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PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS of the BOROPHAGINAE (CARNIVORA: CANIDAE) Xiaoming Wang

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PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS of the BOROPHAGINAE (CARNIVORA: CANIDAE) Xiaoming Wang University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Mammalogy Papers: University of Nebraska State Museum, University of Nebraska State Museum 1999 PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF THE BOROPHAGINAE (CARNIVORA: CANIDAE) Xiaoming Wang Richard H. Tedford Beryl E. Taylor Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/museummammalogy This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Museum, University of Nebraska State at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mammalogy Papers: University of Nebraska State Museum by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF THE BOROPHAGINAE (CARNIVORA: CANIDAE) XIAOMING WANG Research Associate, Division of Paleontology American Museum of Natural History and Department of Biology, Long Island University, C. W. Post Campus, 720 Northern Blvd., Brookville, New York 11548 -1300 RICHARD H. TEDFORD Curator, Division of Paleontology American Museum of Natural History BERYL E. TAYLOR Curator Emeritus, Division of Paleontology American Museum of Natural History BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Number 243, 391 pages, 147 figures, 2 tables, 3 appendices Issued November 17, 1999 Price: $32.00 a copy Copyright O American Museum of Natural History 1999 ISSN 0003-0090 AMNH BULLETIN Monday Oct 04 02:19 PM 1999 amnb 99111 Mp 2 Allen Press • DTPro System File # 01acc (large individual, composite figure, based Epicyon haydeni ´n. (small individual, based on AMNH 8305) and Epicyon saevus Reconstruction of on specimens from JackNorth Swayze America. Quarry). Illustration These by two Mauricio species Anto co-occur extensively during the late Clarendonian and early Hemphillian of western 2 1999 WANG ET AL.: SYSTEMATICS OF BOROPHAGINAE 3 CONTENTS Abstract ..................................................................... 9 Introduction .................................................................. 10 Institutional Abbreviations ................................................... 11 Acknowledgments .......................................................... 12 History of Study .............................................................. 13 Materials and Methods ........................................................ 18 Scope ...................................................................... 18 Species Determination ........................................................ 18 Taxonomic Nomenclature ..................................................... 19 Format ..................................................................... 19 Chronological Framework .................................................... 20 Definitions .................................................................. 21 Systematic Paleontology ....................................................... 21 Subfamily Borophaginae Simpson, 1945 ........................................ 23 Archaeocyon, new genus ................................................... 23 Archaeocyon pavidus (Stock, 1933) ....................................... 24 Archaeocyon leptodus (Schlaikjer, 1935) ................................... 28 Archaeocyon falkenbachi, new species ..................................... 37 Oxetocyon Green, 1954 .................................................... 38 Oxetocyon cuspidatus Green, 1954 ........................................ 39 Otarocyon, new genus ..................................................... 40 Otarocyon macdonaldi, new species ....................................... 42 Otarocyon cooki (Macdonald, 1963) ....................................... 43 Rhizocyon, new genus ...................................................... 47 Rhizocyon oregonensis (Merriam, 1906) .................................... 47 Phlaocyonini, new tribe .................................................... 49 Cynarctoides McGrew, 1938 .............................................. 49 Cynarctoides lemur (Cope, 1879) ....................................... 50 Cynarctoides roii (Macdonald, 1963) .................................... 54 Cynarctoides harlowi (Loomis, 1932) ................................... 56 Cynarctoides luskensis, new species ..................................... 56 Cynarctoides gawnae, new species ...................................... 57 Cynarctoides acridens (Barbour and Cook, 1914) ......................... 60 Cynarctoides emryi, new species ........................................ 64 Phlaocyon Matthew, 1899 ................................................ 66 Phlaocyon minor (Matthew, 1907) ...................................... 66 Phlaocyon latidens (Cope, 1881) ........................................ 68 Phlaocyon annectens (Peterson, 1907) ................................... 72 Phlaocyon achoros (Frailey, 1979) ...................................... 74 Phlaocyon multicuspus (Romer and Sutton, 1927) ......................... 76 Phlaocyon marslandensis McGrew, 1941 ................................ 77 Phlaocyon leucosteus Matthew, 1899 .................................... 79 Phlaocyon yatkolai, new species ........................................ 83 Phlaocyon mariae, new species ......................................... 84 Borophagini, new tribe ..................................................... 85 Cormocyon Wang and Tedford, 1992 ...................................... 85 Cormocyon haydeni, new species ....................................... 86 Cormocyon copei Wang and Tedford, 1992 ............................... 88 Desmocyon, new genus .................................................. 93 Desmocyon thomsoni (Matthew, 1907) ................................... 94 Desmocyon matthewi, new species ..................................... 101 4 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 243 Subtribe Cynarctina McGrew, 1937 ....................................... 106 Paracynarctus, new genus ............................................. 106 Paracynarctus kelloggi (Merriam, 1911) .............................. 106 Paracynarctus sinclairi, new species ................................. 113 Cynarctus Matthew, 1902 ............................................. 114 Cynarctus galushai, new species ..................................... 116 Cynarctus marylandica (Berry, 1938) ................................ 118 Cynarctus saxatilis Matthew, 1902 ................................... 118 Cynarctus voorhiesi, new species .................................... 121 Cynarctus crucidens Barbour and Cook, 1914 ......................... 124 Metatomarctus, new genus .............................................. 126 Metatomarctus canavus (Simpson, 1932) ................................ 127 Metatomarctus sp.A ................................................. 131 Metatomarctus sp.B ................................................. 131 Euoplocyon Matthew, 1924 .............................................. 132 Euoplocyon spissidens (White, 1947) ................................... 133 Euoplocyon brachygnathus (Douglass, 1903) ............................ 135 Psalidocyon, new genus ................................................. 137 Psalidocyon marianae, new species .................................... 137 Microtomarctus, new genus ............................................. 140 Microtomarctus conferta (Matthew, 1918) ............................... 140 Protomarctus, new genus ................................................ 149 Protomarctus optatus (Matthew, 1924) ................................. 149 Tephrocyon Merriam, 1906 .............................................. 154 Tephrocyon rurestris (Condon, 1896) ................................... 154 Aelurodontina, new subtribe ............................................. 156 Tomarctus Cope, 1873 ................................................ 157 Tomarctus hippophaga (Matthew and Cook, 1909) ..................... 157 Tomarctus brevirostris Cope, 1873 ................................... 165 Aelurodon Leidy, 1858 ............................................... 170 Aelurodon asthenostylus (Henshaw, 1942) ............................ 170 Aelurodon mcgrewi, new species ..................................... 176 Aelurodon stirtoni (Webb, 1969) ..................................... 179 Aelurodon ferox Leidy, 1858 ........................................ 182 Aelurodon taxoides (Hatcher, 1893) .................................. 193 Borophagina, new subtribe .............................................. 202 Paratomarctus, new genus ............................................ 202 Paratomarctus temerarius (Leidy, 1858) .............................. 202 Paratomarctus euthos (McGrew, 1935) ............................... 212 Carpocyon Webb, 1969 ............................................... 218 Carpocyon compressus (Cope, 1890) ................................. 219 Carpocyon webbi, new species ...................................... 223 Carpocyon robustus (Green, 1948) ................................... 227 Carpocyon limosus Webb, 1969 ..................................... 228 Protepicyon, new genus ............................................... 229 Protepicyon raki, new species ....................................... 229 Epicyon Leidy, 1858 ................................................. 233 Epicyon aelurodontoides, new species ................................ 234 Epicyon saevus (Leidy, 1858) ....................................... 236 Epicyon haydeni Leidy, 1858 ........................................ 252 Borophagus
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