Partnership to Improve Access and Quality of Public Transport – Case Study of Colombo, Sri Lanka
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DFID Assisted, Institute of Development Engineering, WEDC Executed Research Project Partnership to Improve Access and Quality of Public Transport – Case Study of Colombo, Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Country Report April 2002 The Research Project was funded by DFID, UK Government through Institute of Development Engineering – WEDC, Loughborough University, United Kingdom Partnership to Improve Access and Quality of Public Transport – Case Study Colombo, Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Country Report April 2002 SEVANATHA – Urban Resource Center 14, School Lane, Nawala, Rajagiriya Sri Lanka Winner of IYSH Memorial Prize - 2001 Tel/Fax: 94-01-878893 E-mail: [email protected] Acknowledgements The Research Team of SEVANATHA organization would like to extend its sincere gratitudes to the following persons who have assisted the project activities in numerous ways. Without their support and contributions it would not have been possible to produce this research report. They included; • Dr. M. Sohail Khan, Research Manager, Institute of Development Engineering / WEDC Civil and Building Engineering Department, Loughborough University, UK. • The members of the Research Advisory Committee. • The President of Private Bus Owners Association of Sri Lanka. • Secretary General, Passenger Association of Sri Lanka. • The community leaders of six urban poor settlements where case studies were carried out. • The members of households of the six urban poor settlements who have provided information for the research study. • The officials of the concerned government institutions and local authorities. • The staff of SEVANATHA organization including the President of SEVANATHA, Programme Managers, Field Staff and the Office Secretary. H.M.U. Chularathna Coordinator SEVANATHA Research Team Contents 1.0 Introduction ………………………………………………………..………. 1 1.1 Project Details …………………………………………………………………. 1 1.2 Background of the project ……………………………………………………….. 1 1.3 The study context …………………………………………………………………. 7 1.4 Focus of the project …………………………………………………………………. 8 1.5 Research Approach …………………………………………………………………. 9 1.6 Scope and Limitations …………………………………………………………………. 9 1.7 Introduction to the Research Process ……………………………………………… 10 1.8 Working Hypothesis …………………………………………….…………………… 10 1.9 Research Process …………………………………………………………………. 10 1.10 Limitations of the Research Project ……………………………………………… 12 2.0 Historical Overview …………………………………………………………………. 12 2.1 Background …………………………………………………………………………… 12 2.2 20th Century - up to 1957 ………………………………………………………... 13 2.3 Nationalization of Bus Services and Its Operation up to 1977 ………………….. 18 2.4 Formation of a New Government in 1977 ……………………………………. 19 2.5 Re-emergence of Private Buses ………………………………………………. 19 2.6 A Review of the Public Transport Sector …………………………………….. 21 2.7 Devolution and up to the Present ………………………………………………. 23 2.8 Peoplization of RTBs ………………………………………………………………….. 24 2.9 National Transport Commission ………………………………………………. 24 2.10 A Brief Overview ………………………………………………………………….. 24 3.0 Current Situation Analysis ………………………………………………………… 25 3.1 Bus Transport (Public) ………………………………………………………………….. 25 3.2 Bus Transport (Private) ………………………………………………………… 26 3.3 The Rail Transportation ………………………………………………………… 27 3.4 Three Wheelers ………………………………………………………………….. 27 3.5 School Vans and Office Staff Transportation ……………………………………. 28 3.6 Motor Cycles ……………………………………………………………………………. 29 3.7 Motor Cars ……………………………………………………………………………. 30 3.8 Pedal Cycles ……………………………………………………………………………. 30 4.0 Analysis of the Study Findings ……………………………………………….. 31 4.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………….... 31 4.2 Key Actors, Themes and Issues 31 4.3 Summary of Interviews & Meetings Carried out ………………………….... 33 4.4 Selection of Case Study Settlements for the Project ………………………….... 34 4.5 Profile of Case Study Settlements ……………………………………………..... 36 4.6 Interview of Community Members of Case Study Settlements ……….... 43 5.0 Community Perspectives of Existing Public Transport ………………….. 43 5.1 Senior Citizens and Disable Persons ………………………………………………. 43 5.2 Adult Women ………………………………………………………………………….... 48 5.3 Adult Men ………………………………………………………………………….... 53 5.4 School Children ………………………………………………………………….. 56 5.5 Office Workers who Use Public Transport (buses) ……………………………. 59 5.6 Railway Passengers ………………………………………………………………….. 60 5.7 Perspectives of Private Bus Conductors relating to their job ………………….. 61 5.8 Perspectives of Private Bus Drivers on their Services ………………….. 63 5.9 Perspectives of Private Bus Owners ……………………………………………..... 63 6.0 Para Transport Providers ………………………………………………………... 65 6.1 Perspectives of Three-Wheeler Operators on their Service ………………..... 