DOCSLIB.ORG

Rural Roads and Community Access in Sri Lanka: an Overview

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rural Roads and Community Access in Sri Lanka: an Overview RURAL ROADS AND COMMUNITY ACCESS IN SRI LANKA: AN OVERVIEW Final Report Professor Amal S. Kumarage Colombo, Sri Lanka May 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 : BACKGROUND & BRIEF _________________________________ 1 1.1 Purpose of the consultancy________________________________________________________________ 1 1.2 Scope of Work __________________________________________________________________________ 1 CHAPTER 2 : OVERVIEW OF EXISTING CONDITIONS ____________________ 2 2.1 Rural Roads ____________________________________________________________________________ 4 2.2 Transport Access ________________________________________________________________________ 7 2.3 Rural travel needs _______________________________________________________________________ 7 2.4 Expenditure on Transport ________________________________________________________________ 8 2.5 Traffic on Rural Roads ___________________________________________________________________ 8 2.6 Transport Vehicles for Rural Community Access ____________________________________________ 9 2.7 Intermediate Modes of Transport _________________________________________________________ 10 2.8 Institutional Framework ________________________________________________________________ 11 2.9 Transport Planning & Policy _____________________________________________________________ 11 2.10 Budget Allocations ____________________________________________________________________ 12 CHAPTER 3 : ASSESSMENT OF MAJOR RURAL ROADS/ACCESS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS, ESPECIALLY BY DONOR AGENCIES ________ 14 3.1 World Bank ___________________________________________________________________________ 14 3.2 Asian Development Bank ________________________________________________________________ 15 3.2.1 The Southern Provincial Roads Improvement Project _______________________________________ 15 3.2.2 The Road Sector Development Project ___________________________________________________ 15 3.2.3 The Southern Province Rural Economic Advancement Project _______________________________ 16 3.3 NORAD ______________________________________________________________________________ 17 3.4 JICA/JBIC ____________________________________________________________________________ 17 CHAPTER 4 : PROFILE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS WITH CAPACITY FOR IMPLEMENTING PROJECTS ON RURAL ROAD/ACCESS ___ 18 4.1 Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG) Sri Lanka _____________________________ 18 4.2 Sarvodaya Rural Technical Services ______________________________________________________ 20 4.3 Lanka Forum on Rural Transport Development ____________________________________________ 20 4.4 Transportation Engineering Division, University of Moratuwa ________________________________ 21 Amal S. Kumarage 1 CHAPTER 5 : EVALUATIONS AND DOCUMENTATIONS ON RURAL ACCESS 22 5.1 Suitability of Gravel Roads ______________________________________________________________ 22 5.2 Design Criterion for Gravel Roads ________________________________________________________ 22 5.3 Research on Gravel Roads in Sri Lanka ___________________________________________________ 22 5.4 Warrants for Construction of Gravel Roads ________________________________________________ 23 5.5 Cost of Gravel Roads ___________________________________________________________________ 23 5.6 Selection of Rural Roads ________________________________________________________________ 24 5.7 Procurement of Community Based Services for Investments in Rural Roads ____________________ 24 5.8 Transport and the Poor _________________________________________________________________ 24 5.9 Women in Rural Communities ___________________________________________________________ 25 CHAPTER 6 : CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVING RURAL ACCESS IN SRI LANKA _____________________________________________ 26 6.1 Inventorising Rural Access Roads in Sri Lanka _____________________________________________ 26 6.2 Formulation of Improved and Cost Effective Technical Design Standards ______________________ 27 6.3 Formulation of Guidelines for Construction Detail __________________________________________ 27 6.4 Formulate Criterion or Warrants to determine suitability of Gravel Roads _____________________ 27 6.5 Improve Selection Criterion _____________________________________________________________ 28 6.6 Financing the Construction of Rural Roads ________________________________________________ 28 6.7 Design of Community Participation in Construction & Maintenance of Roads ___________________ 28 6.8 Financing the Maintenance of Rural Access Roads __________________________________________ 29 6.9 Study of Rural Transport Needs __________________________________________________________ 29 6.10 Design of Multi Purpose Rural Transport Vehicle __________________________________________ 