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Haiti Unbound a Spiralist Challenge to the Postcolonial Canon H HAITI UNBOUND A SPIRALIST CHALLENGE TO THE POSTCOLONIAL CANON H Both politically and in the fields of art and literature, Haiti has long been relegated to the margins of the so-called ‘New World’. Marked by exceptionalism, the voices of some of its AITI most important writers have consequently been muted by the geopolitical realities of the nation’s fraught history. In Haiti Unbound, Kaiama L. Glover offers a close look at the works of three such writers: the Haitian Spiralists Frankétienne, Jean-Claude Fignolé, and René Philoctète. While Spiralism has been acknowledged by scholars and regional writer- intellectuals alike as a crucial contribution to the French-speaking Caribbean literary tradition, the Spiralist ethic-aesthetic has not yet been given the sustained attention of a full-length U study. Glover’s book represents the first effort in any language to consider the works of the three Spiralist authors both individually and collectively, and so fills an astonishingly empty NBO place in the assessment of postcolonial Caribbean aesthetics. Touching on the role and destiny of Haiti in the Americas, Haiti Unbound engages with long- standing issues of imperialism and resistance culture in the transatlantic world. Glover’s timely project emphatically articulates Haiti’s regional and global centrality, combining vital ‘big picture’ reflections on the field of postcolonial studies with elegant analyses of the U philosophical perspective and creative practice of a distinctively Haitian literary phenomenon. Most importantly, perhaps, the book advocates for the inclusion of three largely unrecognized ND voices in the disturbingly fixed roster of writer-intellectuals who have thus far interested theorists of postcolonial (francophone) literature. Providing insightful and sophisticated blueprints for the reading and teaching of the Spiralists’ prose fiction, Haiti Unbound will serve as a point of reference for the works of these authors and for the singular socio-political space out of and within which they write. ‘A tour-de-force, brimming with insight on every page… If Spiralism itself constitutes the most magnificent cultural K artifice of Haitian dystopia, Glover’s groundbreaking study is essential reading for those interested in exploring the AIAMA limits of Caribbean expression achieved by these superb writers, and the volcanic intensity of the literary movement that has perhaps most fully expressed the ‘schizophonic’ beauty and horror of Haitian reality.’ Professor Nick Nesbitt, Princeton University Kaiama L. Glover is Assistant Professor of French at Barnard College, Columbia University L . G LOVER www.liverpool-unipress.co.uk Cover image: world map, published in 1565 by F. Berteli, based on an earlier map by Giacomo Gastaldi, courtesy US Library of Congress. Cover concept by Stephan Valter. Haiti Unbound A Spiralist Challenge to the Postcolonial Canon Contemporary French and Francophone Cultures 15 Contemporary French and Francophone Cultures Series Editors EDMUND SMYTH CHARLES FORSDICK Manchester Metropolitan University University of Liverpool Editorial Board JACQUELINE DUTTON LYNN A. HIGGINS MIREILLE ROSELLO University of Melbourne Dartmouth College University of Amsterdam MICHAEL SHERINGHAM DAVID WALKER University of Oxford University of Sheffield This series aims to provide a forum for new research on modern and contem- porary French and francophone cultures and writing. The books published in Contemporary French and Francophone Cultures reflect a wide variety of critical practices and theoretical approaches, in harmony with the intellec- tual, cultural and social developments which have taken place over the past few decades. All manifestations of contemporary French and francophone culture and expression are considered, including literature, cinema, popular culture, theory. The volumes in the series will participate in the wider debate on key aspects of contemporary culture. 