65 6.2 Perspectives of School Van Drivers on their job …………………………… 65 7.0 Issues Raised by the Participants at Focus Group meetings ……….. ………… 65 7.1 Perspectives on the Existing Bus Shelters / Halting Places ………………….. 66 7.2 Perspectives of Communities Related to Pedestrian Travel ………………….. 66 7.3 People’s Perspectives on Regulations Related to Passenger Transport … . 66 7.4 Perspectives about the behaviour of Bus Conductors and Drivers ………… 66 7.5 Difficulties Faced by People while Traveling in Bus ……………….…………... 67 7.6 People’s Suggestion for Improving the Passenger Services ………………….. 67 8.0 Activities of Passenger Associations ……………………………………………..... 67 8.1 Specific Activities Performed by the Sri Lanka Congress of ………………….. 68 Passenger Associations 8.2 The Limitations Faced by the Congress of Passenger Association ………... 68 9.0 Private Bus Owners Association of Sri Lanka …………………………………….. 69 9.1 How was the Association Formed …………………………………………….... 69 9.2 The Meeting of the Association …………………………………………….... 69 9.3 The Difficulties Faced by the Members of Private Bus Association ……….. 69 as Owners of Buses 9.4 Suggestions for Improve the Quality of Private Bus Services …………………. 70 10.0 Affordability of Public Transport Service …………………………………….. 70 11.0 Major Issues Identified through the Research Project …………………. 72 11.1 Major Issues Related to Users (Passengers) of Public Transport ……….. 72 11.2 Major Issues Raised by the Providers of Public Transport …………………. 73 Owners and Owners Associations) 11.3 Major Issues Raised by the Service Crew of Public Transport Service ……… 74 (Mainly Bus Drivers and Conductors) 11.4 Major Issues Raised by Regulatory Bodies and Personnel …………………. 75 12.0 Recommendations …………………………………………………………………. 76 12.1 Recommendations Made by the Informants on Major Issues …………………. 76 12.2 Framework for Policy Recommendations …………………………………….. 79 Research Advisor Committee ............................................................................. 81 Research Team of SEVANATHA – URC ………………………………………………. 82 Relevant Acts, Ordinances and Gazettes ………………………………………………. 83 Annex I: .................................................................................................................... 84 Annex II: .................................................................................................................... 85 List of References …………………………………………………………………………... 86 PARTNERSHIPS TO IMPROVE ACCESS AND QUALITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR THE URBAN POOR Case Study of Colombo, Sri Lanka 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Details This report presents the findings of the Research Project R 7866, Partnerships to improve access and quality of urban public transport for the urban poor, carried out by a research team of the SEVANATHA Urban Resource Centre, Colombo in collaboration with Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC) of the Loughborough University of the United Kingdom. The project was sponsored by the Department for International Development of the British Government. 1.2 Background of the Project Poverty is the key factor that affects development worldwide, especially in the lesser- developed countries. A host of factors in social, economic and political spheres have led these countries into destitute situations. Poverty is a vicious circle, which traps and pushes its catchments towards poorer conditions. For instance, unstable economic conditions impair a country’s ability to provide a better service to its people, and, lack of access to good services leads that situation to further downturn. In transport, if people are getting a substandard service, not only will it affect their livelihoods, but also the service itself could not sustain as a profitable venture and will lead to its own slump. Efforts to alleviate poverty should thus understand and address both the causes and effects of poverty simultaneously. This should entail actions in widest social, economic and political spectrums. Thus alleviation of poverty is among the highest political agenda of all developing nations, and, at the same time the key objective of any international development policy forum. In implementing projects that are focused on the alleviation of poverty, international donors play a vital role, helping developing nations with financial and technical assistance. Department for International Development (DFID) of United Kingdom is one such donor, with its key strategy moving along the lines of: • Policies and actions, which promote sustainable livelihoods • Better education, health and opportunities for the empowerment of poor people • Protection and better management of the natural and physical environment In the process of making actions happen on ground, DFID relies on a holistic approach, to identify the key policies and practices that will improve the livelihoods of the poor. ‘Sustainable Livelihoods’ (SL) is