29 6.11 Promotion of IMTs ____________________________________________________________________ 29 6.12 Improving Rural Bus Services ___________________________________________________________ 29 6.13 Promoting Ownership and use of Bicycles in Rural Areas ___________________________________ 30 CHAPTER 7 : REFERENCES: ________________________________________ 31 Amal S. Kumarage 2 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 : Sri Lanka Road Network Length & Density (2002) _________________________ 4 Table 2 : Growth of the Road Network __________________________________________ 5 Table 3: Access Distances to Basic Services (Sri Lanka) ___________________________ 7 Table 4: Expenditure on Public Transport as % of Expenditure on Transport (1990/91) ___ 8 Table 5: Vehicle Ownership per 100 Households (Sri Lanka) ________________________ 9 Table 6: Budget Allocations to Highways Sector _________________________________ 12 Table 7 : Cost of Gravel Roads ______________________________________________ 23 Amal S. Kumarage 3 CHAPTER 1 : BACKGROUND & BRIEF According to the brief provided for this consultancy, SIDA considers that the transport sector might be one of the focus areas for the new strategy and with particular emphasis on e.g. rural access give room for a broad range of transport related interventions, from grants to credits and guarantees, primarily aiming at poorer regions and groups. In anticipation of this, a first consultancy was undertaken in May 2002 to appraise the ADB led ‘Road Sector Development Project (RSDP)’. The consultant had indicated components suitable for Swedish support but also that further in-depth studies would be necessary. One indicated component under RSDP was Community Access, with the objective of improving living conditions of the rural poor by enhanced access. SIDA had fielded a fact finding mission in November 2002 which also looked into the area of rural roads/community access. It found that a number of initiatives have been taken in recent years by various institutions/organizations to assist and develop means for improving rural transport and access. Such projects could include earth road construction and maintenance that can be managed by village communities themselves, improvement and construction of foot-bridges and paths as well as introduction of intermediate means of transport (IMT). 1.1 Purpose of the consultancy The purpose of this consultancy as expressed in the contract is to provide SIDA with an overview of ‘rural roads/community access projects’ initiated and carried out during the last five years in Sri Lanka (1997-2002) as well as of current and planned similar initiatives. It is to also serve as an indicator of which organizations have experience in this field. 1.2 Scope of Work Accordingly, the scope of this report is to: 1. Prepare an overview of the conditions of rural access in Sri Lanka. 2. Make an assessment of the major rural road/ access development programs, especially those undertaken by the foreign donors in recent years and comment in particular on successful community participation and sustainability. 3. Indicate on-going and planned interventions. 4. Prepare a list of NGOs that have been involved in “community access projects” in Sri Lanka giving legal status, modality of funding, personnel resources, financial resources and experience in similar types of work. 5. List evaluations or other documentation relating to rural access 6. The identification and elaboration of the challenges and opportunities that exist for introducing improved rural access that would be sustainable under the local conditions. Amal S. Kumarage 1 CHAPTER 2 : OVERVIEW OF EXISTING CONDITIONS Sri Lanka’s has an extensive network of roads. The roads fall into three basic categories. The National Roads which make up Classes A and B are administered by the Road Development Authority (RDA) which is an agency under the Ministry of Transport, Highways & Civil Aviation. It is charged with providing inter provincial road links and maintaining existing roads. It receives funding through the annual budget allocation. However, most new road projects as well as road rehabilitation projects are funded through foreign aid. A Road Fund Act was proposed in the Budget for 2003, to develop a dedicated fund for road maintenance. As shown in Table 1 there are 11,760 kms of national roads in Sri Lanka. The secondary roads network comprises the provincial roads, mostly in Classes C and D which are administered by the eight provincial councils. There are departments or more autonomous authorities through which these roads are managed by each of the councils. Funds for the management of these roads, are received though the annual allocations to the Finance Commission. The most part of these roads are metalled and most of them
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Icat Assessment on Mrv & Institutional Arrangement