1 Chris Tinker, Georges Brassens and 8 Maeve McCusker, Patrick Jacques Brel: Personal and Social Chamoiseau: Recovering Memory Narratives in Post-war Chanson 9 Bill Marshall, The French Atlantic: 2 Debra Kelly, Autobiography and Travels in Culture and History Independence: Selfhood and 10 Celia Britton, The Sense of Creativity in Postcolonial African Community in French Caribbean Writing in French Fiction 3 Matthew Screech, Masters of the 11 Aedín Ní Loingsigh, Postcolonial Ninth Art: Bandes dessinées and Eyes: Intercontinental Travel in Franco-Belgian Identity Francophone African Literature 4 Akane Kawakami, Travellers’ 12 Lawrence R. Schehr, French Post- Visions. French Literary Modern Masculinities: From Encounters with Japan, 1881–2004 Neuromatrices to Seropositivity 5 Nicki Hitchcott, Calixthe Beyala: 13 Mireille Rosello, The Reparative in Performances of Migration Narratives: Works of Mourning in 6 Jane Hiddleston, Assia Djebar: Out Progress of Africa 14 Andy Stafford, Photo-texts: 7 Martin Munro, Exile and Post- Contemporary French Writing of 1946 Haitian Literature: Alexis, the Photographic Image Depestre, Ollivier, Laferrière, Danticat KAIAMA L. GLOVER Haiti Unbound A Spiralist Challenge to the Postcolonial Canon LIVERPOOL UNIVERSITY PRESS For S. V. First published 2010 by Liverpool University Press 4 Cambridge Street Liverpool L69 7ZU Copyright © 2010 Kaiama L. Glover The right of Kaiama L. Glover to be identified as the author of this book has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication data A British Library CIP record is available ISBN 978-1-84631-499-5 cased Typeset by XL Publishing Services, Tiverton Printed and bound by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne Contents Acknowledgements vi Preface vii Part I Introduction: The Consequences of Ex-Centricity 1 Part II Shifty/Shifting Characters 31 1. Beings Without Borders 36 2 Zombies Become Warriors 56 3. Productive Schizophrenia 72 Part III Space-Time of the Spiral 101 4. Haiti Unbound? 106 5. Present-ing the Past 128 6. Haiti in the Whirl/World 157 Part IV Showing vs. Telling 179 7. The Stylistics of Possession 183 8. Framing the Folk 208 9. Schizophonic Solutions 229 Part V Conclusions: No Lack of Language 239 Works Cited 245 Index 255 Acknowledgements Many individuals have helped me in the preparation of this book. I am especially grateful to Nick Nesbitt and Lydie Moudileno, who offered essential commentary and counsel at various stages of the project’s devel- opment. I want also to thank Maryse Condé, an invaluable source of serenity and perspective from the very inception of this endeavor. Thanks also go to Kim F. Hall and Alessandra Benedicty, admired colleagues and friends whose encouragement and quiet support have been more valu- able than they know. A particular debt of gratitude is owed to Jack Murnighan, for having gone beyond the call of duty as an old, true friend and providing a critical eye at a critical moment. I must thank also Anthony Cond and Helen Tookey at Liverpool University Press for their unflagging patience and meticulous editorial work. I am so grateful to Stephan Valter for his talent and his perfectionism in designing the exact jacket image I’d long been seeing in my mind’s eye. And most of all I want to thank Marsha Bacon Glover; her support has been my founda- tion from the beginning. Work on this project was greatly assisted by a generous sabbatical leave from Barnard College, Columbia University and by a Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship. Portions of my introduction were previously published as “The Consequences of ‘not-Paris’?” in the Journal of Postcolonial Writing 44.3 (2008): 275–88, and a version of chapter 5 appears as “Present-ing the Past: The Persistence of the Para- Revolutionary Moment in Jean-Claude Fignolé’s Aube tranquille” in Research in African Literatures 41.4 (November 2010). Permission to reprint is gratefully acknowledged. vi Preface Such a spiral is human being! Within this spiral, nothing but self-inverting dynamisms. One no longer knows if one is rushing towards the center or escaping from it. That which characterizes the spiral is, therefore, the fact that it obeys no predetermined order and, perhaps even more so, the fact that this figure describes only one specific instance of disorder. —Gaston Bachelard1 If someone needed a visual explanation, a graphic picture of what the Caribbean is, I would refer him to the spiral chaos of the Milky Way, the unpredictable flux of transformative plasma that spins calmly in our globe’s firmament, that sketches in an “other” shape that keeps changing, with some objects born to light while others disappear into the womb of dark- ness—change, transit, return, fluxes of sidereal matter. —Antonio Benítez-Rojo2 First black republic in the world, first independent country in Latin America, and first autonomous non-European state to carve itself out of Europe’s universalist empires, Haiti has been central to the very concept of socio-political modernity. Its profoundly hybrid people and traditions, represented over the past two centuries by an exceptionally prolific community of writers and artists, affirm its relevance to cultural and aesthetic conceptions of modernity as well.3 From Indigenism and marvelous realism to the implementation of a politicized
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