0.97 0.98 Carpocyon robustus Carpocyon compressus 0.17 0.87 Paratomarctus euthos Paratomarctus temerarius Tomarctus brevirostris 0.31 0.85 0.35 Tomarctus hippophaga 0.17 Tephrocyon rurestris Protomarctus opatus 0.24 0.58 Microtomarctus conferta Metatomarctus canavus Psalidocyon marianae 0.79 1 Aelurodon taxoides 0.32 0.27 Aelurodon ferox 1 Aelurodon stirtoni 0.14 Aelurodon mcgrewi 0.33 Aelurodon asthenostylus
    [Show full text]
  • Murray-The Problem of Faunal Lists
    THE PROBLEM OF FAUNAL LISTS Lyndon K Murray 1980 Anza-Borrego Desert State Park 1995 1968 2006 Live 1987 2004 1994 &1998 2008 Primary Faunal List • A list of taxa present in a stratigraphic context --used in-- – Institutional List - general information – Biostratigraphy List - local, restricted stratigraphic context, range of geologic ages – Biochronology List - Compilation of multiple localities over large geographic range, of same geologic age Types of Faunal Lists INSTITUTIONAL Report Venue Source Style Target • Web-site • In-house • Scientific • Public • Brochures lists • Informal • Non-science • Local news • Catalogue • Hyperbolic • Administration stories • Database • Wishful • Archive • Interpretive • Specimen thinking tour guides Labels • Internal • Field notes reports Types of Faunal Lists BIOSTRATIGRAPHY Report Venue Source Style Target • Professional • Catalogue • Formal • Professional journal • Database systematics • Scientists • Commercial • Specimen • Informal • Administration book Labels (qualifiers • Archive • Internal • Field may be report Notes stripped in text and figures) Types of Faunal Lists BIOCHRONOLOGY Report Venue Source Style Target • Edited book • Prior • Mixed • Professional • Website publications formats • Scientists (Faunmap, • Databases based on Paleobiology • Website published Database) (FaunMap, formats Paleobiology • Modified Database) published • Personal formats Communication Publication Venue Lowest Ranked Authority – In-house, not published – Report, institutional, not published, limited access –
    [Show full text]
  • File # 01Acc (Large Individual, Composite figure, Based Epicyon Haydeni «N
    AMNH BULLETIN Monday Oct 04 02:19 PM 1999 amnb 99111 Mp 2 Allen Press • DTPro System File # 01acc (large individual, composite figure, based Epicyon haydeni ´n. (small individual, based on AMNH 8305) and Epicyon saevus Reconstruction of on specimens from JackNorth Swayze America. Quarry). Illustration These by two Mauricio species Anto co-occur extensively during the late Clarendonian and early Hemphillian of western 2 1999 WANG ET AL.: SYSTEMATICS OF BOROPHAGINAE 3 CONTENTS Abstract ..................................................................... 9 Introduction .................................................................. 10 Institutional Abbreviations ................................................... 11 Acknowledgments .......................................................... 12 History of Study .............................................................. 13 Materials and Methods ........................................................ 18 Scope ...................................................................... 18 Species Determination ........................................................ 18 Taxonomic Nomenclature ..................................................... 19 Format ..................................................................... 19 Chronological Framework .................................................... 20 Definitions .................................................................. 21 Systematic Paleontology ....................................................... 21 Subfamily Borophaginae Simpson,
    [Show full text]
  • Selections from Papers of the MASAL--Vol. 43 – Page 1 of 10
    SUMMARY OF NORTH AMERICAN summaries of the Pleistocene fossil record in North America. A brief discussion of the problems PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIAN LOCAL FAUNAS encountered in age assignment of local faunas and use of provincial age and stage terms as applied to the CLAUDE W. HIBBARD Pleistocene follows. An explanation is given of the University of Michigan stratigraphic assignment of the local faunas in Table I. PAPERS OF THE MICHIGAN ACADEMY OP SCIENCE, ARTS, AND LETTERS VOL. XLIII, 1958 (1957 MEETING) Printed in U.S.A. DIFFERENT CONCEPTS OF THE PLEISTOCENE INTRODUCTION Zeuner (1950, p. 126) wrote, “the concept of Pleistocene THE ages of various Pleistocene faunas have plagued time has developed along three almost independent geologists since the first recognition of glacial and lines.” I list and briefly discuss these three different interglacial intervals. The chief handicap in assigning concepts here, since few students outside of the field of Pleistocene faunas to different ages is the lack of faunas vertebrate paleontology are aware of these problems. from the glaciated regions of North America which could Typology—Lyell (1833) named certain units of Cenozoic provide controls for dating faunas from the nonglaciated rocks Older Pliocene and Newer Pliocene. He later regions. Faunas are unknown from tills, and only a few (1839) applied the name Pliocene to what he previously fossils are known from outwash gravel and sand or from called “Older Pliocene” and the name Pleistocene to the interglacial deposits in the glaciated regions. With the “Newer Pliocene.” Calabrian and Villafranchian exception of post-Sangamon deposits, no vertebrate fossiliferous beds are present in the type section of fauna represented by more than a few specimens has Lyell’s Pliocene.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleoecology of Fossil Species of Canids (Canidae, Carnivora, Mammalia)
    UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH BOHEMIA, FACULTY OF SCIENCES Paleoecology of fossil species of canids (Canidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) Master thesis Bc. Isabela Ok řinová Supervisor: RNDr. V ěra Pavelková, Ph.D. Consultant: prof. RNDr. Jan Zrzavý, CSc. České Bud ějovice 2013 Ok řinová, I., 2013: Paleoecology of fossil species of canids (Carnivora, Mammalia). Master thesis, in English, 53 p., Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Bud ějovice, Czech Republic. Annotation: There were reconstructed phylogeny of recent and fossil species of subfamily Caninae in this study. Resulting phylogeny was used for examining possible causes of cooperative behaviour in Caninae. The study tried tu explain evolution of social behavior in canids. Declaration: I hereby declare that I have worked on my master thesis independently and used only the sources listed in the bibliography. I hereby declare that, in accordance with Article 47b of Act No. 111/1998 in the valid wording, I agree with the publication of my master thesis in electronic form in publicly accessible part of the STAG database operated by the University of South Bohemia accessible through its web pages. Further, I agree to the electronic publication of the comments of my supervisor and thesis opponents and the record of the proceedings and results of the thesis defence in accordance with aforementioned Act No. 111/1998. I also agree to the comparison of the text of my thesis with the Theses.cz thesis database operated by the National Registry of University Theses and a plagiarism detection system. In České Bud ějovice, 13. December 2013 Bc. Isabela Ok řinová Acknowledgements: First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor Věra Pavelková for her great support, patience and many valuable comments and advice.
    [Show full text]