    Initiative for Climate Action Transparency - ICAT ASSESSMENT ON MRV & INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT OF TRANSPORT SECTOR IN SRI LANKA 1 Initiative for Climate Action Transparency - ICAT - ASSESSMENT ON MRV & INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT OF TRANSPORT SECTOR IN SRI LANKA Deliverable 1 AUTHORS H.M. Buddika Hemashantha, D.M.Anuradha Lakmini Dissanayake Climate Smart Initiatives (Pvt) Ltd January 2019 COPYRIGHT© This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP DTU Partnership (UDP) would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from UDP. DISCLAIMER This publication has been produced as part of a component of the Initiative for Climate Action Transparency project (ICAT) implemented by UNEP DTU Partnership (UDP). The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UDP. PUBLISHED BY Climate Change Secretariat, Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation PREPARED UNDER Initiative for Climate Action Transparency (ICAT) project supported by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety, the Children´s Investment Fund Foundation (CIFF), the Italian Ministry for
    [Show full text]
  • SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT INDEX Sustainable Urban Transport Index Colombo, Sri Lanka
    SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT INDEX Sustainable Urban Transport Index Colombo, Sri Lanka November 2017 Dimantha De Silva, Ph.D(Calgary), P.Eng.(Alberta) Senior Lecturer, University of Moratuwa 1 SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT INDEX Table of Content Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 4 Background and Purpose .............................................................................................................. 4 Study Area .................................................................................................................................... 5 Existing Transport Master Plans .................................................................................................. 6 Indicator 1: Extent to which Transport Plans Cover Public Transport, Intermodal Facilities and Infrastructure for Active Modes ............................................................................................... 7 Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 8 Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 8 Indicator 2: Modal Share of Active and Public Transport in Commuting................................. 13 Summary ...................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Transport System Development Project for Colombo Metropolitan Region and Suburbs
    DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROJECT FOR COLOMBO METROPOLITAN REGION AND SUBURBS URBAN TRANSPORT MASTER PLAN FINAL REPORT TECHNICAL REPORTS AUGUST 2014 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY EI ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS CO., LTD. JR 14-142 DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROJECT FOR COLOMBO METROPOLITAN REGION AND SUBURBS URBAN TRANSPORT MASTER PLAN FINAL REPORT TECHNICAL REPORTS AUGUST 2014 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS CO., LTD. DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROJECT FOR COLOMBO METROPOLITAN REGION AND SUBURBS Technical Report No. 1 Analysis of Current Public Transport AUGUST 2014 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS CO., LTD. URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROJECT FOR COLOMBO METROPOLITAN REGION AND SUBURBS Technical Report No. 1 Analysis on Current Public Transport TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 Railways ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 History of Railways in Sri Lanka .................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Railway Lines in Western Province .............................................................................................. 5 1.3 Train Operation ............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sri Lanka Transport Sector Policy Note
    SRI LANKA TRANSPORT SECTOR POLICY NOTE World Bank, Sri Lanka FINAL REPORT Amal S. Kumarage 5th May 2012 Table of Contents ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ II Objective ...................................................................................................................................................... II Background and Methodology ...................................................................................................................... II Analysis ...................................................................................................................................................... III Recommendations ....................................................................................................................................... VI Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................. X 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background and Objective of Program ................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Scope of Work ....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Fuel Economy of Light Duty Vehicles in Sri Lanka the Baseline
