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UNIVERSIDAD DEL PAÍS VASCO Programa de Doctorado en Sociedad, Política y Cultura (Nacionalismos e identidades nacionales) TESIS DOCTORAL DOMINACIÓN, EXCLUSIÓN Y PÉRDIDA DE IDENTIDAD EN HAITÍ. UNA MIRADA HISTÓRICA DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA ÉTNICA, LINGÜÍSTICA Y RELIGIOSA (1697-1915) PRESENTADA POR Louis Jean Pierre Loriston DIRECTOR Eguzki Urteaga País Vasco, 2019 ii UNIVERSIDAD DEL PAÍS VASCO PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO EN SOCIEDAD, POLÍTICA Y CULTURA (Nacionalismos e identidades nacionales) DOMINACIÓN, EXCLUSIÓN Y PÉRDIDA DE IDENTIDAD EN HAITÍ. UNA MIRADA HISTÓRICA DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA ÉTNICA, LINGÜÍSTICA Y RELIGIOSA (1697-1915) TESIS DOCTORAL PRESENTADA POR Louis Jean Pierre Loriston BAJO LA DIRECCIÓN DE Eguzki Urteaga País Vasco, 2019 iii (c)2019 LUOIS-JEAN PIERRE LORISTON iv “Queja de esclavo: ¿por qué soy negro, por qué soy negro, cuando dios me puso en el vientre de mi mamá, por qué la muerte celosa no rompió esta cadena?” Mejor morir antes de nacer (Macilllon Coicou, 1892) v vi AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradecimientos: - a todas aquellas personas que, con su ayuda, han colaborado a la realización de esta tesis doctoral y, en especial, al profesor Eguzki Urteaga, director y tutor de esta investigación, por su orientación y acompañamiento continuos, y, sobre todo, por la motivación y el apoyo recibido durante este proceso; el reto de escribir esta tesis fue superado gracias a su experiencia en el campo de la sociología, historia y política; - al profesor Iñaki Bárcena, decano de la Facultad y director del programa doctoral, quien me ayudó a resolver dificultades administrativas; - a la profesora Txoli Mateos por su apoyo al principio de esta investigación; - a mi amiga y docente investigadora, Ana Virginia Triviño Roncancio, por su interés en mi trabajo y por sus sugerencias. Y un agradecimiento muy especial a mi familia por su comprensión, paciencia, acompañamiento y apoyo en momentos difíciles durante este trayecto. A todos ellos, mis más sentidos agradecimientos. vii viii DEDICATORIA En memoria de todo el pueblo haitiano y, sobre todo, de los campesinos diezmados, excluidos y dominados por las oligarquías del país. En memoria de Madame Sidoles Loriston (Gran Man Sido), mi abuela materna, que no pude despedir. Dedico este estudio, sus hallazgos y logros: - a Marie Erzulia Loriston (Man Louidor), mi madre; - a Violette Pierre, mi hermana, como un homenaje a su temprana y misteriosa partida que generó una profunda tristeza en mi familia; - a los amigos y familiares de Haití, Estados Unidos y Canadá, por su solidaridad activa en la adversidad que me han proporcionado la energía y el valor que me permitió terminar; - a la Universidad del País Vasco, por permitirme cursar estudios de doctorado de alta calidad académica. ix x SUMARIO INTRODUCCIÓN .......................................................................................................................... 1 CAPÍTULO I CONSTRUCCIÓN DEL OBJETO DE ESTUDIO ........................................................................ 5 1. Problemática e hipótesis ........................................................................................................... 14 2. Objetivos generales y específicos ............................................................................................ 15 3. Delimitación del objeto de estudio ........................................................................................... 16 CAPÍTULO II MARCO TEÓRICO...................................................................................................................... 19 1. Los Estudios Históricos Culturales y la Nueva Historia .......................................................... 19 2. La teoría decolonial .................................................................................................................. 23 3. Categorías y contextos de la dominación, exclusión y pérdida de identidad ........................... 26 3.1. Sobre la dominación .............................................................................................................. 27 3.2. Sobre la Religión.................................................................................................................... 39 3.3. Sobre la lengua y la educación .............................................................................................. 46 3.4. Sobre el racismo ............................................................................................................... 50 CAPÍTULO III CUESTIONES METODOLÓGICAS ........................................................................................... 55 1. Técnicas de recogida de información ....................................................................................... 55 2. Proceso de investigación .......................................................................................................... 56 CAPÍTULO IV HISTORIOGRAFÍA DE LA EXCLUSIÓN Y LA DESIGUALDAD ......................................... 59 1. La Trampa de la dominación .................................................................................................... 61 2. Fuerza de los prejuicios y lucha de clases ................................................................................ 62 2.1. En Haití, la discriminación conduce al choque entre “negros” y “mulatos" ....................... 64 2.2. Con la nueva oligarquía negra .............................................................................................. 66 3. La evolución de la negritud y de la descendencia blanca después de 1804 ............................. 70 3.1. Asimilación del poder y de la economía ................................................................................ 