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Deployment of Electric Road Mass Transportation in South Asia SAARC Energy Centre

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Deployment of Electric Road Mass Transportation in South Asia SAARC Energy Centre www.pwc.in Deployment of Electric Road Mass Transportation in South Asia SAARC Energy Centre December 2017 Private and confidential Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. 4 List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. 8 List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... 9 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................ 10 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 14 1.1. Background ................................................................................................................................................. 14 1.1.1. Overview of Mass Transit in South Asia .......................................................................................... 15 1.1.2. Overview of Electric Road Mass Transportation in South Asia .................................................... 27 1.1.3. Benefits of Electric Road Mass Transportation ............................................................................. 35 1.2. Objective of Study ..................................................................................................................................... 37 1.3. Scope of the Study ..................................................................................................................................... 37 1.4. Methodology of Study ............................................................................................................................... 38 1.5. Limitations of Study .................................................................................................................................. 38 2. Literature Review on Electric Road Mass Transport ........................................................... 40 2.1. Global Demand ......................................................................................................................................... 40 2.2. SAARC Predictions ................................................................................................................................... 40 2.3. Technology Overview ............................................................................................................................... 40 2.4. Electric Storage Systems ........................................................................................................................... 41 2.5. Operational Costs ..................................................................................................................................... 42 2.6. Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment ......................................................................................................... 42 2.7. Environmental Effects .............................................................................................................................. 42 2.8. Safety Issues with Electric Buses ............................................................................................................. 43 3. Electric Road Mass Transport Technologies ....................................................................... 44 3.1. Overview of Different Technologies ......................................................................................................... 44 3.2. Technical Features of Different Technologies ........................................................................................ 45 3.2.1. Hybrid Electric Bus or Plug-in Hybrid Electric Bus ..................................................................... 45 3.2.2. Battery Electric Vehicle .................................................................................................................. 48 3.2.3. Trolley Buses ................................................................................................................................... 49 3.3. Operational Features of Different Technologies ..................................................................................... 50 3.3.1. Technology Efficiency ..................................................................................................................... 50 3.3.2. Fuel Cost Efficiency ........................................................................................................................ 52 3.3.3. Range ............................................................................................................................................... 52 3.3.4. Charging Time ................................................................................................................................ 55 3.3.5. Safety Issues .................................................................................................................................... 57 3.4. Environmental Properties of Different Technologies ............................................................................ 58 3.4.1. Air Quality Aspects .......................................................................................................................... 58 3.4.2. Noise Pollution ............................................................................................................................... 60 3.4.3. Other health issues due to vehicle emissions ................................................................................. 61 3.5. Total Cost of Ownership of Different Technologies ................................................................................ 62 3.6. Market Overview of Different Technologies ........................................................................................... 65 Private and confidential 3.6.1. Hybrid Buses ................................................................................................................................... 65 3.6.2. Battery Electric Buses ..................................................................................................................... 66 3.6.3. Trolley Buses ................................................................................................................................... 68 4. Deployment Requirements of ERMT .................................................................................. 70 4.1. Electricity Requirement ............................................................................................................................ 70 4.1.1. Sourcing the energy requirements .................................................................................................. 71 4.2. Infrastructure Requirement..................................................................................................................... 72 4.2.1. Fast Charging .................................................................................................................................. 73 4.2.2. Battery Swapping ............................................................................................................................ 75 4.2.3. Overhead Lines ............................................................................................................................... 76 4.3. Investment Requirement ......................................................................................................................... 76 4.3.1. Capital Costs Required ................................................................................................................... 76 4.3.2. Operational and Maintenance Costs ............................................................................................. 78 4.4. Technical Capacity Requirement ............................................................................................................. 78 4.5. End User Acceptability ............................................................................................................................. 80 4.6. Market Potential ....................................................................................................................................... 81 5. Lessons learnt from the Success Stories ............................................................................. 83 5.1. China .......................................................................................................................................................... 83 5.2. San Francisco ............................................................................................................................................ 89 5.3. Key Policy Initiatives across Europe......................................................................................................... 91 5.4. Key Learnings ........................................................................................................................................... 92 6. Challenges and Opportunities ............................................................................................. 94 6.1. Challenges in deploying ERMT in the SAARC Region ........................................................................... 94 6.1.1. Electricity Needs .............................................................................................................................
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