    FUEL ECONOMY OF LIGHT DUTY VEHICLES IN SRI LANKA THE BASELINE Prepared by Thusitha Sugathapala Clean Air Sri Lanka August 2015 Fuel Economy of Light Duty Vehicles in Sri Lanka –The Baseline ACRONYMS ACEA European Automobile Manufacturers Association AirMAC Air Resource Management Centre CA2AP Clean Air 2000 - An Action Plan CAA Clean Air Asia CAASL Civil Aviation Authority of Sri Lanka CAI-Asia Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities CBSL Central Bank of Sri Lanka CEA Central Environmental Authority CEB Ceylon Electricity Board CEYPETCO Ceylon Petroleum Corporation CI Compression ignition CISIR Ceylon Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research Clean Air SL Clean Air Sri Lanka CPSTL Ceylon Petroleum Terminals Ltd CSE Centre for Science and Environment CUTP Colombo Urban Transport Project DMT Department of Motor Traffic E3ST Energy Efficient and Environmentally Sustainable Transport EECA Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority, New Zealand EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPL Environmental Protection Licence EU European Union EV Electric vehicles FCV Fuel cell vehicle GHG Greenhouse gas GTZ German Development Cooperation HEV Hybrid-electric vehicle HOV High occupancy vehicle IC Internal combustion ICCT International Council on Clean Transportation IEA International Energy Agency IIASA International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Clean Air Sri Lanka i Fuel Economy of Light Duty Vehicles in Sri Lanka –The Baseline IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change kgOE kg of Oil Equivalent LCA Life cycle analyse LDV Light-duty
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Skills and Knowledge Gap in Energy Efficiency Within the Transport Sector in Sri Lanka
    ASSESSMENT OF SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE GAP IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY WITHIN THE TRANSPORT SECTOR IN SRI LANKA Energy Efficiency Skills strengthen the capacity necessary for implementation in developing countries, including the creation and promotion of the skills necessary at the local level to design and execute technically and financially sound energy efficiency projects. As a means of supporting the energy transition of developing economies and accelerating project implementation; this project is part of the Copenhagen Center for Energy Efficiency efforts to develop local skills and knowledge among energy efficiency-related professionals, to enhance skills for faster, higher quality and more effective energy efficiency implementation. This report was developed with the Ceylon Chamber of Commerce support and performed a contextual assessment of the skills and knowledge gaps between professionals working in the energy efficiency sector (transport) and in educational programs that train these professionals. In this way, skills and knowledge gaps are identified, and the way is opened for future improvement opportunities that favour the expansion of Energy Efficiency in the Transport Sector in Sri Lanka. Assessment of Skills and Knowledge Gap in Energy Efficiency within the Transport Sector in Sri Lanka COPENHAGEN CENTRE ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY www.energyefficiencycentre.org Assessment of Skills and Knowledge Gap in Energy Efficiency within the Transport Sector in Sri Lanka PREPARED BY Thusitha Sugathapala, Consultant ISBN 978-87-94094-09-2 Consultant Thusitha Sugathapala Copenhagen Centre on Energy Efficiency, UNEP DTU Partnership Staff Subash Dhar Talat Munshi The Ceylon Chamber of Commerce Chandrarathne Vithanage Graphic design Magnum Custom Publishing, New Delhi, India https://magnumcustompublishing.com/ Cover photos: Electric vehicle being charged: www.shutterstock.com Bicycle top-down view: Talat Munshi This guide can be downloaded from http://www.c2e2.unepdtu.org; http: //www.unepdtu.org © UNEP DTU Partnership 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Partnership to Improve Access and Quality of Public Transport – Case Study of Colombo, Sri Lanka
    DFID Assisted, Institute of Development Engineering, WEDC Executed Research Project Partnership to Improve Access and Quality of Public Transport – Case Study of Colombo, Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Country Report April 2002 The Research Project was funded by DFID, UK Government through Institute of Development Engineering – WEDC, Loughborough University, United Kingdom Partnership to Improve Access and Quality of Public Transport – Case Study Colombo, Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Country Report April 2002 SEVANATHA – Urban Resource Center 14, School Lane, Nawala, Rajagiriya Sri Lanka Winner of IYSH Memorial Prize - 2001 Tel/Fax: 94-01-878893 E-mail: [email protected] Acknowledgements The Research Team of SEVANATHA organization would like to extend its sincere gratitudes to the following persons