72 4. Dominación: lengua, educación y raza .................................................................................... 75 5. Asimilación religiosa ............................................................................................................... 80 CAPÍTULO V UNA MIRADA DESDE EL DISCURSO DECOLONIAL A LAS PRÁCTICAS DE EXCLUSIÓN Y PÉRDIDA DE IDENTIDAD EN HAITÍ .......................................................... 85 xi 1. La raza: base sociocultural de la dominación 1697-1789 ......................................................... 85 1.1. Los libres de color y el prejuicio al inicio de la revolución .................................................. 95 1.2. Cultura, política y color......................................................................................................... 97 1.3. La discriminación contemporánea en Haití ........................................................................ 105 2. La religión elemento de resistencia: tensiones entre grupos raciales 1789-1804 .................. 108 2.1. El vudú: una significación social de resistencia contra la opresión y la exclusión ............ 121 2.2. El vudú como resistencia frente a la pérdida de identidad ................................................. 126 2.3. Incidencia cultural del cristianismo en Haití ...................................................................... 130 3. Lengua y sistema educativo: herramientas para legitimar y transformar las prácticas de dominación, exclusión y pérdida de identidad 1804-1915 ..................................................... 134 3.1. Génesis del creole en Haiti .................................................................................................. 134 3.2. Un sistema educativo que excluye desde la lengua ............................................................. 135 CAPÍTULO VI CONSOLIDACIÓN SOCIAL Y ECONÓMICA DE LAS CLASES DIRIGENTES Y RELACIONES TRANSNACIONALES DEL PODER EN HAITÍ ........................................... 147 1. Clases dirigentes nativas y su papel en la Independencia ...................................................... 151 2. Finanzas, economía y consolidación del poder en Haití ......................................................... 160 2.1. Orígenes de la tragedia haitiana: clases dirigentes, poder e identidad política en Haití .. 162 3. La clase dirigente nativa en Haití y la herencia colonial........................................................ 169 CAPÍTULO VII LA HEGEMONÍA DE LAS OLIGARQUÍAS HAITIANAS: ................................................... 171 UNA AGENDA COLONIAL SIN ALTERNATIVA DESDE 1801 ......................................... 171 1. Camino hacia la independencia: consolidación de la oligarquía haitiana .............................. 172 2. La estrategia de Toussaint: entre la convicción y la coerción ................................................ 176 3. El trabajador colonial y la Haití independiente: articulaciones y prácticas como agenda colonial ............................................................................................................ 179 4. La superación del negro occidental ........................................................................................ 182 5. Relaciones y prácticas sociales que configuran Saint-Domingue y Haití .............................. 184 6. Las víctimas de 1804: intereses y roles en juego ................................................................... 191 CONCLUSIONES ...................................................................................................................... 195 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS........................................................................................ 201 ANEXOS ...................................................................................................................................
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  • Women Possessed

    Women Possessed

    Women Possessed LIZA BET H PARAVISINI~GEBERT Eroticism and Exoticism in the Representation of Woman as Zombie They are dead bodies-zombies, the living dead. corpses taken from their graves who are made to work in sugar mills and the fields at night. -White Zombie, 1932 There's no beauty here . onlydeath and decay . -1 Walked witha Zombie, 1943 IF IT IS TRUE that, as Edward Brathwaite writes, traces of African religion, frag­ ments of ancestral rituals, echoes of African deities form "the kernel or core" of Caribbean cultures, it is also true, as Joan Dayan has argued, that the local or folk religions that germinated from them have been for the West the "mark of savagery" that has justified invasion and imperialism .' Pro-Western ideo­ logues of "progress" and "civilization" have derided ritualistic practices of Af­ rican origin as proof of the Caribbean folk's inability to embrace "modernity." of their incapacity for emancipation and sovereignty. Given a glimpse of Car­ ibbean people's resolut ion to assert their autonomy, they are quick to invoke the titillating figure of the zombie as representative of the Afro-Caribbean folk as bogeyman. In Haiti-Zora Neale Hurston wrote in Tell My Horse-"there is the quick, the dead, and then there are zombies," "the word which never fails to 37 38 LIZABETH PARAVISINI-GEBERT The Representation of Woman as Zombie 39 interest rourists.V Katherine Dunham, American dancer and Vodou initiate, to reconsider, earnestly cataloguing the dangers to which she was exposing offers two possible definitions of a zombie: a truly dead creature brought back herself: "Surely Mademoiselle would be made into a zombie wife or, worse still, to life by black magic "but by such a process that memory and will are gone sacrificed to one of the bloodthirsty gods and eaten by the priest and his chief and the resultant being is entirely subject to the will of the sorcerer who re­ hounci, all of whom were men.