who have assisted the project activities in numerous ways. Without their support and contributions it would not have been possible to produce this research report. They included; • Dr. M. Sohail Khan, Research Manager, Institute of Development Engineering / WEDC Civil and Building Engineering Department, Loughborough University, UK. • The members of the Research Advisory Committee. • The President of Private Bus Owners Association of Sri Lanka. • Secretary General, Passenger Association of Sri Lanka. • The community leaders of six urban poor settlements where case studies were carried out. • The members of households of the six urban poor settlements who have provided information for the research study. • The officials of the concerned government institutions and local authorities. • The staff of SEVANATHA organization including the President of SEVANATHA, Programme Managers, Field Staff and the Office Secretary. H.M.U. Chularathna Coordinator SEVANATHA Research Team Contents 1.0 Introduction ………………………………………………………..………. 1 1.1 Project Details ………………………………………………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • Performance and Learning Review
    Performance and Learning Review Document of The World Bank Group FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Report No. 135126 - LK INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATION MULTILATERAL INVESTMENT GUARANTEE AGENCY PERFORMANCE AND LEARNING REVIEW OF THE COUNTRY PARTNERSHIP FRAMEWORK Public Disclosure Authorized FOR SRI LANKA FOR THE PERIOD FY17-FY21 March 7, 2019 Public Disclosure Authorized Sri Lanka Country Management Unit South Asia Region The International Finance Corporation South Asia Department The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Asia and the Pacific Region This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank Group authorization. Public Disclosure Authorized i The Country Partnership Framework FY17-20 was discussed by the Board on June 28, 2016 FISCAL YEAR January 1 – December 31 CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Currency Unit = Sri Lanka Rupees (LKRs) US$1 = LKRs 179.88 (as of January 31, 2019) ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ASA Advisory Services and Analytics Cat DDO Catastrophe Deferred Drawdown Option CBSL Central Bank of Sri Lanka CPF Country Partnership Framework DB Doing Business DLI Disbursement-linked Indicator DPF Development Policy Financing ECD Early Childhood Development EU European Union FDI Foreign Direct Investment FSAP Financial Sector Assessment Program FSMP Financial Sector Modernization Project
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 9 Urban Transport System Development Program (1) for Promotion of Public Transport Use 9.1 Monorail Systems
    Urban Transport System Development Project for Colombo Metropolitan Region and Suburbs Technical Report 6: Urban Transport Master Plan CHAPTER 9 Urban Transport System Development Program (1) for Promotion of Public Transport Use The urban transport system development program (1) consists of the projects for the urban transport policy 1: Promotion of Public Transport Use. 9.1 Monorail Systems Based on the corridor analysis, the Malabe corridor has 60,000 vehicles entering the city and this is the highest compared to the other six corridors. Besides, the Malabe corridor, Low level road corridor and Horana corridor are the only major corridors without rail-based public transport. Fort-Malabe corridor has been identified as the corridor which requires a rail-based transport system urgently. To make the most use of a monorail system on the Malabe corridor, which serves east-west direction travel in the metropolitan area, a north south monorail line should be added to serve other major destinations in the city. 9.1.1 Multi-Modal Transport Hub and Multi-Modal Centre Each mode of public transport should be interconnected to function as a network. Public transport modes, including railways, inter-provincial buses, intra-province buses and new transit modes such as bus rapid transit (BRT) and monorail should be integrated. Railway, Monorail, and BRT as well as inter-provincial and city buses come to Fort station and Pettah terminal. However the present station and three bus terminals are located separately and this is not convenient for passengers. Interchange facilities should be integrated and located at one place. The Multimodal Transport Hub shall function as an interchange facility for railway passengers, monorail passengers, and BRT passengers as well as ordinary bus passengers.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Transport in Sri Lanka Continues to Go from Bad to Worse
    Why Transport in Sri Lanka Continues to Go from Bad to Worse WHY TRANSPORT IN SRI LANKA Sri Lanka Journal of Economic Research CONTINUES TO GO FROM BAD TO WORSE Volume 5(1) November 2017 SLJER.05.01.B: pp.97-102 Sri Lanka Forum of Amal S Kumarage University Economists Senior Professor, Department of Transport and Logistics, S L J E R University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka INTRODUCTION A common question that people ask in this country is as to why passenger transport cannot improve in Sri Lanka. It seems a rather obvious question when countries all around us are improving their railway, bus and road systems. This is also a reasonable question given that, 50 years ago, Sri Lanka’s was one of the best transport systems in Asia; second only to Japan. Of course our economy at the time was also second only to Japan. This clearly shows that the quality of the transport system and the strength of the economy are related. Our economy has gradually slid to the bottom half of Asian economies, as has the quality of our transport system. There is no country which can claim to have fixed the economy without improving the means by which to access it and the mobility within it. TRENDS AND EVOLUTION Pre-Independence Developments Sri Lanka’s record of developing the transport network since Independence in 1948 has been dismal. This is particularly sad, given that colonial powers such as the Dutch built an extensive canal transport network that was on par with the world’s best at the time, and the British built the railway and, later, the road networks which laid out the transport network and connectivity which is still used, nearly 200 years later.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmentally Sustainable Transport in Sri Lanka
    Environmentally Sustainable Transport in Sri Lanka Ministry of Transport & Ministry of Environment Sri Lanka Policies, Strategies & Plans already developed to ensure the EST Number of policies, strategies and legislations have been introduced on EST. Some of the key initiatives are; •National Policy on Air Quality Management, 2000 •Regulations on Mobile Emissions, Fuel Quality & Vehicle Importation standards, 2003 •Phasing out the use of Leaded Petrol (Gasoline) in 2002 •Ban on importation of two stroke three wheelers effects from 1st January 2008 •Strategic Plan for Traffic Management in Greater Colombo Area •National Transport Policy- 2008. This policy incorporated all the concerns which ensure environmentally sustainable transport. 2 • “Mahinda Chinthana - Vision for the Future” is the Development Policy Framework in Government of Sri Lanka. “My intention is to provide a satisfactory transport service to the people of our country” (Mahinda Chintana 2005, p65) • Overview: About 90% of passengers and 98% Freight are carried by the road. The government has accorded the highest priority to improving entire network of roads in the country with modern technology during the period 2011-2020. • Objectives: – Meet Current and expected future demand in the transport of passengers and freight and ensure utilization of Resources. – Improve the quality of roads by using effective and innovative modern techniques of design, construction and maintenance. – Reduce travel time and operating costs while facilitating greater mobility and improving accessibility. – Support economic development of the country by considering future socio- economic development plans and policies of the Government. – Improve institutional capacities of the road administration. – Ensure that the required actions are taken to protect the environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 Background & Problem Identification
    CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND & PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION 2.1 LAND USE & TRAFFIC PATTERN IN THE AREA Sri Lanka is a developing country with around 20,010,000 inhabitants living in an area of 62,705 km2 and the population density is 319 per km2 in year 2007. Colombo is the largest city and major economic center in Sri Lanka with a metropolitan area of 5.6 million inhabitants which is expected to grow 8.4 million by the year 2030. The main urban transport issues in Sri Lanka are traffic congestion, environmental pollution, increase of traffic accidents, poor public transport system, and weakness of road networks. An estimated around 830,000 people arrive to the Colombo city from outside every day. Of this 90% arrive by road and railway carrying approximately 80, 000 or 10% of this demand. The road passengers enter the city through 12 roads with 56% of all passengers arriving by bus and the others arriving by private vehicles such cars (11%) and motor cycles (5%) and hired vehicles such as three wheelers and vans (18%). Presently around 15% of the road space is utilized for bus transport even though it transports 62% of the road passengers. On the other hand, 65% of the road space is used by private and hired vehicles which in sum total carry only 38% of the passengers. In addition to the vehicles entering the city, there are a further 250,000 vehicles registered within the Colombo Municipal Area. Colombo city plays a great role in the economy of the country. Number of people gathering places such as government and private offices, shop, factories, hospitals, hotels, schools and the main harbor located within the city.
    [Show full text]